KINH TE
HOC THUYET GIA TRI THANG Dl/
VA GIA TRI CUA NO
TRONG NEN KINH TE TRI THtfC
• NGUYEN TH! ANH KHUYEN
TOM TAT:
Hpc thuye't gia tri thang dd la mot trong ba dong gdp to Idn ciia C.Mac doi vdi lich sd xa hdi loai ngiTSi. Trong xu the kmh ta' the' gidi dich chuyen theo hu'dng td nen kinh te cong nghiep sang nen kinh te tri thtfc, hoc thuyet gia tri thang dd v§n giff nguydn gia tri. Bai vie't tdm tat nhffng luan diem cd ban cua CMac ve hoc thuy6't gia tri thang dff va lam ro nhffng d^ic dilm noi bat cua nen kinh te tn thffc, tren cd sd do gdp phan khang dinh gid tn ciia hoc thuye't gia tri thang dff do'i vdi sff phat trien cua nhan loai ndi ehung va trong n^n kinh te tri thffc ndi ri6ng.
Tuf khoa: Gia tri thang dff (GTTD), n^n kinh te tri thffc, C.Mac.
1. Vai net s(t\ii(fc v l hpc thuyg't gia tri thang dff va nen kinh t€' tri thu'c
1.1. Hgc thuye't gid tri thgng du Hpc thuye't gia tri thang dff dffdc hinh thanh tren cd sd hpc thuye't gia tri - iao dong ma trffe tie'p la vi6c phat hien ra tinh cha't hai mat cua lao dpng sdn xua't h^ng hda. Viec phat hien ra tinh chat hai mat cua lao dpng san xuat hang hoa cd y nghia to Idn ve mat ly luan, dem de'n cho ly thuye't gia tn - lao dong mot cd sd khoa hpc thffc sff.
Khi nghiSn cffu hpc thuye't gia tri thang dff, C.Mac chi ro gia trj thang dff la lao dpng khong cdng cua cong nhan cho nha tff ban chi dffdc tao ra trong qua trinh s^n xuS't nhd tinh chat dac biet
cua loai hang hoa sffe lao ddng. Dong thdi C.Mac khingdinh: San xua't ra gia tri thang dff-quy luat kinh te' tuyet do'i cua chu nghTa tff ban. Quy luat gia tri thang dff doi hdi san xua't gia trj thang di/
ngay cang nhieu cho cac nha tu" ban bang each tang cffdng bdc lot lao dong lam thue tren cd sd md rdng san xuat va phat trien ky thuat. C. Mac chi ra cd hai phffdng phap san xuat gia tri th3ng dff tuyet dd'i va tffdng dd'i, dong thdi chi ra sdn xua't gia tri thang dff sieu ngach la hmh thffc bie'n tffdng cua san xua't gid trj thang dff tffdng ddi.
Quy luat gia tri thang dff la quy luat kinh le cd ban cua nen san xua't tff bdn chu nghia, \ i ' Qu\
luat na> khdng nhffng vach rd muc dich cua nen sdn xuai tff ban chu nghia la san xua't gia trj va
TAP CHi CONG THITKNG
gia tri thang dff ma con vach r5 phffdng thffc ma cac nha tff ban sff dung de keo dai ngay lao dong, tang cffdng dp lao ddng va tang nang sua't lao dpng de tang cffdng bdc lot cdng nhan lam thue.
Quy luat gia tri thang dff ra ddi cung vdi sff ra ddi cua quan he sdn xua't tff ban chu nghia, ton tai va phat huy tac dung ciJng vdi sff ton tai va van ddng cua nen kinh tg'tff ban chu nghia.
Quy luat gia tri thang dff chi phd'i cac quy luat kinh te' khac, nhff: Quy luat ldi nhuan, quy luat ldi nhudn binh quan, quy luat ldi nhuan sieu ngach,...
Quy luat nay quyet dinh toan bd qua trinh phat sinh, phat trien cua chu nghia tff ban, dong thdi day cung la nguyen nhan lam cho mau thuIn cd ban va ndi ehung toan bd mau thuIn cua xa hdi tff ban ngay cang sau sac, ta't yeu dan de'n sff sup do cua chu nghia tff ban.
Nhff vay, thoat nhin, viec mua ban sffe lao ddng cung gid'ng nhff mua ban cac hang hda thdng thffdng khac, nhffng in sau quan h& "thuan mua vffa ban" dd la sff bdc Idt tinh vi cua nha tff ban dd'i vdi ngffdi cdng nhan. Do dd, "san xua't gia tri thang dff" chi la sff bdc lot lao ddng khdng cdng cua cdng nhan mdt each tinh vi cua nha tff ban.
1.2. Nen kinh tetri thdc
Theo to chffc hpp tac va phat trid'n qud'c te':
N^n kmh te tri thffc la nen kinh te trong dd sff san sinh ra, phd cap va sff dung iri thffc giff vai tro quyd't dinh nha't do'i vdi sff phat trien kinh te', tao ra cua cdi, nang cao chat Iffdng cudc sd'ng.
Nin kinh le tri thdc cd nhdng ddc diem ca bdn sau:
Trong nen kinh te tri thffc, tri thffc trd thanh Iffc Iffdng sdn xua't trffe tie'p; cdca'u nen kinh tetri thffc CO sff bie'n dd'i sau sac theo hffdng eae nganh kinh te'dffa vao tri thffe ngay cang tang va ehiem ffu the'; cdng nghe thdng tin dffdc ffng dung rdng rai trong mpi Iinh vffc; nguon nhan lffe nhanh chdng dffdc tri thffc hoa; mpi hoat ddng trong nen kinh te tri thffe deu lien quan de'n va'n de toan cau hoa kinh te.
Trong nen kinh te tri thffc, mdt nganh dffdc coi la nganh kinh te tri thffe khi ham Iffdng gia tri
do tri thffc mang lai chie'm kh. -• n- ' U't ' 3ng gia tri cua nganh do. Tffdng i?ng, mp' '•^"- Kinh te dffdc coi la n^n kinh te tn thffe khi tdng san pham cae nganh kinh te tri thffc chie'm khoang 70%
tdng san pha'm trong nffdc, Id sff dich chuyen kmh te the gidi nhff tren, nghien cffu hpc thuyet gia tri thang dff cua C. Mac mang gia tri ly luan va thffe tien.
2. Gia tri cua hpc thuye't gia tri thang dif trong n i n kinh td' tri thiJc
Nen kinh te the gidi hien nay dang co xu hffdng dich chuyen tff nen kinh te edng nghiep sang nen kinh te tri thffc. Tai thdi diem C. Mac phat hien ra hpc thuyet gia tri thang dff, dd'i tffdng kinh te' tap trung hffdng de'n la nguyen vat lieu, tang trffdng kinh te'chii ye'u do nguyen lidu mang lai. Hien nay, nen kinh te the gidi dieh chuyen sang phat trien kinh te tri thffc, dd'i tffdng kinh ti tri thffc, chat xam, tang trffdng kinh techu ye'u do tff ban vd hinh mang lai. Mac dii kinh te' thd' gidi ndi ehung va kinh te" cac nffdc tff ban chu nghla ndi ridng da cd nhieu thay ddi, song sff thay ddi do khdng lam m3't di gia tri cua hoc thuye't gia tri thang dff cua C.Mae ma ngffde lai, hoc thuyd't gia tri thdng dff cang can dffdc nghien cffu sau hdn ni?a de van dung vao tffng dieu kien thffc tidn cua da't nffdc va tff dd lffa chon nhffng bffde di phu hdp.
Gia tri hpc thuyet gia tri thang dff vln con nguyen gia tri bdi nhffng luan giai sau:
Thd nhdt: Ban chdt cua chU nghia tu bdn vdn khdng thay ddi
Hidn nay, cac nffdc tff ban chu nghla da va dang dat nhffng thanh tffu ndi bat ve kinh te'. Ho ludn ludn la nhffng ni/dc di dau trong viec ffng dung nhffng thanh tffu khoa hoc cong nghe hien dai ddng thdi la nhffng quo'c gia di diu trong qua trinh dich chuyen sang n^n kinh te' tn thffc Phil hdp vdi xu the' kinh te' nay, chu nghia tff ban hien da cd nhieu thay ddi dang kd v^ quan he sd hffu vd vai tro eua ngffdi lao dong trong doanh nghidp (ngffdi lao ddng trd thanh nhffng ed ddng ddng sd hffu vd tff lieu san xuat). Dae bidt, trong ndn kinh te tn thffc, va. tro cua ngffdi lao ddng ngay cane dffdc coi trpng. nhffn. -ing kie'n kinh nghidm 112 So 17-Thang 7/2020
KINHTE
nhi?ng phat minh khoa hpc cua ngffdi lao ddng dffdc chu tff ban danh gia cao va cd nhffng phan hdi vd mat ldi ich phia hdp. Do do, ti Id ngirdi lao dpng dffng vao hang ngtj trung Iffu ngay cang dong ddo va ehiem 50% trong ed ca'u dan so'.
Mac dil cd nhffng thay ddi dang ke nhff the', nhffng sff thay ddi bieu hidn ben ngoai khdng tao ra sff thay ddi ve mat bdn cha't cua chu nghia tff ban. Quan he kinh te* cua chii nghia tff bdn vln dffa tren ed sd la hinh thffc sd hffu tff nhan ve tu"
lieu san xua't. Ngffdi lao ddng mac dii dffdc la co ddng ddng sd hffu ve tff lieu san xua't vdi nha tff bdn nhffng 99% cd phan thudc trong tay giai ca'p tff ban. Can can quyen Iffc kinh te' van nghieng ve giai ca'p tff sdn. Mat khac, vdi tff each la cd dong ddng sd hffu ve tff lidu sdn xua't, ngffdi cdng nhan lai lam vide trdn tinh thin "tam cho minh"
vdi nhiet huyd't hang say, nang sua't va hieu qud tang len. Nhff v3y, viee ngffdi lao dpng trd thanh cd ddng ddng sd hffu tff lieu sdn xua't thffc chat khdng phai do nha tff bdn tff nguydn ma do la mdt trong nhffng bien phap de chu nghia tff bdn thich nghi vdi nhffng thay ddi ciia nen kinh te' the' gidi.
Giai ca'p tff sdn dffdi danh nghia ban 1% cd phan cho ngffdi lao ddng, hp da thffc hien dffdc phffdng cham "bo con san sSt, bat con ca rd", hp chia ti Id 1% gia tri thang dff cho ngffdi lao ddng, nhdn ve 99% lao ddng khdng edng do cdng nhan lam ra ddng thdi kem theo do la sff quan tam, tinh than thai dp lao ddng hd't minh cua ngffdi lao dpng. Dang Iffu y la trong nen kinh td' tri thffc, ye'u tdquan trpng nha't mang lai ngudn Iffdng gia tri thang dff Idn cho ndn kinh td' tff bdn khdng phai ta tffban hffu hinh, ma la tff bdn vd hinh tdn tai trong hang hda sffe lao ddng. Nhffng ngffdi lao ddng d day la ngffdi lao ddng cd tri thffe va tnnh do, la nhffng ngffdi chu sd hffu kinh td' tiem nang - tiem nang ve trinh dp, ve tri thffe khoa hpc. Nhffng tiem nang kinh td' nay chi cd the dffdc phat huy trong dieu kidn dffpc quan tam va tao dieu kien phdt huy sffe sang tao.
Trang 146 trong quyen sach "Chu nghia tff ban ngdy nay: mau thudn ndi tai, xu the, trien vpng"
vie't: " 6 My, kd't qua tinh toan cho tha'y: 1% gia tang chi phi lao ddng dffa lai sdn Iffdng gap ba tan
so vdi viec tang 1% vd'n". Nha tff ban ffu ai, coi trpng va trd Iffdng cao cho ngffdi lao dpng cd trinh dp thffe chat hp dang dau tff vao yd'u to' tao nen Iffdng gia tri thang dff vd tan cho minh. Sff thay ddi nay thffc chat la thay ddi hinh thffc bdc lot gia tri thang dff ciia nha tff bdn dd'i vdi ngffdi lao ddng. Chuyen bdc lot lao ddng tff hao phi lao dpng chan tay sang bde lot ham Iffdng tri thffc, chat xam, gia tang khdi Iffdng gia tri thang dff tff lao ddng cua ngffdi cdng nhan nhufng lai cd dffdc sff quan tam va nhiet huye't ciia hp, ddng thdi xda md mau thuan giffa hai giai ca'p dd'i khang nay.
Thd hai: Xet ve chdt, phuang phdp sdn xudt gid tri thdng du sieu ngach la dong lUc de phdt trien kinh le theo hudng kinh te tri thdc. De theo dudi gid tri thdng du sieu ngach. nhd tU bdn ddu tuvdo nghien cdu khoa hoc cdng nghe vd dng dung khoa hoc cdng nghe vdo qud trinh sdn xudt.
Trong ndi dung hpc thuye't gia tri thang dff, C.Mae da phan tich rd ve phffdng phap san xua't gia tri thang dif sieu ngach la phan gia tri thdng dff thu di/dc do tang nang sud't lao ddng ca biet, lam cho Iffdng gia tri ca biet eiia hang hoa tha'p hdn gia tri thi trffdng cua nd. Dii xet trong tffng tn/dng hdp, gid tri thang dff sieu ngach la mdt hien tffdng tam thdi, nhffng nd lai la mot hien tffdng lien tuc, thffdng xuyen khi xet trong toan bd xa hpi. Vdi mffe gia tri thang dff Idn va lien tue tff phu'dng phap sdn xud't gid tri thang dff sieu ngach, cac nha tff bdn khdng ngffng cai tie'n ky thuat, hpp ly hda san xua't, tang nang suat lao ddng nhdm ha gia tri hang hda.
Vdi khat vgng tang Iffdng gia tri thang dff, cae nha tff bdn khdng ngffng dau tff nghien cffu va ffng dung khoa hoc ky thuat, ddng thdi hp chuyen hffdng dd'i tffpng kinh te'cua minh sang dau tff tff bdn vd hinh la tri thffc, la eha't xam cd sdn trong ngffdi lao dpng. Bdi gia tri thu dffpc tff ngudn nguyen lieu cd sCn trong trff nhien la hffu han.
nhffng Iffdng gid tri cd dffpc tff ham Iffdng tri thffc cua ngffdi lao dpng la vd han, cang khai thac cang phdt huy gia tri. Ban ve van den nay trong tac pham Chu nghla tffban ngay nay mau thuan ndi tai, xu the', trien vpng, tdc gid Dd Lpc Diep vie't:
"Viec chuyen hda nhanh khoa hoe edng nghe
TAP CHi CONG THI/KNG
thanh sffe san xua't xa hdi vffa ddi hoi cd mdt sd' Iffpng Idn cac nha khoa hpc, vffa ddi hdi phai ed mdt dpi ngCi ddng dao nhan vidn ky thuat ed trinh dp tn thffc tffdng dd'i cao va nhffng ngffdi lao ddng Ianh nghd. Dieu do doi hdi sff nghiep giao due, bdi dffdng nhan tai phat trien tffdng ffng. Sau chie'n tranh, cac nffdc tffban phat tndn ndi ehung deu ra't coi trpng cdng tac gido due".
Nhff vdy, chuyen ddi nen kinh td' tff edng nghiep sang nen kinh te'tri thffe khdng lam ma't di gia tri ciia hpc thuye't gia tri thang dff ciia C.Mae ma tham ehi, muc tidu ciia cde nha tff ban khi chuyen dd'i tffdng kinh te' sang diu tff cde loai hang hda chie'm ham Iffdng tri thffe cao eung deu phuc vu nhu eau tim kie'm gia tri thang dff va ldi nhuan sieu ngach.
Thd ba: Nghien cdu hgc thuye't gid tri thdng dU cd y nghia to Idn ddi vdi nudc ta trong qud trinh xdy dung vd phdt triin kinh Ie theo hUdng kinh te tri thdc.
Tai Hdi thao "Vai tro ciia doanh nghidp trong phat tridn kinh td'tri thffe d Viet Nam" (Ha Ndi, ngay 31/3/2015) cac nhd nghidn cffu da khang dinh: "Viet Nam cIn im tien phat trien nen kinh te' tri thffc nhff mdt dieu kidn sd'ng eon trong the' gidi dang vdn ddng ra't mau le. Kinh td' tri thffe cdn Id dieu kien de Viet Nam tdn tai, canh tranh va thoat khoi cai rdn ngheo ciia khu vffe vd'n deo dudi bd'y lau. Viet Nam md'i ehi cd mdt vai doanh nghiep, nganh da va dang di sau vao kinh td' tri thffc bang each di tdt ddn dau va ngang bang vdi trinh dp eiia thd' gidi, nhff: didn td vien thdng, hda dffpc va vat lieu xay dffng".
Hoc thuye't gid tri thang dff cd y nghia to Idn ve mat lich sff phdn dnh mau thudn cd ban giffa giai ca'p tff san va giai ca'p vd sdn trong ehii nghia tff bdn, vach rd tinh ta't ye'u cua sff ra ddi mdt xa hdi mdi thay the cho chu nghia tff bdn. O Viet Nam trong thdi ky qua dp ten chu nghia xa hdi hien nay, hpc thuyet nay cd y nghia hidn thffc to Idn cho qua trinh phat trien kinh td' hffdng den ndn kinh te'tri thffc. Can van dung hoc thuye't mot each thdng minh, sang tao nhffng dam bao tinh khoa hpc phu hdp vdt dieu kien thffc tidn cua Viet Nam.
Nghien cffu hoe thuyet gia t; ri thang dff eua kinh td' hffdng C.Mae trong didu kien phat tnen \
de'n kinh td' tn thffc cua nffdc ta hien nay, chi ro:
Mud'n td'i ffu hda Idi nhudn, Viet Nam can thffc hien phffdng phdp sdn xud't gid tri thang dff sieu ngach. Hidn nay, trong xu the'ehung cua the gidi la chuyen dich kinh te'cdng nghiep sang kinh te tri thffc, cIn nhan thffc rd phffdng phap dem lai gia tri thang dff va ldi nhuan cao la tim kie'm gia tri thang dff nhd ap dung khoa hoc ky thuat, hipn dai hda san xuat, ha gia thanh sdn pham. Mudn lam dffdc didu dd, Viet Nam can giai quye't td't md'i quan he giffa khoa hpc, cdng nghe va tri thffc.
Xdc dinh rd sff phat trien eiia khoa hpc, edng nghe la dieu kien ed bdn de hinh thanh va phat trien kinh te'tri thffc.
Can diu tff hdn nffa cho khoa cdng nghe, chu trpng cdng tae gido due, thffc hien chinh sach thu hut ngffdi lao ddng cd trinh dp cao, tranh nguy cd chdy mau chat xam,... Hoan thien he thd'ng phap luat ve quyen sd hffu tri tue phii hdp vdi Viet Nam hien nay, bao ve ldi ich eiia nffdc mua cdng nghe, ddng thdi khuyd'n khich sff sang tao tff trong nu'dc.
Xuat phat diem ciia Viet Nam tha'p hdn so vdi cac nffdc khac trong khu vffc va tren thd' gidi, do do Viet Nam can thffc hien chid'n dich "di tat, ddn diu", hpc tap nhffng thanh tffu khoa hgc cdng nghd va kinh nghiem qudn ly tien tid'n ciia edc nffdc tren the gidi nham nang cao hieu qud hoat ddng san xua't - kinh doanh.
3. Ke't luan
Trong xu hffdng phat trien kinh te'tri thffc hien nay, hpc thuye't gid tri thang dff cua C.Mde vln giff nguyen gia tri, ehung ta can khai thdc hpc thuyet gid tri thang dff vdi tff each la mdt he thd'ng ly ludn phong phu va sdu sdc ve kinh te thi trffdng nham van dyng vdo cong cuoc xay dffng va phdt tnen kinh te - xa hpi trong nen kinh te tri thffc.
Hgc thuyd't gia tri thang dff cua C.Mde ludn la cd s«5 ly ludn eho sff van dung vao qud trinh phat tnen nen kinh te' thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hdi ehu nghia a nffdc ta hidn nay •
114 So 17-Thang 7/2020
KMH TE
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Bo Giao due va dao tao (2006), Gido Irinh Kinh ti chinh Iri Mdc- Lenin. NXB Chinh tri qu& gia, Ha Noi.
2. D6 Loc Diep, (2003), Chu nghia tu bin diu the lei XXI NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi.
3. Do Loc Diep(2003). Chi nghia lubin ngay nay: mdu thudn not lai. xu thi, trien vong. NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Npi.
Ngay nhjn bai: 15/6/2020
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va sii'a chifa: 26/6/2020 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 6/7/2020
Thdng tin tdc gid:
ThS. N G U Y I N T H I A N H KHUYEN Khoa Luat, TrirSng Dgii hoc Quang Binh
THE SURPLUS VALUE THEORY AND ITS VALUES IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
• Master. NGUYEN THI ANH KHUYEN Faculty of Law, University of Q u a n g Binh
ABSTRACT:
The surplus value theory is one of Karl Marx's three major contributions to the history.
During the shift from the indusnial economy towards the knowledge economy, the sutplus value theory still has its values. The article summarizes the basic points of the surplus value theory and clarifies the characteristics of the knowledge economy. This article is expected to contribute to affirming the role of the theory in the development of human society in general and in the knowledge economy in particular.
Keywords: Surplus value, knowledge economy, Karl Marx.
