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_________________________________________________________________________
Words Which Have Distinguished Way of Writing Among the Uthmani Codices (Masahif) A Collction, A Study, and A Direction
Shadi Ahmed Tawfiq Al - Melhem*
Qassim University
(Received 28/10/2018; accepted for publication 26/11/2018.)
Abstract:This research collect certain Quranic words which have distinguished way of writing among one of the uthmanicodies which differ from other codies. Also, it explain the way of writing in other different uthmanicodies. Moreover, this research study the successive recitations it conclude and clarifies which Moshaf conforms with each recitation, in addition to direct that recitation, i.e. to explain different meanings which the successive recitations give.Accordingly, and after extended research in Quranic writing books, the researcher collect twinty nine Quranic words of this kind, that have distinguished way of writing among one of the uthmani codices (Moshaf). Even Shami (Damascus), Meccai, Kufai and Basrai. The MedinaiMoshafhaven'tanydistingushed writing word differ from other masahif in the way of writing.The importance of this research doesn't hidden which conclude a collection, a study, and a direction for that Quranic words which consider one of the most important characteristics among uthmani codices.
Keywords: Uthmani codices (Masahif), way of writing, Distinguished way.
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Qassim, Saudi Arabia, p.o box: (6600), Postal Code:(51452).
:
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