bj cho sinh vien

NGHIEN c a u LfLUAN

Mot SO kl nang nghe nghiep can chuan bj

cho sinh vien Sif pham Toan day hoc theo hUdng giup hpc sinh tU hpc co hi/dng dan

Phan Thj Phifdng Thio TnJflng D91 hpc SJ ph?n(i - D^i hgc TtiSi Nguy6n Sd 20, Lacing Ngpc Quy^n. th^h phS Th^ NQuySn.

linh Th^ Nguygn, Viet Nam Email' phanthaodlitn@gmall com

TOM TAT, Day hgc sinh each hgc, each nghi, cich lim tien tdi dgy hgc sinh biii each tU hgc li mdt xu thi cua giao dgc Viet Nam hi$n nay. Dgy hgc theo hudng giup hgc sinh tu hge cd hUdng dan la hinh thUc day hgc dip Ung dugc xu thi dd. Bai viit n^y trinh bay mdt so kTnSng nghi nghiip cin chuin bi cho sinh vien SU phgm Toan di day hgc Todn theo hUdng giup hgc sinh tg hgc cd hUdng din.

T i l KHOA: Til hoc co hUdng dSn; ki nSng nghe nghigp; sinh vien.

^ Nhgn bai 27/6/2019 -» Nhin kit qua phin bi^n v i chinh sila 15/7/2019 -* Duyet dSng 25/8/2019.

1.D$tv^nd6

Hpc sinh (HS) mudn hpc t^p hi?u qui can phai ty hoc (TH). biet each hpc. Nhimg ddi vdi HS pho thdng khdng jmthe de HS ty md mam de nit ra cich TH ma can phii nghien cihi cich hudng dan HS TH va t^o ra nhimg dieu kien de HS c6 the thyc hipn thanh cdng hogt dpng (HD) TH, Day hpc theo hudng giup HS TH co hudng dan (THCHD) eo mpc dich chinh la tgo dieu kipn cho HS TH, ty minh chiem ITnh kien thiic, De ap dpng thanh cdng phuang phip dgy hpe theo hudng giup HS THCHD, moi giao vien (GV) cin phai

"ehuyen giao" trich nhipm giang dgy thanh trich nhipm ' TH, ty kiem soit qua trinh hpc tap ciia chinh ban than HS.

Diing thdi, GV phai tim cich ggi y, thiie day qua trinh ty n h ^ thiic, ehii ddng tiep thu kiln thdc ciia HS. "Dgy hgc theo hu&ng gitip HS THCHD la qud trinh gido due (GD) eho HS cd trdeh nhi^m han vdi viic hge cua chinh minh".

De SV Su phgm Toin sau khi ra trudng cd the dgy hpe theo hudng giiip HS THCHD ben cgnh nhirng kT ning (KN) nghe nghipp da dupe chuan bj thdng qua cic khdi kien thiic nghipp vy, mdi SV Su phgm Toan can phai dupe chuin bi mpt so KN d?ic thii de cd the dgy hpc Toin theo hudng giup HS THCHD. Bai vilt nay trinh bay mpt sd KN nghi nghipp can chuan bj cho SV Su phgm dgy hoc Toan theo hudng giiip HS THCHD.

2. N $ i d u n g n g h i e n cufu 2.1.TtfhpccdhU6ngdan

THCHD la mpt qua trinh trong do ngudi hpc ty chti, ty lyc tilp cgn kiln thiic. Trong qua trinh dd ngudi hpc dupe sy giiip dd, hudng dan yyc tilp hi GV (thdng qua cac HD ndi, vilt, giing giai. thdng qua cac chi din); Nguin hudng dan tit ngudi thay giiin tilp do li cac lii lipu hudng dan hpc (TLHDH). philu hpc tgp va nguon hudng dan tir ban hay tir edng ddng. tir cac nguon tai nguyen ben ngoai.

Nhu vgy. cd thi hilu THCHD li -cich hpc" ciia ngudi hpc. ngudi hpc chii dpng trong vipc hpc, ty thyc hipn cac HD do G\' thiet ke, hay nhihig chi din trong TLHDH dl qua do ty hinh thinh kiln thirc cho bin than. Trong qui

4 : TAP CHI KHOA HOC GtAO DUC VlfT NAM

trinh "hpc" ngudi hpc dya tren sy hudng dan ciia GV, cua TLHDH, ciia ban, ciia eae ngudn tii nguyen khac. Ngudi hpc khdng bi dpng, Ip thupc vao bdi canh. Ngudi TH Q6 dupe tam the sin sing hpc tip vi quyet tam vupt qua nhihig trd ngai. Vdi each hieu THCHD duoc trinh bay d tr6n, hpc Uieo hinh thiic THCHD cd nhihig dac dilm co bin: l/HS li chu the ciia qui trinh nhgn thiic, hpe theo nSng lyc ciia ban than; 2/ TH theo hudng tich cyc vi cd djnh hudng, hpc theo TLHDH, hpc qua tuang tic, trao ddi, chia se; 3/ HS th^rc hien vipc TH thdng qua thue hipn cac chuoi HD d6 ty linh hpi kiln thiic ma theo kit qui nghien ciiu tren cac tii li^

ciing nhu thyc te td ra cd hieu qua ddi vdi HS phd th6ngd6 la hpc thong qua trai nghipm.

2 . 2 . Day hgc theo hifdng g i u p hgc s i n h tU hpc cA hUdng dSn

Dgy eho HS each nghi, each Iam, each TH da dupe quen tam, nghien ciiu tir sdm. Tir nhihig nim gan giiia thi ki XX John Dewey di de ra tu tudng: "Day hpc la giao vipc cho HS "lam" chii khong phai giao vin dl cho HS "hpc" [I]:

Cdn Tsunesaburo Makiguchi cho ring: "Truyln dgt tri thirc - khdng phai vi khdng bao gid la myc dich ciia GD. M^

dich ciia GD la hudng dan qua trinh hpc tip va dat trdeh nhipm hpe tgp vio trong tay moi HS. GD dupe xem nhu la qua trinh GV hudng dan HS HD nhan thuc dl "ty phai trien", Theo do, vi the eua ngudi thiy khdng phii dimg giih mon hpc va HS mi d cgnh HS nhu mpt hudng dan vite kich thich vi duy tri hiing thii hpc tgp eiia HS.

Day hgc theo hu&ng giiip HS THCHD Id cdch thuc dg\

hoc md GV id chirc. hu&ng dan. hd trg. khuyen khich HS nhdm lao ea hgi cho cdc em dirge hge theo cdch tuminh tiit Idi. khdm phd ede kiin thue vd cdc KN m&i.

Nhu vgy, dgy hpc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD da chu^

tir giang day - ghi nhd sang qua binh td chiie cua GV - HB eiia HS. Do do, vipc td chire cac HD hpc tap cho HS h trung tam cua qua hinh day hpc. Dgy hpc Toan ed h i ^ <}«

da dupe nhieu nha GD quan tam. Hpi ddng Toan hpc quw gia NCTM da khing dinh: "Giang dgy Toan hpc hipu qio ddi hdi GV phai hilu biet nhOng gi HS dS bilt va cin biii

Phan Thj PhUdng Ttiio

iau dd thir thich vi hd tra hp hoc tdt dilu dd". Qua nghien

;iiu cic tii lipu trong nudc va qudc te ve day hpc Toan theo ludng giiip HS TH theo chung tdi dl giup HS hpc toan ed iiipu qua GV cin:

Sit dyng kinh nghiem vi kien thiic da cd lim ca sd dl say dyng kien thiic mdi.

Thiet ke HD hpc tap nham phit hipn va giii quylt vin dl theo nhieu cich. Trao quyen cho HS ty tgo ra cac phuang phip giii quyet vin dl theo each nghT ciia hp, theo kiln thiic vdn cd cua bin than.

Can khuyen khich HS trinh biy, giai thieh cich giai quylt vin de cua minh va nhtmg can cir sir dyng dl giii quylt van de. GV can tao ra mdi trudng hpc tap ma HS cim thay an toan khi cd gang tra ldi cic cau hdi, thuylt trinh, giii thich.,, ngay ci khi HS mac phai sai lam.

Sit dyng cic chien luge hpc tap hpp tic, ket ndi kiln thiic skn eo cCia HS de thyc hien cae iing dyng thyc te, de giiip cho HS thay dupe y nghia ciia vipe hpc.

2.3. Ki ndng nghe nghiep can chuan bj cho sinh vien SU pham To^n day hgc theo hudng giup hpc sinh tu hgc co hudng dan 2.3.1. Ki ndng nghe nghiep can chuin bi cho sinh vien SU pham ToSn

Theo Nguyen Chiln Thing, KN nghi nghipp cin hinh thanh cho SV Su phgm Toan la kha nang van dyng nhung kiln thiic vl khoa hoc ca ban, dac bipt li toin hpc va khoa hpc GD thu nhgn dupe trong qui trinh dao tgo nginh Su phgm Toin d bac Dai hpc cung nhu eac kinh nghiem vdn co ciia ban than vao thyc te dgy hpc toan va GD HS d tnidng phi thdng dl thyc hien cd ket qua myc tiSu GD de ra. Theo tic gii, KN nghi nghiep bao gdm: KN dgy hpe mdn Toin, KN giao tilp va iing xu su pham, KN td chiic. Tuy nhien, trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi chi tap trung vao KN day hpc mon Toin cin chuin bi cho SV Su pham Toan.

Theo Xavier Roegiers: "KN dgy hpc la ndi tdi kha nang thye hipn ed kit qua mot sd thao tic hay m^t loat thao tie cua mpt hanh dpng giing day" [2].

Dya vio eic khau ciia qua trinh day hpc, Trin Ba H o ^ da chia KN dgy hpc thanh 4 nhdm chinh, mdi nhdm gdm

nhieu KN thanh phan dd la (xem Hinh 1):

Khi nghien ciiu ve nhimg KN nghe nghiep tien tien ddi vdi GV Toin, tic gii Cao Thi Hi da xay dyng bao gdm: KN tim hieu chuong trinh va sich giao khoa; KN lap ke hoaeh va GD; KN thiet ke giao an day hpc; KN td chiic cic HD day hpe; KN td ehire cic HD GD; KN kilm tra, dinh gii ket qui hpc tip, ren luyen cua HS; KN phat trien nghe n^iep.

Ben canh dd tic gii cung da dua ra tihung KN dgy hpc ddi vdi GV Toin bao gom: Tao mdi trudng hpc tap cho HS trong qui trinh len ldp; Trinh bay bang vi sii dung dd dimg day hpc toin; Dit van de va giai quyet van de trong day hpe toin; T6 chire HD ca nhan, HD nhdm, HD tap the cho HS;

Xay dyng mdi trudng hpc tip true tuyin cho HS; KN giii bai tap toan hpc; KN thilt kl dd diing dgy hpc toin; KN van dung toan hpc vao cic mdn hpc khac va vio cupe song [3].

D I hudng dan HS TH cd hieu qui, mdi GV can cd nhung nang lyc can thiet. Theo Phgm Dire Quang, dd li:

- Cd chuyin mdn tdt: Hieu dupe ehuang trinh, am tudng ndi dung hpe van di dupe trinh bay trong sach giio khoa.

Hieu dupe cic mach kien thiic; cic dang bai tgp, phuang phip giii, y nghia, tac dyng ciia bai tap...

- Cd nghiip vg tdt: Am tudng cae phuang phip dgy hpc, van dyng tdt eac tinh hudng dien hinh day hpc bp mdn. Biet cich ehuyin hda su phgm bien tri thiic giio khoa thinh tri thiic day hpe, Biet lya chpn phuang an tdt nhit cho ngudi hpc khi tilp thu kiln thiic, Bilt dinh gii HS, hieu dupe tam Ii ngudi hpc, dpng vien, khich le HS trong hpc tap. Khi nang giao tilp tit, phii hpp vdi net van hda dia phucmg ciing nhu ciia HS.

- Cd y thuc tot. Chip hinh chii tnrong, dudng ldi eCia Dang vi Nha nudc, npi quy, quy che ca quan. Cd y thiic TH, tu bdi dudng, ciing cd, nang cao chuyen mdn, nghipp vu. Lim chii dupe cac ehien luac day hoe. Biet hpc hdi ban be, ddng nghipp [4].

2.3.2. Kh^o sat thUc trang ve nhUng chuan bj can thiet che sinh vien SU pham Toan day hpc theo hudng gliip hoc sinh 1^ hgc co hudng dan

D I cd dupe nhiing c i n cii xac dang trong vipc x i e djnh

Nhom KN chuan bj BLL

Nh6m KN thyc hi?n BLL Nh6m KN thyc hipn

cic hinh thtic to chitc dgy hpc Nhdm K N thyc hi$n

cac hinh thiic kiem tra, danh gia

Xac dinh myc tieu bai hpc, phan tich chuong trinh sach giio khoa, nghien ciiu d|c diem trinh d^ HS, soan bai, chuan bj cac phirong ti?n dgy hpc.

On dinh ldp, kilm tra bai cu. trinh bay bai mdi (md bai, van dap, tl chiic cac hoat dpng hpc tap, bieu dien do diing dgy hpc...), cimg CO bai giang.

T6 chiic cac hogt dpng ngogi khoa. tham quan thyc tgp.

Lkm dk kilm tra. lim dip dn va thang diem, to chitc thi, cham bai.

Hinh 1: Cde KN thdnh phan Irong KN dgy hge

86 20 th^O 8/2019 43

NGHlENCaULfLUAN

Mpt so kT nang nghe nghiep can chuan bj

cho sinh vien SU pham Toan day hoc theo hUdng giup hpc sinh tU hpc co hiTdlng dan

Phan Thi PhUdng Th^o TnJflng 0?i hoc Su pham - Oai hoc Tliai Nguyen Sfi 20, Li/Ong Ngoc Quyen, thanh pho Thai Nguyen, tinh Thai Nguyen, Vigt Nam

Email' ph3nthaodhtr@gmail.com

TOM TAT. Day hgc sinh each hgc, each nghi. each lim tiin tdi dgy hgc smh biet each tU hgc li mdt xu the cua giio dgc Viet Nam hi$n nay. Dgy hgc theo hudng giup hoc sinh tu hoc cd hudng dan la hinh thUc day hgc d&p Ungduac xu the dd. Bai viet nay trinh bay mdt so kT ndng nghi nghiip cin chuin bi cho sinh vien SU pham Toan di day hoc Toan theo hudng giup hgc sinh tu hoc cd hudng dan

T i i KHOA: TU hpc c6 hiitlng d a n ; ki nang nghe nghiep; sinh vien.

-*• N h ^ bai 27/6/2019 • Nhan ket (\uk ph^n bien va chinh siia 15/7/2019 -> Duyet aang 25/6/2019.

hipu qua can phai ty hpe thdng khong 1. D|t van de

Hpc sinh (HS) muon hpc t

(TH), biet each hpc. Nhung ddi vdi HS phi ithe dc HS ty md mam de riit ra each TH mi can phai nghien

ciiu cich hudng dan HS TH va tgo ra nhirng dieu kipn de HS c6 the thyc hien thanh cdng hoat dpng (HD) TH. Day hpc theo hudng giiip HS TH cd hudng dan (THCHD) cd myc dich chinh la tgo dieu kipn eho HS TH, ty minh chiem ITnh kien thiic. De ap dyng Ihanh cong phuong phap dgy hpc

t

) hudng gnip HS THCHD, mdi giao \ ien {G\') can phai uyen giao" traeh nhipm giang day thanh trach nhipm

•TH, ty kiem soat qui trinh hpc lap ciia chinh ban than HS, Diing thdi, GV phai tim each goi y, thiic day qua trinh ty nhgn thiic, chil dpng tiep thu kien thirc cua HS. "Dgy hgc theo hirang giiip HS THCHD Id qud Irinh gido due (GD) cho HS CO Irdch nlii('in hem vai vice hgc ciia chinh minh".

De SV Su phgm Toan sau khi ra truimg co the day hpc theo hudng gnip HS THCHD ben cgnh nhiing ki nang (KN) nghe nghipp da dupe ehuan bj thdng qua cac khdi kien thirc nghipp vy, mdi SV Su pham Toan can phii duac chuin bi mpi sd KN d$c thil de cd the dgy hpc Toin theo hudng giiip HS THCHD. Bai viel nay trinh biy mpt sd KN nghi nghiep can chuan bi cho S\' Su phgm day hpc Toan theo hudng giup HS THCHD,

2. N $ i d u n g n g h i e n cufu 2.1. T^ hgc CO hUOng dan

THCHD la mpt qua trinh Wong dd ngudi hpc ty chii, ty lyc tiep c.ui kien thiic. Trong cjua trinh dd ngirdi hpc dupe sy giup dd. hudng din tryc tilp ni GV (thdng qua cac HD ndi. vilt, giang giai, thong qua cjc chi dan); Ngudn hudng dan tu ngudi tlu\ gian tiep dd la cdc tai heu hudng dan hpc (TLHDH). phieu hpe tgp va ngudn hudng din tir ban hay tir cpng dong. lir cac ngudn tii nguyen ben ngoai.

Nhu vgy. cd thi hilu THCHD la "each hpc" ciia ngudi hpc. ngudi hpc chii dpng trong \iec hpc, ty thye hien cie HD do CV thiei kl. hay nhirng chi dan yong TLHDH dl qua do ry hinh thinh kiln thiic cho ban than Trong qua

•).' TAP CHl KHOA HOC GIAO Dgc VIET NAM

trinh "hpc" ngudi hpc dya tren sy hudng dan cua GV. ciia TLHDH, cua ban, ciia cie nguon tai nguyen khic. Ngiriii hpc khong bi ddng, le thudc vio bdi cinh. Ngudi TH c6 dupe tam the ban sang hpc tap va quyet tam vupt qua nhiing trd nggi, Vdi each hieu THCHD dupe trinh bay d yen, hpc theo hinh thuc THCHD cd nhung die diem CO ban: l/HS 14 chil (he ciia qua trinh nhgn thirc, hpc theo ning lyc ciia ban than; 2/ TH theo hudng tich cyc va ed djnh hudng, hpc theo TLHDH, hpc qua tuang tie, trao ddi, ehia se; 3/ HS thyc hipn vipe TH thdng qua thyc hien cic chuoi HD de ty linh hpi kien thiic ma theo ket qui nghien ciiu tren cic tai li?u cung nhu thyc tl to ra cd hieu qua ddi vdi HS pho thong dii li hpc thong qua trai nghiem.

2.2. Day hoc theo h u d n g g i i i p hgc s i n h tU hgc c 6 hiTdng dan

Day cho HS each nghT, each lam, each TH da dupe quan tam, nghien ciiu tir sdm. Tir nhihig nim gan giiia the ki XX John Dewey da de ra tu tudng: "Day hpc la giao vipc cho HS "lim" chii khong phai giao van dk cho HS "hpc" [I], Cdn Tsunesaburo Makiguchi cho ring: "Truyln dgt tri thiic - khdng phai va khong bao gid la myc dich cua GD. Miic dich ciia GD li hudng dan qua trinh hpc tip va d$t Uich nhiem hpc tap vao Uong tay mdi HS. GD dupe xem nhu li qua trinh GV hudng dan HS HD nhin thiic de "ty phfc uien", Theo do, vi thi ciia ngudi ihky khdng phai dimg giih mdn hpc va HS ma d canh HS nhu mpt hudng dan viea kich thich va duy tri himg thii hpc tgp ciia HS.

Day hgc theo hu&ng giup HS THCHD Id cdeh thiic (An hgc^ md GV td chire. huang ddn, hd trg. khuyin khich HS nhdm tgo ca hgi cho cdc em dugc hgc iheo cdch tu minh tii"

tdi. khdm phd cde kiin thirc vd cdc KN m&i.

Nhu vgy, day hpc theo hudng giup HS THCHD di chuylt tir giing dgy - ghi nhd sang qui trinh td chiic cua (i\* - HD cua HS. Do dd, \iec td chuc cic HD hpc tgp cho HS U trung tam ciia qua trinh dgy hpe. Dgy hpc Toan cd hipu qu>

da dupe nhieu nha GD quan tam. Hpi ddng Toin hpc qu«

gia NCTM di khing djnh: "Giang dgy Toan hpc hipu qw ddi hdi GV phai hieu biet nhiing gi HS di bilt va cin bict

Phan Thj Phi/dng Thio

au dd thii thich va hd yp hp hpc tdt dilu dd". Qua nghien

;im cac tii lieu frong nudc vi qudc tl vl dgy hpc Toin theo ludng giiip HS TH theo chiing tdi dl giup HS hpc toin cd lipu qui GV can:

- Su dyng kmh nghiem vi kien thiic da ed lam ea sd dl tay dyng kien thiic mdi.

- Thiet ke HD hoc tap nhim phat hien va giai quylt vin Je theo nhieu each. Trao quyen cho HS ty tao ra cac phuang ihap giai quyet van dl theo each nghT ciia hp, theo kiln hire vdn co cua ban than.

- cin khuyin khich HS trinh bay, giii thich cieh giai quyet vin de ciia minh va nhiing can cii sir dung dl giai quyet van dl. GV cin tao ra moi trudng hpc tip ma HS cam

;hay an toan khi cd gang tra ldi cic cau hoi, thuylt trinh, giai thich... ngay ci khi HS mac phai sai lim.

- Sir dyng cic chiln lupc hpc tip hap tic, kit ndi kiln Ihiic san co ciia HS de thyc hipn cac iing dyng thyc tl, dl giiip cho HS thiy dupe y nghTa ciia viec hpc.

2.3. KI ndng nghe nghiep can chuan bj cho sinh vien SU pham Todn day hgc theo hudng giup hgc sinh tti hoc c6 hUdng dan 2.3.1. Kl nang nghe nghiep can chuan b| cho sinh vien SU pham Todn

Theo Nguyin Chiln Thing, KN nghi nghiep cin hinh thinh eho SV Su pham Toan li kha nang van dung nhihig kien thiic ve khoa hpc ca ban, dac biet la toin hoc va khoa hpc GD thu nhan dugc trong qui trinh dao tao nganh Su phgm Toan d bgc Dai hoc eiing nhu cac kinh nghiem von co ciia ban than vao thyc te dgy hpc toan va GD HS d trudng phd thdng de thye hien cd ket qua myc tieu GD de ra. Theo tic gia, KN nghe nghiep bao gdm: KN day hpc mdn Toan, KN giao tiep va iing xii su pham, KN to chuc. Tuy nhien, trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi ehi tap trung vao KN dgy hpc mon Toan can chuan bi cho SV Su pham Toin

Theo Xavier Roegiers: "KN day hpc la ndi tdi khi ning :hyc hipn cd ket qua mpt sd thao tic hay mpt loat thao tic

;iia mpt hanh ddng giang day" [2].

Dya vao cac khau ciia qua trinh dgy hpc, Tran Ba Hoanh ik chia KN dgy hpc thanh 4 nhdm chinh, mdi nhdm gdm

nhieu KN thinh phin dd li (xem Hinh I):

Khi nghien ciiu ve tihtmg KN nghe nghiep tien tiln ddi vdi GV Toin, tic gia Cao Thi Ha da xay dyng bao gdm: KN tim hieu chucmg trinh vi saeh giao khoa; KN lap kl hoach va GD; KN thiet kl giio an day hpc; KN td chirc cac HD day hpc; KN td chiic cac HD GD; KN kilm tra, danh gia kit qua hpc tap, ren luyen cua HS; KN phat trien nghe nghiep.

Ben canh do tic gia ciing da dua ra nhiing KN day hpc ddi vdi GV Toin bao gdm: Tao mdi trudng hpc tap cho HS trong qua trinh len Idp; Trinh bay bang va sir dung dd dimg day hpe toin; Dgt van de vi giii quyet van de irong day hpe toan; Td chiic HD ea nhan, HD nhdm, HD tap thi cho HS;

Xay dyng moi trudng hpc tap tryc tuyen cho HS; KN giii bai tap toan hpc; KN thiet ke dd dimg day hpc toan; KN van dung toan hpc vao cic mon hpc khac va vio eupc sdng [3].

De hudng dan HS TH co hieu qua, moi GV can cd nhiing nang lyc cin thiet. Theo Pham Due Quang, dd la:

- Cd chuyen mdn tdt. Hieu dupe chuang trinh, am tudng ndi dung hpc vin da duoc trinh bay Irong sich giio khoa.

Hieu dupe eac mach kien thiic; cac dgng bai tap, phuang phap giai, y nghia, tac dyng ciia bii tip...

- Cd nghiep vu Idt: Am tudng cic phuang phip dgy hpc, van dung tdt cic tinh hudng dien hinh day hpe bp mdn. Biet each ehuyen hda su pham bien tri thiic giao khoa thanh tri thiic day hpc, Biet lya chpn phucmg in tdt nhat cho ngudi hpc khi liep Ihu kien thiic, Biet danh gia HS, hieu dupe tam li ngudi hpe, ddng vien, khich le HS trong hpc tap. Kha nang giao tiep tdt, phii hpp vdi net van hda dja phuang ciing nhu eiia HS,

- Cd y Ihirc tot: Chap hanh chii truang, dudng ldi cua Dang vi Nha nudc, npi quy, quy che ca quan. Cd y thiic TH, ty bdi dudng, ciing cd, ning cao chuyen mdn, nghipp vy. Lam chu dupe cic chien lupc day hpc. Biet hpc hdi bgn be, ddng nghiep [4],

2.3.2. Khio sat thUc trang ve nhiing chuiin bi can thiet cho sinh vien SU pham Toan day hoc theo hU6ng gitip hpc sinh lit hoc co hudng dan

De ed dupe nhirng can cu xac dang trong vipe xae dinh

NhomKN chuan bi BLL

Nhom KN thyc hi^n BLL

Nh6m KN thyc hien cic hinh thiic kiem

tra, danh gia

Xac dinh muc tieu bai hpc, phan tich chucmg trinh sach giao khoa, nghien ctiu dac diem trinh do HS, soan bai, chuan bj cac phuong ti?ii day hgc.

On dinh Idp, Idem tra bai cu, trinh bay bai mdi (md bai, van dap, to chiic cac hoat dgng hpc lap, bieu diln do diing dgy hoc. .). Cling CO bai giang.

Nh6m KN thyc hien cac hinh thiic to

chuc dgy hpc T6 chiic cac hogt dpng ngogi khoa. tham quan ihyc tgp.

Lim d l kilm tra, Iim d^p an vi thang diem, to chiic thi, cham bai ..

Hinh 1: Cdc KN thanh phdn trong KN dgy hgc

56 20 thing a^D19 43

NGHIEN COTULfLUAN

nhitng KN nghi nghidp cin ehuin bi cbo S V Su phgm Toan dgy hpc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD ngoai nhiing can cii vl ca so li luan chiing tdi con dua tren nhirng can cii ve thyc tiln, chiing Idi da tien hanh khio sil thirc trang thu thgp sl lipu ve nhirng kho khan ma GV gap phai khi day hpc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD de tir dd nhan manh deo vipe can Ihiet phai Irang bi cho SV nhirng KN ca ban trong dgy hpc Iheo hudng gnip HS THCHD, tim hieu nhiing KN nghe nghiep ma SV Su phgm Toan da dupe chuan bi khi hpe tap Iai cac trudng dai hpc de tu do tim hieu viec trang bi KN day hpc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD d cac trudng di dupe thyc hien hay chua, neu da duoc trang bi thi trang bj den dau va bing each nao? Ngoai ra, chiing tdi eon khio sat muc dp can thiet ve nhung ndi dung can chuan bi cho SV Su pham Toan day hpc Iheo hudng giiip HS THCHD qua phieu hoi doi vdi GV va giing vien cac irudng dai hpc de tir do co them co sd cho viec xie dinh diing nhirng KN nghe nghipp can thict can chuan bi cho SV Su pham Toin

De dieu tra ve nhung khd khin ma GV gip phii khi dgy hgc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD, chiing tdi da nln hanh khio sit tren 30 GV va thu dupe kit qua sau (xem Bing I): i

Nhan xet chung: Nhilu GV cho biet, mdt trong nhihiU kho khan khi dgy hpc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD la hp chua Ihyc sy hieu ve phuang phip day hpc niy, mpt sfi GV chi day theo kmh nghiem bing sy "bat chude" dan din vi?c hudng dan HS TH edn mang tinh hinh thuc. Cd GV hilu:

"Day hpc theo hinh thtic THCHD li GV khdng lam gl ca, chi giai dap nhiing thac mac khi HS yeu eau". Cic KN die Ihil Irong day hoc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD ciing dirpc nhieu GV nhan djnh la nhdng khd khin trong qui trinh day hpc, chang han nhu: KN thiet kl, dieu chinh TLHDH; KN hudng dan HS TH, KN quan sit, KN danh gia qui trinh,.,

De cd thdng tin ve nhung KN day hpc duge trang bj cho SV Su pham Toan trong cac trudng su phgm, chiing tdi tham dd y kien ciia 300 SV nam thii 4 nginh Su phgm Toan d mdt sd tnrdng dai hpc \k thu dugc ket qui (xem Bing 2)

Bdng 1 : Ddnh g i i cac yeu to gay kho khan trong viec day hgc theo hUdng giup HS THCHD

Chi/a CO KN quan sat, bao qual Iflp khi HS TH.

4 C6n liing tiing trong hi/dng dan HS thi/c hf§n HD

^ Chi/a biet hi/dng dan nhdm trudng thi/c hien nhiem VM.

6 Con kho khan Irong danh gia quS trinh.

7 KhS nang TH ciia HS con hgn che

Bdng 2; KN day hpc flutfc trang bj cho SV SU pham Toan trong cac trUcIng sti pham

KN tim higu chi/dng Wnh vk sach gi^o klioa KN giai bdi tap to^n

KN thiel ke do diing day hoc KN thiet ke tai lieu hi/dng dan HS TH KN thuc hi^n b^i hpc J<N ndi, viel, ve hinh, trinh bay bang KN van dyng cac PPDH mon T o ^ KN sil dung cac phUdng ben ho trt} dgy hpc Todn I^N van dyng l o a n hqc vao trong thUc tien v i cupe sdng KN to chdc HO dan d5l HS ti/ chiem Ilnh tri thtfc

KN danh gia

KN day hoc theo nhdm theo hudng giiip HS TH KN danh gia tdng ket

KN dSnh gia qua binh

30 156 20

82,3%

52%

17.3%

m.

52%

6,7%

44 TAP CHl KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM

Phan Thi PhUdng ThJo

iang 3: NhSng chuan b| c3n Ihiel cho SV Si/ pham Toan day hgc Iheo hi/tng giup HS THCHD

sn

1 2 3 4 5

KN

Hieu ve dac diem day hpc theo hudng giup HS THCHD KN thiet ke va dieu chinh TLHDH theo hUdng giup HS THCHD KN hudng dan each hoc theo TLHDH

KN hUdng dan HS TH thong qua tUdng tac

KN giao nhiem vu, hudng dan nhdm trudng thuc hien nhiem vu Mile t o

Khong can t l i i t t Can Ihicl 42,8%

25%

14,3%

42%

29%

Rai can I h i ^ 57,2%

75%

85,7%

58%

71%

Khong CO y Icien

6 KN to chUc cho HS thuc hanh, trSi nghidm

KN danh gia qua trinh

65%

57%

35%

43%

Qua viec tim hieu tren, chung ta cd the thay, viec ren luyen KN nghe nghiep cho SV da dirpc cac trudng dai hpc :hLi y, d^c biet li trong ren luyen KN day hpc.Tuy nhien, trong viec ren luyen KN day hpc cac trudng vi SV chi lap trung vio viec ren luyen cac KN soan giio in, viet bang, trinh bay bing ma it quan tam den nhiing KN day - TH - mpt trong nhiing phuang phap day hpc lich cure dang dugc trien khai rdng rai trong nhi trudng phd thong.

De c6 them thdng tin ve nhiing chuan bi can thiet cho SV Su pham Toan day hpc theo hudng giiip HS THCHD, chiing Ioi da tien hinh khio sit GV Toan d mot sd trudng pho thong, giang vien phuang phap giang day d mpt so khoa Toan trudng dai hpc su pham va thu dupe ket qua nhu sau (xem Bang 3):

Ket qui khao sit eho thay, da sd cac GV va giang vien d^u nhit tri vdi nhimg chuan bi ve kign thdc va KN dua ra vdi mdc dp phan ldn la can th^t va rat can thifit. Trong do, cd nhung KN dupe danh gia rat can thiet vdi ti le cao nhu: KN dieu ehinh va thiel ke Iai lieu hudng din hoc, KN hudng din HS cich hpc theo TLHDH, KN danh gii qui trinh. Ben canh dd, mdt sd GV cdn de xuit them cac KN khae nhu KN hudng din HS xay dung kk hoach hpc tap, KN hudng dan HS van dung kien thirc da hpc vao thuc tiln.

2.3.3. Mgt so ki nang can chuan bj cho sinh vien Si/ pham Toan day hoc theo hddng giiip hpc sinh til hpc cd hUdng dan a. KN thiet ke, dieu ehinh TLHDH todn theo hu&ng Vup HS THCHD

Tai lieu hudng din hpc la nhan td ca ban cua day hpc theo

hudng giiip HS THCHD Khac vdi sich giio khoa thudng chi trinh bay kien thuc ma khdng cd nhirag chi dan ve phuong phap HD de dan den kien Ihdc, de hinh Ihanh KN, til lieu hudng dan hpc ngoai viec trinh bay npi dung kien thuc con hudng dan ca cich thdc HD de phat hien van de, thu thap thong tin, xu li thong tin, nit ra ket luan, kiem tra, danh gia ket qua. Vi vay, de co the day hpc theo hudng giup HS THCHD mdi GV can phai biet Ihiet ke va dieu chinh tai lieu hudng dan hpc cho phii hop vdi ddi tuang HS, cd su hrang tac cao, Ihuc sir la tai lieu hudng dan HS TH. Cac tai lipu hudng din hpc bao gdm mot he thdng cac HD dupe thiet ke de giup va hd tra HS tu xay dung kien thirc, thuc hanh vi ap dung nhimg kien thuc hpc dugc vao cuoe song GS Nguyen Canh Toan da chi ra rang: "De hudng dan TH phai viet tai lieu, in ra vi hudng dan ngudi hpc TH. Tai lieu hudng din phai v^ch dugc ke hoach hoc tap, phuang phap hoc lap, ndi dung tai lieu THCHD phai chi ra moi quan he logic giira eac chuang, ve ra mpt sa do ve moi hen he dd. Viee hudng din nen the hien ra bang nhimg cau hdi hoac bai tip nhd".

Do do, dk thi^t kg TLHDH can cd KN: Thiet ke muc tieu bai hpc: Giiip ngudi hpc xac dinh dugc muc tieu can phai dat dugc khi hpc ndi dung bai hpc tren ba phuong dien: Kien thiic, KN, thai dp. Ket ndi muc dich cua bii hpc vdi cac HD (ket ndi ki8n thiic mdi vdi kien diuc va kinh nghiem hpc tip trudc dd; k§l ndi kiin thiic vi KN mdi cd dugc vdi mot loat cac bdi canh); ThiSt ke cac chi din de hudng dan HS TH;

KSt ndi giiia bai hpc vdi ddi song Ihuc tien ximg quanh cua HS: Giiip HS thay duac y nghia cua viec hpc Toin.

\'i du 1: Tai lieu htrdng dan hpc: Khai ni^m cap so cOng

MVC TIEU - Hieu dupe khai niem cap sd cpng.

- Lay dupe vi dy ve cip sd cdng.

- Chiing minh dupe mpt day sd la cap sd cpng.

A. HD KHC)I D O N G HDI: Quan sit cie diy sd sau

a)-l;2;5;8.... d) 0; 2; 4; 6; 8... c) 1;3; 5; 7...i/)- e)5;2;-l;- /)i;^;2;A

2 2

g)H„ =2« + 3 h)u„ =3n 1;3;7...

2

S6 20 thang 8/2019 45

NGHIEN CUTULfLUAN

HD2: Co y ki^n cho ring: "Cac day sd tren cd cimg quy luat" em cd nhit tri khdng? N£u cd thi quy lu^t dd la gi? a o vi dy ve diy so co quy luat nhu tren.

HD3: Cac day sd nhu tren dugc gpi la cip so cpng. Vay em hi^u thk nao li cip sd cpng?.

B. HD HINH THANH KIEN THtTC 1. Thuc hien cic HD sau:

HDI: Trao ddi vdi ban vk each hilu ciia bin than vk khii mem "Cip sd cpng".

HD2: Dgc va ghi nhd: ^ - Cdp sd cgng Id mgi ddy sd (him hgn hogc vd hgn), Irong dd ki tir sd hgng thu hai, mdi sd hgng diu bdng sd hgng dung ngay tru&c nd cgng vai mdt so khdng ddi d. Sd d dugc goi la cdng sat cda cdp sd cgng.

- Neu (Un )ld cdp sd edng v&i cdng sai d <=> U„+\ =u„+a (« € N ) HD3: Viet ndi dung khai nipm bang ngdn ngir toan hpc vao vd ghi,

2. Hay trao ddi vdi ban ve cich chiing mmh mpt day sd ia CSC? Cho vi dy mmh hpa.

3, Thao luan va cho biet mdt CSC hoin toin xie dinh khi nao?

Dpc kl npi dung sau

- Mpt CSC hoan loan xie dinh khi biet UjVi q.

- De chting minh mpt day sd (u^) li CSC ta chiing minh u„^- = d (khdng ddi) Vn € F CHD LUYEN TAP

1. Lam cac bai tap sau vio vd

Bii 1: Trong cic day sd sau, day sd nao la cap sd cpng? Giai thich. Neu la cap sd cdng hay xac dinh u,;d.

( H „ ) : 1 ; 6 ; 1 1 ; 1 6 ; 2 1 ; . . . ( V „ ) : - 3 ; - 3 ; - 3 ; . . . {X„):4;7;10;12;15. (a„):a„=5~2n {b„):b„=3"

Bii 2: Cho (u_^) li mpt cap sd cpng cd u, = 3, i/ = - 5 . Hay xie dinh 5 sd hang dau cua CSC.

Bai 3: Trong cic day sd (u^) sau day, day sd nao la CSC?

a)u„=3n~\ b)u„=2"+\ e) u„={n +1) d) 3

«„+i = 1 - "^

b. KN hu&ng dan edeh hge theo tdi li^u hu&ng ddn hge Trong dg.y hpc theo hudng giup HS THCHD, tii lieu hudng din hpe dupe thiet ke vdi vai trd la tai lipu "hudng dan TH". HS thay doi ca bin tir eich hgc vdi sy hudng dan cua GV sang cich hpc vdi tai Iipu HDH, do do de "hpe" cd hieu qui GV can phii bi6t each hudng din HS TH, t\r thuc hien cic cau Ipnh, cac HD hpc t?Lp dugc thiet ke trong tai lieu hudng din hpc. Cu the nhu sau:

- Lam the nio de HS cam thay hio hiing va quan tam dkn nhiing gi cac em chuan bi hpe (ggi dpng ca).

- Larn thi nio de giup HS su dpng kiin thiic cd sin ciia minh de kit ndi vdi nhihig npi dung vi KN mdi (khim phi, dat cau hdi, tiep thu va hieu).

- Lim thi nio de thyc hinh nhiing kiin thiic vira hpc.

- Lim the nao di sii dyng nhiing kiin thirc mdi trong cupe sdng.

Mudn v§y. GV cin phii hiiu kT tai lieu, hiiu dupe cic don vj kien thiic trong moi bai hpc, don v\ kiin thiic dd l i kien thdc mdi (khii nipm, dinh li. quy tic) hay luypn tip, on t^p chuoTig di tir dd d\r kiin cich hudng din HS hpc, dg kiin cich kiem tra, dinh gia vice HS di hiiu hay chua hiiu vdi mdi phin chi dan trong tii lipu. GV cin hudng din HS each "dpc - hieu"\ each ling nghe, each viit. each thio luan, cich bdo cio.

\ i dv 2: Trong qui trinh HS ty thyc hipn cie nhipm vy di dugc thiet ke trong Iai lipu hudng dan hgc, GV cin quan sit xem HS cd kho khin gi hay khdng, GV cd ihl hudng dan HS

46 TAP CHI KHOA HQC GIAO DIJC VIET NAM

dge hieu bing cac ciu hdi ggi y nhu: "Em hieu HD do nhir thi nio? Tai sao em tim ra quy lu^t nhu vay? Co difiu ^ em cdn vudng mic? Hay di hudng dan HS 'Viit" GV co thi ggi y: Phat biiu dd cd nglua la gi, niu sii dyng bing ki hi?u loan hpc thi ta dimg nhu thg nao? Vdi HD luyfen tap khi thyc hifn cac Ipnh niy, luc diu cho HS HD ci nhan di HS hiiu vibiii mmh hieu kiin thirc nhu thi nio. Sau dd, cho HS HD nh6in de trap ddi, chia se kit qui minh lam dugc, thdng qua di HS cd the hpe tip lin nhau, ^r siia ldi cho nhau, giiip cho qui trinh TH eua HS hieu qui hon. Trong qua trinh HS thao lup- trao ddi GV quan sit vi hd trg niu cin diiit.

c. KN hir&ng ddn HS TH thong qua tirrmg tde Trong THCHD, HS hpc thdng qua tuang tic, chia se vii b^n, vdi GV. Hpc tap thdng qua tuong tic cho phep HS b«) td quan diem, thio luan vi y tudng, hpc hdi tu nhihig qu«

diem khie nhau ya tao ra nhimg hiiu biit mdi. Lim vip nhdm cung cap t^i cinh eho vipc hpc hgp tac vi t^o cohji cho HS hgc hdi lan nhau, phit triin sy t\r tin vi dua ta ho*c phin hdi trong qui trinh thio lu|n vk y nrdng. Do d6,«

THCHD d^it hipu qui mSi GV can:

- Thiet ke cic nhipm vy hpc t^ip theo cich ma m3i ihint vien trong nhdm cd the cd sy ddng gdp nhu nhau vi nhu (*

hpc t^p ci nhan ciia hp dupe dip ung.

- Hudng dan HS thyc hipn HD ci nhin: Cic ci nhfin W giie suy nghT, tim tdi thyc hipn yeu ciu. Niu cd kh6 U*

hdi b?n ben e^nh ag giiip, ban ben c?nh khdng trp gW dupe thi nhd den nhdm truong ho$c GV.

- H u d n g dan HS thuc hipn H D c i p ddi: Chia se y tudng Cfl ban, nhan xet b i i cua nhau (diem gidng, diem khac) d e r dd ty h o i n thien kien thue cho ban than.

- H u d n g d i n H D n h d m Idn: C i c c i nhan l i n g nghe ban inh bay de p h i t hien nhirng diem bai minh gidng bai bai an, nhiimg diem b i i minh khac bai ban de chia se, thao lan, tich cue dat ra n h u n g cau hdi xoay quanh ndi dung ID de hieu rd h a n , nam chac kien Ihuc han Tao c a hdi ho HS trao ddi, t u o n g t i c , thao luan, danh gia ngang hang ho c i c thanh vien trong nhom. Tao dieu kien cho HS "hgc thdng qua day", nghia la nhirng HS d u g c danh gia hoan lanh tdt nhiem vu cd the giup d o nhiing ban chua hoan tianh hoac hoan thanh chua tdt cac nhiem vu.

- Hudng dan cac nhom trong Idp tuong t i c vdi nhau:

'hang han vdi nhiimg nhdm hoan thanh nhiem vu G V cho ic thanh vien cua nhom dd den t u a n g tac vdi nhdm cdn ai, muc dich de xem cac nhdm dd co vudng mac gi khdng le ho trg hoac ddi chieu ket q u i ciia minh vdi nhdm ban de

;iup ban sua sai (neu cd). Hirdng dan cac nhom chia se ket

|ua trudc ldp.

Trong q u i Irinh HS "hpc - qua t u o n g tac", GV can quan at, lang nghe nhUng trao ddi, chia se, t h i o lu^n ciia c i c ihom de giiip do, hudng dan, thdng nhat cac y kien.

KN danh gia q u i trinh: D i n h gia trong q u i trinh day hpc

;h6ng chi la cong cu d i n h gia hieu qua ma cdn la cdng cu lay hpc hieu qua vi no cho phep ngudi hgc n h i n biet d u g c nuc dp lien bg ciia chinh ban than minh. Trong day hgc heo hudng giup HS T H C H D dk danh g i i q u i Irinh GV hudng:

Tiki li^u ttiam khio

[1] Dewey - John, (2014), Ddn chu vd gido due. s.l, NXB Tri thuc.

[2] Roegiers - Xavier, (1996), Khoa supham tich hpp hay lam the nao de phdt tnen cdc ndng lire a nhd tnr&ng, NXB Giao due, Ha Ngi.

[3] Cao Thj Ha, (2015), Nhimg ndng luc cdn co cua ngirai giao vien lodn trong gia dogn hien nay. Ki yeu hoi thao khoa hoc "Phat trien nSng luc nghe nghiep giao vien loan pho thong".

[4] Pham Gia Diic - Pham Diic Quang, (2005), Dgy hoc sinh tning hpc cas& ty luc nep can kien thuc Todn, NXB Giao

Phan Thi PhUdng ThSo

- Quan sat HD tren ldp cua H S , de qua dd danh gia m u c d o tham gia c i e H D cua H S .

- Lang nghe HS theo luan, chia se y kien, Iham gia t h i o luan, trao doi y kien cung H S , hpc ciing H S , de qua dd G V d i n h g i i d u g c each nghi, each lam ciia HS trudc mpi nhiem vu hpc tap, rtr dd thiel ke d u g c cac nhiem vy hgc t i p phii hgp h a n cho HS.

- GV ciing HS Irao ddi ve ket qua ciia mdt H D hoc tap, cho HS trinh bay ket qua, giai thich nhiing can cu de cd ket qua dd. cdng viec nay giiip G V danh gia dupe kha nang giao tiep. bieu dat, m u c do tiep nhan kien thiic cua HS.

- GV h u d n g dan HS iham nhap vao qua trinh hgc tap cita chinh minh v i tham gia vao qua trinh hgc tap ciia ngudi k h i c . D e tir dd t u danh g i i d u g c each hpc ciia ban than, tu danh gia d u o c kha nang tiep nhan kien thuc ciia ban than va cd nhiimg chien luge de p h i t huy nhiing diem manh, khac phuc nhimg diem yeu.

3. Ket luan

De SV sau khi ra tnrdng cd the day hgc Toan Iheo hudng giiip HS T H C H D , ben canh nhdng KN c a ban, truyen thong, can chuan bi trong qua trinh dao tao n h u KN thiet ke cac H D hgc t i p , KN tim hieu chuong trinh, sach giao khoa, KN giai bai lap, KN dat van de va giai quyet van de, KN dng dung cdng nghe thong tin trong day hpc moi SV Su pham T o i n can dupe chuan bi mdt so KN k h i c chang han nhu.- KN thiet ke v i dieu chinh Iai lieu hudng dan hgc, KN hudng dSn each hpc theo tai lieu hudng dan hgc, KN d i n h g i i q u i trinh.

due. Ha Noi.

[5] Nguyen Canh Toan - Nguyin Ki - Vu Van Tao - Bui Tirdng, (2001), Qud trinh dgy - tu hoc. NXB Giao due, Ha Npi.

[6] Nguyin VTnh Trung - Le Thu Giang (dich), (2007), Phuang phap hoc tap tdi uu, NXB Tong hgp Thanh pho H6 Chi Minh

[7] Grant Wiggins - Jay McTighe, (2007), Schooling by Design.

[8] Knowles.M S, (1975), Self- directed learning- A giude for learners and teacher, Neu York Association Press.

iOME PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED FOR STUDENTS MAJORED N MATHEMATICS TEACHER EDUCATION IN PREPARATION

=0R TEACHING BASED ON GUIDED SELF-STUDY APPROACH

han Thi Phuong Thao hai Nguyen University of Education Q Luong Ngoc Quyen, Thai Nguyen city, iai Nguyen province, Vietnam T^aii: ptiantnaodhtn@gmaii.com

ABSTRACT' tn the current educational trend, teactiing students how to team and how to think is not enough, but also to teach them how to self-study. Accordingly, teachers need to guide students to self-study as well as create conditions for Ihem to improve this skill. This paper addresses some professional skills required for students majored in Mathematics Teacher Education in preparation for their teaching based on guided self-study approach KEYWORDS: Guided selt • sludy; prolesslonal skills; students.

S6 20 ttijng 8/2019