HOAT DONG mms MAI CUA NGUlDfl NHAT IT DONG NAM A TUTTHdl KY MINH TRI DEN KET THUC CHIEN TRANH THE GlOfI THllT NHAF*
HUtlilPMIIMGUW-
Tom tat: Sau khi chinh phit Minh Tri dugc Ihdnh ldp vdo ndm 1868 vd dgc bi4t Id sgu thdng lgi ciia Nhdl Bdn trong cugc chiin trgnh Ngg - Nhdl (1904-1905), Nhdt Bdn ddy mgnh hogt dgng thuang mgi vd ddu tu vdo Ddng Ngm A. Trong gigi dogn ndy, ciing vai sir phdt trien cita mdi quan he thuang mgi giiig Nhdl Bdn vd cdc nu&c Ddng Nam A, cdc thucmg nhdn vd cdc cdng ty Nhdt Bdn cUng bdt ddu tiin vdo Ddng Nam A. Bdi viel ldp trung phdn tich cdc hogt ddng thucmg mgi cita nguai Nhdt a khu vice Ddng Nam A tir th&i ky Minh Tri (1868-1912) din kit thuc Chiin tranh Thi gi&l thic nhdt (1914-1918), gdp phdn ldm sdng Id su ddng gdp cita cdc thuang nhdn vd cdng ty Nhdt Bdn trong viic phdt triin kinh te cua cdc nude Ddng Nam A cUng nhu ddi v&i sir phdt triin mdi qugn hi thucmg mgi giiia Nhdt Bdn vd cdc nu&c a khu vuc ndy.
Tir khoa: Nhdt Ban, Ddng Nam A, Hoat ddng thuang mai 1. Quan b? thu-ong mai giira Nhat Ban
vd cac nirdc Bong Nam A tir thdi ky Minh Trj den kit thiic Chien tranh The gidi thir nhat
Tir cudi the ky XIX phdn ldn cdc nude Ddng Nam A (trir Thai Lan) diu ndm dudi sy thdng trj cua chii nghia thue ddn phuong Tdy. Ngodi trir Siam (ten gpi ciia Thai Lan cho din ndm 1939) Id nude ddu tien va duy nhdt thiit lap ngoai giap chinh thiic vdi Nhat Bdn vdo ndm 1887, quan he giira Nhdt Ban vd eac nude Ddng Nam A diu phdi thdng qua cdc nude mdu qudc la Phap, Anh, Hd Lan, Tdy Ban Nha. Sau khi chinh phu Minh
• TS., Trudng Bai hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi v i nhin van, Oai hoc Qudc gia TP. Hd Chi Minh . , . , , , .
• Nghien cuu niy dupc tii trp bdi TniftngD^u hpc Khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan vin, Dai hpc QUPC gia TP^ " " CW Minh trong khuon khd De tii ma sd C2019-I8B08
Trj dupc thdnh lap vdp ndm 1868, vdi phuang chdm "Phu qudc cudng binh", ben eanh viee tien hdnh mpt chudi cdc cdi cdch tiin bd tten tdt ed cac linh vyc, ehinh quyen mdi cdn ddc biet quan tam din vi?c phdt triin ngpai thupng. Thdng lpi ctia Nhdt Bdn ttong cupc chiln tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 - 1905) khdng nhtrng giup Nhdt Bdn tdng cudng vj thi vd su anh hudng cua minh tai khu vyc Ddng Nam A ma cdn tap ca hdi cho Nhdt Ban ddy manh chinh sdch "Nam Tien"
tren linh vuc thucmg mai ddi vdi khu vyc nay.
Tir nam 1907, Nhdt Bdn dd bdt ddu ddy manh hpat ddng thuang mai vd ddu tu vdo Ddng Nam A. Nhdt Ban ehu yiu nhap to Ddng Nam A cdc nguyen lieu cdn thiet de phyc vy cho sy phdt triin edng nghiep nhu
NQHIEN Cda O 6 N Q BflC fl, so 10(224) 10-2019
57
NghiencOukhSBl
nhu cao su, gai, gd, than dd, ddu thd. sdt, nhu ttpng giai doan trudc chien tran , Nhat thep, cdt silic vd cac san pham ndng nghi?p Bdn la nude nhap sieu cdc loai hang nhu gap, dira khd, dudng, cdc loai huang cac nude Ddng Nam A thi khi chie li?u. Nhdt Ban xudt sang Ddng Nam A cac bimg nd Nhdt Bdn lai bien thanh ny ^ mdt hdng nhu bdng vdi, trdn chdu, lap kinh, sieu. Kim ngach thuang mai git*^ "^ • .;
ddt set, vdi det kim, vdi lua.. va eac nude Ddng Nam A tdng l^n g^P Khi Chiln ttanh Thi gidi thtr nhdt bimg ldn, ddc bi$t la xudt khdu. Vao gW^ ; nd, lpi dyng cdc nude Chdu Au tham gia Chien ttanh The gidi thti nhdt, hang _^
chien tranh, Nhdt-Bdn tdng cudng xudt khdu Nhdt Bdn d at do vdo Ddng Nam ' ^ - hdng hda vdo cdc nude Ddng Nam A. Neu thay thi cho hdng hda eua cac nuac
Bang 1: Kim ngach m|u dich giira Nhat Ban vd cac nirdc DSng Nam A nam 1914 -1918 (don vi: nghin yen)
Ndm 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
Xudt khau 22.745 30.264 51.349 87.111 153.495
Nhdp khdu 51.731 35.472 43.417 59.367 156.738
Tdng 75.476 65.736 94.766 146.478 310.233
Ngudn:Jcff^m(1978), "JiJEM f^XSj iD^W', MiSri^rm^.j?s»:k^, 16(1)
(Yano Toru, 1978, "Dgc trung cua hgc thuyit Nam liin ludn Ih&i ky Talsho", Tgp chi nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A, Dgi hgc Kyoto, sd 16 (1)), tr. 9.
Trong kim ngach thuang mai song yen len 1.869 nghin yen^. Trong cdc mat phuang, kim ngach xudt khdu giira Nhat Bdn hang xudt khdu cua Nhdt Ban sang Ddng va cdc nude Ddng Nam A ttong giai doan Nam A trong giai doan nay, bdng vai la mat Chiln ttanh Thi gidi thir nhdt tdng mdt cdch hang cd sdn lupng xudt khdu tang nhieu nhdt.
dn toong: Ddng An Hd Lan (Indonesia) tang Ciing vdi sy phdt triin cua mdi quan he tit 5.148 nghin yen len 17.148 nghm yen, thuang mai gitra Nhat Bdn vd cac nude Malaya thudc Anh tang to 29.873 nghm yen Ddng Nam A, cdc thuang nhdti vd cac cdng len 71.617 nghin yen, Philippines tdng tir ty Nhdt Ban cQng bat ddu tien vdo Ddng 6.283 nghin yen len 11.490 nghm yen, Siam Nam A, thuc hien nhiing budc "Nam tiin"
tdng tirl.025 nghin yen len 2.Ulnghin yen, ddu tien tren ITnh vyc thuang mai doi vdi Ddng Duong thudc Phdp tang to 1.055 nghin vimg ddt ddy tiem ndng nay.
Bao gdm Malaya thupc Anh, Ddng An Ha Lan (Indonesia), Ddng Duong thupc Phap, Philippines v i Siam.
58
B«4i«iS#»a«ai, «#¥S««m sszs (B6
phan diSu tra Nam Duong_ cong ty Nichman. Nien g i j ^ thdng ke Nam Duong, quyen 2).
"^iomSTcdaoONQ B^C fl, S 6 1 0 1 2 2 A M i ^
Nghien ciru khoa hpc
2. Hoat dpng thmmg mai ciia ngirdi Nhat d Dong Nam A tir cudi the ky XIX aln ket thuc Chien tranh Thi gidi thir nhat
Tir thdi ky Minh Tri ldn sdng di dan Nhdt Ban bimg nd tten phuang dien rdng. Tinh den cudi thdi ky Minh Tri vdp ndm 1906 Nhdt Bdn ed 238.627^ di dan d nude ngpai ttpng dp tap trung ddng nhdt id d Bac MT,
Bang 3 : S6 ngirdi Nh Jt d Song Nam A
tiep den Id Trung Nam Ml vd Ddng Nam A.
Ddi vdi khu vyc Ddng Nam A, to nam 1892 ngudi Nhdt da bat ddu di cu den khu vyc nay. Tinh eho din nam 1906 da cd 8 dpt di dan to Nhdt Ban sang Ddng Nam A vdi tdng sd 9.192 ngudi.'' Sau khi chien ttanh Nhjt - Nga ket thtic, sd ngudi Nhdt den Ddng Nam A tang len nhanh chdng.
Nude Siam
Ddng Duong thupc Phdp Malaya thudc Anh Ddng An Hd Lan Philippines
1909 184
-
2.611 780 2.156
1914 281 161 5.166 2.949 5.298
1919 282
-
8.297 4.144 9.798
NgiiSnUh E B S - (1934), ^i^^S, W-M± (Yamada Kiichi (1934), Tdng quan vi Nam Duang, Nxb Heibonsha), tt. 351.
Nhiing di dan ngudi Nhdt den Ddng Nam A chii yeu lam viec trong ITnh vyc thucmg mai va dupc chia lam hai loai: nhttng ngudi ban hang rong, budn bdn nhd vd nhtrng cdng ty chuyen v l khai thdc vd xudt nhdp khdu thupc cdc tap dodn kinh te idn.
2.1. Hogt dpng thuang mgi ciia nhiing ngudi ban hang rong, buon ban nho
Nhttng ngudi ban hang rong, budn ban nhd vdn xudt thdn tir nhirng di dan Nhdt den Ddng Nam A dl lam viec trong cdc cdng trinh xdy dyng ldn hay ttong cdc ddn dien ' # I - S « (1971) r j 3 * ! | S S « S : i 1 - l ! S ( » * * « ) (Bp Ngo?i giao Nhjt Bin (1971), Phat triin hdi ngoai eia qudc ddn la), tr. 138.
'nam (2017), m0rB*^^<^MiSr>'reg./t—>-
<f-|W,|5lXStttltiS (Tanno Isao (2017), Ngudn gdc vd chien luvc ciia cac cdn^ ly Nhdt Ban a Ddng Nam A irong giai dogn trudc Chien tranh The giai thi hai, Nxb E>obunkan),tr. 12-13.
ndng nghiep. Sau khi ket thuc hi?p ddng, m^t sd ngudi khdng quay vl Nhdt md d lai budn bdn d vimg ndng thdn eua cdc nude Ddng Nam A va ttd thdnh cdc tieu thuong, trpng dd ddng nhdt Id nhiing ngudi bdn hang rong vdi mat hang chil yeu Id cdc Ipai tap pham nhu bdnh, dng phi tieu, ngpc ttai, thudc men... Hp di khdp ede Idng xdm d vimg ndng thdn eua cac nude Ddng Nam A de bdn. Ddc biet ddi vtii mdt sd nude nhu Ddng An Ha Lan, Malaya thupc Anh, nhimg ngudi bdn hang rong Nhdt Ban di bp ttr tpc ngudi ndy sang tdc ngudi khdc dl bdn hdng. D I cd the giap tiip vdi cdc tdc ngudi, ngudi Nhdt phdi thue ngudi bdn xir di eting. Mpt dtyt di bdn rpng nhu the keo dai tdi thiiu Id 2 den 3 thdng vd tdi da la 1 ndm'. Trong khi nhiing ' fl-ffS. Tanno Isao (2017), Tldd, tr. 132 - 133.
NQHIEN Cdu OdNQ B^C fl, SO 10(224) 10-2019 59
Nghien ciruMSS^
ngudi phucmg Tay khdng the tiep xiic dupc vtii cac idng xdm, tpc ngudi d cdc nude Ddng Nam A thi cdc tieu thuang Nhdt lai dupc ehdo ddn vtii thai dp thdn thien. Vdi chien thdng vang dpi trudc de qudc Nga himg manh, Nhdt Ban ttd thdnh niem to hao ctia ngudi ddn Chdu A vd ttd thanh tdm guang eho cdc nude Chdu A, ttong dd cd cdc nude Ddng Nam A, noi theo. Nhirng mat hdng md nhirng ngudi ban hdng rong Nhdt mang den toting tnmg cho nhirng hang hda cd chdt lupng tdt nhdt, hien dai nhdt, van minh nhdt. Mdt hdng md nhtmg ngudi bdn hang rong Nhdt bdn nhiiu nhdt la cac Ipai thudc chira benh nhu thudc dau ddu, thudc da ddy, thudc bd... vtii gid cao gdp nhieu lan vdi gid dupc ban tai Nhat Bdn. Sau tihilu ndm bdn rong, nhirng ngudi ndy tich gdp tiin vd md ra cdc ctia hang ban tap hda nhd. Tir dd xudt hien chudi cdc ctia hang tap hda eiia Bang 4: So lupng thirong nhan Nhat is cac
Nam' inoi Nhdt Bdn d ede dja phuang Ddng Mpt ttong nhirng tdp doan doanh ng"'-'^ j
ban rong dupc tieng ngdy nay ed ljch sir phdt tnen vdi xudt phdt diem la nhung ngudi thudc d Ddng Nam A Id Tap i"^
phdm, thye phdm chirc ndng va my P Morishita Jintan. Khi Chiln ttanh The gim thii nhat diln ra, hoat dpng thuong mat cua ngudi Nhdt d Ddng Nam A cd dieu ki?n p at ttiln thudn Ipi, nhtmg ngudi ban hang rong ttudc day ttd thanh eac thuang nhan Ion vd ngdy cang gia tang vl so lupng.
Philippines, sd thuang nhdn Nhat Bdn vao ndm 1897 chi cd 7 ngudi, din ndm 1906 tdng Ien 106 ngudi'. 6 Malaya thudc Anh, sd thupng nhdn Nhdt Ban tdng tir la 411 ngudi vdo ndm 1910 len din 1.097 ngudi vdo ndm 1918'. 6 Ddng An Hd Lan, sd lupng thuang nhdn Nhat Ban chiem ty le khd cap vd phan bd rpng khdp cdc dja phuang.
dja phircrng Dong An Ha Lan 1913-1918
Batavia Semarang Surabaya
Phdn cdn lai thudc dao Java Todn ddo Java
1913 35 68 48
_ -
1914 26 65 49 78 218
1915 35 82 54 79 250
1916 31 88 74 109 302
1917 58 58 111 107 334
I9I8 54 87 109 274 524 NguSn: Yoshitada Murayama (2018), "The pattern of Japanese economic penetrations of the prewgr Netherlgnds Egst Indies", The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia, Cornell University Press, tr. 102.
Cdc thucmg nhdn Nhat Ban md rdng cac hoat dpng kinh doanh vdi nhiiu hinh thirc nhu bdn tap hda, kinh doanh khdeh san, nha
hang, cdu lac bd, md ti?m ldm tdc, ban qudn do, ban thudc... Vdo ndm 1915 sd lupng tiiu
' Hiroshi Hashiya (2018), "The pattern of Japanese economic penetrations of the prewar Philippines", 7?ie
Japanese in Colonial Soulheast Asia, Cornell University Press, tr. 117. _ ' Hajime Shimizu (2018), ' T h e patten, of Jap, economic penetration of prewar Singapore and Malaya"
60 '^IQHSMW"' • ^ " O B*^ •*• 5* ' " B ^ T i o ^
Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
thucmg Nhdt Bdn d Ddng Nam A Id 3.374 ngudi, din ndm 1918 tdng len 4.639 ngudi^
Cung ttong ndm ndy, "Hiep hdi Nam Duong" (l^?Pffi^) dupe thdnh lap vdi muc dich xiic tien viee nghien ctiu va dieu tta ve khu vyc Ddng Nam A nhu vj tri dja ly, dan sd, ddn tpc, kinh te, xd hdi, giao due, tai nguyen thien nhien, giao thdng... gdp phdn cung cap nhirng thdng tin cdn thiet cho cdc thupng nhdn Nhdt Ban.
2.2. Hogt dpng thutmg mgi ciig cdc cong ty khai thdc va xudt nhgp khiiu i
Sau sy thdnh cdng ciia cdng cupc duy tdn Minh Tri, nen kinh te Nhdt Bdn phdt triin nhanh chdng. Ciing vdi sy phdt ttiln ciia kinh te thi cd sy xudt hien ciia cdc tap dodn kinh te ldn d Nhdt Ban. Cae doanh nghiep nay dam nhdn vai ttd quan trpng ddi vdi sy phdt ttien kinh te ciia Nhdt Bdn, thtic day viec nhdp khau nguyen lieu vd tdi nguyen de phdt ttien cdng nghiep phuc vu cho chinh sdch cdng nghiep hda ciia Chinh phu Nhdt Bdn, ddng thdi xuat khau cdc san phdm cdng nghiep ra nude ngodi. Cdc cdng ty ndy hoat dOng tten nhieu ITnh vyc thdng qua viec md rpng eac chi nhdnh d nude ngodi. Ttr nhttng ndm ddu thi ky XX; cae tap dodn kinh te va cae edng ty cua Nhdt Ban da tien hanh khao sdt diiu tta tai cdc dja phuang d ciic nude Ddng Nam A.
Trang nhihig nam 1905-1907 cac tap doan kinh tl lcm ciia Nhdt nhu Azukawa ( S ik^), Mitsui ( H # ) , Mitsubishi ( H S ) ,
Furukawa (T^M),... dd bdt dau ddu to vd xdy dyng nhiiu don diln ttdng ttpt dl kinh doanh d cdc nude Ddng Nam A hdi ddo nhu Malaya thupc Anh, Ddng An Ha Lan vd Philippmes, ttong dd idp trung nhiiu nhdt Id cao su, cdy gai vd dua. NhOng ddn diln noi tieng ve quy md ttdng ttpt, sd lupng nhdn cdng cung nhu san lupng sdn phdm diu do cdc tap dodn kinh t l Nhat Bdn tryc tiip ddu to nhu ddn dien ttdng gai Manila vdi trung tdm la Dabao ctia Philippines, cdc ddn diln cao su d Malaya thudc Anh.
Ddi vdi cdy cao du thi tir cuoi thdi ky Minh Tri, cdc doanh rlghiep Nhdt Bdn dd bdt ddu tien vdo cdc nude Ddng Nam A de xay dyng cac ddn diln trdng eao su. Den ddu thi ky XX, do gid ttj cila cao su tten thj trudng the gitii tdng Ien dot ngdt nen cdc doanh nghiep Nhdt Bdn d at ddu to vdo loai cdy ndy ddn den sy ra ddi ctia nhiiu ddn diln cap su Idn ciia ngudi Nhdt d Malaya thupc Anh nhu eac ddn dien eao su cita gia tpc Akuzawa ( ^ : X S ) dupe thanh ldp tir ndm 1906 din 1911, ddn dien eao su ciia gia tdc Morimiua (^^t) dupc thanh lap ndm 1909, ddn diln cao su eua gia tdc Furukawa C^M) vd Suzuki (lp 7|^) dupc thanh lap nam 1910, ddn dien cao su cda gia tdc Fujita (^EB) vd Mitsui ( H ^ ) dupe thdnh lap vdp ndm 1911, ddn dien cap su cua gia tdc Inoue ( # i ; ) dupc thdnh lap vdp ndm 1913 . Cac ddn dien cao su ngdy cdng gia tang ve sd lupng vd dupc phdn bd khdp cdc dja phucmg ciia Malaya thupc Anh.
The Japanese In Colonial Soulheast Asia, Cornell University Press, tr. 67.
'Kftrn Tanno Isao (2017), Tldd, tr. 136.
' JcIftS Yano Toru (1978). Tldd, tr.9; fl-HSi Tanno Isao (2017), Tldd. tr. 156.
NQHIEN C(ifa OONQ BflC fl. SO 10(22*) 10-2019 61
Nghien cicujhoa]^
Bang 5: So l i i ^ g don dien cao su ciia ngutri Nh^t it Malaya thu^c Anh (1911 vd 1"
Johor Selangor Negeri Sembilan Perak Pahang Penang vd Kedah Nhimg viing khac Tdng cpng
1911 47 23 15 12 5 5 5 106
1917 60 32 39 39 28 16 7 221
NgudmW,'^-^ (\9%6),^m-^y-r<VB^A, 1K». : T'Jrmi^^^^ (Hara Fujio, (1986), Ngu&i Nhdt a Malaya thudc Anh, Vi?n Nghien cim Kinh tl Chdu A, Tokyo), tt. 222.
Bang 6: Cac cong ty Nhjit Ban hoat dpng tren llnh v\rc khai thic cao su ffcac nirdc Song Nam A hai dao trvdc ndm 1918
Ten cong ty Nh|t Ban Cong ty CO phan cao su Nam Dirang Cong ty CO phan Nam A
(Ss^aitS'itsi)
Cong ty cao su Okura
(**a^:2:sl)
Cong ty CO phan cao su Asahi
(eiB»^«5s:^a)
Cong ty c6 phin cao su Nissin
(BSfS^ttS^tt)
Cong ty CO phan khai thac Nam Ducmg Cong ty CO phan khai thac Dai Loan (•&i«*B««5s:#i±)
Cong ty cao su Ma Lai
(.s*aK^si)
Cong ty c6 phdn cao su Borneo Cong ty CO phdn khai thac cao su Johor Cong ty CO ph5n khai thic cao su Sumantra ( ; ^ - 7 i - 7 g i K f i i ! a 5 * : s t t )
Cong ty CO phin phat trien Sumantra
Thai gian thanh l^p 1911 1911 1911 1913 1913 1915 1915 1915 1916 1917 1917 1917
Tdng s6 von (yen) 2.000.000 2.500.000 100.000 700.000 300.000 2.000.000 1,000.000 1.000.000 5.000.000 2.000.000 2.000.000 5.000.000 NgudniiPBSm (1919), mmMm^M, mma^ (Kato ShUoku (I919), Kmh doanh ao su, Hlep hgi Nam Duang), tr. 127-128.
62 NQHIlN C(JU B 6 H Q BAC fl. s610(22*) IO-JQ,,
Nghien ciru khoa hoc
Ben canh ede ddn dien cao su tryc thudc ede gia tpc tai phiet, cd nhiiu ddn diln cap su dp cdc edng ty khai thdc cao su Nhdt Bdn quan ly. Cac ddn dien cao su nay ndm liin ke nhau tao thdnh mpt cym ttdng vd khai thdc cao su chuyen biet.
Neu nhu d ede nude Ddng Nam A hdi ddo, cdc cdng ty Nhat chii yiu tap Uung vdo linh vyc khai thdc cao su thi d cdc nude Ddng Nam A lye dja cdc cdng ty Nhdt Bdn chii yeu hoat dpng tten ITnh vuc xudt nhdp khdu gao. Ddi vdi cdc nude Ddng Ducmg, tir ndm 1907 cdng ty Mitsui (j=.#) da cir nhdn vien den Sdi Gdn dl mua bdn gao. Mitsui da lap nen vdn phdng dai dien tai Sdi Gdn dudi su qudn ly ciia chi nhanh Mitsui tai Hong Kong vd cir nhdn vien tit Nhdt Bdn sang dl gidm sat viee mua bdn gao. Sau Mitsui thi cdc cdng ty nhu Mitsubishi ( H S ) , Toyo Menka CKff |S?E), Suzuki (Sft/tc) cung tiin vdo Ddng Duang de kinh doanh gao. Cdc cdng ty nay da lap chi nhanh tai Sdi Gdn vd Hdi Phdng dl thu mua gao Sdi Gdn vd gao Tonkin (nghTa hep chi Hd Ndi, cdn nghTa rdng chi miin Bde Viet Nam). Cdc edng ty Nhat Ban mua bdn gap d Ddng Duang thdng qua hai hinh thiic: thdng qua cdng ty Phdp vd thdng qua ngudi Hoa. Cdc cdng ty Nhdt mua gao thdng qua cdc dai ly bdn gao si d Ddng Duang thudc quyin qudn ly cua Phdp.
Cdng ty Suzuki la cdng ty dai dien eho hinh thiic kinh doanh nay. Ddi vdi cdng ty Mitsui thi hp thu mua gao thdng qua thuang nhdn ngudi Haa d Ddng Duong.
D I tap diiu kien thudn lpi chp viec mua bdn Ilia gap d Ddng Duong, cac edng ty Nhdt Ban thudng xuyen giii nhdn vien tir cdng ty m? d Nhdt Ban hay ede chi nhdnh
ldn Idu ddi nhu Singapore, Hongkpng den cdc ehi nhdnh d Ddng Duong nhu Sai Gdn, Hdi Phdng de gidm sdt viee kinh doanh. Cac nhdn vien nay dupc chia lam 3 Ipai: cdng tdc luan chuyen, tam tni ngdn h?n vd t^m tni Idu ddi. Tiiy theo dieu kien kinh doanh md cdng ty m? se quyet djnh v l sd then gian tam ttii cua nhan vien. Cdc nhan vien tam tni lau ddi thi dupc hudng nhieu tm dai tir edng ty. Dp qua trinh sdng vd ldm vi?c Idu ddi d cdc dja phuang nen hp ttd thdnh nhtrng ehuyen gia am hiiu sau sdc ve dja phupng dd. Nhiing kien thiie vd kinh nghi?m ctia hp rdt cd ich chp cdc boat dpng cua cdng ty. Trong ba nude Ddng Duang, Viet Nam Id noi ma cdc cdng ty Nhdt Bdn cti nhdn vien den ddng nhdt. Tir ndm 1907 cdng ty Mitsui dd cii nhan vien den Viet Nam. Tinh din d(;rt cudi ciing vdo ndm 1941 cdng ty Mitsui dd cii 99 nhdn vien tam tni ngdn han, 24 nhdn vien edng tdc ludn chuyin din Sdi Gdn; 13 nhdn vien tam tni ngdn han vd 29 nhdn vien tam tni ddi han din Hdi Phong'"
Ben canh ITnh vyc thu mua lua gao, cdc cdng ty Nhdt Bdn d Ddng Dupng cdn tdp trung hpat ddng tren ITnh vyc khai thdc vd xudt nhdp khdu than dd. Tir ndm 1899 cdc cdng ty ctia Nhdt Bdn ma diln hinh Id cdng ty Mitsui dd cti ede dodn diSu tra den Ddng Duang de thdm dd ve sdn lu<;mg than ddt khdng khdi. Trong thdi ky ndy than ddt khdng khdi Ddng Duang trd thdnh ngudn '" » | I l S ^ ^ (2013), lAW-f V K - V + C t i l t 5 B * f f l » ffia, 1910*«*>?, 1 9 4 0 < P t t l ± l : » r o H # g # l t H S S i * « A M e a * > h * ^ (Vuyama Eiko (2013), Hoat dpng cua cdc cdng ty Nh$t B ^ d Indochina - Khio sit ttr viec cd nhin vien den Indochina ciia cdng ty Mitsui vi Mitsubishi tit nim nhitngI9I0 din dau nhthig nim 1940), tr. 118.
NQHIEN C(im OdNQ BflC fl. s6 10(22*) 1O-2019 63
NghUn ciruJchoBJ^
ldn sd lupng than da md Nhdt B^" ^^^
khdu to Ddng Duang diu thdng qua <: c cdng ty xudt nhdp khdu ctia Nhdt Ban dang ctmg cdp chti yeu cho cdng ty than Nagazaki
cua Nhdt Bdn vd phyc vy cho nhu cau ciia cdc nhd mdy det d khu vye Kansai. Than Ddng Duong eung duac su dyng pho biln ttpng smh hpat gia dmh d Nhdt Bdn. Phdn
Bang 7: San lirpng xuat khdu ciia than Hon Gai tir ndm 1910 den ndm 1919 (dim vi: 1000 tan)
hoat dpng t?ii Ddng Duong.
Ndm 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
Sdn lupng than Hdn Gai xuat khdu
337.000 316.578 347.641 428.615 528.651 629.358 659.712 603.523 506.307
Sd lupng xuat sang Nhdt Ban
7.590 6.350 3.129 20.283 51.590 86.121 176.984 122.619 93.260
A'gH^«:H##)«t*sa5Ka5 (1931), ami^^mms^mmm
fl- (Phdng kinh doanh than dd cdng ty cd phdn Mitsui Bussan (1931), Tdi lieu Iham khdo ve vdn de thue ddi v&i mgt hdng than khdng khdi & Indoching).
Cung vdi g?p va than dd thi cdt silic ciing Id mdt hdng dupc cac cdng ty Nhdt ddu to vd khai thdc. Cdt silic dupc khai thdc nhieu d mien Bde va Nam Tnmg Bd ciia Viet Nam, dupc ddnh gid cao v l chdt lupng va chiem sdn lupng cao ttong ty 1? nhdp khdu cua Nhat tir Ddng Duong. Cdng ty Mitsubishi Id cdng ty dupc ddc quyen khai thdc cdt silic d Ddng Duong vd ddm trach chinh viec nhdp khdu Ioai cat ndy vdo Nhdt Bdn.
Ddi vdi Siam, ttr nhirng ndm dau the ky XX, cac cdng ty Nhdt Ban dd cii ngudi den thu mua cdc hang hda nhu gao, diem, vdng, than da va da ldn lupt md cdc vdn phdng dai di?n d ddy. Cdng ty Mitsui, mdt ttpng nhtmg
tap dodn tdi phiet itin nhdt Nhat Ban dd thanh lap vdn phdng dai dien cua minh d Bangkok vao ndm 1906. Tir nam 1906 din ndm 1918, cdng ty Mitsui dd cti 26 nhdn vien ttr cdng ty m? d Nhat Ban din Bangkok de phdt triin hoat dpng thucmg mai." Trdi qua qua trinh phdt trien Idu ddi, van phdng dai dien nay dd ttd thdnh mdt chi nhdnh kinh doanh dpc ldp dai dien cho cdng ty Mitsui tai
JNa«i^ (2010), ••|6m:5'-iC*ilt5H*i«i}tog Si--*ftH^<v=i#S:ffim»W, #«5>t^ifg'^
S S 4 •§• (Kawabe Sumiko, 2010, Hoat dgng ciia c i c cdng ty thucmg m^i Nhat Ban t?i Thii I-an tnrdc chien tranh - Trudng hi?p chi nhinh Bing Cdc ciia cdng ty Mitsui, Ky yiu kinh t i Trudng Dai h?c Josai, Nhit Ban sd 4), d-.6.
NQHIEN Cdu O O N Q BAC fl. s610(22li) lO-Jg,,
64
Nghien cicu khoa hoc
Thdi Lan. Ngoai cdng ty Mitsui, cd nhiiu cdng ty Nhdt Bdn hoat dpng tai Bangkok nhu S S S t r (Nanyo S h p k p ) , r l W # f f (Ebata Yoko), B i t ^ t T (Hidaka Yokp), S:
&Wn (Toyomasa Yoko), # ^ # t f Pto Yoko), f S ± ) ¥ f t (Mizokami Ypkp), ±^W- fj (Okatachi Yoko), 111 P ) ¥ t f (Yamaguchi Yokp),Bf::iiW] (Hikusa Koshi). Cdc cdng ty ndy sau do da thanh lap mpt hiep hpi thucmg mai Nhat Ban tai Bangkok cd ten Id
"Thyc nghi?p hiep hda hpi" C K H f t l ^ ) . Ben canh Ddng Dupng, Siam, ngudi Nhdt cdn md rpng hpat dpng thuang mai din Burma, m$t vimg ddt thudc quyin cai ttj ciia thyc ddn Anh d Ddng Nam A. Vao nim 1886 cd khoang 69 ngudi Nhdt sdng tai Burma. Den ndm 1901 con so ndy tang len 108 ngudi'^ va phdn liin Id budn ban nhd.
Trong thdi ky nay cd nhiiu quan dn, phdng khdm nha khoa, ti?m chyp dnh ctia ngudi Nhdt dupe md d Rangoon. Tir ddu the ky XX cdc edng ty Nhat Ban cung bdt ddu tien vdo Burma nhu cdng ty Mitsui, Nippon Menka ( 0 + f f l ^ ) , ngdn hdng Yokohama...
Cac cdng ty ndy lap ra nhieu ca sd kinh doanh d thu do Rangoon vd cdc dia phucmg khac, chil yeu hoat ddng tren ITnh vyc xuat nhdp khdu vdi hai mdt hang chii yeu la gao vd dudng, kl den la bdng spi, cac loai ddu, thyc phdm, thudc men, dd choi, hdng tieu dting. Ben canh hoat ddng tten ITnh vyc xudt nhdp khdu, mdt so cdng ty cdn ddu to vdp nhiiu linh vyc khdc. Vi dy nhu cdng ty Nippon Menka ngoai viec hpat ddng tten ITnh vyc xudt nhdp khdu cdn md nhd mdy
"irnmi^ (1992), ;smKi<^<i:i'B*ixmr-:^T,
S J i t S l i (Yoshikawa Toshiharu. 1992, Nhgt Bdn vd Bdng Nam A thai can dgi. Nxb Tokyo Shoseki). tr. 233.
sdn xudt tinh hot, xay xdt gao, cdc nhd mdy det.
Ket luan
Tir cudi thi ky XIX ddu thi ky XX, eiing vdi sy phdt trien ciia mdi quan he thuang mai giira Nhdt Bdn vd cdc nude Ddng Nam A, cdc thuong nhdn vd edng ty Nhdt Bdn ciing da tien vdo khu vyc nay. Nhirng ngudi bdn hang rong dupc xem Id nhihig thuong nhan Nhat Ban ddu tien d Ddng Nam A. Vdi xudt phdt diem Id nhfimg di dan sang Ddng Nam A lao ddng chdn tay vdi muc dich kiim tien de giii ve que huang, vdi tinh thdn edn cti lao ddng vd ddu 6c kinh doanh nh^y b^n, nhthig ngudi nay da ddu tu, budn bdn, md rdng hpat dpng thuang mai vd ttd thdnh nhung thuang nhan gidu cd nai ddt khdeh que ngudi. Ben canh dd, cdc cdng ty Nhdt eting dd ddu tu vdo cdc ddn dien trdng cao su, gai, dtra... d ede nude Ddng Nam A vd md rpng hoat dpng xudt nhdp khdu d khu vuc ndy. Mdc dii khoang thdi gian to cudi thi ky XIX din kit thuc Chiln tranh Thi gidi thir nhdt mdi chi Id giai doan khdi ddu, ddt tien de eho sy phdt trien manh me eiia cac hoat dpng thuang mai ciia ngudi Nhdt trong giai doan sau (tir ndm 1919 den 1945) nhimg nd dd ddnh ddu mpt budc ngodc quan ttpng: hoat ddng thuang mai cita ngudi Nhdt dd bdt ddu mang tinh qudc te hda. Thdng qua cdc thuang nhan vd edng ty Nhdt Bdn, ede hang hda cua Nhdt Bdn bdt ddu xudt hi?n d khdp noi trpng khu vyc Ddng Nam A, kl cd vimg thdnh thj ldn ndng thdn. Ngudi Nhat dd cd nhthig budc "Nam tien" khdi dau thdnh cdng tten ITnh vuc thuang mai ddi vdi mpt vimg ddt vdn chju su chi phdi Itin ciia ede thupng nhan Hoa kieu vd phucmg Tdy ttpng
NQHIEN OilU OdNQ BflC fl. s6 10(224) 10-2019
65
mdt thdi gian ddi. Ben eanh dd, hpat ddng thuang mai ciia ngudi Nhdt d Ddng Nam A trong giai doan ndy cQng gdp phdn thuc ddy su phat trien kmh te cua cae nude Ddng Nam A, ddc biet la ngdnh ndng nghiep, khai thdc khodng san, ngoai thuang vd quan ttpng han nira Id thue day kim ngach xudt nhap khdu giira Nhdt Bdn va cdc nude nay.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO 1. Takashi Shiraishi (2018), The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia, Comell University Press.
2. g J t S B S (2002), «Btl»i B * t T v T (Adachi Hiroaki, 2002, Nhgt Bdn vd Ddng Nam A trong giai dogn trudc chiin tranh - Nhin tir quan diem khai thdc tdi nguyen, Nxb Yoshikawa Kobunkan).
3. a»M« (1919), t i « a « » i i , mw
te^ (Kato Shitoku (1919), Kinh doanh cao su, Hi?p hpi Nam Duong).
4. 91,-m^ (1971), ^iptm&nm^^m:
( S t t i S i (Bp Ngoai giao Nhdt Bdn (1971), Phdt trien hdi ngogi cita qudc ddn ta).
5. JliaM^^ (2010), "lftBti:5''ri;fc-|t5
* e i j " , «B:k^eM&m, » 4 # (Kawabe Sumiko (2010), Hoat ddng cda cdc cdng ty thuong mai Nhat Bdn tai Thai Lan trudc chien tranh - Trudng hpp chi nhanh Bang Coc cua cdng ty Mitsui, Ky yeu kinh ti Truang Dgi hgc Josai, Nhat Ban, so 4).
6. K ^ r * (l9i6),^m-^7-r'0ff;^A, MR • T i ^ r S i S W ^ E ^ f (Hara Fujio (1986), Ngudi Nhdt a Malaya thuge Anh, Vien Nghien cuu Kinh te Chdu A, Tokyo).
7. mm (2mi),mmrB*:j^^'"*^^
(2017). Ngudn gdc vd chiin luge eua cac cong ty Nhdt Bdn a Dong Nam .-i trong giai ^'"*"
trudc Chiin tranh Thi giai thi hai Nxb Dobunkan).
^ - ) S (Bp phdn diiu tta Nam Duong cong ty Nichinan, Nien gidm thing ke Nam Duang, quyen 2).
9. H ^ f t j i f f i i t a ^ s a i (1«1 )• ^^f^
(Phong kinh doanh than da cong ty cd phdn Mitsui Bussan (1931), Tdi lieu tham khdo ve vdn di thui dii vdi mgt hdng than khong khdi a Indochina).
10. ^mm (1978), "::*;IE»1 rsiftftj to
#»", M^ri^rmx, m^^'^, le (i)
(Yano Toru (1978), "Dac trung ctia hpc thuyit Nam tiin luan thdi ky Taisho", Tgp chi nghiin ciiu Dong Nam A, Dai hoc Kyoto, si 16 (i)).
11. Ill IB ft- (1934), ^m^km, ¥ / L t t (Yamada Kiichi (1934), Tdng quan vi Nam Duang, Nxb Heibonsha).
12. m\h^f- (2013), "fA1iR-l' V vi^-nz.
* 5 l t 5 B * i a » g I I i - 1910 :ff;ftA>?3 1940
¥(•<;(* i : » » S # t i M b H g i S ^ w AMBa
X^ (Yuyama Eiko (2013), Hoat dpng thucmg mai ciia Nhat Ban d Dong Duong - Khao sat tir viec dieu phoi nhan vien kinh doanh ciia cong ty Mitsui va Mitsubishi tit nhirng nam 1910 din dau nhimg nam 1940, Ky yiu Nghien ciru kinh ti hgc so 62-3, Dai hpc Hokkaido).
13. *JI|flj?^ (1992), iSm{t^<^'j:;i^B::^
i: Mi^ r -^ r ,%%m% (Yoshikawa Toshiharu, 1992, Nhgt Bdn vd Dong Nam A thdi can dgi, Nxb Tokyo Shoseki).
HGHIEN Cdo OdNQ BflC fl. %6 10(224) IQ-JQ,.
66
