BAG TRIEU TIEN

12 II T R U C J N G B A I H O C T H C I B D H A N D I

NHUNG CAN TRO TRONG TIEN TRINH THONG NHAT HAI MIEN NAM - BAG TRIEU TIEN

Pham Qnoc Sir, Pham Thi Thanh Tnrdng Dgi hgc Thu do Ha Ngi

T6m tat: Tinh trgng dal nude bi chia cdt, do la ndi dau ldn nhdt cua ddn tgc Triiu Tiin.

Bdi the, sudt nhieu thgp ky nay, ngudi Triiu Tien a hai miin Nam-Bdc vdn ra sue tim kiim cdc ca hgi hda gidi de giang san Ihu vi mgt mdi, thdng nhdl qudc gia. Nhung cho din nay. bai todn Ijch su dy vdn chua cd Idi gidi. Vay ddu Id nhirng trd l\fC trong liin trinh ihdng nhdt Trieu Tien? Di thong nhdt ddt nude, ngudi Trieu Tien a hai ben vT tuyin 38 cdn Hf vugt qua nhirng khdc biet de hda gidi ddn tgc. dong thai phdi khon khio hoa gidi dugc nhirng trd luc khdc.

Tie khda: Triiu Tien, tin lira dgn dgo. vS khi hgt nhdn, Kim Jong-tin, Donald Trump, Hgi nghi Thugng dinh My - Triiu, Hdn Qudc. Moon Jae-in, thdng nhdt Trieu Tien.

Nhdn bai ngay 12.3.2020; giii phdn bien, chinh sira, duyet dang ngay 25.3.2020 Lien hi tdc gia: Phgm Quoc Sir; Email: pqsu@daihoclhudo.edu vn 1. D A T VAN B E

Tinh trang dat nude bj ehia cdt, do la ndi dau ldn nhat ciia dan tpc Trieu Tien. Bdi the, da 5 thap ki qua. ke tir dau nhirng ndm 70 ciia the ki XX, ngudt Trieu Tien d hai ben Nam- Bdc vT tuydn 38 van ra sire tim kidm cdc co hpi ddi thoai de dat dupc muc tidu: Giang son thu vd mpt mdi. thdng nhdt qudc gia. Tuy nhidn cho ddn nay, bai todn Ijch sii ay vdn ehua ed ldi giai. Vdy ddu la nhiing trd lyc trong tidn trinh thdng nhat Tridu Tidn? Tir gdc dp nghien cuu lieh sii. chiing tdi cho rdng nhiing can trd trong tien trinh tiidng nhdt Tridu Tidn khdng ehi la nhimg van dd ed tinh ndi bp ddn tdc Trieu Tien, ma cdn la nhiing khd khdn khde ddn tir ngodi ddt nude.

2. NQI D U N G 2.1. Nhin lai Ijch sir

Trude het, can phai tim hieu cae thd lire nude ngoai timg ean thiep vdo Tridu Tien va ehi phdi Ijch sir ban dao nay. Sd phan cua mpt nude nho nhung cd vi tri chien lupc quan trpng dd khidn cho Tridu Tidn trong sudt nhidu thd ky trd thanh ncri tranh chap gii^a cdc cudng qudc khu vuc va thd gidi.

TAP CHI KHDA HDD - SD 3 B / 2 D 2 D || 13

Cudi thd ki XVI, Tridu Tien hai Idn bi Nhal Bdn xam lupc vao cdc ndm 1592 va 1597.

Vdi c:a hai cudc xam lupc nay, ndu khdng cd su can thiep ciia Nha Minh (Trung Qudc) thi Nhat Ban da dat dch dd hp Idn bdn ddo Trieu Tien. Vide Nhdt Bdn xam lupe Tridu Tidn dyng cham tdi Ipi ich ciia Nha Minh d phia Bdc. Be duy tri thd tuong quan, Tnmg Qudc va Nhat Ban da cd nhiing thda thuan vd vdn de Tridu Tidn. Trong sudt cdc the ky XVI. XVII, XVin vd XIX, sy tranh gianh anh hudng trdn bdn dao Tridu Tidn chu }du van Id giiia Trung Qudc va Nhdt Bdn^

Tir cudi thd ky XIX, dudi trieu vua Kojong (cuoi tridu dai Choson), Trieu Tien trd thanh mdi quan tdm ldn ciia hai cudng qudc lyc dia: Nga vd Trung Qudc, cung nhu gitia cae dd quoc lyc dia (Nga, Trung) va dd qudc mat bien (Nhdt, Anh,...). Bidu hidn tap trung eiia xung dot giira cac thd lye ndi tren la cac cupc chidn tranh Trung - Nhat (1894 - 1895) va Nga - Nhdt (1904 - 1905). Vdi cd hai cudc chidn nay, phan thang deu thudc vd Nhat Bdn. Nam 1910, Tridu Tien chinh thiic trd thdnh thupc dia ciia Nhat. Chi ddn khi qudn dpi Phat xit Nhat bi Ddng minh danh bai thi Tridu Tien dupc giai phong vdo thdng 8/1945'.

Thoat khdi dch do hd Nhat Bdn nhung Tridu Tidn vdn phai can den sy bao trp ciia My (ddi vdi Nam Tridu Tidn) va Lidn Xo (ddi vdi Bdc Tridu Tien), nhtmg cudng quoc da gidi phdng bdn ddo nay. Hy vpng vd mdt cudc tdng tuydn cii thdng nhat dat nude ciing chua dupe didn ra, thay vao dd la eude chidn giira hai midn Nam - Bdc Trieu Tidn nhimg nam 1950 - 1953. Ddt nude Tridu Tien bj chia cdt keo dai kd hr Hidp dinh ngimg ban ngdy 27/7/1953 ddn nay.

Nhin chung, sau chidn tranh thd gidi II (1939 - 1945), cd Lidn Xd vd My ddu mudn cd anh hudng tdi Tridu Tien. Giai phap chia vT tuydn 38 phdn anh thd tuong quan khdng bdn nao thdng ndi ben nao giua hai cudng qude nay. Thd tucmg quan do tudng chimg hi phd vd do cudc chidn tranh Nam - Bdc Tridu Tien (1950 - 1953), nhung riit cue da dupc lap lai do su can thiep cua quan "chi nguyen" Trung Qudc, vdi danh nghTa giiip lue lupng Bdc Trieu Tidn dly lui sy tdn cdng do at cua quan My va lyc luong Nam Tridu Tien. Cd thd nhdn thdy, fi-ong lieh sii Tridu Tien cac cudng qudc ludn ed anh hudng Idn vdi hp la Trung Qude, Nhat Ban, Nga, My, trong dd Trung Qudc va My la hai nude co dnh hudng Idn tdi lieh sir hidn dai Tridu Tidn.

2.2. Vu khi hat nhan - Bao b6i sieu Ipi hai cua Cong hda Dan chu Nhan dan Tridu Tien TLT nhimg phan tieh dua trdn lich sii, ta cd thd thdy, trong bdi canh the gidi ludn bi chi phdi bdi cae cudng qudc thi van dd thdng nhdt Tridu Tidn khd ttanh khdi tae ddng. Dieu dd cd nghTa la dan tdc Trieu Tidn ludn d vdo tinh thd bi chi phdi khdch quan bdi cac nude Idn.

Dd thlic ddy tidn trinh thdng nhat Tridu Tien, ydu cdu dat ra liic nay la phai giai quydt xong vdn dd vu khi hat nhan ciia Cdng hda Ddn chii Nhdn dan (CHDCND) Tridu Tien.

^ Hon Qudc lich sir vd vdn hda, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 1995 (ban tieng_Viet, djch tir cudn: "Korea-It's history and culture"). Ca quan thong tin hai ngoai Han Quoc xuat ban, Seoul, 1994.

^ Hdn Qudc tich sir vd vdn hda. (1995), Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Ngi.

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Nhan Ioai timg diic kdC "Dan tpc nho can cd ban be ldn!",'" nhung ai la "ban be Idn" ciia Binh Nhudng liic ndy. khi Lidn Xd da tan ra. Nhdn loai ciing diie kdt: 'T)an tpc nho cdn cd dao gdm ldn!"", vdy phdi chdng vii khi hat nhan ma Binh Nhudng da cd tir thap nidn ddu tidn ciia thd k>' XXI va ten lua dan dao tdm xa chinh la thii "dao gdm Idn" ma Binh Nhudng c6 thd sir dyng dd ran de cac the luc thii dich.

Ly do dd Binh Nhudng kidn qu\ dt phai cd dupc vii khi hat nhdn trudc hdt d6 la bdi khat vpng thdng nhdt Tridu Tidn, khi ma Viet Nam da thong nhdt ddt nude bdng cuOc chi^n tranh bdn bi. Sy thii hidm cua Bdc Tridu Tidn bdng vii khi hat nhdn cdn bdi Buih Nhudng da chdng kidn cdc bai hpe d Iraq ndm 2003; d Nam Tu 1999 - 2001. Gid day Bdc Trieu Tidn da ndm dupc Ipi thd, khi dd kip cd trong tay nhiing thii "bdo bdi" can thiet dii dd rdn de cdc ddi thii tidm tdng.

Ngay 25/5/2009, Binh Nhudng tidn hdnh vu thu hat nhan thii hai, vdi sue cong phd manh hem so vdi vu thii thu nhdt (2006). Dieu nay didn ra chua ddy 2 thdng sau khi Binh Nhudng phdng thii ten liia dan dao Taepodong - 2 (5/4/2009) cd the vuon tdi mot sd viing I3nh thd cua MJ. Xen giira cdc ddng thdi ciing rdn, CHDCND Trieu Tien cdn cd nhihig bude di mdm ddo, nhu: Cho phep than nhdn Nam-Bdc Tridu tidn gdp gd, chap nhdn dam phdn Lidn Tridu, ddng y cimg vdi Han Qudc md khu cong nghiep chung Kaesong, chap nhan hdng vidn trp ciia My vd Han Qudc, chdp nhan Hdi nghj 6 bdn ban vd giai gidp hat nhan, chdp nhdn pha bd thdp Idm lanh tai ca sd hat nhan Yongbyon, bude dau giao n0p tdi lieu edng nghe hat nhdn cho My,...

Vay thye chdt nhiing dpng thdi ciia Binh Nhuong Id gi? Trong tuydn bd gidi thich quyet dmh riit khdi Hdi nghi 6 bdn (My, Tnmg, Nga, Nhat, Tridu Tien, Hdn Qudc) bdn vd vdn dd vu khi hat nhan cua Binh Nhudng (5/2009), dai didn Bd ngoai giao CHDCND Trieu Tidn ndi: "Khong ich gi khi eiing ngdi vdi mpt bdn vdn tidp tuc coi chimg ta la kd thii"'^.

Tir phdt bidu ndy. gidi phdn tich cho rdng, tham vpng ciia CHDCND Tridu Tidn nham bupc MJ-Han phal nhuong bp ngoai giao va kinh te ldn hon de ddi ldy gidi giap hat nhan. Tuy nhidn. Victor Cha, cd vdn hang ddu eua cuu Tdng thdng My G.W. Bush vd vdn dd Tridu Tidn cho rdng: Tridu Tidn cd the dang tim kidm mdt vi the cudng qudc vu khi hat nhan hodc nhthig bao dam an ninh'\ Bdi the, neu My ed dua ra edc bidn phdp ed lap CHDCND Tridu Tien hon nOra thi Binh Nhudng cung khdng tir bd kho vu khi hat nhan.

23. Thai dd ciia My-NhSt-Nga-Trung ve thong nhat Tridu Tidn

Su that la nhiimg thd luc qudc td dang ddng vai trd chii ydu trong viec giai quydt van de hat nhdn ciia CHDCND Tridu Tien vdn la ede guong mat cii (My, Nhat, Nga, Trung) vdn da ed anh hudng tren ban ddo.

,* Dan theo Raxun Gamzatov trong "Daghetxtan cua tdC tap II, Nxb Cdu vong - Matxcoval984, ban dich ciia nha xuat ban Tac pham mdi - Ha Ngi.

'-- Trieu Tien. Iran dpi nude lanh vao Tdng thong My (27/5/2009).

TAP CHI KHDA H D D - SO 3B/ZD2D

Trude hdt la MJ, vide Binh Nhudng sd hiiu vii khi hat nhan cang khidn cho My Io ngai, bdi Binh Nhudng cd the diing vii khi hat nhdn chdng lai My va cae ddng minh, hodc bdn vu khi va cong nghd ndy cho cdc ddi tupng thii dich My. Vi thd, My da ddi nude ndy phai giai gidp vii khi hat nhan. MJ ludn hanh xu ciing rdn va didu nay cang khien cho Bmh Nhudng ludn phai dd phdng. Dieu dd khdng chi khidn cho viec giai quyet van de hat nhan gdp bd tdc, ma tidn trinh thong nhdt Tridu Tidn cung it tien tridn.

Cung nhu My, Nhdt Ban la ddng mmh ciia Han Qudc, nhung trong sau sa, ngudi Nhat biet hp it duac chao ddn d cd hai midn Nam - Bdc Tridu Tidn do nhimg gi ma nude Nhat da gay ra trong nhirng ndm dd hO Tridu Tidn (1910-1945). Tinh trang ehia cdt Tridu Tidn ed lpi cho Nhdt d nhidu khia canh, tuy nhidn Nhat Ban thyc su lo ngai khi Bmh Nhudng chd tao vu khi hat nhan va thu ten lira, bdi ten lira tdm xa ciia Binh Nhudng da nhieu lan bay trdn bau trdi Nhat Ban. Xuat phdt tir nhiing lo ngai ddi vdi Trieu Tien cd trudc mat vd ldu ddi, Nhat Bdn duong nhidn td ro thdi dp eiing rdn trong vdn dd hat nhdn ciia Binh Nhudng.

Vai trd ciia Nga trong lich sii Tridu Tidn khd quan trpng. Nga la mdt trong ba cudng qudc (Nga, Nhat, Trung Qudc) cd dnh hudng manh me tdi Tridu Tidn, ddng thdi la mdt trong hai thd luc (Nga (Lien Xd) va My) quydt dinh sd phdn ciia Tridu Tien hong va sau Chidn tranh the gidi II. Nga la mdt trong nhirng cudng qudc cd tidng ndi quyet dinh d Hdi nghi GioTieva (1954) ban vd kdt thiic chidn tranh Tridu Tien. Nhung tir sau nam 1950, Nga (Lien Xd) da chia se vai trd nang dd Binh Nhudng eho Trung Qudc. Didu nay duac thd hien trong vide Trung Qudc ean thiep tryc tidp vao chidn tranh Trieu Tidn (1950 - 1953) vdi danh nghTa bao vd CHDCND Tridu Tidn. Bdi the, thai dp ciia Nga trong vdn dd vu khi hat nhan ciia Bdc Tridu Tidn cd ve dn hda. Nga y thiic rdt rd vai trd ciia minh tai Hdi nghi 6 ben va khong hdn khdng cd nhihig tinh toan vdi My d Hdi nghj ndy, song chac chdn Nga khdng phai la trd lire trong tidn trinh thdng nhat Tridu Tien.

Cudi cung, phai Iuu y vdn Id quan diem ciia Trung Qudc. Vide Trung Qudc lien tuc thd hien la mdt trong hai cudng qudc quan h-png nhdt (Trung Qude va My) trong cac van de Tridu Tien (ke hr sau 1950) trudc hdt la bdi cdc ydu td lich sii va dia ly. Bdi thd, Bdc Kmh tu tin rdng phai Id Trung Qudc ehii khdng phdi ai khac bdo trp cho CHDCND Trieu Tidn.

Ciing nhu ddi vdi Viet Nam, trong cac vdn dd Tridu Tidn hi sau ndm 1950, Trung Qudc la nude ed nhidu anh hudng.

2.4. Kich ban nao cho tien trinh thong nhat Tridu Tien?

Ducmg nhien dd khdng thd Id eon dudng chidn tranh. bdi ngudi Tridu Tidn da timg trai qua mdt cupc chidn tdn nhieu xuong mau trong nhirng ndm 1950 - 1953. Gid ddy con dudng dd lai vd cimg nguy hidm khi ma sy de dpa hat nhan dang dupc cd My va CHDCND Tridu Tidn sii dung. Su nghiep thdng nhdt Tridu Tidn cung khdng the thuc hidn bdng each ma nt^udi Diic da rimg thue hidn d thdp nien cudi thd kj' XX. Bdi vdy, su nghiep thong nhdt Tridu Tien chi cd thd tidn hdnh bdng con ducmg hda giai. Tren thue te, tidn trinh nay bdt ddu tir nhimg nam 70 eiia the ky XX ma phia ehii ddng dd nghi thucmg lupng la Han Qude. Ndm 1993, Tdng thdng Hdn Quoc Kun Young-sam (1993 - 1997) dd dd xudt kd

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hoach thdng nhdt Tridu Tidn vdi 3 myc tidu: (I) Su thii dich va ddi ddu se phai dugc thay thd bdng hda gidi va hpp tdc; (2) Khi vide cung tdn tai hda binh vd su thinh vuong chung dupe dam bao. hai bdn Trieu Tien se hdi nhdp trong mdt cdng ddng kinh te - xd hpi duy nhat; (3) Mdt qudc gia dan tdc: Van dd nay se dupc hoan thanh vdi su hop nhat hoan todn ciia hai mien Nam-Bdc Tridu Tidn'*.

Dd thuc hi?n ke hoach thdng nhdt Tridu Tien. 3 nguydn tic da dupc dd ra la: (I) Ndn dpc lap dua udn nguydn vpng va kha ndng vdn cd ciia nhan dan; (2) Ndn hda binh phdi khdng sir dyng vu luc hay ddnh bai hodn todn phia ben kia; (3) Ndn ddn chu dua frdn quyen ty do vd chii quydn ciia tat cd mpi ngudi dan Tridu Tidn". Ndi dung cdt yeu ciia 3 nguyen tae nay Id ngdn chdn y dd gdy chia rd ddn tdc; hai bdn khdng dupc cd lap va thdn ti'nh lan nhau; moi bdn ddu phai phdn ddu phuc vy nhidu nhat cho quydn Ipi ciia ddn tpc, hon la cho chd dp va tu tudng ridng cua minh. eung vdi vide ndng cao ddi sdng, ddm bdo quydn ty do, edng bdng va nhan phdm cho mpi ngudi dan.

Sau nay, ducri thdi Tdng thdng Hdn Qudc Kim Dae Jung (1998 - 2002), kd hoach thong nhdt Trieu Tien dupe bd sung thdm vd mang ten "Chinh sach Anh ducmg" (Sunshine policy), dd nhdn dupc su ling hd eiia Tdng thdng My B. Clinton (1993 - 2001) vd dupc Binh Nhudng ddn nhan kha cdi md. Sau Kim De Jung, Tdng thdng Roh Moo-hyun (2003 - 2007) van tidp tuc "Chinh sdch Anh duong" va dd dat dupc nhiing bude tidn quan trpng.

Roh Moo-hyun dd thuc hidn mdt su kidn Hch sir: Ciing vdi vp dl bd qua bidn gidi Han- Tridu de sau dd den Binh Nhudng thyc hidn cudc gdp ngudi dirng ddu Nha nude CHDCND Tridu Tidn Kim Jong-il.

Trong khi dd, Binh Nhudng cung ehii ddng dua ra dudng ldi thdng nhat theo quan didm ciia minh, bdt dau bdng vide kdu gpi thdnh lap "Lien minh dan ehu Koryo", song cd vd nhu chua van dpng tich cue cho dudng ldi ndy.

Tuy nhidn, kd hoach hda giai va thdng nhdt Tridu Tidn noi trdn ciia Han Qudc dd khdng nhdn dupc quan didm tuong ddng tir ehinh phii My. Dudi thdi Tdng thong G.W.

Bush. My td thai dp ciing rdn ddi vdi Binh Nhudng, ddi Binh Nhudng phd bd khdng didu kien cac ea sd hat nhdn; mydn bd ddnh ddn phu dau,... Thai dp nay ciia nude MJ khien Binh Nhudng ndi gian. thd hien mpt loat cdc ddng thai Iam cho tinh hinh trd nen cdng thdng. Bdi vdy, nd lire ciia Tdng thdng Roh Moo-h\am khdng chi Id thuydt phyc Binh Nhudng. ma cdn phai khuyen ean, thdm chi chi trich Washington D.C. Khi Roh Moo-hyun hdt nhidm k}', Lee Myung-bak len lam tdng thdng Han Qude vdi nhiing tuydn bd ciing rdn thi tinh hinh lai trd ndn cang thdng. Bed thd, cudc thii nghidm hat nhdn vd bdn thu ten liia tdm ngdn ciia Binh Nhudng frong cdc ngay 25-26/5/2009 la nham dap trd nhiing ddng thai

'•*•• Hdn Qudc lich su va van hda, (1995), Nxb. Chinh Ui Qudc gia. Ha N6i, (ban tiing Viet). Co quan thong tin hai ngoai Hdn Qudc xudt bdn, Seoul, 1994), tr 186.

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ndi trdn ciia Seoul. Vdi thdi dp nay, Tdng thdng Lee Myung-bak la ngtrdi thii tieu "Chinh sdch Anh duong" va dua tidn frinh hda giai - thdng nhdt Tridu Tidn frd vd vi tri ban dau.

2.5. Nhihig dien bien m ^ nhat

Ngay 12/2/2013, CHDCND Tridu Tien tien hanh vy thii hat nhan lan 3 cd sue cong pha ldn hon 2 ldn trudc, nhung nhd hon siic cdng pha ciia qua bom nguydn tii MJ nem xudng Hiroshima Nhdt Ban ndm 1945. Theo cdc chuydn gia, Binh Nhudng cd thd da sdn xuat dupc dau dan hat nhdn. Tinh hinh cdng thdng hon khi ngdy 06/01/2016, CHDCND Tridu Tien thii thanh cdng vu khi nhidt hach frong vu thir hat nhdn Idn 4. Ngdy 9/9/2016, CHDCND Tridu Tien tidn hanh vy thii hat nhdn Idn 5. Co quan Khao sdt Dia chdt My cho biet vu nd tao rung chdn manh 5,3 dp Richter xay ra tai bai thtr hat nhan Punggye-ri. Day la vy thu ldn hat nhan Idn nhdt ciia CHDCND Tridu Tidn tinh tdi thdi didm do, cd dp manh tir 20 ddn 30 kiloton va siic cong phd ldn han mdi qua bom nguyen hi My timg tha xudng Hiroshima va Nagasaki (Nhdt Ban) ndm 1945.

Ngay 3/9/2017, Binh Nhudng thii thdnh cdng vii khi nhidt hach frong vu thii hat nhan lan 6, gay chan ddng 6,3 dp Richter, ddng thdi tuydn bd dd sdn xudt dupc ddu dan hat nhdn gdn vao ten lira dan dao xuydn luc dia, cd thd bdn tdi My. Qua thyc, cdng nghd hat nhan ciia CHDCND Tridu Tidn tidn bd ddn miic than ky, vupt xa du doan ciia tdt cd cdc chuydn gia trong ITnh vuc ndy.

Tuy nhidn, tir khi Donald Trump nhdm chirc tdng thdng My vao 1/2017, chinh sach ciia My vd van dd hat nhan ciia CHDCND Tridu Tien chuyen bidn lidn tyc, tir cho khd ma hd sang ed nhieu bidn ddi bat ngd Sau hdng loat ddng thai leo thang hat nhdn va tdn Iiia dan dao ciia CHDCND Tridu Tidn, thi My cung dap tra bang vide cho tdu sdn bay USS Carl Vinson tien ddn gan ban dao Tridu Tidn, tidn hanh cac cudc tap frdn bdn dan that vdi Han Qude va didu hai may bay nem bom tdng hinh bay qua ban ddo Tridu Tien.

Ngay 29/11/2017, CHDCND Tridu Tidn thir nghidm ICBM manh nhat, nhung ngay 13/12/2017, Ngoai trudng My khi dd, dng Rex Tillerson lai bat ngd dd nghj dam phan vdi CHDCND Tridu Tidn ma khdng cdn didu kidn tidn quydt. De nghi khdc thudng do lap hic cd tac dung ha nhidt khdng khi ndng bdng va md dudng eho dam phdn MJ-Trieu. Quan he My-Tridu tidp tuc cd ddu hidu tich cue vao thang 3/2018, khi Chu tieh CHDCND Tridu Tidn Kim Jong-un (kd vi Chii tich Kim Jong-II, mdt nam 2011) thdng qua cdc quan chiic Han Qudc dd nghi gap mat Tdng thong My. Ngay 8/3/2018, Tdng thdng Donald Trump chdp nhdn Idi dd nghi gap Chu tich Kim Jong-un.

Cudc sap Thuang dinh My-Tridu lan thii nhat didn ra tai Singapore ngay 12/6/2018. Hai nha lanh dao da ky tuydn bd ehung tai Singapore, trong do dng Trump cam ket dam bao an ninh cho Tridu Tidn, trong khi dng Kim tai khang dinh cam ket

"diit khoat va viing chdc" vd phi hat nhdn hda hoan todn trdn ban ddo Trieu Tidn. Sau eude gap, Tdng thdng Donald Trump da cd nhupng bd ddng ke ddi vdi Binh Nhuong khi hodn cdc cupc tap tran quan su chung vdi Han Quoc, vidn ly do tdn kem vd "rdt khidu khich". Ngdy 20/7/2018, hinh anh vd tinh cho thay, CHDCND Tridu Tidn dd pha

18 II TRLTCfNB B A I H D C T H D B D H A N D I

hiiy mdt tda nha ldp rap ddng ca tai tram phdng ve tinh Sohae va m^t fram thii nghiem dpng CO ten liia gdn do.

Hpi nghj thupng dinh M J-Tridu lan thii hai giira Tdng thdng Donald Trump va Chii tjch Kim Jong-un chinh thiic duoc tien hdnh tai Hd Ndi (Viet Nam) frong hai ngay 27 vd 28/2/2019. Mdc du dupc du ludn ehd ddn. nhung Hoi nghi kdt thiic md khdng cd tuyen bd chung, khdng di ddn mot thda thuan nao giua hai ben. Thdt bai ciia hpi nghi thupng dinh MJ- Tridu tai Hd Npi Id didu kha bdt ngd. cho thdy con dudng hda gidi MJ-Tridu, rdi Han-Tridu cdn nhidu gian nan, nhidu khudt khiic ehua cd ldi giai. Binh Nhudng mudn tat ca bi^n phdp trimg phat, ngoai trir nhiing lenh Hen quan ddn ban vd chuyen nhupng vu khi, dupe dd bd, ddi I?i hp sdn sdng ddng ciia Trung tdm Nghien ciiu Hat nhdn Yongbyon, noi ddt Id phdn ling hat nhan chinh eiia CHDCND Tridu Tidn. Nhung dng Trump ndi rdng dng Kim khdng dd xudt ddng ciia cdc co sd hi mat lam gidu Uranium khae. Ngoai trudng MJ Mike Pompeo thi cho rdng kd ca khi Binh Nhudng do bd Yongbyon thi dng Kun van cdn ten lua, ddu d^n va he thong vu kh(. Day Id didu khidn MJ nghi ngd vd su chan thanh ciia Bdc Tridu Tien.

Vd moi quan he Han-Tridu, bude sang nam 2018. tinh hinh bong frd ndn tucri sdng khi Tong thong Hdn Quoc Moon Jae-in mdi ddc ed (2017) tuyen bd trd lai "Chinh sach Anh Duong" trong quan he vdi Tridu Tidn. Ddp Iai. frong dien van chao mimg ndm mdi 2018, Chii tjch CHDCND Tridu Tien Kim Jong-un cung dd xuat giii mdt dodn thd thao Tridu Tidn ddn Thd van hdi miia Ddng 2018 tai Han Qudc. Quan hd Lien Tridu cti the dm dan len, dan den lidn tyc bahdi nghj thupng dinh Han -Trieu ddn dap hong ndm 2018 (4/2018, 5/2018, 9/2018), md dudng cho cae hdi nghi thupng dinh My-Tridu, tat ca ddu nham phi hat nhdn hda bdn dao Trieu Tien va dat ndn tang cho thdng nhdt hai midn. Vide Hdi nghi thupng dinh MJ-Tridu tai Hd Ndi (2/2019) thdt bai Id mdt "tdn thdt" ddi vdi Han Qude, Idm chiing lai tidn frinh hda binh ma Tdng thdng Moon Jae-in nd lyc thiic ddy.

3. K i T LUAN

Vdi hai mien Nam-Bdc Tridu Tien, mdc dii chua ra khdi tinh frang chidn tranh nhimg frudc mdt va tuong lai gan se khdng cd cudc chidn franh nao. Tham vpng ciia Binh Nhudng Iiic ndy van la bdng sdch lupc cuong - nhu diing luc. tan dung sy khdc chd ldn nhau giiia edc cudng qudc ldn dd hodn thidn cdng nghd qudn sy, chinh thirc bude Idn vu ddi cac cudng qude hat nhdn. gidng nhu An Dp vd Pakistan. Chi khi dd, CHDCND Tridu Tidn men gianh dupc the can bdng frudc mdt Hdn Qudc dang la cudng qudc kinh td, cd frinh dp phdt fridn cao va dupc My bao frp. Dd tidp tyc thiic day tien trinh thdng nhat, hai phia Nam-Bdc Tridu Tien can phai biet kidm chd vd timg bude hda giai, tidn tdi triet tidu nhung lyc can do chinh minh tao ndn. ddng thdi vd hidu hda nhiing tae dpng bat lpi tir bdn ngodi. Nhung ngudi Tridu Tidn ehua tu quydt djnh dupc vide thdng nhat ciia minh ma edn chiu sy chi phdi. anh hudng eiia cdc cudng qudc khac. Hidn nay CHDCND Tridu Tidn da sd huu vu khi hat nhan, didu dd cung cd nghTa la Binh Nhudng ndm dupc Ipi thd nhat djnh frong dam phdn. My khdng ngdn can tien frinh thong nhdt Tridu Tidn, ma chi mudn tidn trinh nay phai ndm frong tdm kiem sodt. Be thue day tidn frinh hda giai va thdng nhdt, Han Qudc can tim each han ehd nhirng tac ddng tir edc cudng qude khac.

TAP CHf KHDA H D C - s n S B / g n s n || 19

TAI Lq:U THAM KHAO

1. Hdn Qudc (ddt nude - con nguai), Trung tdm "Dich vu thong tin hai ngoai Han Qudc", Nxb.

Seoul, Han Qudc, 1993.

2. Hdn Qudc Ijch sir vd vdn hda (1996), Nxb. VSn hoa. Ha Ngi

3. Hdn Qudc Ijch sir vd vdn hda (1995), Nxb. Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi, ban tidng Viet, djch tir cuon: "Korea-It's history and culture" - Co quan thong tin hai ngoai Han Qudc xudl ban, Seoul, 1994.

4. Han Woo-keun: The History of Korea (1986), The Eul-Yoo Publishing Company, Seoul, Korea.

5. Ki-baik Lee: A New History of Korea, Ilchokak Pubhshers, Seoul, Korea, 1984.

6. Xuan Mai - Le Duy, My - Trieu: Biin doi bdt ngd dudi thai Tdng ihdng Donald Trump.

BARRIERS T O K O R E A N REUNIFICATION

Abstract: The greatest pain of (he Korean people is their country was separated into two Koreas. Therefore, the two governments have been trying lo find reconciliation opportunities aiming to reunify the two Koreas for many decades, but il is uneasiable lo solve this issue. What are barriers to Korean reunification? These may come Jrom not only internal issues but also calculation of the external forces. In order to reunijy the country, the two Koreas should overcome their differences to reconcile the people as well as resolve cleverly the external obstructing forces.

Keywords: North Korea, ballistic missile, nuclear weapon, Kim Jong-un, Donald Trump, DPRK-USA Summit, South Korea, Moon Jae-in, Korean reunification.