TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N S N G H f N O N G NGHlfP VlfT NAM
trong vu Dong Xuan tir 85,37- 86,78 ta/ha ninh lucmg thuc aMiin Bdc Viet Nam, Bao so voi d6i chiing dat 80,86 ta/ha, vu Thu dat cao tham iuan tai Hpi tiiao tic van (Dmh :.. . , >• , . . OC'TO O ^ ' I O ...tu.. hirone nehien ciru va phat trien lua lai t^i nang suat trung bmh tu 85,38-86,19 taAa, V T M J 7 0 1 l-7ni5Vn™v 8/6/2011.
doi chimg dat 78,58 ta/ha. Viet Nam 2011-2012), ngay 8/6/2011.
-,.x , . , . , . , , , ' • .»•- 2. Vien Klioa iioc Nong nghiep Viet Nam - Gtong lua lai thich hop hon vol dieu ^2^u), Bao co kit qua Hoi nghi tu vdn dinh kien san xuat o vung Nam Trung bp la ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , ,„.^-„ , ^ ,„,. y..,
HYT108, BTE-1, TH3-5, the-, gian sinh Namgiaidoan20ll-2020.Hi.m.A^l.
tnrong trong vu Dong Xuan tu tu 105-115 , , „ , , , „ . , . . , - • ngay, vu Thu tir 93-107 ngay, nhilm nhe 3. Cue Trong trpt 2012), Bank gjoih:tqm mot s6 d6i tuong sau, benh hai chinh (cu6n P¥' f ("" / " ' ' {?' f,"", ''.°'>". f ' ; ^ " " ' la,' due than, rSy nau, kho v k ) . Nang sufa T°ng ket phat men Uia la, g,a, do,n 2011- trung binh trong vu Dong Xuan tir 84,08- 2°'2.. ^"^ '"^?''fjf. *>.'" 20n-2020
S,44 taAa (D/c dat 80,53 taAa) va vu Thu " " ^ " " ' ' Pl"" B ' " C^' I'?" hp, ngh|).
Ngay nhan bai: 20/8/1014 nang suat trung binh dat tir 83,28-1
t a * a (D/e dat 78.28 taAa). NgSri'^lii'nw'enTTS. Nguyin Xuan Lai TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O Ngay phan bien: 25/9/2014
• ^ Ngay duyet dang' 29/9/2014 I. NguylnThi Tram (2011), Chgn tgo va san
xuat giong lua lai gop phan giu vimg an
K E T Q U A N G H I E N C I J U K H A N A N G C H I U H A N CCiA M O T S 6 M A U G I 6 N G L U A J A I N G A N H A N G G E N C A Y T R 6 N G Q U O C G I A
' V ' ^ ^ S Le Kha Tu-c^ng' ' ^ ' ^ ABSTRACT
The study results for the drought tolerance of rice samples in the National plant genetic bank
Drought is one of the factors limiting productivity of rice in Vietnam. Using drought-tolerant rice varieties can help to stable the yield, production and is a key solution for food security strategy in our country. Research, evaluation and supplying materials for the programs improving the drought- tolerant rice varieties play a very important role. Therefore, 75 rice variety samples of National plant gene bank have been studied and drought tolerance evaluation by method of IRRI has been applied PEG 6000 w/as processed on these samples at 3-leaf-stage in the greenhouse at the Plant Resource Center. Four variety groups with different drought tolerance have been isolated. The best drought tolerant group included 19 vaneties, the average drought-tolerant group included 17 varieties, the less drought-tolerant group consisted of two varieties, the last group of 37 varieties is not able to endure drought. Based on research and evaluation on the recovery ability, 9/75 varieties have been identified as beeing able to recovery from 70-100% of the plants after treatment Through the results integrated assessment of resilience and drought tolerance, initially 8 varieties have been chosen, including drought-tolerant varieties carrying Registration Number:
3487, 3489, 3494, 3519, 7S15, 14 386, 12 066 and 7811. These materials have a very important role for research and improvement of drought tolerant nee varieties in Vietnam,
Keywords: Drought resistant nee, greenhouse, recovery, variety groups
' Email: [email protected]
14
TI^P CHI KHOn HOC VR CONG NGHg N 6 N G N G H I I P VI€T NfllVl
I. DAT VAN DE
Lua {pryza sativa h.) Ia cay luong thuc quan trong nhat a Viet Nam. Su hinh thanh va phat trien san xuat lua gao 6 nuac ta CO lich su truyen thong lau dcfi va c6 anh huong Ion den dai song cua ngu6i dan.
Viet Nam c6 khoang 9,3 trieu ha dat nong nghiep, phan Ion dien tich dat danh cho trong lua vai khoang 4,36 trieu ha. Nam 2009 dien tich canh tac lua c6 khoang 7,44 trieu ha, nam 2011 tang len 0,21 trieu ha (Doan Manh Tuang, 2012). Trong t6ng dien tich 4,36 triSu ha, c6 2,2 trieu ha c6 the chu dong tuoi tieu, con lai hon 2,16 trieu ha la dat canh tac trong dieu kien kho khan, khong chii dong tuoi. Kho han la yeu to han che chu yeu lam giam nang suat va san lugng lua 6 nhirng vimg nuoc troi ciing nhu cac viing liia nuong tren the gioi. Su kho han la yeu to quan trong bac nhat anh huong den an ninh luang thuc ciia toan the giai, no c6 the lam giam toi 70% nang suat cay trong noi chung va cay lua noi rieng (Le Kha Tuong, 2013). Sir khan hiem nuoc trong san xuat nong nghiep da va dang dugc bao dong a nhiSu noi tren the giai cung nhu o Viet Nam (Bo Nong nghiep va PTNT, 2012). Chon tao gi6ng moi c6 kha nang chong chiu han dugc xem la mot giai phap hiiu hieu trong chien luge phat trien nong nghiep ben vung, dam bao an ninh luong thuc (CIAT, 1984). Trong do xac dinh ngu6n gen Ma chong chiu han va cung cdp nguyen vat lieu sinh hoc Hen quan den tinh chiu han cho cac chuong trinh cai ti^n gi6ng lua chiu ban c6 y nghTa dac biet quan trpng, gop phan on dinh va nang cao san lugng lua cho cac viing kho han a nuoc ta. Tuy nhien hau het nhiing viing nuoc troi dang san xuat lua a nuoc ta van su dung nhirng giong lua khong c6 tinh chiu han, do do nang suat thuong khong on dinh. Day chinh la nguyen nhan
chu y6u lam giam nang suat, chat lugng va hieu qua tham chi c6 thd that thu hoan toan neu su kho han xay ra trong mot thoi gian dai. Ngan hang Gen cay trong Quoc gia voi tren 11.000 ngu6n gen liia dang dugc lim giu, danh gia la tai san v6 gia, la tiem nang va ca h6i gop phan tao nen nhung thanh tim moi trong nghien ciru, khai thac, su dung va phat trien san xuat lua a nuoc ta trong nhiing nam gan day. Nam 2013, trong khuon kho cua nhiem vu "Bao ton va lim giiJ nguon gen thuc vat nong nghiep", 75 mau giong lua dugc tuyen chgn tir ket qua nhan gi6ng va danh gia trong nhihig nam gan day da dugc Trung tam Tai nguyen thuc vat nghien cuu, danh gia kha nang chju han trong nha luoi va buoc dau phan lap dugc nhiing nhom giong khac nhau ve kha nang chong chju han, gop phan quan trong trong c6ng tac hoan thien dir lieu va chia se nguon gen phuc vu cac chuong trinh chgn tao va cai tien giong lua trong tinh hinh moi.
II. VAT LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUfU 1. Vat li$u nghien cu>u
Tren co so nhan giong va danh gia ngan hang gen lua trong giai doan 2009-2012, 75 mau giong lua c6 kha nang sinh truong, phat trien va chong chju han kha trong dieu kien dong rupng da dugc tuyen chgn cho viec danh gia chi tiet kha nang chiu han trong nha luoi nam 2013 tai Trung tam Tai nguyen thuc vat. Toan bg nguon vat lieu dat ty le nay mam > 90%. Danh sach nguon vat lieu gom cac mau giong c6 so dang ky (SDK) tai Ngan hang Gen cay trong Quoc gia nhu sau:
3478, 3482, 3484, 3485, 3487, 3488, 3489, 3494, 3495, 3496, 3497, 3517, 3519, 3520, 3521, 3522, 6969, 7304, 7312, 7811, 7812, 7815, 7823, 7826, 7827, 9219, 9246, 9466, 9476, 9507, 9509, 9517, 9520, 9524, 9530, 9532, 9540, 9555, 9570, 9573, 9576, 9578,
15
TRP CHl KHOn HOC Vfl C 6 N G NGHf NONG NGHlgP VlfT NHM
9585, 9588, 9878, 12047, 12049, 12059, 12066, 12079, 13008, 13265, 13292, 13309.
13320, 13321. 13362, 13363, 13423, 13424, 13425, 13428, 13429, 13430, 13431, 13435, 14251, 14252, 14278, 14279, 14386, 14587, 14591,14596, 14597.
2. Phu'O'ng phap nghien CLPU
2.1. Danh gia kha nang chju han trong nha lip&i
2.1. L Phuang phap danh gia Dugc thuc hien theo phuong phap ciia Burlyn vai viec su dung dung dich PEG 6000. Ngi dung co ban ciia phuang phap dugc trinh bay tai cong thirc 1
\|/ = -(l,18x 10'^)C-(l,18x 10-^)C^ + (2,67 X 10^)CT + (8,39 x 10-^)C^T (cdngthitc 1)
Trong do: C la nong do cua PEG 6000 trong g/kg H2O, T la nhiet do moi truong nay mam.
Sau khi u nay mam, m6i nguon gen dugc gieo trong 3 chau nhua voi 3 Ian iSp, moi chau gieo 20 h^t, sau mgc tien hanh nh6 tia de lai 10 cay dong deu. Khi xuat hien 3 la, tien hanh xir ly gay han nhan tgo biing dung djch PEG 6000 trong 5 ngay lien tiep voi nong do tang dan nhu sau:
Ngay 1 2 3
Ndng d9 (%) 5 10 16
Ngay 4 5
N6ng a« (%) 20 25
Sau 10 ngay ke tir ngay xii ly cuoi ciing tien hanh danh gia kha nang chiu han theo phuang phap ciia IRRI nhu sau:
0i4m chju han 0 1 3 5 7 9
E)|c dilm quan sSt Ld binh thu-ong Lci CLi6n hinh chu V nong LS cu6n hinh chit V sau LA cuon hinh chO' U LA cuon hinh chfr 0 Ld cuQn ch0t Igi
Mi>c chdng chju Tot
Khd Trung binh K6m Rat kem Khong chong chiu
2.1.2. Phuong phap xac dinh giong doi chung
Gi6ng Ilia chiu han CH5 co thai gian sinh truong vu Miia 120 ngay, vu Dong Xuan 160 - 165 ngay, cay cung, gpn, chi£u dai bong 22 - 23cm, so hat/bong dat 135 -
140, hat to dai, ty le D/R= 2,9; kh6i lugng 1.000 hat 27 - 28g, pham chdt gao trong, it bac bung, ham lugng amylose 25,5%, ty le gao lat 82,5%, ty le xay xat 69,8%, nang suat trong dieu kien chii dong nuac 50 -55 ta/ha, toi da dat 65 ta/ha, kha nang tham canh kha, khang vua voi dao on, kho vSn, bac la va ray nau, chiu han kha a mgi giai doan. Giong da dugc cong nhan chinh thuc
theo Quyet dinh s6 5310 QD/BNN-KHCN ngay 29 thang 11 n3m 2002 (TrSn Nguyen Thap va CS, 2002). Hien nay CH5 van dugc ap dung kha pho bien tai cac viing nuoc troi o nuac ta. Do do CH5 da dugc chpn lam doi chung cua thi nghiem.
2.2. Danh gia kha nang phuc hoi Sau khi danh gia kha nang chiu h?in tien hanh tuoi nuac sach vao cac chau voi muc nuoc cao 5cm dk xac dinh kha nang phuc hoi cua cac nguon gen. 10 ngay sau tuoi nuac sach, tien hanh danh gia kha nang phuc hoi theo phuong phap cua IRRI nhu sau:
16
THP cm KHOH HOC VR C 6 N 6 N G H I N 6 N G NOHlf P V16T NBM
Diem phuc h6i 1 3 5
Dac di4m quan sat 90 • 100% cay phuc hoi
70 - 89% cHy phyc h6i 40 - 69% cay phyc h6i
Diem phgc hdi 7 9
Dac diem quan sat 20 - 39% cay phyc hoi
0 - 1 9 % c i y phyc hoi
2.3. Dia diem nghien cu>u
Thi nghiem dugc tien hanh trong nha luai ciia Trung tam Tai nguyen thirc vat, vu Mua2013
2.4. Phuxmg phap xu' ly so lieu So lieu dugc tong hgp trong Excel, xu ly bang phan mSm IRRISTAT 4.0
III. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
1. Ket qua danh gia cac nhom gidng lua chiu han
Theo cac nha sinh hpc, tinh chiu han ciia cay lua dugc ly giai bai sir tuong tac cua da gen tham gia vao qua trinh chong lai sir mat nuoc va chiu su mat nuoc. Dung dich polyethylene glycol {PEG6000) dugc su dung trong nghien cim kha nang chiu han da va dang dugc ap dung pho bien tren the giai cho nhieu doi tugng cay trong a tat ca cac giai doan sinh trircmg phat trien.
Nguyen ly ve tinh chong chiu han dugc danh gia la co lien quan den kha nang giu nuoc cua nguyen sinh chat te bao, nong dp dich bao va chuc nang ciia mang te bao.
Theo do nuoc se chuyen dich tir noi co nong dp dung dich thap (the nuoc cao) sang noi CO nong dp dung dich cao (the nuoc thdp). Cac mlu giong sau khi dugc xir ly dung dich PEG6000 se giong nhu mot mang bao phii ch6ng lai sir tham thau ciia nuoc qua mang te bao. Day chinh la qua trinh gay han nhan tao nham xac dinh kha nang chiu han cua cac mau giong lua trong thi nghiem nay. Nghien cuu anh huong cua PEG6000 vai cac n6ng dp khac nhau den miic dp cu6n la 6 giai doan ma 3 la tren 75 mlu gi6ng da phan lap dupe 4 nhom gidng nhu sau (Bang 1):
Bang 1. KSt qua phan lap cac nhom giong Ilia chiu han
Nhom 1 2 3 4
Dilm chiu han (0-9) 0,1-1,0 1,1-3,0 3,1-5,0 5.1-9.0 Tong cong
S d m l u 19 17 2 37 75
Tf 1? (%) 25 23 3 49 100
- Nhom I gom 19 giong chiu hail tron^
pham vi 0,1-1,0 diem, chiem 25% tong so mau nghien ciiu.
- Nhom 2 gom 17 giong bao gom ca doi chiing chiu han trong pham vi 1,1 3,0 diem, chiem 23% tong so mau nghien cuu.
- Nhom 3 gom 2 giong chiu han trong pham vi 3,1 - 5,0 diem, chiem 3% tong so mau giong nghien cuu
- Nhom 4 gom 37 giong chiu han trong pham vi tir 5,1 - 9,0 diem, chiem 49% tong so mau giong nghien ciiu.
2. K§t qua danh gia chi ti§t cac gidng lua chju han
2.1. Cac giong lua chju han kha Sau 10 ngay xir ly dung dich PEG 6000 Ian cuoi ciing, 75 mlu giong da dugc quan sat va danh gia tinh chiu han. Ket qua cho thay CO 19/75 mau giong rat it man cam vai dung dich nay boi hinh thai va mau s4c cua la van bieu hien binh thuong hay bi cu6n nhe theo hinh chu V nong. Do do cac mau giong nay da dugc danh gia la chju han trong pham vi 0,1-1,0 diem va dugc xem la bg giong chiu han kha 6 giai doan 3 la.
Trong do cac mau giong mang SDK 7811, 7815, 12066 va 14386 dugc xem la nhiing dien hinh cua nhom nay (Bang 2).
TAP CHi KHOfl HOC VA CdNO NGHf NONG NOHIfP VllT NAM
Bang 2. Danh sach cac m^u giong lua chiu han kha TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SBK 34S2 3487 3488 3494 3497 3519 7811 7816 9466 9476
Ten giong N^p duoi nai Nep ba thang Coc mpi dgng 1 LCra cang dang 1 Nepqugr3udang2 Ba do rSng dgng 1 Lua cam A mo Khau dam doi Khau dam
Diem 1,00 1,00 1,00 1.00 1,00 1.00 0.33 0.33 1.00 1,00
TT 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
SBK 9520 9585 9588 12066 13321 13362 13431 13435 14386
Tdn gidng Padai tlig jCig Nang loan hgt dai Tr^ng tep BN1 B60CU Khau nam rinh Cha fu nu Cha xu* phu lu Ble Cho
Diem 1,00 1,00 1,00 0.33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.33
2.2. Cac giong lua chiu han trung binh
Bp la bi bien dang theo hinh chft V sau hoSc nang hon nhu hinh chG U da dugc quan sat tren 17/75 mau giong va dupe danh gia la
bp giong chiu han trung binh voi pham vi chiu han tir 1,1-3,0 diem. Trong do cac mlu gidng mang SDK 3485, 7827, 9578, 12047, 12059 va 14597 dupe xem la nhiing mau dien hinh cua nhom nay (Bang 3).
Bang 3. Danh sach cac mau giong chiu han trung binh
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SDK 3486 3521 3522 6969 7827 9555 9578 9878 12047
Ten gidng Lija tri do dang 2 Ba dLi dang 2 Nep Vang Khau quai dang 2 Nang thiet IR 1348-11 Lua miia dia phl^ong Nep thorn Va tai dec chu
Diem 1,67 2,33 2,33 3,00 1,67 3,00 1,67 3,00 1,67
TT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
SDK 12059 13008 14261 14252 14587 14596 14597 CHS
Ten gidng Jasmine Khau mo Ble bllu cho Ble blau do Plau ngoang plac Ble biau do Ble blau xa Doi chi>ng
Diem 1.67 3.00 3.00 2,33 2,33 3,00 1,67 3,00
2.3. Cac giong Ida chiu han kem, rat kem va khong chong chiu
Cac mlu gi6ng chiu han kem, rat kem hoac khong co kha nang chdng chiu la nh£rng m3u gi6ng co bo la bi biSn dang mot phan hay toan bg ma dac trung chinh la cu5n theo hinh chil 0 ho^c bo chat lai. Cac mau giong nay dugc danh gia la nam trong pham vi chiu ban tir 3,1-9,0. KSt qua quan sat va danh gia da phan lap dugc 39/75 mlu gi6ng con lai trong t6ng s6 mau gi5ng nghien ciiu thuoc nhom nay.
3. Ketqua danh gia kha nang phuc h6i va tuyin chon bo gidng lua chju han
Trong tir nhien, sir kho han co thi xay ra g bat cit giai doan nao ctja qua trinh sinh truong, phat triln ciia cay lila. Khotag thoi gian xuat hien su kho ban cung rdt khac biet giira cac mtra vu va cdc vung sinh thai. Dilu do cho thay bat cir sir kho ban nao cung rnang tinh giai doan. Do do khi moi tnrong am ucft tra lai, kha nang cung c4p nuoc tilp tuc diroc duy tri, cac giSng liia co kha nSng phuc hoi hay khong, miic do thg nao la co y nghia rit quan trong trong viec 6n dinh san xu^t lua tai cac viing kho han a nuoc ta
TAP CHI KHOn HOC VFI CONG NGHS NONG NGHlfP VllT NHM
B a n g 4. K e t qua tuyen c h g n b g g i o n g lira c h i u b a n TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SDK 3487 3489 3494 3519 7815 14386 12066 7811 CHS
Ten gidng Nep ba thang C6c mpi dgng 2 Lua cang dgng 1 Ba do rang dgng 1 A mo Ble cha BN1 Lua ciim D/c
Diem chju h^n 1,0 3,5 1,0 1.0 0.33 0,33 0,33 0,33 3,0
Diem phuc hdi 1.0 1.7 1,0 1,7 1.0 1,7 1,0 1,7 2,3 Trong t6ng so 75 mau giong liia da dugc
quan sat va danh gia kha nang phuc hoi theo phuang phap ciia IRRI, ket qua da xac dinh dugc 9/75 mau giong co kha nSng phuc h6i trong pham vi 1,0 - 2,3 diem, tuang ung voi 70 - 100% so cay duoc phuc hoi. Trong do giong doi chung CHS co kha nang phuc hoi thap nhat voi 2,3 diem. Nhu the so voi doi chiing da xac dinh dugc 8 mSu giong co kha nang phuc tot hon. Cac mlu giong con lai gom 66/75 mau giong co kha nang phuc hoi th^p han doi chimg voi diem phuc hoi tir 2,4 - 9,0, tuang ling voi < 70% so cay phuc hoi.
Ket qua danh gia kha nang phuc hoi va kha nang chiu han a giai doan 3 la la ca so de tuyen chpn b6 giong chju han tir 75 mSu gi6ng Ilia dai dien cua Ngan hang Gen cay trfing Qu6c gia nam 2013. Theo do danh sach cac giong lua chiu han dugc tuyen chpn gom cac mlu giong mang SDK ciia Ngan hang Gen cay tr6ng Qu6c gia: 3487, 3489, 3494, 3519,7815,14386, 12066,7811 (Bang 4).
IV. KET LUAN
1. Bang phuang phap xix ly dung djch PEG 6000 tren 75 mSu giSng liia a giai doan ma 3 Ik trong nha luoi da phan lap dugc 4 nhom co kha nang chong chiu han voi cac mire dp khac nhau. Nhom chiu han kha g6m 19 gi6ng chiu han trong pham vi 0,1 - 1,0 diem, nhom chiu han trung binh gdm 17 gi6ng bao gom ca doi chiing chiu han trong pham vi 1,1 - 3,0 diem, nhom chiu han kem gom 2 giong chiu han trong
pham vi 3,1 - 5,0 diem, nhom chju han rat kem hoac khong chiu han gom 37 giong chiu han trong pham vi tir 5,1 - 9,0 diem
2. Da xac dinh dugc 9/75 mau^giong co kha nang phuc hoi voi 70-100% so cay sau xii ly gay han. Tren ca so danh gia kha nang phuc hoi va kha nang chiu han buoc dau d3 tuyen chgn dupe 8 giong chiu han gom cac mau gi6ng mang SDK: 3487, 3489, 3494, 3519,7815, 14386, 12066 va 7811.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Bg Nong nghiep va PTNT, Bao cao ket qua thijc hien nganh Nong nghiep va PTNT tu ihdng J den thang 11/2012.
1. Tran Nguyen Thap, Vu Tuyen Hoang, Truang Van Kfnh, VQ Thi H^ng (2002), Giong Ilia chiu hgn CHS, Vien Cay luong thirc va Cay thyc pham, Hai Dirang.
3. Doan Manh Tu-dng (2012).
hllp:/Avww.clrriorg/ver2/index.php?option.
4. Le Kha Tu'O'ng (2013), Ket qua bao Ion va lini giir nguon gen thuc vat nong nghiep nam 2013 Trung tam Tai nguyen thirc vat.
5. CIAT \984 - Upland rice in Latin America in overview of upland rice research.
Proceeding of 1982 Bouake Ivory coast upland rice workshop IRRI Losbanos Philippines.
Ngay nhan bai: 22/8/1014
Nguui phan bien: GSTS. Nguyin Van Tuat Ngay phan bi?n: 01/9/2014
Ngay duyet dang: 29/9/2014
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