Nghien ciiu - Trao doi
t)uy hoach bao ve moi truong tai iiru vuc he thong song Dong Nai flen nam 2015 va tam nhin flen nam 2020
O v u THANH NAM Trung tam Cdng nghe Mdi trudng (ENTEC)
PHUNG CHlSY
Vien Ky thuat Nhiet ddi va Bio ve Mdi trudng
C
ung vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te- xa hdi (KT-XH), nhieu vHn demdi trudng cap bach can giai quydi nhu d nhiim va suy thoai tai nguyen nudc mat; 6 nhiim va suy thoai dat, tai nguyen khoang san; suy thoai chat lupng khdng khi; tai nguydn sinh hoc va anh hudng xau den sue khde cong dong; nguy ca anh hudng cua bien doi khi hau va mut nudc bien dang; gia tang cdtran dau. Bao eao da xac djnh dupe cae muc tieu chu yeu nham BVMT tai LVHTSDN den nam 2015 va 2020;tUdd da dexuai 9 nhdm giai phap cdng trinh va 22 duan phi cdng trinh, trong dd cd 07 duan ve phong ngOa d nhiim, 05 duan veeai thien mdi trudng, 02 duan vebao ton thien nhien va da dang sinh hoc, 07 duan ve tang cudng nang luc, 01 duan ve nang cao nhan thtk: cdng dong. Bao cao cung dexuai cac giai phap hdtrpnham thuc hien quy hoach BVMT.
1. GlOl THIEU
Cung vdi toe do phat trien cong nghiep va do thi :1am thay ddi bo mat do thj ci!ia cac dja phUdng trong
;luu vue, viec phat tnen KT-XH chUa dUdc quan tam dau t u c d s d ha tang dong bp nen da anh hudng den chat lupng mdi trudng. Nhieu va'n de moi trudng cap aaeh dang xay ra nhung van chua c6 nhij'ng giai Dhap khac phye trong thdi gian tdi.
.^ Nham tnen khai Chien lupc bao ve mdi trudng i^udegiaden nam 2010 va djnh hudng den nam 2020 /a giai quyet tinh trang ONMT tren luu vue, ngay 33/12/2007, Thii tUdng Chinh phCi da ky Quyet dinh
^ d 187/2007/QD-TTg phe duyet "De an BVMT luu /Ue he thdng song Ddng Nai den nam 2020" (gpi tat
^a De an song Dong Nai), trong do de ra 16 nhiem vu
!ihanh phan vdi tong kinh phi thue hien gan 2.000 ty 'tdng, trong do eo nhiem vu "Quy hoach mdi trudng ,Uu vUc he thdng song Dong Naf.
ff • • .
Thuc hien De an song Dong Nai, trong thdi gian
•J009-2011, Bp TN&MT da giao cho Cue Quan ly
;hat thai va Cai thien Moi trudng phdi hdp vdi Trung
tam Cong nghe Moi trudng (ENTEC) thude Hoi Bao ve Thien nhien va Moi trudng Viet Nam thuc hien nhiem vu "Lap quy hoach BVMT luu vuc song Bong Nai den 2015 va dinh hudng den 2020'.
2. P H U O N G P H A P N G H I E N C L / U 2.1. P h u o n g p h a p l u a n
Trong quy hoach BVMT luu vUe song phai xac dinh rd eac muc tieu d u kien se dat dUde sau khi thuc hien quy hoach. De dat 6uac tUng muc tieu de ra, can de xua't ra't nhieu ke hoach, chUdng trinh, d u a n khac nhau. Tuy nhien, do nguon lUc co han, nen cac ke hoach, chuang trinh, d u an khong the thue hien ddng thdi ma phai sap xep uu tien theo mot sd cac tieu ehi de ra. Trong quy hoach BVMT luu vUc song ciJng can phan cdng trach nhiem thUc hien, de xuat cd che phdi hdp, giam sat va bao cao nham dat dupc cac muc tieu de ra trong quy hoach.
Theo quan diem "Phat tnen ben vi/ng" thi quy hoach phat trien KT-XH (QH PTKT-XH) phai gan ket vdi quy hoach BVMT (QHBVMT) (Xem hinh 1). S u gan ket nay c6 the xay ra theo 3 trudng hdp sau day.
Tdi n g u y e n v o Moi t r a o n g | Ky 2 • Thang 11/2012 ^ ^
- Trudng hop 1: Quy hoach BVMT dUde lap trUdc khi lap quy hoach phdt trien KT-XH: Trong trudng hop nay thi mue tieu eua QHBVMT la djnh hudng eho QH PTKTXH theo hudng ben vCifng.
Trudng hdp 2: Quy hoach BVMT dUdc tien hanh lap song song eung vdi quy hoach phat trien KT-XH : Trong trudng hdp nay thi mue tieu cua QHB- VMT la long ghep cae van de mdi trudng vao QH PTKT-XH theo hudng ben vCfng.
Trudng hdp 3. Quy hoach BVMT dUdc lap sau khi lap quy hoach phat trien KT-XH (sau khi QHPTKT-XH dUdc phe duyet). Trong trudng hdp nay thi, mue tieu ciia QHBVMT la dieu chinh QH PTKT- XH theo hudng ben vijfng.
Ke hoach BVMT la nhCfng budc tiep theo nham eu the hda quy hoach BVMT vao thuc te dua tren cd sd xay dung eae du an BVMT
Nhu vay, quy hoach BVMT ta mot khau trong he thdng ke hoach hda BVMT, nam giua chien lupc BVMT va ke hoach BVMT. Hay noi each khac, quy hoach BVMT phai xay dung dua tren chien lUdc BVMT; quy hoach BVMT se bao gom cae ke hoach BVMT; ke hoach BVMT bao gdm eae du an BVMT.
2.2. Trinh tu tien hanh lap quy hoach Quy hoach BVMT luu vue song thudng dupc tien hanh theo eac budc sau day:
Phan chia luu vue song thanh cac tieu luu vue eac song chinh. LVHTSDN dUde chia thanh 7 tieu luu vuc song (TLVS) chinh bao gdm: TLVS Sai Gdn, TLVS Be, TLVS Ddng Nai, TLVS La Nga, TLVS Vam Co Ddng, TLVS Vam Cd Tay TLV cac song ve bien.
Thu thap. phan tich dieu kien tu nhien, KT-XH va TN&MT tai tCfng TLVS tren cd sd thu thap, XLf ly so lieu cua eae dia phUdng, cua cac nganh tai tcmg tieu luu vUc. Lap ban dd ddn tinh va ban do tdng hdp ve hien trang KT-XH, TN&MT bang cdng cu G!S.
DU bao di^n bien mdi trudng tai tUng TLVS tren
cd s6 sd lieu du bao ve khai thac, sCf dung tai nguyen; quy hoach cCia eae dia phL/dng. cua cac nganh tai tOng tidu luu vuc. Lap ban dd ddn tinh va ban dd tdng hop dU bao vd phat triln KT-XH, TN&MT bang cong cu GIS.
X^c dinh kha nSng chiu tai cCia eac song chinh thudc c^c TLVS (Hi^n trang, du bao).
xac djnh cac muc tieu chat lUdng nudc cdn bao ve ddi vdi mdi con s6ng chfnh thuoc c^i TLVS.
De xuat c^c ke hoach, du an nham dat dud(
mue tieu bao ve chat lUdng nudc ddi vdi mdi cor song chinh thuoc cac TLVS (Trong do. cd cac kf hoach, duan ehung cho ca LVS va ke hoach, duar rieng cho tUng TLVS).
Xay dung ban thao quy hoach BVMT LVS, bac gdm kd hoach, du ^n BVMT theo tCfng TLVS; tUng nganh, tCfng dja phUdng.
Lay y kien chuyen gia va eac ben lien quan, Hoan chinh quy hoach BVMTLVS; trinh Thu tudng Chinh phCi phe duyet va phan cong cho cac nganh, dia phUdng thuc hien.
2.3. Phuong phap ky thuat lap quy hoach PhUdng phap ke thC/a ket qua nghien cCfu, thu thap va tdng hdp nhCfng tai lieu da cong bd va tai lieu luu tru; PhUdng phap dieu tra. khac sat thuc dja. lay mliu mdi trudng. Nudc mat. nUdc ngam. khdng khi, nudc thai, tram tich day song va phan tich trong phong thi nghiem; PhUdng phap toan hoc thdng ke XLf 1;/ sd lieu; Phudng phap phan vung chCfc nSng moi trudng; PhUdng phap mo hinh hoa; Phuong phap chuyen gia; Phuong phap tham van cong ddng; PhUdng phap phan tich he thdng theo md hinh DPSIR; Phuong phap phan tich Idi ich chi phi;
PhUdng phap lap ban dd vdi cong cu GIS; PhUdng phap hoc tap kinh nghiem ciJa Quoc te.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Cac van de moi tru'dng cap bach 1). Chua cd sii dieu phoi trong khai thac, sil dung ngudn nudc LVHTSDN phuc vu cap nude sinh hoat va san xuat cdng nghiep, phuc vu thuy Idi, thOy san. thCiy dien; suy thoai rCmg dau ngudn va rCmg ngap man ven bien; suy thoai moi trudng trong khai thac khoang san; 2). Chua thu gom va xCf ly triet il nudc thai sinh hoat tai cac do thj; 3). ChUa thu gorri va x^ ly jriet de nudc thai tCr cac KCN. CCN va cac Cd sd san xuat cdng nghiep, TTCN; 4). ChUa IhJ gom. xCr ly triet de nudc thai tCr eac lang nghe, trang trai Chan nuoi gia sue, gia earn; 5). Chua thu gom, XLf ly va tieu hCiy triet dd CTR do thj. cdng nghiep ^ 12 Tai nguyen va Moi traong | Ky 2-Thang 11/2012
; ; T N H ; 6). Nguy ed suy giam chat lUdng nude do gia :ang d n h i l m va xam nhap man; 7). Nguy ed anh nudng eCia bien doi khi hau va mue nUdc bien dang;
nguy cd gay s u co tran dau ngay cang gia tang; 8).
He thdng to chUc i!iy ban BVMT LVHTSDN chua l i e u qua, nang lue eon han che; 9). Nhan thCrc ve 3VMT ciia eae doanh nghiep va nhan dan chUa :;ao. Tat ca nhCfng van de neu tren da true tiep va gian tiep anh hudng xau den siic khoe edng ddng tai LVHTSDN.
3.2. Cac muc tieu quy hoach can dat dUdc 3.2.1. Muc tieu den nam 2015
Muc tieu 1: Phong ngUa d nhiem va suy thoai moi trudng tai LVHTSDN
Ra soat cac quy hoach phat trien tren cd sd thich Ung vdi bien ddi khi hau va nudc bien dang tai LVHTSDN; Hoan chinh phUdng an Ung pho s u c d tran dau tai LVHTSDN; hoan thien mang ludi giam sat nudc mat, nudc ngam.
Muc tieu 2- Cai thien moi trUdng tai LVHTSDN Hoan chinh quy hoaeh eae bai chon lap CTR sinh hoat va khu lien hdp xCf ly C T N H tai LVHTSDN;
Cai tao, nang cap va phat trien he thdng tieu thoat nude, XLf ly nudc thai tai eac khu do thj hien hiiu tren eae tieu luu vuc theo hUdng taeh rieng nudc thai do thi ra khoi nUdc mUa de dUa di xit tap trung, cd ban hoan thanh viee taeh rieng he thdng thoat nudc thai do thi; Ddi vdi cae khu do thi mdi, cac khu cum cong nghiep mdi phai xay dung cac he thdng thoat nudc mUa va nUdc thai rieng biet va he thdng XLT ly nudc thai dat quy ehuan quoc gia; Thu gom tren 9 0 % chat thai ran sinh hoat va xu" ly 100%
CTNH; Cac ehi tieu khae dat theo Quyet dmh 2149/QD-TTg phe duyet ehien lUdc quoc gia ve quan ly tdng hdp chat thai ran; Hoan thien phUdng an giam thieu tae dpng ciJa nudc thai cong nghiep, lUdc thai sinh hoat Co it nhat 6 0 % cac khu vuc do hi va 100% eae KCN, KCX, khu cong nghe cao cd i e thdng XLNT tap trung dat quy chuan moi trudng;
Hoan thanh xCf ly triet de tren 9 0 % cae ed sd gay 6 ihiem mdi trudng nghiem trong tren dja ban eac inh, thanh pho. Hoan thien eac bien phap giam 'hieu tae dpng eua nguon phat thai Dioxin va
^;uran.
Muc tieu 3: Bao tdn thien nhien va da dang sinh
"ipe tai LVHTSDN
'[ Nang 3g ehe phu rUng ngap man ven bien, khoi
"jhuc cd ban rUng dau ngudn da bj suy thoai tren nUpng luu eae tieu luu vUc; nang 66 che phu rUng l a t khoang 3 5 % - 4 0 % .
Muc tieu 4- Tang eUdng nang lue cho eac cd quan quan ly moi trudng
Hoan chtnh cd che phoi hdp, ket hdp glQa cac bp, nganh, UBND cac tinh trong khai thac, sCi dung hdp ly ngudn nudc; dau t u cd sd vat chat ky thuat, tang cudng can bp chuyen mdn, can bo quan ly ve moi trudng cho dja phUdng tren eae tieu luu vue;
hoan chinh quy trinh van hanh he thdng hd ehUa, bac thang thCiy dien va thi!iy Idi tren LVHTSDN.
Muc tiSu 5: Nang eao nhan thCfe eho cac doanh nghiep va cpng ddng ve BVMT LVHTSDN.
- Hinh thanh dUde mo hinh xa hpi hda edng tae BVMT phu hdp vdi dieu kien eCia LVHTSDN,
- Nang cao nhan thUe va y thUc BVMT va PTBV cho cac doanh nghiep va edng ddng.
3.2.2. Muc tieu den nam 2020
Muc tieu 1: Phong ngUa d nhidm va suy thoai moi trudng tai LVHTSDN
Hoan thien mang ludi giam sat dat, khdng khi va mUa axit; Hoan thien cac ke hoach, giai phap udng pho vdi BDKH va nUdc bien dang, Nang ty le SLf dung nang lupng sach dat 5%-10% tdng nang lUdng tieu thu vao nam 2020.
Muc tieu 2 Cai thien moi trUdng tai LVHTSDN Hoan chinh phuong an han ehe tae dpng cCia eac yeu td t u nhien va kinh te - xa hpi tdi tai nguyen dat; hoan thien cac giai phap tong the n h l m BVMT tai eae khu vue khai thae khoang san; hoan thien he thdng tieu thoat nude, XLT ly nu6c thai tai cac khu do thj hien hCfu tren eae tieu luu vuc dat 90%; giai quyet triet de tren 9 5 % eae cd sd gay 6 nhiem moi trudng nghiem trpng; c6 it nhat 7 0 % cac khu vUc do thj va 100% eae KCN, KCX, khu cdng nghe cao eo he thdng XLNT tap trung dat quy ehuan moi trudng, thu gom 95% chat thai ran sinh hoat va xCf ly 100%
CTNH; eae ehi tieu khae dat theo Quyet dinh sd 2149/QD-Ttg phe duyet chien lUde qude gia ve quan ly tdng hdp chat thai ran
Muc tieu 3: Bao tdn thien nhien va da dang sinh hoc tai LVHTSDN
Bao tdn va han che suy thoai da dang sinh hoc tai cac vudn qude gia, khu bao tdn thien nhien va khu d u trCf sinh quyen; Nang dp ehe phu rung toan lull vuc it nhat dat 5 0 % tdng dien tich t u nhien, khoi phue ed ban rUng dau ngudn da bi suy thoai.
Muc tieu 4: Tang eudng nang lUe cho eac ed quan quan ly moi trudng.
Hoan thien cd che phdi hdp ve quan ly, phan phdi, SLf dung hop ly ngudn tai nguyen nudc; tang CUdng cd che phdi hdp chia se ngudn nude, can
Tai n g g y e n y g Moi t r a o n g | Ky 2-Thang 11/2012 ' | 3
Bang 1: Cac giai phip cdng trinh niiinn BVMT tai LVHTSDN.
Cac nhom giai phap cong trinh
Ph^t trien dien tich rimg dau nguon, rCmg phbng ho ven bISn v^ cay xanh do thj.
C5i thien v4 phuc hfii moi trifdng Irong lihai thSc l<ho4ng san.
xay dung c4c cong trinh thoat nudc mua, cai tao cSc l<«nh rach, thu gom vS xCr ly tap trung nudc thai sinh hoat tai cac do thi
Xay dung cSc cong trinh XLNT tap trung tai cSc KCN/CCN, xay dung he thong XLNT tai cac nha m4y nSm ngoSi KCN/CCN
04
Di ddi cac cd sd san xuS, l<inh doanh v4 dich vu gay 6 nhilm moi trudng nghiem trong ra I<h6i i<hu dan cu.
Thu gom v^ xCr iy chci't thai sinh ra tCr cac cd sd san xuat tilu thO cdng nghiep, c^c lang nghe.
Thu gom, xCriy trie! d^ c^c chcit thai chan nuoi gia sijc, gia elm.
Xay dung Ccic l(hu chon lap hop ve sinh, XLT iy v^ ti6u hu9 chit thai, bao gom ca CTR sinh hoat, CTR cong nghiep va CTNH, CTR y tS.
Tang SLfc chCra nudc va dieu hda nudc mua cua cac song, ho, ao nham chong ngap cho cac dd thi bang nudc tren loan iuu vuc; dat duoc su dong thuan
va hop tac chat che cua ngudi dan vdi chinh quyen trong cong tac BVMT.
Muc tieu 5: Nang cao nhan thdc cho cac doanh nghiep va cong dong ve BVMT LVHTSDN.
Tiep tuc nang cao va hoan thien nhan thirc va y there BVMT va PTBV cho cac doanh nghiep va cong dong.
3.3. De xuat cac dtr an va giai phap quy hoach bao ve moi trtrdng liru virc he thong song Dong Nai
Cac nhdm giai phap cdng trinh va phi cdng trinh nham BVMT tai LVHTSDN dugc trinh bay trong cac bang 1
Cac giai phap hd tro nham thuc hien quy hoach moi trudng bao gom; tang cudng hieu luc va hieu qua quan iy nha nudc tren toan luu vuc: day manh xa hoi hda va sutham gia cua cdng dong tham gia nhiem vu BVMT LVHTSDN; l<huyen khich dau tu nham xCr iy d nhi§m, BVMT tai LVHTSDN; day manh hop tac quoc te va da phan cdng cho cac bo, nganh va cac dia phuong trong LVHTSDN to chtrc thuc hien.
4. KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI 4.1. Ket luan
De dat dUdc cac muc lieu de ra, cac bd/nganh va dia phuong can trien l<hai dong bp 9 nhdm giai phap cdng trinh va 22 chUdng trinh, du an phi cdng trinh, trong d6 cd 07 du an ve phong ngCta d nhiSm, 05 du an ve cai thien mdi trudng, 02 du an ve bao ton thien nhien va da dang sinh hoc, 07 dU an ve
tang cudng nang luc, 01 du an ve nang cao nlian thdc cdng dong va cac doanh nghiep.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Phung Chi Sy va CTV. Bieu tra, fthao sal, xay dimg ptjuang an BVMT dap img quy hoach l<hii thac va sCr dung tai nguyen tai 3 vung ifinh te trvng diem: BSc Bo, Mien Trung vi phia Nam (phan vCirg KTTD phia Nam) (2008).
2. Cue Quan ly chat thai va Cai thien mdi trudng, Td'ng cue Mdi trudng/Trung tam Cong nghe Moi trudng (ENTEC). Bao cao nhiem vu "Oanh gii ngadng chiu tai va de xuat cac giai phap quan Ij, i^h^c phuc tinh trang 6 nhiem moi tn/ang nudc song Bong Nai (Mua milaf (2009).
3. Cue Quan ly chat thai va Cai thien mdi trudng, Tdng cue Mdi trudngrTaing tam Cdng nghe Mdi trudng (ENTEC).^ Bao cao nhiem vu "B/^u fra, thong /re cat nguon thai, hien trang mdi tnJdng va nhiMg tac dgnj den moi trudng tnen luu vijc song Bong Naf (2009).
4. Cgc Quan iy chat thai va Cai thien moi trudng, Tong cue Mdi trudng/Trung tam Cdng nghe Mdi trudng (ENTEC). Bao eao nhiem vu: "Lap qtl) hoach BVMT luu vac song Bong Nai den nam 201i va dinh hudng den nam 2020" (2010).
__ 5. Cue Quan ly chat thai va Cai thien mdi trudng, Tong cue Mdi trudng/Trung tam Cdng nghe l^ai truong (ENTEC). Bao cao nhiem vu "BiSu tra,'danK gia bd sung cac nguon gay 6 nhiim va di xuat CdC giai phap quan iy, khic phuc tinh trang e nhiim mil trudng nudc song Bong Nar (2010).B 14 Toi nguyen yg Ivldi trudng | Ky 2-Thang 11/2012
