The Framework of Unwillingness to Retirement in Sports Managers
Fatemeh Asghari1 , Ali Mohammad Safania2 , Habib Honari3 , Mohsen Bagherian4 , Hossein Poursoltani Zarandi5
1. Department of Sport Management Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Email: [email protected]
2. Department of Sport Management Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran ,Iran.
Email: [email protected]
3. Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabatab'i University, Tehran, Iran.
Email:[email protected]
4. Department of Sport Management Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran ,Iran.
Email: [email protected]
5. Department of Sport Management Payam Noor,Tehran ,Iran. Email: [email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
17 March 2019 Received in revised form:
10 June 2019 Accepted:
18 June 2019 Published online:
16 November 2022
Keywords:
maxqda, retirement, sports managers, unretirement, unwillingness to retirement
Introduction: retirement is a potentially challenging issue in aging that has different effects on different aspects of elderly peoples lives. The purpose of this research was to develop a framework for sports managers' unwillingness to retirement.
Methods: The research is of an applied nature, and the method covered is qualitative. In terms of strategy, this research is supported by a data-based theory, and the study of theoretical foundations, as well as interviews, were sources required for its data collection.
The statistical population includes retired managers (heads of Ministry of Sports and Youth, federation presidents, coaches, heads of sport teams), professors (Physical Education, Psychology, Sociology, Economics), and sports specialists (Ministry of Sports, sports federations, sports boards). Samples were chosen considering the target and quota for in- depth and exploratory interviews, and interviews with 25 people reached theoretical saturation point. The implementation of the interviews on Maxqda qualitative data analysis software, while performing open, axial and selective coding, led to extraction of some codes.
Results: Based on the results from 224 open codes with 20 main categories and 58 sub- categories provided a paradigmatic model.
Conclusion: the factors of unwillingness to retirement were divided into political, social, managerial and economic conditions, and identity crisis.The results indicate that identity, social, political, managerial and economic recovery strategies can facilitate the acceptance and transition to safe and comfortable retirement age for sport managers. Moreover, sports organizations can provide useful services such as training courses and consulting services for sports managers to prepare them for safe and comfortable retirement.
Cite this article: Asghari, F., Safania, A.M., Honari, H., Bagherian, M., & Poursoltani Zarandi, H. (2022). The Framework of Unwillingness to Retirement in the Sports Managers. Sport Management Journal, 14 (3), 21-36.
DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/JSm.2019.278139.2248
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
Introduction
Retirement is an undeniable fact considered by some as the period of waiting to the end of life; however, others regard it as a time of peace, rest and a new start. With the rise of age and working years, the retirement stage enters, and the government puts an end to the service of employees; besides, it specifies a fixed life pension for him, considering his record of services. In Iran, the retirement age in the social insurance sector includes service history varying from 45 to 66 years. Most OECD countries have set 65 as the retirement age, but some, such as England, are increasing this age to 67 or 68. All the definitions of retirement determine the characteristics of meeting age conditions, certain features of service history, confirmation by competent legal authorities, and the duration of enjoying rights and benefits in the retirement period.
Methods
This research aimed to formulate the framework for the reluctance of sports managers to retire. To this end, the framework of the sports managers' reluctance to retire was crafted using a grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin (2006). The current research is thus practical in nature;
the method of research is qualitative; it is inductive regarding its approach; the research paradigm was interpretive, and its strategy employs data-based theory, and the data collection was done through the analysis of theoretical foundations and interviews. The studied society included retired sports managers (heads of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, chairpersons of federations, sports coaches, chairmen of sports boards), experts and professors (members of the physical education department, members of the psychology department, members of the sociology department, members of economics department) and experts in physical education (Ministry of Sports and Youth, sports federations, sports boards). Non-random sampling applied by this research included purposeful and quota methods. Sampling went on until the theoretical saturation level was touched.
Finally, the study collected the views and opinions of 25 elite people via semi-structured interviews until the theoretical saturation level was reached.
Results
Responding to the questions appertaining to each aspect of the paradigm model, the interviewees elaborated on the dimensions and factors of unwillingness to retire. Finally, once all the interviews were reviewed, the answers and views of the interviewees were analyzed, and the conducted studies were systematically reviewed; two hundred and twenty-four final codes were extracted from the first step, i.e. the open coding stage was carried out.
concepts and 20 components. The outcomes of the analysis of the qualitative data provided by interviews and the provision of the paradigmatic model of the factors of unwillingness to retire were extracted into the five themes of the identity crisis, social conditions, political conditions, economic conditions and managerial conditions.
Conclusion
The present study developed a paradigmatic model of sports managers' reluctance to retire. A model that includes causal conditions, principal phenomenon, field conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences; It is expected that the results of the present research would be used for the development of a model by directors of sports organizations and chairpersons of federations. Identifying the factors impacting non- retirement, designing a model of sports managers' reluctance to retire and discovering the effective factors, strategies, and results can be helpful for the sports community. Some retired managers are not willing to resign from their current position and do whatever possible in this regard. According to Sharq newspaper,
“The chairman of one of the state’s largest pension funds paid 26 million to eliminate three years of his working history record to postpone his retirement.” Some managers claim to serve the country, organizations and people sincerely; furthermore, they say their purpose is to serve the country and its residents in any condition and age. What is mentioned doesn’t apply to all managers, as there are hard-working and capable managers who sincerely work for society. They also play a significant part in setting organizational goals and pushing the organization towards excellent performance.
Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:
Funding: The research was done without using financial resources Authors’ contribution: The authors have contributed equally Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest Acknowledgments: This research was done with the cooperation of research participants.
ﯽﺷزرو ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ مﺪﻋ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ
ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ ﺮﻐﺻا ي ، 1
ﯽﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ﻧﺎﻔﺻ ﯿﺎ
2
،
ﺣ ﺐﯿﺒ ﺮﻨﻫ ي ، 3
نﺎﯾﺮﻗﺎﺑ ﻦﺴﺤﻣ ، 4
يﺪﻧرز ﯽﻧﺎﻄﻠﺳرﻮﭘ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ
5
1 ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ .
،ناﺮﻬﺗ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ و مﻮﻠﻋ ﺪﺣاو ﯽ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار ناﺮﯾا
@yahoo.com 2006
fatima_asghari
2 . ،لوﺆﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ
ة ﺗ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ و مﻮﻠﻋ ﺪﺣاو ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ ﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬ
.نا
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
3 ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ . ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد
ة
،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،ﯽﯾﺎﺒﻃﺎﺒﻃ ﻪﻣﻼﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار .ناﺮﯾا
4 ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ . ،ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ هوﺮﮔ ،ﯽﺷزرو
ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة ﻋ ﺪﺣاو ﯽﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ ﻘﺤﺗ و مﻮﻠ
،ناﺮﻬﺗ تﺎﻘﯿ ا
.ناﺮﯾ
:ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected]
5 ﺎﯿﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ . :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار.ناﺮﯾا ،ناﺮﻬﺗ ،رﻮﻧ م
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
عﻮﻧ :ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﮥ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 26 / 12 / 1397
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ :يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ 20 /3 / 1398
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 28 /3 / 1398
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 25 /8 / 1398
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ
ا لﺎﻐﺘﺷ ﺪﺠﻣ د،
،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ
مﺪﻋ
،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ شزرو
، ﺲﮑﻣ ادﻮﯿﮐ :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ
،هﻮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺰﯿﮕﻧاﺮﺑ رد يﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ تاﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﺗوﺎ رد دﺎﻌﺑا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻧز ﯽﮔﺪ داﺮﻓا
ﺪﻨﻤﻟﺎﺳ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ . فﺪﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
،ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ .ﺖﺳا
شور :ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
ﺮﺿﺎﺣ زا ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
؛يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ هﻮﺤﻧ و شور
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
؛ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﮋ
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
يرﻮﺌﺗ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ و ﻊﺒﻨﻣ يروآدﺮﮔ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﮥﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺖﺳا . ﺎﺟ ﮥﻌﻣ يرﺎﻣآ رد هوﺮﮔ ﯾﺪﻣ ناﺮ
ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ) ﺎﺳؤر ي ترازو شزرو و
،نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ ﺎﺳؤر ي
،نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﺮﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ
،شزرو ﺎﺳؤر ي تﺄﯿﻫ يﺎﻫ
،(ﯽﺷزرو نادﺎﺘﺳا ) هوﺮﮔ
ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ
، هوﺮﮔ
،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور هوﺮﮔ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ
،ﯽ هوﺮﮔ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ( و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ شزرو
) ترازو
،شزرو ﺳارﺪﻓ نﻮﯿ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﺷزرو تﺄﯿﻫ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷزرو ( ﺖﺳا . ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ و ﻪﯿﻤﻬﺳ يا ياﺮﺑ ﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﮥ ﯽﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐا ﺘﻧا بﺎﺨ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﺑ 25
ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﺑ عﺎﺒﺷا يﺮﻈﻧ .ﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ رد مﺮﻧ راﺰﻓا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هداد ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺲﮑﻣ ﮐ
،ادﻮﯿ ﻦﻤﺿ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ
،زﺎﺑ يرﻮﺤﻣ و
ﯽﺸﻨﯾﺰﮔ ﻪﺑ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻢﺗ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ .ﺪﯿﻣﺎﺠﻧا
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ : يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار يزﺎﺳزﺎﺑ
،ﯽﺘﯾﻮﻫ
،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ار ياﺮﺑ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ ش و لﺎﻘﺘﻧا
ﻪﺑ نارود ﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﺘ ﻦﻤﯾا و ﺖﺣار ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ ﻨﮐ ﺪ.
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺋارا ﮥ ﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﯽ
ﻔﻣ ﯿﺪ و هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ راﺰﮔﺮﺑ ي هرود ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ و ﺼﺤﺗ ﯿﻠ ﯽ اﺮﺑ ي ﺪﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ ﯽﺷزرو و ﺎﺑ ارا ﺋﮥ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ هروﺎﺸﻣ ا ي ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ار
اﺮﺑ ي نارود ﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻦﻤﯾا و ﺖﺣار هدﺎﻣآ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ .
ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ : ر يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫا يزﺎﺳزﺎﺑ
،ﯽﺘﯾﻮﻫ
،ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ار ياﺮﺑ ﺬﭘ شﺮﯾ و
لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻪﺑ نارود ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻦﻤﯾا
و ﺖﺣار ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﻞﯿﻬﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزرو ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺋارا ﮥ
ﺗﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﯽ ﻔﻣ ﯿﺪ و هﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ راﺰﮔﺮﺑ ي هرود ﺎﻫ ي ﺷزﻮﻣآ ﯽ و ﺼﺤﺗ ﯿﻠ ﯽ ﺮﺑا ي ﺪﻣ ﯾ ناﺮ ﯽﺷزرو و ﺎﺑ ﺋارا ﮥ تﺎﻣﺪﺧ وﺎﺸﻣ هر ا ي
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ار اﺮﺑ ي نارود ﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻦﻤﯾا و ﺖﺣار هدﺎﻣآ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ .
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا : ﺮﻐﺻا ؛ﻪﻤﻃﺎﻓ ،ي ﻧﺎﻔﺻ ﯿﺎ ، ﯽﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ؛ ﺮﻨﻫ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ يﺪﻧرز ﯽﻧﺎﻄﻠﺳرﻮﭘ ؛ﻦﺴﺤﻣ ،نﺎﯾﺮﻗﺎﺑ ؛ﺐﯿﺒﺣ ،ي )
1401 .(
ﭼرﺎﭼ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ مﺪﻋ بﻮ
ﯽﺷزرو . ﺮﺸﻧ ﺪﻣ ﯾﮥ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ) 3(
14
، 36 - 21
. 10.22059/JSm.2019.278139.2248 http//doi.org/
DOI:
ﺎﻧ :ﺮﺷ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد
،ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ة مﻮﻠﻋ ﺷزرو ﯽ و ﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ ﯽ .
.نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﯿﻌﻗاو1
ﺬﭘﺎﻧرﺎﮑﻧا ﯾﺮ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ نآ ار نارود رﺎﻈﺘﻧا و نﺎﯾﺎﭘ هار ﯽﮔﺪﻧز و ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد نآ ار نارود
،ﺶﻣارآ ﺖﺣاﺮﺘﺳا و
يزﺎﻏآ هرﺎﺑود ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻧاد ) ،سﺎﻨﺷاﺪﺧ و ﯽﻬﻟا ﻒﺋاﻮﺧ ،دﺮﻓ ﯽﯾﺎﻧاد 2012
(.
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
يا ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺖﻟود ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ
،نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا
ﻦﺳ و تاﻮﻨﺳ
،ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﻤﺗﺎﺧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد و ﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻋر تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ياﺮﺑ وا يﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﯽﺘﺑﺎﺛ
مادﺎﻣ ﺮﻤﻌﻟا رﺮﻘﻣ ﯽﻣ دراد ) رﺎﻬﺑﻮﻧ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2012 (.
رد
،ناﺮﯾا ﻦﺳ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رد
ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﻤﯿﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﺎﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﻔﻠﺗ زا ﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﮥ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ 45 ﺎﺗ 66 لﺎﺳ ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ .ﺖﺳا ﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺮ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ
OECD2
، 65 ﯽﮕﻟﺎﺳ ار ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﺳ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ
ﺮﮐ هد ﺪﻧا
، ﺎﻣا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ زا ﻦﯾا ﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻧا رد
لﺎﺣ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﺳ
ﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻪﺑ 67 ﺎﯾ 68 لﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ) ،ﯽﻠﯿﻠﺟ 2007 ؛ ،ﯽﺋﺎﺳﻮﻣ 2005 (.
رد ﯽﻣﺎﻤﺗ
،ﻒﯾرﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ زاﺮﺣا ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ
،ﯽﻨﺳ زاﺮﺣا ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ
ﻦﯿﻌﻣ ﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﮥ
،ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﺒﻨﺟ ﮥ
،ﯽﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺒﻨﺟ ﮥ يﺪﯿﯾﺄﺗ زا يﻮﺳ ﻊﺟاﺮﻣ ﺖﯿﺣﻼﺻ
،راد ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ تﺪﻣ نﺎﻣز يرادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ زا
قﻮﻘﺣ و ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ رد زﺎﺑ ة
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ دﻮﺟو
دراد
،ﮓﻨﭘ و ﮓﻨﻣﺮﺷ) 1998
(.
ﺎﻤﻧﻮﮐرﺎﻫ
3 و ارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ن ) 2009 ( ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺮﻓ ا ﺪﻨﯾ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺳ ﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﮥ
،ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ و ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻌﻗاو
ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ
،دﻮﺷ ﺎﻣا ﻦﯾا ﺪﯾﺪﭘ ة
،ﻢﻬﻣ مﺮﺟﻻ رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﯽﻠﻐﺷ يوﺮﯿﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا قﺎﻔﺗا ﯽﻣ ﺪﺘﻓا ) ،يرﻮﮑﺷ
2008 (.
يﺎﻫزﺎﯿﻧ داﺮﻓا رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز يدﺮﻓ و ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا – ﻞﻠﻋ
ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ادا ﻣ ﮥ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و لﺎﻐﺘﺷا ﺲﭘ زا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار
ﻪﯿﺟﻮﺗ ﯽﻣ ﻨﮐ ﺪ )
،مﻼﻏ هداز 2010
(.
مﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ
زا داﺮﻓا زا ترﺪﻗ و ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﻮﺧ ﯽﺑ هﺮﻬﺑ هﺪﺷ
، رﺎﺘﻓﺮﮔ سﺮﺘﺳا و
ضراﻮﻋ ﯽﺷﺎﻧ زا نآ ﯽﻣ ﻮﺷ ﺪﻧ و ﺮﻫ نﺎﻣز ﻪﮐ سﺎﺴﺣا ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻂﻠﺴﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻂﯿﺤﻣ و نﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻃا ار زا ﺖﺳد هداد ﺪﻧا
، ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻧاﺮﺤﺑ نﺎﻧآ ﺪﯾﺪﺸﺗ
ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ) ﯽﺴﯿﺋر نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2016 (.
ﺘﮑﻧ ﮥ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ
،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ و لﻮﺤﺗ رد رﻮﻣا ﺮﻣزور ة ﯽﮔﺪﻧز دﺮﻓ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ
؛دﻮﺷ
ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ دﺮﻓ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ار ﻪﮐ رد لﻮﻃ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز يرﺎﮐ ﺎﺑ نآ ﻦﯿﺠﻋ
،هدﻮﺑ كﺮﺗ ﺪﻨﮐ و ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ دﻮﺧ نﺎﯾﺎﭘ
،ﺪﻫد ﻦﯾا
،لﻮﺤﺗ زا ظﺎﺤﻟ ﯽﻔﻃﺎﻋ و
ﯽﻧاور ﺑ ﺮ دﺮﻓ ﺮﺛا ﯽﻣ دراﺬﮔ ) ،ﯽﻀﯾﺮﻋ و ﯽﺗاﺮﺑ 2010
(.
اﺮﺑ ي ﯽﺧﺮﺑ
،داﺮﻓا ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﯽﺸﻘﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺒﻨﺟ ﮥ ﺖﯾﻮﻫ يدﺮﻓ نﺎﺷ هدﻮﺑ ﺳا .ﺖ رد دراﻮﻣ
رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ي
، ﭻﯿﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﻨﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ اﺮﺑ
ي ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
اﺮﺑ ي شدﻮﺧ و ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﯽﻘﻠﺗ دﻮﺷ
، دﻮﺟو راﺪﻧ .د ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ
زا ﺖﺳد نداد
ﻪﺑدﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺲﻔﻧ و دﺎﺠﯾا سﺎﺴﺣا ﯽﮔدﻮﻬﯿﺑ رد
وا ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ
؛
،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ شﻼﺗ اﺮﺑ ي دﺎﺠﯾا ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ اﺮﺑ ي نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ
ﺖﯿﻋوﺮﺸﻣ
و ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ندﻮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ار ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺷﺎﺑ .ﺪ هار يﺎﻫ ﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﮥ دﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ زا ﺳد ﺖ نداد رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ و ي رد ناﺰﯿﻣ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺎﺑ
ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ
دراد ) ،يﻮﻀﺗﺮﻣ و يزاﺮﯿﺷ ،يﻮﻀﺗﺮﻣ 2011
(.
ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ رد
ﺪﻨﭼ ﻫد ﮥ ﺮﯿﺧا ﯽﻌﺳ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪ رد ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﺷر يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻤﻠﻋ زا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ
،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ و
،دﺎﺼﺘﻗا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار
ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ كرد ﮐ ﺪﻨﻨ و ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ .ﺪﻨﻫد رد زﻮﺣ ة
،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ
يﺎﻫ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ حﺮﻄﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻪﮐ
زا يﺎﯾاوز ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ .ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﺎﻫ ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﺳا ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ ﺶﻘﻧ لﺎﺼﻔﻧا) زا ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ و شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺶﻘﻧ
،(ﺪﯾﺪﺟ
) ،ﻦﯿﻌﻣ 2000 ( ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر زا
دﻮﯿﻗ ﺎﯾ ﻏاﺮﻓ ﺖ ﺎﯾ اوﺰﻧا ﯽﯾﺎﻫر) زا ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ
،(ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا )
،ﮓﻨﯿﻣﺎﮐ 1964
(،
ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ رﺎﮐ و ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ
ﻦﺘﺧادﺮﭘ) ﻪﺑ
ﯽﮔﺪﻧز لﺎﻌﻓ (ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
، ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ نرﺪﻣ يزﺎﺳ بﺬﺟ)4
يوﺮﯿﻧ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﻣ يوﺮﯿﻧ ناﻮﺟ و قﺎﺒﻄﻧا ﺎﺑ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ (ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ) ،ﻞﯿﺟوﺎﮐ 1974 (،
ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ )5
تﺬﻟ ندﺮﺑ زا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﻪﻟدﺎﺒﻣ ﺎﯾ قﻮﻘﺣ (ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ )
،دواد 1980 ( و ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ ناﺮﺤﺑ يﺎﻫداﺪﯾور)6
ﯽﮔﺪﻧز زا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار
ناﺮﺤﺑ ﯽﻘﻠﺗ ﯽﻣ .(ﺪﻨﮐ ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ ناﺮﺤﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ مﺪﻋ لدﺎﻌﺗ ﯽﺘﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ مﺪﻋ
،نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ضراﻮﻋ
ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ - ﯽﻧاور
و يﺎﻫرﺎﺸﻓ ﯽﻧﺎﺠﯿﻫ
هاﺮﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﮔا دﺮﻓ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ناﺮﺤﺑ هﺮﯿﭼ
،ﺪﯾآ ﻦﯾا ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ مﺪﻋ لدﺎﻌﺗ
،ﯽﺘﻗﻮﻣ ﺻﺮﻓ ﯽﺘ ياﺮﺑ ﺪﺷر ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ﻢﻫاﺮﻓ
ﯽﻣ
؛دروآ ﺎﻣا ﯽﺗرﻮﺻرد ﻪﮐ دﺮﻓ رﺎﮐوزﺎﺳ ﯽﻌﻓاﺪﺗ
،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺮﯿﻏ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو رﺎﮑﻧا ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ار ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ
،دﺮﯿﮔ ﺮﻄﺧ
،ﯽﯾاﺮﮔاوﺰﻧا يزﺎﺳدوﺪﺤﻣ
و يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ
1. Retirement
2. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﺑ
،ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا ياراد 35
،ﻮﻀﻋ ﻪﮐ يﺎﻀﻋا نآ ﺪﻬﻌﺘﻣ ﻪﺑ ا لﻮﺻ ﯽﺳاﺮﮐﻮﻣد و دﺎﺼﺘﻗا دازآ .ﺪﻧ ﻦﯾا نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ يﺮﯿﺒﻌﺗ هﺪﻤﻋ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ ة يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
.ﺖﺳا
3. Harkonma
4. Modemization Theory
5. Exchange theory
6. Crisis
دﻮﺟو دراد ) ،ﺲﺘﯾﻮﭽﺳﺮﯿﻫ 1973
(.
ﯽﺘﻗو ﺺﺨﺷ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ
،دﻮﺷ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺶﻘﻧ يﺪﯿﻠﮐ رد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ .دراﺪﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ داﺮﻓا ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﯽﺸﻘﻧ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﺒﻨﺟ ﮥ ﺖﯾﻮﻫ يدﺮﻓ نﺎﺷ .ﺖﺳا رد يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا دراﻮﻣ ﭻﯿﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽﻨﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ ياﺮﺑ
ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
ياﺮﺑ شدﻮﺧ و ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ﯽﻘﻠﺗ
دﻮﺷ
، دﻮﺟو دراﺪﻧ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ زا ﺖﺳد نداد ﻪﺑدﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺲﻔﻧ و دﺎﺠﯾا سﺎﺴﺣا ﯽﮔدﻮﻬﯿﺑ و ﯽﺑ ﯽﮔﺪﯾﺎﻓ رد وا ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﯽﻣ ﻮﺷ
؛د ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ شﻼﺗ ياﺮﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا
ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ
ﺖﯿﻋوﺮﺸﻣ و
ﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا ندﻮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ار ﺮﻈﻧﺪﻣ ﺷاد ﻪﺘ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هار يﺎﻫ ﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﮥ دﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ زا ﺖﺳد نداد
رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ يو رد ناﺰﯿﻣ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﯾاﺮﻓ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ
دراد ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﻮﻀﺗﺮﻣ 2011
(.
ود ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ ﯽﻠﺻا قﺎﺒﻄﻧا يﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺎﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯾﺮﻈﻧ
ﮥ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و1
ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ اوﺰﻧا ﺖﺳا2
ﯾﺮﻈﻧ .
ﮥ ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻦﯾا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ار حﺮﻄﻣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ
ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳدزا ﺘﻓر ﮥ دﺮﻓ ﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪ،
ﻪﺑ ﻄﺳاو ﮥ زا ﺖﺳد نداد ﺎﮐ
،ر ﺎﺑ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ي ﻦﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﻣ
دﻮﺷ ) ،ﺲﮐادﺎﻣ 1963
(.
قﺎﺒﻄﻧا يﺮﯾﺬﭘ
دﺮﻓ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رد
ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ زا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﻪﺑ ﯽﻨﯾﺰﮕﯾﺎﺟ شزرا
يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳدزا ﻪﺘﻓر شزراﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷﺎﻧ زا ﺎﻔﯾا ي ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺑ دراد . ﻦﯾا
ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا شزرا ﺶﻘﻧ ار زا هﺎﮔﺪﯾد شزرا يﺎﻫ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﺮﺸﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﯽﻣ دﺮﮕﻧ
، درﻮﻣ دﺎﻘﺘﻧا راﺮﻗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ .ﺖﺳا ﺪﻘﺘﻨﻣ ا
،ن ﻦﯾا رﺎﯿﻌﻣ
شزرا يراﺬﮔ ار ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
ﻧ ﺪ ﻪﺘﺴﻧا و نآ ار ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺸﺗ سﺎﺴﺣا ﻪﺑ ماد
،ندﺎﺘﻓا اوﺰﻧا و ﯽﮔدﻮﻬﯿﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
رد
داﺮﻓا ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻣ
.ﺪﻨﻧاد زا يﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﯾد ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﮥ
،اوﺰﻧا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار
ﯽﻠﺠﺗ روﺮﺿ ي هرﺎﻨﮐ يﺮﯿﮔ دﺮﻓ زا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻧاد ﮓﻨﯿﻣﻮﮐ و يﺮﻨﻫ
3
) 1961 ( اوﺰﻧا ار ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ بﺎﻨﺘﺟا يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﯽﻘﻠﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ آ ن ﻂﺑاور ﻦﯿﺑ ﺺﺨﺷ و ﺮﮕﯾد يﺎﻀﻋا ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻄﻗ ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ و ﺖﯿﻔﯿﮐ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ
ﻂﺑاور ﻢﻫ لﺰﻨﺗ اﺪﯿﭘ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ . اوﺰﻧا ﻪﺑ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ لﻮﺒﻗ ﻊﻗاو ﻪﻧﺎﻨﯿﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻂﺳﻮﺗ دﺮﻓ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ يو ﺮﮕﯾد دﺮﮐرﺎﮐ يﺪﯿﻔﻣ رد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .دراﺪﻧ ﻦﯾا
ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ دﺎﻘﺘﻧا راﺮﻗ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
،ﺖﺳا اﺮﯾز ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ
يا ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ و رد ﺘﻧ
،ﻪﺠﯿ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ داﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﯽﻣ .دﻮﺷ رد ﻊﻗاو يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا داﺮﻓا
ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ زا ﻞﻐﺷ مﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﻗو و يژﺮﻧا
،ﺮﺑ هرﺎﻨﮐ يﺮﯿﮔ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ زا يژﺮﻧا ور ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ دﻮﺧ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ رد
،تﺎﯿﺣ ﺪﺷر و ﯽﮔﺪﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﯾ يدﻮﺑﺎﻧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳا ) ،ﺰﻨﯿﺑار 2002 (.
ﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻧور ﺖﮐﺮﺣ زا ﻊﺿو دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ يﻮﺳ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ار ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ
و رد ﺮﻫ ﻪﻈﺤﻟ ياﺮﺑ دﺎﺠﯾا هﺪﻨﯾآ يا ﺮﺘﻬﺑ رد ﺖﺳﻮﭘﺎﮑﺗ )
،بار و ﺖﺳوﺮﭘ 2006
(.
ﻒﻌﺿ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ زا ﻦﯾﺮﺗزرﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﻼﮑﺸﻣ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﮐ تارادا
ﯽﺘﻟود ناﺮﯾا ﺎﺑ نآ ﻪﺑور ور ﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺪ و ﺎﺑ تﺎﻤﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ هﺎﮔ ترﺎﺴﺧ يﺎﻫ ناﺮﺒﺟ يﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ دراو ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻪﮐ دﻮﻤﻧ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ ار
ﯽﻣ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻓو رد ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ .ﺪﯾد زا ﻞﯾﻻد ﯽﻠﺻا زوﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ دﻮﺒﻧ
مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رد
در ة ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﻋ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﺳﺎﻫ ) ﯽﻠﻗ ،هداز
2015 (.
دﺎﻔﺘﺳا ة ﻪﻨﯿﻬﺑ زا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺐﻠﻏا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ رد هزﻮﺣ ﺎﻫ ي ﻤﺼﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي هدﻮﺑ و ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي دﺪﺠﻣ نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ زا
هار ﺎﻫ ي هﺮﻬﺑ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي
زا تﺎﯿﺑﺮﺠﺗ نﺎﻧآ ﺖﺳا . زا يﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻪﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ ﯽﻤﯾﺪﻗ
،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ هار دورو اﯾ هﺪ ﺎﻫ و رﺎﮑﻓا و ﺮﻈﻧ يﺎﻫ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ار ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
و شزرو دوﺪﺤﻣ و ﯽﺘﺣ ﺪﯾﺎﺷ دوﺪﺴﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ . ﺮﺘﯿﭘ ﺮﮐارد رد
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ
بﺎﺘﮐﺎﻫ ي ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد ةﺪﺳ 21
ﺎﺠﻧآ ﻪﮐ ﺚﺤﺑ زا ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﺳ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ وتﻼﮑﺸﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ
ﺎﻫ رد تاﻮﻨﺳ ﯽﺗآ ار ﻪﺑ نﺎﯿﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دروآ
، ﭘ ﯿ ﺶ ﺑﯿﻨ ﯽ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﻦﺳ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ زا
دوﺪﺣ 60 ﺎﺗ 65 لﺎﺳ ار ﻪﺑ 79 لﺎﺳ حﺮﻄﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ) ،
1400 .(
ﯽﻧﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﻪﺑ ﻣادا ﮥ رﺎﮐ رد ﺖﻤﺳ و ﻞﻐﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﻮﻨﮐ دﻮﺧ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻧراد
، زا ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ دﻮﺧ ﺮﺗدﻮﻨﺸﺧ
،ﺪﻧ
ﻞﻏﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻔﻄﻌﻨﻣ ﺪﻧراد و ﻪﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺳر ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﻤﺼﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رد
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﻧﺎﺒﻠﻃواد ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ) ﺮﻟﻮﻣ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2013 (.
لﺎﻐﺘﺷا دﺪﺠﻣ نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رد
تﺎﯿﺑدا ﻪﻧﺎﺳر ا ي دﺎﺼﺘﻗا رﻮﺸﮐ رد هﺎﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﯿﺧا ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺪﺳ ي رد ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ خﺮﻧ يرﺎﮑﯿﺑ و لﺎﻐﺘﺷا نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ رﺎﮑﯿﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا
؛ ﺎﻣا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد
ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻣ ﯽ ﻮﮔ ﯾ ﺪﻨ دﺮﻓ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺘﻓﺎﯾرد لزﺎﻧ ﻪﮐ رد هﺎﻣ
،دراد ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا دﺪﺠﻣ ﺮﮑﻓ .ﺪﻨﮑﻧ ﺢﺿاوﺮﭘ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﮏﯾ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رد
ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ دﺮﻓ
،ﻞﻏﺎﺷ ﺪﻣآرد يﺮﺘﻤﮐ .دراد ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز قﺎﻔﺗا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﺘﻓا ﻪﮐ دﺮﻓ رد نارود
،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد يﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ قوﺪﻨﺻ
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رادا
ة دﻮﺧ ﯽﮑﺘﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ . هﺪﻋ ا ي ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﺒﺷ ﯽﻨﮑﻓا ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
؛ ﺎﻣا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ سرﺪﻣ رد لﺎﺳ 1391 نﺎﺸﻧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد
، ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا تﻼﮑﺸﻣ يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا
ﯽﮑﯾ زا رﺎﻬﭼ ﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﯽﻤﺘﺣ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳا
ﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ سﺎﺳا
ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﮐﺄﺗ ﯿﺪ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ يﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار
ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا .داد ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد ﻢﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻧروﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺟ ي ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا يﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﯾ يﺮﯿﮔﻮﻠﺟ زا
لﺎﻐﺘﺷا
،نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺖﻟود
و ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺖﻤﻫ
ﺪﻨﻨﮐ و ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ و ﺳﺄﺗ ﯿ ﺲ ﻞﻐﺷ ار ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا ﺪﻨﻫد ،نﺎﺑژد و ﯽﻀﯾﺮﻋ) 2014
(.
1. Activity
2. Disengagment
3. Cumming & and Henry
نآ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﮐ زا ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﺖﺳاﺪﯿﭘ رد ناﺮﯾا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻠﯾﺎﻤﺗ
،ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ ﯽﻟﺪﻨﺻ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ دﻮﺧ ار ﺎﻫر ﺪﻨﻨﮐ و ﺎﺧ ﻪﻧ ﺸﻧ ﯿ ﻦ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ .
ﺪﯾﺎﺷ ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ ﺐﯾﻮﺼﺗ نﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﮔرﺎﮐ ﯿﺮ ي
،نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ زا
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﺲﻠﺠﻣ رد لﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﯿﺧا ﺪﺷﺎﺑ . ﻦﯾا نﻮﻧﺎﻗ زا نﺎﻤﻫ
،اﺪﺘﺑا درﻮﻣ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﺲﻠﺠﻣ
راﺮﻗ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻟﺎﭼ ﺎﻫ و ﺖﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﺎﻫ ي يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا يﻮﺳ داﺮﻓا و يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ
و ﯽﺧﺮﺑ زا
ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺮﻤﻋ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ دﻮﺧ ار مﺎﻤﺗ هﺪﺷ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧاد
، ﺎﺑ ﻪﻤﺠﻫ ا ي زا ﺖﻔﻟﺎﺨﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑور ور ﺪﺷ ) ،كﺎﻨﺑﺎﺗ 2018 (.
رد ﻊﻗاو عﻮﺿﻮﻣ مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ و ﯽﯾﺎﭘﻮﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ زﻮﻨﻫ ﻪﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﺮﯿﮔاﺮﻓ و ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽ ﻧ ﺪﺸ ه ﺖﺳا . رد
درﻮﻣ
،ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
ﻦﯾا تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد
درﻮﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ هرﺎﻨﮐ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي ﺎﯾ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ
ﯽﺷزرو .ﺖﺳا ﺑ ياﺮ لﺎﺜﻣ
، رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رﻮﻣ و
يدﺮﯾﺎﺑ
1 ﺑﺎ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ نارﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ رد
ﺎﮑﯾﺮﻣآ
، يﺎﻫﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ
ﯽﻧاﺮﮕﻧ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ هﺪﻨﯾآ و مﺪﻋ نﺎﻨﯿﻤﻃا ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ
هﺪﻨﯾآ رد طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺎﺑ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﺸﮔزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ رد ﻦﯿﺑ نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺪﺷ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
) ،يدرﻮﯿﺑ و رﻮﻣ 1995
(.
ﯽﻟاوﻻ و2
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 1997 ( ﺰﯿﻧ
ﻊﻣﺎﺟ ﺮﺗ ﯾ ﻦ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﻞﻠﻋ ﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽ ار ﻬﺗ ﯿﻪ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا ) ،وﺮﮔ و ندرﻮﮔ ،ﯽﻟاوﻻ 1997
(.
ﻦﻟا ﻦﺘﺴﯾرﻮﻠﻓ )3
7 201 ( يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ
يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و
ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا رد ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار
ﻢﺋﻼﻋ يﺪﺟ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻪﮐ ياﺮﺑ ﻊﻓر ﻦﯾا ﻢﺋﻼﻋ و ناﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺤﺘﻣ نﺪﺷ تﺎﻣﺎﻘﻣ ﯽﺘﻟود ﺎﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮐ
زﺎﯿﻧ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ رد ﻂﯿﺤﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ رﺎﮐو ﺪﻧ . ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ناﺮﺤﺑ يﺎﻫ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻢﻋا زا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا نﺎﺸﻧ هداد هﺪﺷ رد ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ يﺎﻫ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ
ﭘورا
،ﺎ ﺐﺒﺳ شﻼﺗ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ رد ﺖﻬﺟ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ و ﯽﻨﻤﯾا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ
ﺖﺳا ) ،ﻦﯿﺘﺴﯾرﻮﻠﻓ 2017
(.
ﯽﺴﯿﺋر و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ
) 1395 ( زا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ و ﯽﺗﻼﻀﻌﻣ ار
ﻪﮐ دﺮﻓ رد لﺎﺒﻗ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺖﻣوﺎﻘﻣ
نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد
، ﺪﻣآرد ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﺲﭘ زا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ
،ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ
ﺲﭘ زا ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ
دﺮﻓ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ زا ﻪﻧارﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ ﯾ ﯽ ار ﻪﮐ مﺎﮕﻨﻫ رﺎﮐ ﺖﺷاد
، زا ﺖﺳد ﯽﻣ ﺪﻫد ) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﺴﯿﺋر 2016
(.
ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﮏﯾﺮﻟا رﺪﻨﺒﺳﺎﻓ
4 و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ) 2016
،(
نﺎﺸﻧ داد ﯽﻧﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
رد ﻦﯿﻨﺳ
،يﺮﯿﭘ ﻒﻌﺿ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﺪﺷر ﯽﺼﺨﺷ ار ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ هدﺮﮐ ﺪﻧا
، ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ
يﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ ندﺮﮐ ﺲﭘ زا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ زا
دﻮﺧ نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻨﻫد ﯽﻟﺎﺣرد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ
رد ﻦﯿﻨﺳ يﺮﯿﭘ ﺶﻧاد ﺐﺴﮐ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
، ﺮﺘﻤﮐ
ﺐﻏار ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﻫاﻮﺧ دﻮﺑ ) رﺪﻨﺒﺳﺎﻓ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2016 (.
تﺮﺑار تﻮﮕﺴﯿﻫ )5
2013 (،
رد ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻞﯾﻻد
زوﺮﺑ ﺶﯾاﺰﻓا لﺎﻐﺘﺷا ﻪﺑ رﺎﮐ
دﺪﺠﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ زا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ
ار ﺖﯿﻤﻫا شزﻮﻣآ
،ﯽﻟﺎﻋ ﻦﺳ و ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﯿﻟوا
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﯾﻮﭘ ياﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﯽﻟﺎﻣ و لﺎﻐﺘﺷا
ﺲﭘ زا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ
دﺮﮐ ) ،تﻮﮕﺴﯿﻫ 2013
(.
ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺗاﺮﺑ و ﯽﻀﯾﺮﻋ ) 1388 ( نﺎﺸﻧ داد نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ رد ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ
رد ﻧﺎﺘﺳآ ﮥ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ
ﺖﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺪﻧراد
و ﺪﯾﺎﺑ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار
ياﺮﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ هدﺎﻣآ
ﻨﮐ ﻨﺪ ﺎﺗ نﺎﻧآ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﯽﻧاور يﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ) ،ﯽﻀﯾﺮﻋ و ﯽﺗاﺮﺑ 2010
(.
تﻼﭘ و ﺮﺳﻼﮔ )6
2015 ( رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ دﻮﺧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ مﺪﻋ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ اﺮﺑ
ي داﺮﻓا ﺖﮐﺮﺷ هﺪﻨﻨﮐ رد
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻠﻋ زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﻧ
،ﺖﺴﯿ ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺣ ي ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ
،ﺪﻧراد مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ
ناﻮﻨﻋ دﺮﺒﻫار هﺪﻨﯾآ يﺮﮕﻧ
رد ﯽﮔﺪﻧز
،ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐاﺮﭼ ا ﻦﯾ ﺮﻄﺧ ار ﺲﺣ ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﺖﺳا رد آ هﺪﻨﯾ رﺎﭼد ﯽﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﺒﺛ ﺷ ﺪﻧﻮ ) ،ﺮﺳﻼﮔ و تﻼﭘ 2017
(.
يﺪﺳا و نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ
) 1399 ( رد ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ نﺎﺸﻧ
ﺪﻧداد ﻪﮐ قﻮﻘﺣ ﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ
ار رد لﺎﻐﺘﺷا دﺪﺠﻣ
،دراد ﻦﯾﺪﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﮐ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ناﺰﯿﻣ قﻮﻘﺣ
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
ﺑ
،ﺪﺷﺎ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا دﺪﺠﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﺖﺳا
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺪﺳا) 1399
.(
ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻞﯾﻻد مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﮥ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا
. ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ي و ﻟﺎﻣ ﯽ ﻪﮐ ﺷﺎﻧ ﯽ زا ﻧﯿ زﺎ
ﻓ دﺮ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ
ﻣﺄﺗ ﯿ ﻦ شﺎﻌﻣ ﺖﺳا و ﺄﺸﻨﻣ نآ دﻮﺒﻧ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻟﺎﻣ ﯽ ﻓﺎﮐ ﯽ ياﺮﺑ ﺎﻘﺗرا و ﻆﻔﺣ ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯿ ﺖ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﯽﮔﺪﻧز ﺲﭘ زا ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺖﺳا
ﺎﯾ
ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯽﻧاور و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻪﮐ
ﻪﺸﯾر رد و ﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺘﯿﺼﺨﺷ و
ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا دﺮﻓ دراد و سﺎﺴﺣا ﺪﯿﻔﻣ ندﻮﺑ و ﺖﯾﻮﻫ و يرﺎﮔزﺎﺳ ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا
دﺮﻓ
ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ار رد وﺮﮔ ﻔﺣ ﻆ طﺎﺒﺗرا وا ﺎﺑ رﺎﮐ و ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ راﺮﻗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻫد
، ﺎﺗ ﻪﭼ ﺪﺣ رد اﯾ ﻦ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﺖﻟﺎﺧد راد ﻧ
؟ﺪ زا يﺎﯾاﺰﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻣ ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺘﮑﻧ هرﺎﺷا و ﻪﺑ لﺎﺒﻧد نآ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ دﺮﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺮﮔا يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار لﺎﻐﺘﺷا
دﺪﺠﻣ نﺎﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﮑﺘﻣ
ﯽ ﺮﺑ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ي ﻟﺎﻐﺘﺷادﻮﺧ ﯽ
و ﺮﻓآرﺎﮐ ﯾﻨ ﯽ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
، ذﺎﺨﺗا ﻦﯾا ار ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫ ﻦﻤﺿ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺖﺻﺮﻓ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا دﺪﺠﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا
،هوﺮﮔ ﻪﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻠﻐﺷ يﺎﻫوﺮﯿﻧ ناﻮﺟ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ار
1. Moor & Biordi
2. Lavallee
3. Elena Floristeanu
4. Ulrike Fasbender
5. Robert D.Hiscott
6. Platts & Glaser
ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﻤﻧ ﯽ ﺪﻫد
، ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ياﺮﺑ داﺮﻓا يﺎﯾﻮﺟ رﺎﮐ دﻮﺷ
؛ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا و تروﺮﺿ ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ
ﻦﯾا تﻻاﺆﺳ ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ ﺋارا ﮥ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻣ ناﺮﯾﺪ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ
؟ﺖﺴﯿﭼ ﺎﯾاﺰﻣ و ﺐﯾﺎﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ دﺪﺠﻣ
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزرو
ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ
؟ﺖﺴﯿﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺮﻫ ماﺪﮐ زا دراﻮﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا و تروﺮﺿ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ار ﺪﺟ ي ﺮﺗ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻨﮐ .
شور ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ لﺎﺒﻧد ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ مﺪﻋ
ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻦﯾا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ مﺪﻋ
ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ زا شور ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﮥ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ زا هداد ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ1
ﻮﯿﺷ مﺎﻈﻧ ة ﺪﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ سواﺮﺘﺳا و ﻦﺑرﻮﮐ
2 ) 1385 ( ﺖﺒﺴﻧ هداد هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا
،
هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
؛ﺪﺷ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ زا ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
؛يدﺮﺑرﺎﮐ هﻮﺤﻧ
و شور
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
؛ﯽﻔﯿﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
؛ﯽﯾاﺮﻘﺘﺳا دارﺎﭘ
ﻢﯾا
ﻢﮐﺎﺣ ﺮﺑ
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
؛يﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا
،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يرﻮﺌﺗ هداد دﺎﯿﻨﺑ و ﻊﺒﻨﻣ يروآدﺮﮔ هداد
ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﮥ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ و ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺖﺳا . ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﮥ
درﻮﻣ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ )
ﺎﺳؤر ي ترازو شزرو و
،نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ ﺎﺳؤر ي
،نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ
،شزرو ﺎﺳؤر ي تﺄﯿﻫ يﺎﻫ
،(ﯽﺷزرو نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ و
ا نادﺎﺘﺳ ) نادﺎﺘﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﺑﺮﺗ ﯿ ﺖ
،ﯽﻧﺪﺑ نادﺎﺘﺳا هوﺮﮔ
،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور نادﺎﺘﺳا
هوﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ و نادﺎﺘﺳا هوﺮﮔ (دﺎﺼﺘﻗا
و نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﺖﯿﺑﺮﺗ
ﯽﻧﺪﺑ ترازو)
،شزرو نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﺷزرو تﺄﯿﻫ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺷزرو ( ﺖﺳا . ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي رد ﻦﯾا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻮﯿﺷ ة
ﯽﻓدﺎﺼﺗﺮﯿﻏ و
ﻞﻤﺘﺸﻣ ﺮﺑ شور يﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ و ﯿﻤﻬﺳ ﻪ يا .دﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ ﺎﺗ نﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺑ عﺎﺒﺷا يﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻣادا3
.ﺖﻓﺎﯾ رد ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺮﻈﻧ يﺎﻫ 25 ﺮﻔﻧ زا داﺮﻓا ﻪﺒﺨﻧ ﯽﻃ ﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﮥ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﺗ
نﺪﯿﺳر ﻪﺑ ﺪﺣ عﺎﺒﺷا يﺮﻈﻧ ﻊﻤﺟ يروآ ﺷ ﺪ.
لوﺪﺟ 1
،هﺮﺘﺴﮔ داﺪﻌﺗ و
عﻮﻨﺗ داﺮﻓا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هﺪﺷ ار ﻪﺑ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻣ .ﺪﻫد
لوﺪﺟ 1 . ﺮﺘﺴﮔ
،ه داﺪﻌﺗ و عﻮﻨﺗ داﺮﻓا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ
داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ
زﻮﺣ ة ﯽﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
25 ﺮﻔﻧ نز
دﺮﻣ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ ﺑﺮﺗ ﺖﯿ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ لﺎﻐﺘﺷا دﺪﺠﻣ نادﺎﺘﺳا
6 ترازو 19
شزرو ﺎﺳؤر
ي ترازو شزرو نادﺎﺘﺳا
هوﺮﮔ
شزرو هوﺮﮔنادﺎﺘﺳا ﯽﺷزرويﺎﻫتﺄﯿﻫيﺎﺳؤر نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور
نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ تﺄﯿﻫ ﯽﺷزرو نادﺎﺘﺳا
هوﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ
ﺎﺳؤر ي ﺳارﺪﻓ نﻮﯿ ﺎﻫ نادﺎﺘﺳا
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا
7 9
9
رد ﺶﺨﺑ لوا زا ﺮﻓ ا ﺪﻨﯾ ﻊﻤﺟ يروآ
،تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هداد
ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﻈﻧدرﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا زا شور ﺎﻫ ي ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ ا ي ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ) تﻻﺎﻘﻣ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ و
تﺎﻋﻼﻃا دﻮﺟﻮﻣ
رد ﺎﭘ ﯾ هﺎﮕ ﺎﻫ ي
،ﯽﺘﻧﺮﺘﻨﯾا ﺘﮐ
ﺎ ب ﺎﻫ
، تﻼﺠﻣ و تﺎﯾﺮﺸﻧ
،(ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ رد
ﺶﺨﺑ مود زا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﻔﯿﮐ ﺎﺑ
،نﺎﮕﺒﺨﻧ
نﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ و
داﺮﻓا ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﺮﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .ﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺖﯾﺎﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﺒﻣ يﺮﻈﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻔﯿﮐ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ
مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﺷ و يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺎﻬﻧآ
ﺰﯿﻧ مﺎﺠﻧا .ﺖﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ
،ﺺﯿﺨﻠﺗ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ و ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ يﺮﯿﮔ زا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﮔ ﺖﻓ
ﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ
ﯽﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ راﺬﮔﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺸﻧزﺎﺑ ﯽﺷزرو
ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﺷ . ﺲﭘ زا يراﺮﻗﺮﺑ سﺎﻤﺗ ﯽﻨﻔﻠﺗ و
1 . Grounded Theory
3. Strauss & Corbin
3. Theoretical Saturation
