:CHAU PHI - T R U N G DONG
CAI CACH GIAO DyC d THO NHI KY
Kieu Thanh Nga'
TOM TAT
Tit khi len ndm quyen vao ndm 2002, Ddng Cong ly vd Phdt triin (AKP) dd xdc djnh gido dgc la mot trong cdc tru CQI chinh cho su phdt trien cita Tho Shi Ky. Theo do. cde khodn ddu tu lan cho gido due vd nhung cdi cdch gido due da duae thuc hien mgnh me. Nghien cuu ndy nham phdn tich cdi edeh gido due cua Tho NhT Ky thai ky Ddng AKP lanh dgo. ddnh gid nhirng ket qud dgi dugc, hgn che ciia cdi each vd vai trd cua gido due ddi vdi phdl trien ben vOng a Tho NhT Ky.
Tif khda: Cdi cdch gido due, phdt trien ben vimg, Tho NhT Ky, Ddng Cdng ly vd Phdt trien (AKP)
Nhgn bdi: 6/11/2019: Phdn Men vd sita chiia: 20/11/2019: Duy$t ddng- 5/12/2019 1. H | thong gi^o due Tho Nhi Ky
Theo Hien phap ciia Cpng hoa Tho NhT Ky. mpi cong dan deu co quyen tham gia giao dye vcri chinh sach giao due mien phi va bat bugc tir bac tieu hpc den het trung hpc pho thong. Bp Giao due Quoc gia la ca quan thuoc chinh phij, chiu trach nhiem cao nhat irong dieu hanh, quan Iy giao due va xay dimg cac chucmg trinh giang day, truang hgc. tai lieu giao dye.... N5m hpc a Thd NhT Ky b4t dau tu thang 9 va ket thiic vao thang 6 (Tho NhT Ky CO mpt ky nghi dong 2 tuSn vao giiia thang 1). Tir nam 2012, giao due bat bupc 6 Tho NhT Ky quy dinh la 12 nam vcri c4u tnic "4+4+4"
(4 nam ti^u hgc + 4 nam trung hgc ca sa + 4 nam trung hpe ph6 thong), thay doi tir cac cau tnic trucrc day la "8+3" (8 nam tieu hgc + 3 nam trung hgc, nam 1997) va cau tnic "8+4"
{8 nam tieu hpc + 4 nam trung hpc, nam 2005)'. Nhu vay, tnroc day h? thong giao dye bat bugc a Tho NhT Ky chi c6 hai cap la cap tieu hgc va cap pho thong, nam 2012 da siia doi thanh ba cap: tieu hge, trung hgc ca sa va trung hpc pho thong. Ngoai giao due mien phi 12 nam, hpc sinh a Tho NhT Ky con dugc cung cap sach giao khoa mien phi cho moi hpc sinh mpt bp/n5m.
He thong giao due quoc gia Tho NhT Ky bao gom: giao due chi'nh quy va giao dye khong chinh quy.
Giao due ehinh quy bao gom:
1) Gido due mdm non cho tre em tir 36 den 72 thang tuoi;
2) Gido due tieu hoc eho hpc sinh tir 6 den 9 tu6i;
' Tien si, Vi?n Nghien ciiu Chau Phi v i Trung Dong
JjfPShinghien ciru CHAI PHI & TRING DONG SO 12(172) thang 12/2019
Kieu Thanh Nga Cai each giao due Tbo Nhi Ky_
3) Gido due trung hoc (bao gom trung hge ca sa va trung hge pho thong) danh cho hpc sinh tir 10 den 17 tuoi. Trong do. he trung hpc ca so bao gom trung hgc ca so va trung hpc imam hatip (cac truong ton giao); He trung hpc pho thong bao gom trung hpc pho thong.
tfung hpc imam hatip. trung hpc day nghe.
trung hpc ky thuat. Sau khi tot nghiep trung hgc ca so, hgc sinh Tho NhT Ky se lira chgn theo kha nang va nhu cau: thi vao cac trucmg trung hgc pho thong de tiep tuc hoan thanh giao due co ban, hoac lira chgn cac truang trung hge day nghe, ky thuat.
4) Gido due dgi hgc danh cho hpc sinh tir 18 tuoi trcr len sau khi hoan thanh giao dye trung hpc. Sau khi trai qua ky thi tot nghiep trung hpe pho thong toan quoc, tiiy thuoc diem so hpc sinh se dugc nhan vao he dai hgc 4 nam de nhan bang cii nhan hoac he dai hgc 2 nam de nhan bing lien ket (chu yeu la day nghe). Sau 4 n5m dai hgc. sinh vien co the tiep tue hpe de lay bang Thae sT trong 2 nam va tiep tuc hgc de lay bang Tien sT trong 4 nam sau khi hoan thanh Thac sT. Giao due Tho NhT Ky cho phep sinh vicn co bang cir nhan y khoa (6 nam) eo the tiep tuc lam nghien cuu sinh trong thai gian 4 nSm de nhan bang Tien sT ma khong can hoan thanh chirong trinh Thac sy trucrc do. Trong he thong giao due dai hpc ciia Tho NhT K\. truang Dai hpc Istanbul ia trudng dai hpc dau tien cua Tho NhT Ky.
Theo xep hang dai hgc the giai nam 2012 - 2013 cua Times Higher Education, dai hpc dimg dau tai Tho NhT Ky la Dai hgc Ky thuat Trung Dong, tiep sau la Dai hpe Bilkent va Dai hge K09, Dai hgc Ky thuat Istanbul va Dai hpc Bogazi(;i.
Gido due khong chinh quy bao gom: He giao due tai chirc, giao dye tir xa, he giao due vira hpc vira lam.,, danh cho nhirng ngudi
khdng CO dieu kien va kha nang theo hpc giao due chinh quy. Giao dye khong chinh quy bao gdm nhieu chuang trinh giang day khac nhau, nham giiip hpc sinh hoan thanh chuang trinh giao dye, cung cap eac ky nang va dinh hudng nghe nghiep phii hgrp vdi kha nang N'a nhu eau cua moi hpc sinh. Giao due khdng chinh quy dugc thye hi^n tai eac trung tam dao tao do Bd Giao due Qudc gia quan ly va giam sat.
Ngoai giao dye chinh quy va khdng chinh quy, he thdng giao due Tho NhT Ky cdn co giao due cho ngudi nudc ngoai. NSm d vi tri nga tu ciia cac nen van minh, Thd NhT Ky la cira ngd cho sy ket ndi tri tue giua chau A va chau Au, vi the giao due danh cho ngudi nudc ngoai cua Thd NhT Ky ludn dupc ehinh phii tang cudng thuc day. Trong nhirng nam gan day, vdi nhung nd lyc ciia Chinh phii Thd NhT Ky nham thiic day qudc te hda, nhtmg rao can thi thyc da dan dupc xoa bd da dua Thd NhT Ky trd thanh diem den eiia giao due dai hgc ngay cang hap dan ddi vdi sinh vien qudc te, dac biet la sinh vien tir cac nudc trong khu vuc Trung Ddng - Bac Phi va Trung A, nhiing khu vuc ed van hda, tdn giao tuong ddng.
2. Cai each giao due thdi ky Dang Cong Iy va Phat trien (AKP)
2.1. Muc tieu va ngi dung cdi cdch gido due
Ke tir thdi ky cudi ciing cua De ch6 Ottoman, dac biet khi cude dau tranh gianh ddc lap ciia Thd NhT Ky gianh dupc thang lpi, giao due dupc lya chgn la mgt trong nhirng cdng cu quan trpng cua dy an hien dai hda dit nudc. Ddi vdi nha lanh dao Mustafa Kemal Ataturk va nhirng ngudi ki nhiem dng sau nay, giao dye cd ba chuc nang: (1) Thyc hien ddi mdi va hien dai hda dat nudc; (2) Thanh lap qudc gia; (3) Phat trien kinh te^. Theo dd,
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAL PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(172) thang 12/2019
Cai each giao due Tho NhT Ky Kieu Thanh Nga
Luat Thdng nhat giao due nam 1924 da bai bd tat cac loai giao due tdn giao trong cac trudng cong lap de hudng tai the tue hda giao dye.
Trong sudt nhirng nam 1930 va 1940, giao dye da dugc md rdng din cac thanh ph^n trong xa hpi, dac biet la d khu vuc ndng thdn vi dat tien bp dang ke. Tuy nhien, giao due thl tyc bi can trd vao nam 1950 khi Dang Dan chii bao thil (DP) Ien nam quyen va lam hoi sinh Hdi giao trong he thdng giao due, tir day cau tnic kep (the tyc va tdn giao) xuat hi?n trd lai trong h? thdng giao due Thd NhT K\. Trong giai doan tidp theo (1950 - 1980), mac dil quyen giao dye da duge cdng nhan day dli trong Hien phap nam 1961, nhung viee thyc thi van cd nhieu han che do sy bat binh dang trong giao dye ngay cang ldn. Q giai do^ nay, bat binh dang trong giao dye d Thd NhT Ky da tac dgng manh me den tang ldp ngudi ngheo sdng d cac khu vuc ndng thdn va kem phat trien, den tre em gai va phy nii, la rao can ldn nhat ddi vdi viec tiep can giao dye d qude gia nay.
Cugc dao ehinh quan su ngay 12 thang 9 nam 1980 da lam thay ddi mdt sd chinh sach, trong do cd chinh sach giao dye. Trong dd, theo Dieu 24 eiia Hiln phap 1982, mdn hpc
"Van hda tdn giao" chii yeu ve Hdi giao Sunni dupc dua vao danh sach nhung mdn hpc bat bupc trong tat ea cac trudng tieu hgc va trung hpc, thiic day tdn giao trong he thdng giao due 6 Thd NhT Ky. Ciing trong thdi gian nay, viec thyc hien eac chinh sach xa hdi va kinh te mdi sau dao chinh khien eho ngan sach danh cho giao due giam di. Sy suy giam ngan sach ciing vdi sd lucmg hgc sinh va trudng hgc tang len, lam gia tang cac hinh thuc tu nhan khae nhau trong giao due. Day ciing la giai doan ma sd lupng trudng imam hatip (trudng tdn giao) tang Ien nhanh chdng. Tuy nhien, sau cude
dao chinh quan sy vao ngay 28 thang 2 nam 1997, vdi chinh saeh giao dye mdi quan dpi da ra lenh ddng cira cae trudng imam hatip, lam giam dang ke nhiing trucmg nay.
Nam 2002 Dang AKP Ien nim quyln d Thd NhT K> da kl thira nhirng thanh tyu va tiep tyc giai qu) et nhimg van de edn tdn t^i trong giao dye eua the he trudc de phat trien giao due dat nudc. Ljch sir da eho thay, Tho NhT Ky cd vj the ciia mdt qudc gia hiing manh, thira hudng di san cua De ehe Ottoman, ed vj trf dia chien luoc va vdi nen kinh te ldn, dan sd tucmg ddi tre nhu hi?n nay Thd NhT Ky hoan toan cd the trd thanh mdt qude gia dau tau d khu vuc Trung Ddng. Nha van George Friedman da dy doan trong cudn sach ban chay nhat cua minh (The Next 100 Years) xuat ban nam 2009 riing, Thd NhT Ky se trd thanh qudc gia thdng trj ciia Trung Ddng. Tuy nhien, eae eudc xung dot trong nudc va khu vyc da lam cham qua trinh hien thyc hda tiem nang kinh te va ehinh trj ciia Thd NhT Ky, ca ve tam vdc dja chinh trj va tien bd trong eac ITnh vyc quan trpng, bao gdm ca giao dye.
Trong bdi canh do, Dang AKP da thyc hien nhiing cai each giao due nham muc tieu nang cao chat tuong giao due; md rdng giao due tdi toan the dan chung tien tdi dat myc tieu 100%
ngudi dan tham gia giao dye; binh dang va dan chu trong giao due; dua giao due tiep can khoa hpc ky thuat va cdng nghe; dat giao dye d vi tri uu tien trong cae muc tieu phat trien ben vimg ciia Thd NhT Ky.
Cai each giao due ciia Dang AKP dupe the hien qua hai giai doan rd ret: (I) Giai dogn 2002 - 2011: dua ra cac chinh sach mdi phii hpp vdi cac chinh sach giao dye trudc day, trong dd giao due the tyc tilp tuc dupc ke thira. Cai each ldn dau tien la sira ddi chuang trinh giang day va sach giao khoa tieu hgc
7iipcA//i^/f/|«c«-H CHAU PHI & TRING DONG so 12(172) thang 12/2019
Kieu Thanti Nga lai cicti gljo due Tti6 NW Ky.
nSm 2004, phii hqip vcri cac tieu chuin ciia EU nhim gia nhjp EU da mang l?i nhttng ket qui tfch cvc trong giio dye; (2) Giai dogn 2012 - den nay: dua ra nhiJng chinh s4ch mdi chu y^u liSn quan den ton giio^ nham tang cuimg vai tr6 cua H6i giio trong giio d\ic. (!) giai do?n nay, Tho NhT Ky ciing kh6ng c6n mjn ma va hy vpng nhieu vao ti^n trinh gia nhjp EU nOa, djnh hu(!mg chlnh sdch chung cua Th6 Nhi Ky la tjp trung thiic d4y vai tr6 cua H6i gido trong nhi^u ITnh v\rc va cai cich giao dye nJm trong djnh htitimg chung d6. Sau ddy la nhOng cai each giio dye chu y^u cua ThA Nhi KJ"
thM kj- Dang AKP:
- Thyc hi§n chucmg trinh sach gido khoa miln phi cho hijc sinh tiiu hpc va trung hpc lin diu tiin vao nSm 2003;
- Thay d6i chuong trinh giang djy va sach giio khoa tiiu hpc nSm 2004;
- Chuyin d6i ciu tnic giao dye co ban
"4+4+4" nSm 2012
- Dua cac kh6a hpc t6n giio ty chpn vao tru6ng trung hpc nSm 2012;
• Bai b6 l$nh cim khan triim diu t?i cac tru6ng dji hpc nSm 2008 va trong tit ca c4c truimg hpc nam 2014.
- cai cdch chucmg trinh giang d^y va sich giao khoa tiiu hpc lin thii hai bit diu th nam hpc 2017-2018.
NhOng cil cdch giio dye th£rl )s.</ Ddng AKP cho thiy, vai tr6 cila l6n gido ngdy cdng tdng trong gido dye thi hiin d cdc diim nhu sau:
ThA nhil, s6 luipig Int&ng trung hgc imam haltp ldng ldn nhanh chdng
Imam hatip (tiing Thi Nhi Ki "Imam" Id Itah ty H61 gido, ngu61 din ddt ciu nguy|n,
"hatip" bat ngu6n tii tiing Arab "khatib" Id nha hCmg bi$n, nhd thuyit gido), theo nghTa ndy imam hatip la trudng dao t?o t6n gido (hay e6n gpi la truimg r6ng). Theo lujt phdp Th6 NhT KJ', tit ed cdc truimg imam hatip it Th6 NhT KJ- diu thu$c h$ thing gido dye cdng IJp dudi sy qudn ly cila BO Gido dye Qu6e gia. Ndm 1997, chinh phil thi tyc m61 Ita nim quyin sau cu$c dao chinh da thye hiin ciu tnic giao dye "8+3" (8 ndm giao dye tiiu hpc va 3 nam giao dye trung hpc) Idm h^m ehi cdc truimg Imam hatip (Imam hatip chl danh eho hpc sinh trung hpe tCi ldp 9 din liip 11).
Nam 2012, Dang Hii giao AKP dua ra cdi cdch gido dye bit bu$e 12 ndm vdi ciu tnic
"4+4+4) (4 ndm tliu hpe, 4 ndm trung hpe eo sd vd 4 ndm trung hpe phi thfing), tang thdi gian giao dye phi thfing tCi 3 ndm lin 8 nam, vl v4y sA lupng truimg Imam hatip tdng ISn nhanh chdng. Chlnh phii AKP cho ring, cdc chu ki gido dye mdi nay si giilp hpe sinh linh hoft hem trong vl^c lya ehpn cae truimg khae nhau, phli hpi) vdl kha ndng vd sd thich cila minh. M$t nguySn nhdn khde khiin cho ede truimg Imam hatip tdng lin la eai cdch gido dye nam 2012 da dua ra quy djnh cde ki thl tuyin sinh eho tit ca hpc sinh truimg trung hpc trir cdc truimg imam hatip, vl viy nhflng hpc sinh khfing dil diim vao cac truimg trung hpc sS dang k;^ vao ede trudng Imam hatip, Thdng 8 ndm 2013, c6 hem l.I 12.000 hpc sinh dy tuyin vdo cdc tniimg trung hpc d Thi NhT Ki nhimg chl c6 363.000 chl tiSu*, buOc nhttng hpc ilnh khfing dil tliu chuin phdl lya chpn cdc trudng Imam hatip va trtrdng djy nghi, Ngodi ra, do si lupng cfi han cila trudng trung hpe d mfit si dja phucmg, trong khi cdc trudng tu thyc vaimamhatlpcfidmplnolnSn nhflng gla dinh cfi dliu kiin si gill con din trudng tu thyc, cfin nhttng gla dinh nghio chl
' T(tp chl nghiin citu CHAU PHI A TRUNG D6NC l i 12(172) thdng I2/2019
cdi cdch gido dgc Tho Ntii Ky Kieu Thanh Nga
efi lya chpn Id trudng imam hatip, cho dii hp khfing muon. Dieu ndy cho thiy, imam hatip chii yiu danh eho nhiing hpc sinh c6 B-inh dp khiim tin vd nhttng gia dinh nghio.
Bing 1. s i lirgmg hpc sinh trung hpc imam hatip giai do^n 2002-2018 Nim
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2018
S6 Itrgng h^c sinh cdc trtrdmg trunc hoc Itnam hatip
64.534 84.898 73.563 108.064 120.668 129.274 143.637 198.581 235.639 268.24S 380.771 474.096 546,443 1,351.611
NguSn: Tdng hgp s6 liiu cua Bd Giio dgc Qudc gla ThiNMKp ndm 2015 vii 2019
Theo si liiu Cila Bfi Gido dye Quic gia, si hpc sinh truimg imam hatip dd tang hen 8 lin ki tir ndm 2002 chl vdl 64,534 hpe sinh, lin tdi 546,443 hpc sinh vdo ndm 2014 vd 1,351,611 hpc sinh trong ndm 2018, Si lupng truimg Imam hatip cflng ting nhanh ttt 1,636 trudng ndm 2013 lin 4,891 truimg vdo nam 2018', Mfit trong nhflng truimg trung hpc imam hatip diu tlin cila Thi Nhi K;;' cfi tin Id trudng Irung hpc Recep Tayyip Erdogan d thdnh phi Istanbul vd ddy cflng chinh Id ngfil trudng ma Ting thing Thi Nhi Ki Recep Tayyip Erdogan dd tttng hpc,
Thit hai, bd sung ciic mdn hpc vi tdn gido Ihay Ihi cho mdt sS mdn hpc
Trong cdi cdch ndm 2012, mfin hpc Quyin cfing din vd Nfing nghiip • " i t trong nhttng mfin hpc ty chpn cila Idp 6 vd 8 dfi b| loai khfii
chucmg ttinh giang d?y vd thay the bing 3 mfin hpc ve ton gido: Kinh Quran, Kiin thuc tfin gido eo ban vd Cupe sing ciia Muhammad, Npi dung ton giao tiip tyc dupe bi sung sau khi Tho Nhi KJ' thyc hiin cai each chuong trinh giang d?y va sach gido khoa tliu hpc lin thil hai bdt diu tir nam hpc 2017-2018, vao ngdy 13 thdng 1 nam 2017, Bp Gido dye Quoe gia Thi NhT KJ da efing bi dy thao chuang trinh giang d?y gim 51 khfia hpc cho tiiu hpe, trung hpc co sd va trung hpc phi thfing, Cai each chucmg trinh giang d^y todn diin ndy dd dupc thi diim diu tlin 6 cdc ldp I, 5 vd 9 trong ndm hpe 2017 - 2018 va bat diu thyc hiin chlnh thile ttt ndm hpe 2018-2019 tu ldp 1 din ldp 12, Chuong trinh gidng d^y bi sung mfit si nfii dung tfin gido vd gidi thiiu cde nhd khoa hpe Hii gido, Gid hpc ede mfin triit hpe, sinh hpc gidm dl, thay vdo dfi Id tdng gid hpe vdn hfia vd d^o ddc tfin gido, Ngoai ra, chucmg trinh giang d?y mdi nay cflng dua chlin thing cila Chlnh phli trong vljc dJp tan dm muu dao chlnh qudn sy ngay 15 thang 7 nam 2016 nhu mfit mfin hpe mdi vao djiy d cdc cip, Idp khdc nhau. Cai cdch gido dye cila Chlnh phil AKP vdi viic tdng gid gidng vi tfin gido, bi sung ede khfia hpe tfin gido ty ehpn trong ehuong trinh gidng day,,, dupc ddnh gid cfi xu hutimg Hii gido hfia gido dye thay vl giao dye thi tyc tmdc ddy d Thi NhT KJ.
Thit ba, chl liiu cho cdc tntdng imam hatip ldng lin
Di thyc hiin cdi edeh gido dye, chl tliu cho gido dye cOng dupc chlnh quyin AKP quan tim, Trong khi trude ddy ngin sdeh dupe phdn bi cho qudn dil nhiiu hon gl4o dye, thl ttt khi nim quyin AKP uu tlin cho chl tliu cho gido dye. Trong dfi, ngin sdch uu tlin cho cdc truimg Imam hatip, Theo Reuters', ndm
Tfp chl nghlln citu CHAU PHI A TRUNO DCING si 12(172) thdng 12/2019
Kieu Thanh Nga Cai each giao due Tho Nhi Ky_
2018 ngan sach chinh phu chi 6,5 ty Lira (1,68 ty USD) cho eac tnrcmg ton giao (tucmg ducmg 23% ngan sach cho nganh giao due).
Ngan sach chi danh eho moi hgc sinh la 6.200 Lira, nhung chi cho moi hgc sinh tnicmg imam hatip Iai gap doi vai s6 tian la 12.500 Lira.
Co the noi, su dau tu cho giao due vcri nhung cai each 6 Th6 NhT Ky thai ky AKP cho thiy vai tro to Ion ciia nha lanh dao Erdogan, ong chinh la nguai da thuc d4y nhijng sang kien, nhung thay doi trong giao due eua Tho NhT Ky thai gian qua. Noi each khac, giao due Tho NhT Ky von dugc eoi la vSn hoa dem sac, da tro nen da sac han va mang lai nhieu lua chgn hem cho nguoi dan.
Tuy nhien ben canh nhiing sac mau tuoi sang, buc tranh da sac nay van ton tai nhijng han che, la rao can cho su phat trien giao due ben viing cr Tho NhT Ky.
2.2. Ddnh gid ket qud va hgn che trong cdi cdch gido due
Thuc hien chinh saeh eai each giao dye thai ky AKP, giao due Th6 NhT K\ da dat duae nhChig k^t qua nhu sau:
- Tang ty le tham gia gido due d tdt cd ede cdp tit mdu gido den dgi hoc. Day la thanh tyu Ion nhat cua giao due thai ky AKP. Theo danh gia eua mgt so to chuc quoc te nhu Ngan hang The giai (WB), To chuc Hop tac va Phat trien kinh te (OECD), ty le tham gia giao dye cua Tho NhT Ky tu bac mam non den dai hgc deu tang ten ro ret. Bao cao thyc hi?n muc tieu phat trien ben vijng cua Th6 NhT Ky nSm 2019 cho thay, ty le tham gia giao due mam non (4-5 tu6i) tang tu 11,7% nSm hoc 2002 - 2003 len 50,4% trong nSm hgc 2017 - 2018;
a bac ti^u hpc tSng tiJ 91% nam hgc 2002 - 2003 Ien 96,1% nam hgc 2017 - 2018; a bac tmng hge tang tir 50,6%) nam hgc 2002 - 2003 len 83,6% nam hgc 2017-2018^
N9m hpc 2002/03 2007/08 2012/13 2017/18
Bang 2. Ty If nhap hoc cua Tho Nh
Mam non T6ng 11,00 17,71 39.72 50.40
Nam 18,10 41,03
Nil 17,29 38,33
-
Tieu hpc Tong 90,98 97,37 98,80 96,10
Nam 94,49 98,53 98,88
Nil 87.34 96,14 98.71
Ky giai doan 2002 -
Trung hgc l o n g 50,57 58,56 70,06 83,60
Nam 55,72 61,17 70,77
Nil 45,10 55,61 69,31
2018 (%)
{>9i hgc Tong 14,65 21,06 38,50
Nam 15,43 22,37 38,40
Nil 13,53 19,69 38,61
Ngudn: Tong hgp tir Bg Gido due Quoc gia Thd viing nam 2019 ciia Thd NhTKy
Da CO nhieu chuang trinh va ke hoach dugc thuc hien trong thai ky AKP nham thiic day giao dye va tang ty le tiep can giao due tai toan dan. Gido due tieu hoc: Tii cuoi nhimg nam 1990 tra di, mue do tuyen sinh tieu hgc thap da tra thanh mgt moi quan tam cap bach a Tho NhT Ky. Nham uu tien cho muc tieu tang ty le tham gia giao due a bac tilu hge, qu)'et dinh ap dyng 8 nam giao dye
NhT Ky vd Bdo cdo thuc hi^n muc lieu Phdl triin ben
tieu hgc bat huge vao cuoi nhiing nam 1990 da dugc thyc hien. NSm hgc 2002 - 2003, co 90,98% tre em tham gia giao dye ti^u hgc va nam hge 2012 - 2013 con so nay da tang len 98,8%; Gido due trung hgc: Dau nhCrng nam 2000, chi CO khoang 50% hgc sinh 6 Th6 NhT Ky tham gia giao dye tmng hgc, mgt ty le kha thap so vai cac nuoc OECD. Vai muc tieu thuc day tuyen sinh giao due tmng hgc, rngt
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 12(172) th^ng 12/2019
Cai each qiao due Tho Nhi Ky Kieu Thanh Nga
lo?t cde ke hoach, chucmg trinh duoc thyc hiin nhu: Ki hoach phat triin lin thii 8 (2001 - 2005) nhdm muc dich tang tj- le giao due trung hpc len 75% vao cuii nam 2005;
Chuang trinh nghj su ciia Chinh phii lan thii 60 (2008 - 2012) nhdm tang tuyin sinh giao due trung hoc len 90% vao nam 2012; Ke hojeh phat triin ldn thu 9 (2007 - 2013) nhdm tdng ty 1? nhap hoc len 100% vao nam 2013.
Mde dii cho den nay Tho NhT Ky chira dat dugc 100% hoc sinh tham gia giao due trung hgc nhtmg con so nay da tang tu 50,57% nam hgc 2002 - 2003 len 83,6%. trong ndm hgc 2017 - 2018. Gido due dgi hgc: Su gia tang nhanh chong trong ty le nhap hoc giao due trung hgc va sau do la nhu cau ve giao due dai hgc khien he thong giao due dai hge Tho NhT Ky g§p nhieu ap lyc, bcri trong nhieu thap ky da CO mgt khoang each Ion giO-a cung va cau trong tuyen sinh dai hoc. Nam 2002, chi co 1/3 cua 1,8 trieu thi sinh du thi dai hgc, tiie la khoang 660.000 sinh vien co dii dieu kien nhap hgc^ Mac dii khong co trucmg dai hgc cong l^p mcri nao dugc thanh lap tii nam 1994 den 2006 nhimg da co tong cgng 21 truong dai hgc tu thuc thanh lap, khien ty le tuyen sinh giao due dai hge tang len. Tu do eho den nay, dd eo them nhieu trucmg dai hgc tu thuc khdc dugc thanh lap, tdng ty le tham gia giao dye dai hge len 38,50%i trong nam hgc 2012 - 2013 so vol con so 14,65%o vao nam hgc 2002 - 2003.
- Chdt lucmg gido due duoc ndng cao. Ket qua ciia Chuong trinh Danh gia hgc sinh quoc te (PISA) cho thdy Th6 NhT Ky da dat dugc tien bg dang ke ve trinh do ciia hgc sinh. Bg du lifu PISA 2003' ehi ra ring chdt lugng gido dye a Tho Nhi Ky rat co van de trong dau nhung ndm 2000, diem vi toan hgc, khoa hgc va xoa mil chir cua nucrc nay chi dat duoi
trung binh va chi cao hon Mexico trong s6 cdc qu6c gia thanh i ien OECD. Theo dii lieu. t\
le hge sinh khong dat dugc trinh do yeu cdu toi thieu trong m6i mon hgc: 52,3%> mon toan, 38,6%. mon khoa hgc va 37% khong biit ehii.
Ty le nay da co sy cai thien vao ndm 2009 (PISA 2009), Thi NhT Ky dat duge 440 diim trong toan hge va xep thir 31/33 quoe gia OECD, 454 diem trong khoa hgc va eung xep thu 31 trong OECD. PISA cung cho thdy, Thi NhT K> da giam dang ke sy bat binh ddng trong giao due giira cae khu vyc va gicfi tinh til ndm 2003 din 2009. Con trong bao cdo ndm 2005 cita WB danh gia he thong giao dye Tho NhT Ky chua day dii va chat lugng con thap, nhimg den ndm 2013 WB da ghi nhan hieu sudt vugt troi trong viec tdng ca kha ndng tiep can giao due va chat lugng giao due trong bao cao nam 2013'°.
Ndng cao chat lugng giao due la mgt trong nhimg muc tieu chinh eiia AKP, vcri muc tieu nay, chinh phii da dau tu dang ke vao co so ha tdng giao due. Trong suot 16 ndm cam quyin cua AKP (2002 - 2018) da eo 605.450 giao vien dugc bten che, xay dyng them 288.000 phong hgc tai 81 thanh phi. Vol viec trien khai Du an Fatih vao nam 2011 nhdm tdng cuong CO so ha tang cong nghe cac lop hge vd cung cdp may tinh bang, chinh phii da lap ddt bang dien tir trong 433.000 phong hgc, thiet lap 2.084 thu vien dien tit va mgt trieu may tinh trong cac lop hgc", dua cac chucmg trinh giao due hien dai vao giang day va nghien cim nhdm hien dai hoa gido due trong boi canh phat trien moi.
Ciing nhdm thyc hien mue tieu nang cao chit lugng gido due, Thi NhT Ky da tham gia lien tuc vao cac danh gia quoc ti nhu PISA va TIMSS (Chuong trinh nghien cim xu hucmg toan hge va khoa hgc quic te danh gia hgc
Tgp chl nghien ciru CHAD PHI & TRUSG DONG S6 12(172) thang 12/2019 -
Kieu Thanh Nga Cai cdch gido due Tho Nh! Ky_
sinh \dp 4 vd Icrp 8 mon todn va khoa hgc) ciing nhu cae dy dn gido dye chung v6i cde t i chirc quoc te nhu WB, UNICEF, EC.,,, Diiu ndy cho thay, Tho NhT Ky luon no lyc vd cam ket tham gia quoc ti, mo ra mgt triin vpng todn dijn vd quic te trong gido dye, ddt gido dye khong chi trong boi cdnh trong nude md e6n so sdnh, ddnh gid trong boi cdnh quoc te,
Ben Cfinh nhthig kit qua dd dfit dugc, cdi cdch gido dye ciia Thi NhT Ky thM ky AKP cQng v4p phdi nhiiu tranh cdi b6i nhttng h ^ chi nhu sau;
Mdt la, ty 1| tham gia gido dye tdng ISn nhtmg chua ding diu vd ehua todn diin, djc biit th^p ft cdc tinh phia d6ng Thi NhT Ky, Theo s6 ll^u eiia Bi Gido dye Quic gia ndm 2012, cdc tinh nhu Blleclk, Rize, Artvin vd Bolu ghi nhjln hem 90% ty 1$ nhjp hpc gido dye tryng hge, trong khi cdc tinh nhu Edlme, Kirklarell, Qanakkale, KUtahya vd Koeaeli ehl dsit 80%, c6n 6 mit si khu vyc khde nhu Bitlls, §anliurfa, §imak vd Slirt khodng 40%, An, Van vd Mu} dudri 40%,
Hal Id, ch^t lugng gido dye tdng nhung v5n t) mite thip so vdi ede nu6c OECD, Thi NhT Ki dd tlin bi ddng ki trin nhliu ehl si gido dye tliu chyJn trong nhChig ndm giln ddy, tuy nhl4n vln tyt hju so vcirl hilu hit cdc nudc OECD khdc, Ndm 2013 c6 95% hgc sinh trong di tuii 5-14 dang dl hpc, trong khi mile trung binh cCia OECD Id 98%, Ndm 2017, t^
li nh«lp hpc trong di tuii 15-19 6 Thi Nhi KJ- v5n thdp 4 mire 73% vd thip htm ddng ki so vdi trung binh 84% ciia OECD, NSm 2017, tJ' li tit nghiip trung hpc phi th6ng tdng ISn 75% so vdl 54% trong ndm 2010, Id miic tdng cao nhit trong si cdc nudc OECD nhung con si ndy viln dudi miic trung binh 86% ciia OECD trong ndm 2017, 6 bic d$l hpe, trong
ndm 2018 e6 33% trong dp tuii 25 - 34 ciia Tho NhT Ky c6 tfinh dp gido dye d^ hpe so vdi mirc trung binh cua OECD Id 44%'^
Ba la, s6 lugng hpc sinh trudng imam hatip tdng ldm gidm ehit lugng gido dye. Cdi cdch gido dye ndm 2012 dd dua ra quy djnh cdc trudng imam hatip khdng phdl thi tuyin sinh, vi vjy nhttng hgc sinh khdng dii diim vdo cdc trudng trung hpe s5 ddng k^ vdo cdc trudng imam hatip, ThSm vdo dd, trudng imam hatip vln ed chuong trinh hge theo tiSu chuin nhu cdc trudng phi thdng, nhung chi yiu tjp trung vdo cde mdn vi tdn gido (cd 1^ thuyit vd thyc hdnh) nSn cde mdn khdc bj col nh?, ldm gidm chdt lugng gido dye co bdn, Vi v5y, cd khodng 80% ngudi ddn khdng iing h i viic cho con hpc trudng imam hatip vl 1;^ do chdt lugng, nhung vl dliu kiin vd khd ndng hp buie phdi giii con em minh din trudng ndy, Trong khi dd, nhOmg tdng ldp tlin tlin khing iing hi chlnh sdeh cdi edeh ndy cila AKP vl cho rdng s5 h?n ehi sy phdt triin tu duy ciia eon em hp nfin hp lya chgn trudng tu thyc.
s i liiu cila Reuters ndm 2017 cho thdy, trong ndm hpc 2018 - 2019 ehi ed 18% hpc sinh tit nghiip cdc trudng tdn gido vdo dfil hpc so vdl 35% til cde trudng trung hpc phi thdng cing l|lp vd 45% tit cdc trudng trung hpc tu thyc'^ Cdn theo kit qud khdo sdt cQa OECD cdng b i 2016'*, trinh di ciia hpc sinh trung hgc Imam hatip d dudi miic trung binh quic gla, kio Thi Nhi Ki xuing thii 50/72 quic gla trong bdng xip h?ng khdo sdt vi khoa hpc, todn hpc vd min dpc, gidm 8 bic so vdl ndm 2013, Trong khi dd, theo khdo sdt ciia PISA" diim cia hpc sinh Thi Nhi KJ vi todn, dpc vd khoa hpc ndm 2012 ldn lut^t Id 448, 475 vd 463, dijmg thii 44/65 quic gla dupc khio sdt. Vdo ndm 2015 con si ndy dJ gidm xuing 420, 428 vd 425 kio Thi Nhi Kj.
T0P chl nghiin ci'u CHAI PHI * TRUNO B6NG si 12(172) thdng I2/2019
cdi cdch gido dgc Tho Nhi Ky Kieu Thanh Nga
roi xuing vj tri thir 52/73 quoc gia duge khao sdt, trong khi ndm 2012 Kazakhstan xip sau Thi NhT Ky thl ndm 2015 dd vugt qua Thi NhT Ky khi ddu tu vdo gido due the tyc.
Kit qud ndy eho thdy sy ddo ngugc tlin bg trong gido dye eua Thi NhT Ky dd djit duge trong hai nhiim ky trude cua AKP (2002 - 2011), Niu djt gido dye trong bii cdnh chung ciia ddt nudc sS thdy, cung trong giai do;m ndy Thi Nhi Ky' gft hdi dugc nhihig thdnh tyu quan trgng trong kinh ti, xd hdi, gido dye vd quan hi quic ti, AKP trd thdnh md hinh Idnh djo diin hinh trong thi gidi Hii gido vd trd thdnh diim sdng eua khu vyc Trung Ddng, Thdl diim dd, Thi NhT Ky dd ty tin vdl nhttng mye tiiu ldn cho ndm 2023 khi Thi Nhi Ki ki niim 100 ndm thdnh lip nin eing hda vd thiic ddy cdc tISu chudn gido dye s5 giiip d(it dupe myc tl6u dua Thi Nhi Ky trd thdnh mit trong nhttng nin kinh ti ldn nhdt thi gidi vdo ndm 2023, Tuy nhidn, trong nhttng ndm gdn ddy Thi Nhi Ki bj tde ding m(inh bdi euie blin ding chlnh tr| d khu vyc, khiin ddt nude dang phdi vit lin vdl nhttng khd khdn vd thdch thiie ttt bin trong Idn bin ngodi, Cdng cuie cdi cdch gido dye vd cdc ho;it ding ciia nd vl thi md cflng bi anh hudng mfinh mS, Idm gidm tlin bi so vdl glal do^n ddu cfla nhiim kJiAKP,
3. Vai tri cit gido dye dil vM phdt triln bin vfrngd Thii Nhi KJr
Ndm 2015 Thi NhT Ki ciing cdc nudc thdnh vlin Liin hpp quic dd thing qua Myc tliu Phdt triin bin vttng (SDO) nhdm chdm dttt ddi nghio, bdo vi hinh tinh vd ddm bio mpi ngudl dupc hudng hda binh vd thjnh vupng vdo ndm 2030, Myc tliu phdt triin bin vttng Id sy tiip nil cia Myc tliu phdt triin thidn niin ki (MDO) vdl 17 myc tiiu cy thi,
trong dd Myc tieu thir 4 xdc djnh "Gido dtic chdi lufmg nhdm dam bdo gido dvc chdi Itrgng va loan di$n, khuyin khich ca hgi hgc tgp trgn dcri cho idl cd". Di thye hi^n SDG den ndm 2030, Thd NhT Ky dd dua ra ede ehinh sdch, chuong trinh hdnh dgng vd bdo cdo ddnh gid vi$c thye hiin phdt triin ben vttng, ddm bdo cdc nguydn tde phdt triin bin vttng vd idy con ngudi ldm Uomg tdm, Trong bdo cdo thye hiin mye tiSu Phdt triin bin vttng ndm 2019 eua Tho NhT Ky dd nhJn djnh, ddm bdo tiip cin gido dye hda nhip vd ehdt lugng dya u-6n eo hii binh ddng, hge tjp suit ddi Id mit trong nhttng chlnh sdeh quan trpng nhdt cho viic d?t dupc tdt cd cdc myc tidu Phdt triin bin vihig, cy thi Id gidm nghdo ddi, viic Idm di diiu kiin vd thye hiin tdng trudng kinh t i " ,
Nhiim mye dich ddm bdo sy phdt triin bin vimg, nguySn tde khdng di ai bj bd 1^1 phIa sau dupe Thi Nhi Ki djt vdo trung tdm cua cdc ki hofieh thye hiin, Theo si liiu ndm 2018", ddn si Thi Nhi KJ' vdo khodng hon 82 triiu ngudl vdl 50,2% nam vd 49,8% ntt, trong dd trd em vd thanh thiiu niin di tuii ttt 0 din 24 chiim 39%, trSn 64 tuii chiim 8,8%.
Con s6 niy eho thdy ddn si Thi Nhi Ki tucmg dil tri vd eho thdy tdm quan trpng cia chlnh sdch khing di al bi bd l?il phia sau dil vdl Thi NhT Ki. Xdc dinh gido dye Id chia khda ik gidm thiiu sy bdt binh ddng. Id dliu kiin tlin quyit cho ndng sudt lao ding vd chdt lupng cuie sing, Thi NhT Ki dd thyc hiin nhliu chlnh sich vi gido dye nhdm djt mye tliu khing dl bi bd l|l phia sau trong phdt triin bin vttng. Bin cjmh viic thyc hiin chlnh sdch cdi cdch gido dye, cdc chlnh sdch tdng cudng tiip cin giio dye eho phy nO vd ai em gdt, cho tri em vd thanh niin (VD; cung edp bOa dn trua, k^ tic xd, vdn phdng phdm,,. miln phi cho
Tfp chl nghiin ciru CHAII PHI « TRING D6NG «6 12(172) thdng 12/2019 •
Kieu Thanh Nga
Cai each giao due Tho NhT Ky_
nhiJng tre em ngheo %a co hoan canh dac biet a viing sau vung xa). Chinh sach giao due cho nguai ti nan Syria nham giup ho dat trinh do giao due co ban, phat trien ky nang. thich umg khi a Tho NhT Ky va dong gop cho su phat trien cua dat n u a c hp khi ho tra ve nuac. Tinh den nam 2018 co khoang 1,1 trieu ngucri Syria a do tuoi di hoc (5-17 tuoi) va theo luat phap eua Tho NhT Ky tat ca tre em song a Tho NhT Ky bao gom nhiing nguai khong phai la cong dan Tho NhT Ky deu co quyen tham gia giao due mien phi.
Bang 3. M u c tieu p h a t trien ben virng cua T h o NhT Ky
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Noi dung Cu^c chien vai 66\ ngheo Luang thyc pham va dinh dircmg day
dil Y te va Phuc \q\ xa hpi
Chat lirgfng giao due Binh dang gicri Tiep can nuac sach va dich vu v^ sinh
Tiep c^n nang lugng sach Vi^c lam va Tang truong kinh te Cong nghidp, Doi mai va Co sa hg tang
ben virng Binh d3ng kinh te va xa hoi. tang ket
noi toan cau Do thj hoa toan dien va ben viJng
Quan ly ben vu'njilai nguyen Chong bien doi khi hau Bao ve h^ sinh thai bien Bao ton va quan l\ ben vung cac h?
sinh thai tren can
Phong chong tpi pham \a bao lire ' Xay dyng nang lyc tai chinh. day manh
quan h^ doi tac loan cau de phat trien b^n vung
Nguon: Republic of Turkey (2019). Turkey's Smtainable Developnieiil Goals I"' I'XR 2019:
"Strong Ground towards Common Goals". 2019 SDG 4 dupe danh gia tren 3 ITnh vyc trpng tam: (1) T i i p can chat lugng giao due; (2) C o hoi binh ddng cho giao dye; (3) Giao due nghe
nghiep va hpe tap s u i t ddi, N h u danh gia ket qua thuc hien cai each giao due cho thd>', tu nam 2002 d i n nay ty le tiip can giao due d Thd N h i Ky da tdng len, bdt binh ddng uong giao dye da d u a e eai thi^n, sach giao khoa mien phi duae trao eho hpe sinh tren loan qudc, eo sd vat chdt, cong nghe hien dai dugc dua vao trudng hpc, d i i u kifn hpc tap da dugc cai thien dang k i . Nam 2018, Thd Nhi Ky trd thanh quoc gia thu hai cd sd lupng sinh vien dai hgc n h i i u nhdt d chau Au vdi han 8 uieu sinh vien.
Trong Id trinh thue hien SDG, ngay 23 thang 10 ndm 2018, Bd Giao due Qudc gia Tho N h i Ky da cdng bd Tam nhin Giao dye 2023 '*, vdi cac muc tieu chinh nham dat dugc vao cuoi nam 2023, thdi diem ky niem 100 nam thanh lap Cgng hda Thd NhT Ky. Tam nhin Giao dye 2023 cua Thd NhT Ky bao gdm 17 chuang: T u chucmg 1-5 ve ndi dung quan ly giao due (tao ra mgt he thdng quan ly dya tren du lieu va danh gia; danh gia va phat trien ngudn nhan lyc; tai trg cho cac trudng hgc va mgt he thdng kiem toan); T u ehuong 6-10 la nhttng thach thiic hang dau trong he t h i n g giao due cua Thd NhT Ky; Tu chuang 11-17 bao gdm cac mye tieu dugc xac dinh cho cae cap hgc khac nhau, bao gom giao due mdm non va hgc tap sudt ddi. Trong cac chuane nay, cac muc tieu dugc da dang hoa bdt ddu til giao due trung hgc nhu cac chuong phu rieng biet bao gdm cac trudng trung hoc khoa hgc, trudng trung hgc khoa hge xa hoi. trudne trung hgc day n g h i va trudng trung hgc imam hatip. Theo dd, eac ngi dung chu y i u phii han
\ di SDG, den ndm 2023 chinh phu Thd Nh~
Ky dat muc tieu: a) Dat dugc mgt xd hgi bao gdm nhChig ca nhan cd hge thiic; b) Dam bao tich hpp cdng ngh? \ d i gido dye va cai thien dy an edng ngh? (FATIH); c) Dat ty le th^'^
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRIJNG OONG so 12(172) thang 12/2019
Cai each giao due Tho NhT Ky Kieu Thanh Nga
gia giao due (mam non, tieu hoc va trung hpc) din 100%; d) Phat huy tim quan trong cua giao due nghe nghiep; e) Thire hien cai each Hpi ddng Giao due dai hpc (YOK); f) Tang s6 lupng cac trucmg dai hoe tu nhan; g) Nang cao chat luong cua eac trucmg dai hpc; h) Tang so lupng hoc gia trong eae trucmg dai hpc; i) Thuc hien chinh saeh hpc ngon ngij; j) Cham dut chenh lech giai tinh va khu vuc trong giao dye; k) T5ng co hpi hpe tap suot doi cho nhijng nhom de hi ton thuong.
Xae dinh ro nhihig han che va ton tai trong cai each giao due cung nhu vai tro cua giao due doi voi phat trien ben viing, de dat eae muc tieu giao due trong phat trien ben vijng trong thai gian tai Tho NhT Ky se thuc hien cac chfnh sach bao gom: (1) Cai thien he th6ng huong nghiep nhSm tu v4n nghe nghiep hi?u qua hon; (2) Hpp tac hieu qua hon voi doanh nghiep nham tao chuang trinh giao due ngh8 o giao due trung hpc; (3) Tang cuong su tuong tac giiia giao due nghe nghiep va thj truang lao dpng, phat trien hop tac giua truong hpc va doanh nghiep; (4) Da dang hoa eac djch vu giao due mam non nham muc tieu huong toi cac d6i tuong thiet thoi, dSe biet la o nong thon va cac khu dinh cu co dan so thap; (5) Thiic day cac phuang phap giao due 6 tk ca cac cap nham tang euomg nghien cuu, d6i moi va sang tao; (6) Thich ung cac ehuong trinh giao due dai hpc va giao due nghe nghiep de tang eudng nang luc. ky nang cong nghe ky thual so, ky nang kinh doanh cua l\rc lugmg lao dpng; (7) Cung cap quyen truy cap miln phi theo dinh muc hang thang vao Mang dien tu giao due (EBA) de cho phep mpi cong dan dupc huong lpi mien phi tir npi dung giao due ky thuat so.
Tom lai, nghien ciru cai each giao due va vai tro cua giao due doi voi phat trien ben
vimg 6 Tho Nhi Ky thoi ky Dang .VKP lanh dao cho tha>. cai each giao dye gan lien vcri tien trinh phat trien chinh te. chinh trj va xa hoi a quoc gia nay. Giai d o ^ dau ciia cai each, Tho Nhi Ky da gat hai dupc nhieu thanh tuu ve mpi mat, trong do nhOmg dieu ehinh ve giao due da tao nhieu ca hpi trong giao dye, mo rpng tiep can giao dye, thiet ke lai chuong trinh giang day, nang cao nang luc to chiic, quoc te hoa giao dye va mo rpng giao dye dgi hpc. (3 giai doan nay, chinh sach giao dye ciia AKP CO the dupe coi la thanh cong vi no phii hop voi myc tieu ciia AKP mac du eac chi tieu van eham hon so vai cac nuoc trong OECD.
Tuy nhien 6 giai doan sau, gi^o dye Tho NhT K> duong nhu bi han ehe boi cac chinh s^ch ehua phii hpp voi boi canh trong nuoc, ciing vcri do la nhihig thach thiic tu boi canh trdng khu vuc va quoc te mang lai. Trong boi canh hien nay, Tho NhT Ky dang phai doi mat vai rat nhi6,u thach thiic tir ben trong lan ben ngoai. Vi thi, eac muc tieu giao due cung nhu cac muc tieu khac ciia ehinh phii kho c6 the hoan thanh vao nam 2023 nhu ky vpng, tuy nhien cac muc tieu va giai phap la can thiet de tilp tuc thuc hien. Mac dii SDG moi dupe thuc hien 4 nam, nhung Ip trinh 2015 - 2030 cua SDG 4 a Th6 NhT Ky dupc ki thira thanh tuu cai each giao due tir nam 2002 ciia AKP, dupc tilp sire boi Tam nhin Giao due 2023 tir nam 2018 va se tilp tue dupc thirc hien a giai doan tilp theo, cung vcri do la nhimg giai phap can thilt dl Th6 NhT Ky co thl vuot qua thach thirc va huong toi thuc hien muc lieu phat trien ben vimg vao nam 2030.
Chu thich:
'Kevin Kamal (2017), Education in Turkey.
World Education News Reviews, April 4, 2017
^ Funda Karapehlivan (2019), Constructing a 'New Turkey" through Educalion An Overview of
Tgp chi nghien ciru c n i u PHI & TRL>G DONG SO 12(172) thang 12/2019 -
Kieu Thanh Nga
Cdi each gjao due Tho NhT Ky
the Education Policies in Turkey under Ihe .4KP Rule ". https://tr.boell.org
' Durakbasa va Karapehlivan. :0I8 ' Svante E. Cornell (2018), Headed East:
Turkey's education system. Turkish Policv, Volume 16 Number 4, March 21,2018
* Kevin Kamal (2017), Education in Turkey.
World Education News Reviews. April 4. 2017 ' Daren Butler (2018), Special Report: With more Islamic schooling. Erdogan aims lo reshape Turkey. ww.reuters.com, Special Reports.
JANUARY 25, 2018
' Republic of Turkey (2019), Turkey's Sustainable Development Goals 2"' VXR 2019.
"Strong Ground towards Common Goals ". 2019 M.io.ii later (Jelik, Bekir S.GUR (2013), Turkey's Educalion Policy During the AK Parly Era (2002-2011). Insight Turkey Vol. 15, No,4/2013, pp. 151-176
" OECD (2019), Educalion al a Glance 2019:
Turkey
" Daren Butler (2018), Special Report: ll'illi more Islamic .schooling. Erdogan aims lo reshape Turkey. ww reuters.com. Special Reports.
JANUARY 25. 2018
" Svante E. Cornell (2018), Headed East.
Turkey's educalion system. Turkish Policy, Volume 16Number4,March2l,2018
" Svante E. Cornell (2018), Headed East:
Turkey's education system. Turkish Policy, Volume l6Number4, March2l.20l8
"•" Republic of Turkey (2019). Turkey's Sustainable Development Goals 2" n'R 2019:
"Strong Ground towards Common Goals ". 2019
"* Republic of Turkey Ministry of National l.ducation (2018), Turkey s Education Vision 2023
Tai lifu tham khao
1, Bckir S. Our (2016). IVhat Erdogan really wants for education in Turkey. Islamizalion or Plural'isalion?. .Mjazeera Centre for studies, March 17,2016
2. Daren Butler (2018), Special Report: With more Islamic schooling. Erdogan aims to reshape
Turkey, ww.reuters.com. Special reports. Januar\
25,2018
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