LjCH SUI PHAP LUAT CHONG BAN PHA GIA TRONG THUONG MAI QUOC TE
B
an pha gii la khai niem trong kinh te hgc hien dai dung de chi hien tugng gan lien vdi qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa ngay cang rdng rai va cugc each mang ve giao thong van lai cua chu nghTa lu ban.''^ Cac cong trinh nghien cflu ve Ijch sfl thuang mai quoc te da cho thay ngay tfl cudi the ki XVI, cac nha san xuat giay d Anh da phan nan ve hien tugng nhung ngudi nudc ngoii dem ban giay vdi mflc gia chju 16 nham bop nghet nen cdng nghiep giay cua Anh. Den the ki XVII, cac thuang nhan Ha Lan cung lien hanh nhung boat dgng ban hang hoa vdi mflc gia rat thap nham xoa so cie thuang nhan Phap ra khdi vflng Baltic. Vao cudi the ki XVIII, tham chi cac nha san xuat Anh quoc con bj khieu nai ve viec ban gia san pham qua thap nham vui dap nen cong nghiep sin xuat d My.'^'Dudi goc do kinh le. ban phi gii la "viec bdn hung hod a nhirng mice gid khdc nhau a cdc Ihi trudng qudc giu" hay noi each khac la "phan biet ve gia giua cac thj trudng qudc gia".' ' Dudi goc do phap li, bin pha gia la khai niem de ehi nhung hinh vi bin phi gia bj phap luat cac nudc hoac phap lual thuong
mai quoc le cam. ' ' ' Cung vdi xu the toin cau boa va hgi
nhap kinh te quoc tc, hien lugng ban pha gia da ngay cang trd thinh phd bien trong quan he kinh le qudc te. Cung vdi xu hudng dd, phap luat ve chdng bin phi gia d pham vi
ThS. VO THI PHUONG LAN * qudc gia, khu vyc va qudc te cung ngay cang dugc sfl dung nhu mdt trong nhung bien phap phd bien nhat de bao hg san xuat trong nudc va ngay cang trd thanh moi quan tam hang dau doi vdi cac nudc co nen kinh te hudng vao xuat khau. trong do co Viet Nam.
1. Sy ra doi cua phap luat chong ban pha gia dau tien d cac quoc gia
Ban phi gia bat dau xuat hien tfl the ki XVII lai chau Au va sau dd nhanh chong trd thanh hien lugng pho bien ciia the gidi. Ngay tfl khi xuat hien bin pha gia da dugc xem nhu mdi dc doa ddi vdi nen kinh le ciia nudc nhap khau. Vi vay, khdng chi cac doanh nghiep cua nudc nhap khau true liep bj anh hudng bay Id sy quan ngai doi vdi thuc lien niy m i ngay ca chinh phu cac nudc nhap khau eung cd chung mdi quan ngai do. Cac nudc nhap khau ngay lap luc da co nhung hinh thflc can thiep nham ngan chan ban pha gia va giam thieu lie ddng cfla bin pha gii len cac doi thu canh tranh ndi dja. Bien phap ma cac qudc gia thudng sfl dung de ddi pho vdi ban phi gia trong thdi gian dau vi keo dai cho ldi tan the ki XIX la lang cao mirc thue nhap khau hoac cam nhap khau ddi vdi san pham ban pha gia.
Tdi dau the ki XX, khi viec sfl dyng thue nhap khau de ngan chan hang hoa ban pha
* Giang vien Khoa luat quoc te Truang Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi
gia cd nhieu bat cap, cac qudc gia bat dau ban hanh luat rieng ve chdng ban phi gia.
Canada la nudc dau tien sfla ddi lual thue nhap khau cua minh de cd mgt phan rieng quy djnh ve thue chong ban phi gia vao nam
1904, qua d6 trd thanh nudc dau lien tren the gidi ban hinh phip luat chdng ban phi gia.' ' Y tudng ban dau cua luat chdng ban p h i gia niy li an djnh mflc thue dac biet ddi vdi cac san pham nhap khau ban p h i gii. Myc dich ciia nd li vfla bio ve dugc cac doanh nghiep eung nganh hing d trong nudc trudc hang hoa bj bin phi gia, vfla khong phii thay ddi khung thue nhap khau. Luc do, viec ap dyng thue nhap khau de doi phd vdi ban p h i gii dugc xem la khong phu hgp. Bdi le thue nhap khau la thue i p dung chung ddi vdi mgi hang hoa nhap khau va c6 tinh on djnh tuong doi, trong khi dd cic hang hoa ban phi gia la nhung vy viec cu the dugc xem la nhung trudng hgp ngoai le va tam thdi cua ludng hang hoi nhap khau. De ddi phd vdi nhung trudng hgp ngoai le niy can cd nhung bien phap cy the mang tinh linh boat cho lung trudng hgp va do chinh la thue chdng ban pha gia.'^*
Md hinh chong bin pha gia theo phip lual Canada trao tham quyen kiem soil chdng ban pha gia cho mdt vii co quan c6 tham quyen ddc lap trong chinh phfl, thudng la cac CO quan cung ddng thdi chiu trich nhiem kiem soit thue nhap khau va cac loai thue dac biet khac. Cic co quan nay cung dugc ap thue chdng bin phi gia doi vdi hang hoa nhap khau khi c6 hai dieu kien xiy ra.
Thu nhat la phai c6 hien tugng bin phi gii, lflc la chflng minh dugc rang gii xuit khiu
cua san phim nhap khiu thip hon gia tri cua chinh san phim dd d thj trudng ngi dia. Thfl hai la san phim nhap khiu dd phai cung loai hoac tuong tu nhu mgt hay mdt sd san pham cung loai nao do dugc san xuat d nudc nhap khiu. Dieu kien nay cho thay ro phap luat chdng ban pha gia dugc dat ra de bao hd cac nha sin xuit ndi dja chfl khdng phai de bao ve ngudi tieu dung. Vi vay, neu nhu Irong ndn kinh le cua nudc nhap khau khdng cd nganh cdng nghiep san xuat mat hang dd thi cho du ed hien lugng ban p h i gia xay ra de cac nha nhap khau triet lieu lan nhau di chang nua thi luat chdng ban p h i gia cung van khdng dugc ap dyng.
Sau khi dugc ban hanh, phap luat chdng ban pha gia cua Canada da Id rd tic dyng cua nd trong viec bao hd cic nha sin xuat ndi dja trudc ludng hing hoa rat re tu nudc ngoai Iran vao. Vi vay, phap luat chdng ban pha gii cua nudc nay da nhanh chdng trd thanh hinh mau de cac nudc khac noi theo. Cho den nam 1921. md hinh phap luat chdng ban phi gia cua Canada da dugc du nhap vao nhieu nudc nhu Nam Phi (1914), My (1916).
Australia (1921), Vuong qudc Anh (1921), New Zealand (1921). Tuy nhien, cac nudc niy cung khdng hoan loan chi du nhap mgt each nguyen ven md hinh cua Canada ma cd sy sua ddi va phat trien cho phu hgp. Vi du, khi Australia du nhap md hinh cua Canada, hg da lan dau lien dua vao phap lual chdng ban p h i gia cua minh (Luat bao ton cac nganh cdng nghiep Australia (Australian Industries Preservation Act) khii niem "ton thuong" (injury). Theo dd, de trflng phat hanh vi ban p h i gia, tuc la ap
36 TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 11/2009
thue chdng bin phi gia chi co hanh vi ban phi gia khdng thdi thi chua du m i viec ban pha gia dd phai gay ldn ihuong hoac de doa gay tdn thuong cho nganh cong nghiep ban dja.'^* Tren Ihyc te co the co nhung hanh vi thye sy la ban hang boa xuat khau vdi muc gia thap hon d thj trudng xuat hang di, tuy nhien nganh cdng nghiep dja phuong thich flng nhanh va tu nang cao khi nang canh tranh cua minh mgt each kjp thdi va tren thye te khdng cd ldn thuong nao xay ra. Khi do, viec trflng phat hanh vi ban phi gia khdng con can thiet.
, Khii niem "ldn thuong" nay sau do da dugc My tiep thu khi ban hanh Lual chong ban pha gia dau tien ciia minh nam 1916 v i den nam 1921 khi Luat nay dugc My hoan thien them thi khai niem va cich thflc xic djnh gia tri thi trudng ngi dja (home market value) ciia sin pham ban pha gia. von dugc quy djnh kha chung chung d Lual nam 1916 dugc quy djnh ro ring hon. Cu the, Lual chong bin pha gii cua My liic niy cho phep sfl dung chi phi sin xuat (cost of production) hoac gia trj hgp li kel hgp chi phi sin xuat (fair value and cost of production) de doi chieu nham xac djnh ban phi gia.' '
Trong sd tat c i cac dao lual chong ban pha gia thdi ki dau lien nay, lual chong ban phi gia nam 1921 cua My dugc gidi hgc gia ciing nhu gidi quan li nha nudc xem la cd ngi dung uu viet nhat. Chinh lual nay trong vai thap ki sau dd da trd thanh hinh mau de xay dyng nen nen tang cua cac quy djnh ve chdng ban p h i gia trong thuong mai qudc te ma cu the la cic quy djnh ciia GAT'T.
2. Sir ra doi va phat trien ciia phap luat quoc te ve chong ban pha gia
Hoat dgng ban pha gia ty ban than nd da la hoat dgng mang tinh xuyen quoc gia. Cac nudc ngay lap tuc da thay lgi ich cua minh bi tic dgng bdi cac hanh vi ban pha gia va cac bien phap chdng ban pha gii, cho du do la nudc co doanh nghiep ban pha gia ra nudc khic hay ban than nen kinh le nudc do dang bj inh hudng bdi hang hoa bj ban pha gia.
Chinh vi vay. cung la dieu de hieu khi khong lau sau khi ban pha gia trd thanh moi quan tam cua chinh phu mdt so nudc thi no da trd thanh moi quan tam chung tren pham vi quoc te. Lien doan cac quoc gia (The League of Nations), mdt trong nhung Id chflc qudc le lien chinh phu dau tien tren the gidi' * da ngay lap tire co sy quan tam tdi ban phi gia mac dil day li vin de khong lien quan trye liep tdi muc dich mi Id chuc nay van theo duoi la chinh tri va ngoai giao. fuy vay, nhung nd lyc cua to chflc nay doi vdi van de ban phi gii cung chi dung lai d viec chii tri soan thao Bien ban ghi nhd ve ban phi gia (Memorandum on Dumping) khdng cd gia trj rang budc Ihyc sy ve mat phap li ddi vdi cac quoc gia thanh vien.
Ngay 5/3/1946. Hdi ddng kinh te-xa hdi cua Lien hgp qudc thong qua nghi quyel thanh lap uy ban chuan bj Hdi nghj ciia Lien hgp qudc ve thuong mai va phai trien. De dong gop cho Hgi nghi nay, My da de xuat hien chuong thanh lap to chflc thuang mai quoc le (Intemational Trade Organization).
Hien chuang nay dua ra nhung dieu khoan CO ban de thanh lap mgt to chirc thuong mai
qudc td. Tuy ring id chflc nay sau do khdng dugc thanh lap nhung Chuang 4 cua Hien chuang thinh lap nay. (Phan lien quan tdi chinh sach thuong mai) sau do da dugc su'a doi va dua vao trong quy djnh cua GATT nam 1947. Mgt trong nhirng ndi dung dugc dua vao da trd thanh Dieu VI noi tieng cua GATT nam 1947 vd chong ban phi gia. Myc dich cua Dieu VI khi do khong phii la de kiem soil ban pha gia ma la de quy djnh ve vide thi hanh cac bien phip chong ban p h i gia. Do dugc My chu tri soan thao nen Dieu VI CO nhieu diem tuong ddng vdi Luat nam 1921 cua My ve chdng ban phi gii, cu the la no cung quy djnh mgt trong nhimg dieu kien de trflng phat hanh vi ban phi gii la hanh vi dd phai gay ra hoac de doa gay ra ton hai cho nen kinh le cua nudc nhap khau. Tuy vay. ve thye chat GATT nam 1947 khdng he coi ban than ban phi gia la ihyc lien kinh doanh dang len an. Nd chi don gian cho phep nudc nhap khau, lflc la nudc "nan nhan" ciia bin pha gia dugc phep phin flng lai ddi vdi hang hoa ban phi gia nhap khau vao nudc minh. Nhung nudc xuat khau, tuc la nudc "thu pham" thi khdng bj len an vi da dung lung cho hinh vi ban pha gia bdi vi hg khong cd nghTa vy phai bao dam khdng cd viec ban phi gia lu nudc minh. Du sao, Didu VI cua GATT nam 1947 da giu vai trd la xuong song cho phap lual chdng ban pha gia quoc le trong sudt thai gian sau do, cho ddn khi no dugc thay the bdi dieu khoan tuong img cua GAT nam 1994.
Tren thye te. trong sudt giai doan tu nam 1947 ddn nam 1994, Didu VI cua GATT
1947 cung khdng phai la didu khoan duy nhat cua phip lual qudc le dieu chinh ve ban pha gia. Doan dau lien cua dieu khoan nay quy djnh hoat ddng ban hang hoa khi xuat khau sang nudc khac vdi muc gia dudi gia Irj thdng thudng cua nd se bj coi la ban pha gia khi nd gay ra hoac de doa gay ra ton thuang ldn tdi nganh cdng nghiep da dugc thidt lap tren lanh thd cua nudc thanh vien GATT hoac kim ham dang ke sy hinh thanh cua nganh cdng nghiep ndi dja. Ndi dung quy djnh cua Dieu VI cd nhieu diem khdng rd ring va de dan ldi viec hieu va ap dyng khdng thdng nhat ddi vdi dieu khoan nay.
Chinh vi vay, trong nhung vdng dam phan trong khudn khd GATT tiep sau do, rat nhieu quan ngai dat ra xung quanh viec Ihyc thi Dieu VI niy. Cac nudc da phai ban nhieu ve viec lim the nao de khac phuc nhugc diem cfla nd va ket qua la da cd thoa thuan ve viec thye hien Dieu VI cua GATT (Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI), hay cdn ggi la Bg lual chdng ban pha gia (The Antidumping Code) dugc ra ddi nam 1967 lai vdng dam phan Kenedy. Bo lual nay dua ra nhung quy djnh ndi dung va thu lyc chi tiet hon lam ca sd phap li cho viec ap dat cic bien phap chdng ban pha gia.
Cy the, Bg lual nay quy djnh chi dugc ap dat thue chdng ban p h i gia lam linh khi c6 day du bang chimg so bd cho thiy da cd hanh vi ban pha gia va ldn thuang. Nd cung khdng cho phep ap dat cic muc thue chdng ban pha gia cd gii trj hdi id. Bg luat cung khuyln khich viec ap thue chdng ban pha gia thip hon muc bien do bin pha gia (dumping margin) neu nhu bin than muc dd da du dl
38 TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 11/2009
bii dap ldn thuang. Vd cac quy djnh ndi dung. Bd luat nam 1967 djnh nghTa ro han ve thuat ngu "nganh cdng nghiep" dd cap d Dieu VI. Theo do, nginh cdng nghiep bao gdm tdng the cac nha san xuat ndi dja san xuat ra sin pham cung loai hoac nhung nha san xuat ngi dia ma c6 dau ra san pham khi ket hgp vdi nhau thi lao thanh phan Idn trong long san pham do. Khii niem nay giup xac djnh mgt each de dang ban cac yeu to ban pha gia trong thuang mai qudc te.
Bd luat chong ban phi gia nam 1967 la sy bd sung quan trgng cho Dieu VI cua GATT nam 1947 dieu chinh ve chong ban pha gia tfl gdc do phap luat qudc le. Nd da lam rd mgt each dang ke nhieu diem con map md, chua ro nghTa cua Dieu VI. Tuy nhien, ban than no cung cd nhung bat cap nhat djnh. Bat cap ldn nhat nam d ngi dung quy djnh ve lien he nhan qua giua hanh vi ban phi gia va ton thuong ciia nganh cong nghiep dja phuang. Theo dd, Bg luat nam 1967 quy djnh cu the rang hanh vi ban phi gia phai ro rang li nguyen nhan chinh gay ra tdn thuong. Quy djnh nay da gay khd khan kha nhidu cho viec ap dyng tren ihyc lien bdi nd yeu cau mgt each qua cy the rang nudc nhap khau phai chimg minh duge ehinh hanh vi ban phi gia chu khong phii hanh vi nio khac li nguyen nhan dan tdi ton thuang cho nganh cdng nghiep dja phuang.
Dc khac phuc nhung bat cap cua Bg luat chong ban pha gia nam 1967, cic nudc thanh vien cua Bg lual da dam phan vdi nhau trong Vdng dam phan Tokyo nam 1979 va ban hanh Bd luat chong bin pha gia nam 1979. Trong bg lual mdi nay. dieu
kien ve quan he nhan qua da dugc quy djnh linh hoat ban de cac nudc nhap khau de ap dung. Bg luat nay quy djnh: "Neu nhicng tdn ihuang dugc gdy ru bai nhung nhdn Id khdc ihi nhimg ldn thuang do khdng the bi quy cho hdnh vi bdn phu giu ".'^*
Ngoai ra, Bg luat chong bin pha gia nam 1979 con md rdng them cac quy dinh ve viec xac djnh v i quin li gia va so lugng hang nhap khau. Nd cung gidi ban chat che ban cac mflc thue chong bin phi gii cd hieu luc hoi td ddng thdi yeu cau cac thii tyc ap thue chong ban phi gia kel thuc trong vong mgt nam neu khong c6 li do dac biet.
Ke tu khi dugc ki ket, cac quy djnh ciia GATT nam 1947 ve chong ban pha gii da cd dugc nhtrng thanh cdng ding ke trong viec giam bdt cic hang rao thue quan va kiem soat cac rao can phi thue quan. Cac nghien cflu cua WTO cho thay cac quy djnh nay da gop phan lam cho moi trudng kinh doanh vi thuang mai qudc le trd nen lanh manh v i cong bang ban.' '* Tuy nhien, do yeu to Ijch sfl khi thanh lap nen ban than no cd nhflng nhugc diem khdng de ding khac phuc, vi dy nhu pham vi dieu chinh hep, bin chat lam thdi va thieu vang bd khung thiet che ben vung va on djnh. Khi thuang mai qudc te ngiy cang phat trien ddi hoi ty do hoa cao hon vao nhung thap ki cuoi ciia the ki XX, nhu cau sua doi GATT nam 1947 ngay cang trd nen cap thiet, Vong dam phan Urugoay da dugc khdi dgng ke lfl nam 1986 va da dua den kel qua quan trgng la Thoa thuan Marrakesh nam 1994 thanh lap Td chflc thuong mai the gidi (The World Trade Organization (WTO)). Thoa thuan thinh lap
WTO bit diu cd hieu lyc tu ngay 1/1/1995.
Thoi thuan nay bao gdm 16 dieu khoan va 29 thoa thuan, quy udc nganh (Agreements and Undestandings), trong sd dd cd Thoa thuan chung ve thue quan va mau djch (GATT ngay 1994) va Thoa thuan ve viec thuc hien Didu VI cua GATT nam 1994 (ggi til la Bg lual ve chdng ban pha gia nam
1994). Sau khi cac van kien thanh lap WTO dugc ki kel va chinh thflc cd hieu luc, Dieu VI cua GATT nam 1994 va Bg luat chdng ban pha gia nam 1994 da thay the Dieu VI cfla GATT nam 1947 va Bg lual nam 1979 trong viec dieu chinh viec ap dung cac bien phip chdng ban phi gia trong thuong mai quoc te. Dd cung chinh la bg khung quy pham phap luat hien hanh cua WTO dieu chinh ve chdng ban pha gia trong ihuong mai quoc le.
Qua lich sfl' ciia phap luat qudc gia va quoc te vc chdng ban pha gii phan tich tren day cd the thay giua chung cd sy lugng dong rat Idn. Phap luat quoc te ve chdng bin phi gii tren ihyc te bat ngudn va chju anh hudng rat ldn tfl cac he thdng phap lual chong ban pha gia cua cac quoc gia ldn trong thuang mai quoc le. Dieu nay cung giai thich dugc sy thdng nhat va tinh hgi nhap cao trong cac quy djnh cua phap luat quoc gia va qudc te hien hinh trong ITnh vyc nay. Do ciang c6 the dugc xem nhu mdt vi du dien hinh cua xu hudng hgi nhap trong thuang mai quoc te./.
(1). Dieu nay dugc de cap trong nhigu cong trinh nghien ciiu, tieu bieu la Gabrielle Marceau, Cdc vdn de ve cgnh tranh vd chong bdn phd gid trong cdc khu vuc thirung mgi tu du (Antiduinping and antitrust
issues in free trade areas), Jurisfolaget, 1994; Wenxi Li, Phap luat chdng ban pha gia cua WTO/GATT va Cong dong chau Au (Anti-dumping law of the WTO/GATT and the EC), Juristtorlaget i Lund, 2003;
va Michael Finger, Ngudn gdc vd su phdt trien cm quy dinh ve chdng bdn phd gid (The origins and evolution of antidumping regulation). World Bank, WPS 783, 1991.
(2).Xem: Alexander Hamilton, Bdo cdo ve cdc ngdnh san xudt (Report on Manufactures), 1971; Michael Finger, Sdd.
(3).Xem: Jacob Viner, Phd gid: mot vdn de cua thuang mgi qudc te (Dumping: a problem in International Trade), Chicago 1923, tr. 3, Wenxi Li, Gabrielle Marceau, Michael Finger, Sdd.
(4).Xem: Michael Finger, The origins and evolution of antidumping regulation (Ngudn gdc vd sir lien hoa cua quy dinh ve chdng bdn phd gid), Ngan hang the giai, 1991.
(5).Xem: Wenxi Li, sdd, tr. 30, 31; Michael J. Trebilcock va Robert Howse, Quy dinh ve thuang mgi quoc le (The regulation of International trade), tai ban lan 3, Nxb. Routledge, London, 2005, tr. 245 - 246.
(6).Xem: Wenxi Li, Sdd, tr. 31; Trebilcock va Howse, Quy dinh ve ihuang mgi qudc te (The regulation of international trade), sdd, tr. 245, 246.
(7). Michael Trebilcock va Robert Howse, Qiq' dinh ve thuang mgi qudc te (The regulation of international trade), Nxb. Routledge, 2005, Chuang 8.
(8) Lien doan cac quoc gia (the League of Nations) dugc thanh lap nam 1919 theo Hiep dinh Versailles, CO 58 thanh vien bao gom ca cac cuong quoc hang dau trong thai ki do nhu Anh, Phap, Tay Ban Nha.
Muc dich ciia Lien doan la giai giap vu trang, ngan ngira chien tranh, hoa giai cac tranh chap giiia cac nuac thanh vien thong qua dam phan, ngoai giao va nang cao chat lugng sdng loan cAu. Nam 1946. to chirc nay cham diit su ton tai cua minh, mo duang cho viec thanh lap Lien hgp quoc.
(9).Xem: Dieu 3.5 Bg luat c h d n g ban pha gia nam 1967.
(10).Xem: Cac nghien ciru cua WTO tai www.wto.
ore/archives
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