Luqt p h d p hang hai
Ic^'
Cac van de phap ly phat sinh
khi suT dung flpi bao ve cd vu trang tren tau fle OAi phd vdi ctfdp bien
V
ai nam gan day da cP sp gia tang nhanh va dang ke ve mUc dp hoat dong cua cupp bien khi eae nhPm cuPp bien ngay cang duoc hau thuan, trang bi tot hon va cP kha nang tan cong cac tau xa bP hon. Trung tam thong bao cuPp bien thupc Van phong hang hai quoc te da nhan duoc thong bao ve 243 vu tan cong tren cae tau, 26 tau da bi cUPp ehi tinh rieng tU 01/01 den 13/6/2011. Sy that bai de nhan thay cua cong dong quoc te trong viec xU ly thoa dang nguyen nhan cua van de, hoac viec gidm mUc do hoat dpng cua cUPp bien 6a dan den cac yeu cau cua cac ehinh quyen tau treo cP xin dupe bo tri lue lupng bao ve co vu trang tren tau de bao ve tauva thuyin vien khoi su de dpa cua cuPp bien.
MUc dp sy viec nghiem trpng den noi Chu tjch Phong Van tai bien quoc te da phai phat bieu rdng; Rat nhieu cong ty van tai bien da kh^ng dmh viec trang bj vu khi cho cac tau la mpt giii phap can thiet, hon la tau phai tranh hoan toan vung An Op Duong, dieu se gay ton hai nghiem trong den hoat dong thuong mai toan cau trong luc nay. Ap lUc toan cau hoa qua IPn cho viec cai each, sUa doi va chi dao da dan den viec To chUc Hang hai quoc te IMO da ban hanh mot thong tU: HuPng dan tam thPi cho chu tau, nguPi khai thac tau va thuyen truPng ve viec sU dyng luc luong an ninh vu trang tU nhan tren tau khi di qua nhUng khu vyc co rui
ro cao Mac du huPng dan nay duoc hudng Ung va can sUa doi nhieu, van con nhieu cau hPi de ngo ma chua co IPi dap.
SP dung Ipc lupng an ninh vu trang cd hieu qud khdng?
Co mpt thyc te thuPng thay la cho den giP, khong tau nao bj danh cUPp thanh cong khi tren tau bo tri Iyc lUpng bdo ve.
Xet den so lUpng chu tau, nguPi khai thac tau va Ipi nhuan hang hoa dang tang, viec sU dung lUc luong an ninh vu trang la bien phap hUu hieu nhat de chong lai nguy co cuPp bien tan cong tai nhCfng vung co dp rui ro cao. Da CO de xuat cho rdng sU hien dien cua lUc lUOng an ninh vu trang tren tau gUi mot thong diep het sUc ro rang den nhUng ke dang CO y dmh tan cong rdng tau va thuy thu doan co kha nang sU
Ddc nhiim Phdp bat giP cuap bien
Tapchi HdnghaiVietNam • 4/2012 3 1
%i:
_^^Lugt phap hang hdi dung nhiifng bien phcip phdng v^ manh me de t u ve - dl^u niy Icim tcing dcing k^nhijfng rCii ro dUpc nhSn bi^t trUPe eCia mpt cupc tSn cPng len tiiu. Trong nhUng truPng hpp nhU vSy, cung da cP tranh luan rSng eUPp bl^n se thay ddi lya chpn de t^n cong c^e t^u vpi sy phPng v§ y^u hon, dac biet trong nhiJng khu vyc h^nh hSi dong due.
Dong thdi, vi§c sii dyng lye lUpng an ninh vu trang 64 b i o v& Ceic tSu h^ng eung mang nhiJfng ly do kinh ti. D5 eP d^xuSt rSng nhPeP elp dpan to^n vS an ninh eao hon vPI sy eP m^t eila lye lUpng an ninh vu trang, t^u dupe ph^p di qua nhufng vung dupe eho 1^ cP nguy co cao bj cudp bien t i n cPng. Oi^u ndy giOp tdu trdnh phdi di nhOng qudng dUpng vdng tdn nhieu thPi gian vd chi phi. Hon nCfa, cdc chu tdu va ngudi khai thde tdu bd tri lue lupng an ninh vu trang trdn cdc tdu eUa hp cd khd ndng 6\jac gidm phi bdo hi^m tPi 30%. Tlnh trang bj t i n edng eCia mpt sd tdu cd the dSn 64n v\ic nhufng cong ty bdo hiem cP the gpi y hodc 64 nghi sijf dyng Iyc lUpng an ninh vu trang eho cae tau nhp, tdc dd chim khi di qua vung bien eo rCii ro cao bj cUPp bien t i n cong.
NhOfng quan ngai vi viic sCfdung Ipc luang an ninh vu trang
Viec sir dyng lye lupng an ninh vu trang tren tau gan ddy da gap phdi su chdng ddi ddng ke eua epng ddng qudc te bdi lo ngai sU xuat hien Iyc lupng an ninh vij trang trgn tau eP nguy eo gdy bao lye leo thang trong truPng hpp tau bj euPp bien tan cdng, Idm gia tang dang ke nguy co nhiJfng vu d i u sung giOa cudp bien vd Iyc luong an ninh - dieu nay cd the dan den thuong vong eho cudp bien, thuyen viin va b^n thU ba khong lien quan bj tan edng do n h l m lan. Hon nCfa, viec dung sUng cd nguy ed gay tdn t h i t nghiem trpng v4 tdu, hdng hda va cae tai sin khdc, vd trong trudng hpp x l u nhat la ehlm tdu.
Cung cd i? kien cho ring cUPp bi^n cd the sCf dyng nhUng vu khf manh vd mang tinh phd hCiy nhi^u hon ddi vdi tau va thuiy thCi dodn de ddi phd lai Iyc lupng an ninh vu trang bd tri tren tau. Hon nUa, eung cd nhuDg cdnh bdo rang mdt sd nhdm cUdp bien dang huan luydn ky nang leo len tau d^ ddi khang vdi Iyc lUpng an ntnh vu trang. Vi thd, quyet djnh si3f dung Iyc lUpng lado ve se chi dUpc dua ra khi da cdn nhdc c^n trpng.
Cdc vdn ai phdp 1:^
CP mdt sd v i n dd phdp ly phi^c t^p vd rCii ro thuong mai md cdc bdn ndn n i m dupe trUdc khi quydt djnh bd tri Iyc lupng an ninh vu trang, Cin cdn nhle t h i t ky cdc v i n dd sau:
Ti-ong hodn cdnh ndo thi Ipc lUpng an ninh vd trang dUpc sCfdpng vQ Ipc vdi cudp biin?
Hi$n nay chua cd cdng udc qudc td hay quy djnh ndo ndu rd cd thd sit dyng mpt cdch hpp phdp lo^i vCi lye hay bi$n phdp ndo 64 chdng 1^1 cudp bidn t i n cdng. Nhu mdt h§ qud, trong nhijfng vung bi^n qude td, nhCfng lu|t 1^ chi phdi vide sir dyng vO lye sd Id cOa chinh quydn tdu treo cd, thuydn trUdng, thuydn vidn vd Iyc lupng an ninh phdi tudn theo t?i mpi thdi didm.Theo hUdng ddn cua IMO, khi ehd tdu hode ngudi khai thde tdu cdn nhle vd quydt dinh bd tri lye lupng an ninh vu trang trdn tdu th) ndn xin tU v i n tU chinh quydn tdu treo cd n h l m d i m bdo ring b i t k</ thCi tyc hpp phdp ndo cung dupe d i p Ung.
Trdn tau, lUe lupng an ninh vu trang phdi dupe gidi han vdi nhiJfng quy djnh ro rdng ve vide sddung vu lye {Rules for the Use of Force - RUF), trong dd phdi trinh bdy rd rdng cde dieu khodn vd cdc bien phap phll tien hdnh trong trUdng hc^ bj cudp bien tan cdng. Cde quy djnh phdi dUa ra mpt ke hoach Ung phd vdi cudp bien tan cPng mot eleh chi tidt vd duoc p h i n loai cy the nhu mpt p h i n trong eae quy trinh hoat ddng ciia Iyc lupng an ninh, vdi mye tidu ngdn chdn cudp bien ldn tau md chi sijf dyng vu Iyc tdi thieu. Ddc biet, hudng ddn cua IIWO vd RUF ndu rd vide khdng sir dung sung vdi ngudi t r d trudng hop t y ve hay bdo ve nguPi khdc, trdnh mdi de dpa chet ngudi. hole trpng thuong s i p xdy ra, hole phPng trdnh nhdng tpi I c nghidm trpng de dpa tlnh mang. Thdm vdo dd, phii ddm bdo ring RUF t u i n theo nhdng lult Id ciia chinh quydn tdu treo ed va tdt n h l t II dupc syehip thu|n hoac tdn thanh tU phia chfnh quydn tdu treo cd.
Vin dd m l u chdt Id lye lupng vu trang p h i i tudn thd RUF vd luat ciia ehinh quyen tdu treo ed khi ddi m | t vdi cupc t i n cdng cCia eUdp bidn. Ngoai ra, tai eae vCing lanh hdi eung cdn t u I n thi^
l u l t eiia qude gia cd c i n g va b d bidn.
Nhdng nguy eo cOa vide khdng tudn thii r l t hidn nhidn: trong trUdng hpp chdt hoac bj thuong khdng hpp phdp, luc lucffig an ninh cd nguy co bi chinh
quydn tdu treo cd hole qudc gia khi quydn tdi phdn vd tpi mUu sdt hoac thuong tich nghidm trpng. Tai nh vUng nhu eo bidn Malacca, vide sCifcl b i t hpp phdp vu Iyc dd chdng trd SL cdng cCia cudp bidn trong khu vy khd ndng d | t Iyc lupng an ninh vdo thd bj kdt tdi tai Singapore, Indor ho|c Malaysia, tOy thudc vdo vl t r i t i thdi didm dd. Thdm nufa, cd mdt rdi i thuydn trudng, cdng ty bdo vd hodc bdn khdc cd thd bj truy td Id ddng pi trong trudng hpp luc lupng an ninl trang g i y b i t ky thuung vong b i t I phdp ndo.
Phdi hpp chi dao
Cd Cdng Udc SOLAS vd Bp lult 1 ddu quy d\nh thuydn trudng ed qu h^nvdtrdch nhidm cao nhlt cho ant vd an ninh eda tdu. Tuy nhidn, lUc lui an ninh vu trang ed thd mong mudn y sddung vu lye m l khdng ein sy<
phdp cCia thuydn t r U ^ g ndu theo di gid eCia hp Id cdn thidt 64 Vp vd. Ddy ed thd Id trudng hpp khi md hp khi nhdn dupe hole khdng the nhan di Idnh cCia thuydn frUdng. LUc lupng ninh vu trang cung mong mudn cd bdo todn quyen t y quyet de hp kht bj dp budc sddung vu Iyc trong tnit hpp thuydn trudng ra lenh cho hp I nhuvly.
Viy I I cd sy edng t h i n g nhlt d g i i ^ nhu c l u tiem nang cua Iyc lut an ninh vd mUc dd kidm sodt vd ty qu trong vide hp sddung vu lucvd quyd vd vide thuydn tnidng cd quy«i vd tn nhidm cudi cCing ddi vdi tdu. MIc hudng ddn cda IMO ddi hdi phii cd k v l CO elu kidm solt b i n g van Isdn 6i thd 6\Sa vdo tuydn bd 'tai mpi thdi dii thuydn trudng I I ngudi n i m quydn huy vd duy tri quydn vUpt quydn"thl nghj djnh thuvd nhUng h l n h ddng I d i u vd Ung phd v&\ cdc mdi de dpa i p h l l dupe cdng ty an ninh, chO tau ngudi khai thdc tdu dam phin can ti*
sau dd thd hidn ro npi dung dat di trong ele v i n b i n mang tinh hpp.p v l cdc quy trinh thUc thi. ;
Cdp phip sit dung vu khi Cdc didu l u l t dieu chinh vide mart sd dung vu khi tai mpt sd qudc gia phdc tap vd ndu vi pham cdc didu 1 vd cdp phdp sd dung vCi khi sd cd nang ddi mat vdi nhu^g hinh phat li sy v l d i n sy nghidm trpng. Can edt td cd nhdng moi quan ngai qudc tl (Xem tiep trang 3 2 - T a p c h f HdnghaiVietNam • 4/2012
J r f Aa^'-'d^ phap hang h6i
Hpi Bdo hidm b i o vd minh v l cdc hpi vidn b i n g cdc didu khoin dUpc ndu trong Gily chdng n h i n b i o hidm, chdng han nhU didu khoin vd vl$c con tau dupc thud phii tham gia bdo hiem vdi mpt nhdm hdi bdo hidm trdch nhidm d i n sy qude td ho|c ede td chdc tuong t y khie. Bdn c?nh dd, trong mdt sd trUdng hpp, vide tham gia bdo hidm cd the trd ndn vp hidu v l / h o l c khdng eP g l l tri do vide thyc hidn ele bidn phdp trdng phat.
Can nhic trong vide thud t i u Ndu hpi vidn thud mpt eon tdu Id tdi sin bj dp dyng Idnh trdng ph^t ho^e thupc sd hdu cua mdt thd nhln/phdp n h i n dang phdi chju Idnh trdng ph^t thi Hdi Bio hidm se khdng b i o hidm cho eon tdu dd v l se thyc hidn cic bidn p h i p chim diJt hodc hUy bd hpp ddng bdo hidm dang tdn tai.
Didu 26, Quy dinh 961/2010 c^a Lidn minh chdu Au d m b i o hidm cho b i t cU e l nhdn, phdp nhdn hole td chUe ndo
ciia Iran (trd cic c l n h i n ed trU tai chlu Au ho^c ele p h i p nhin, td chdc cd try sd tai chlu Au),cu thd;
- Chinh phCi, nhd nUdc Iran, ele td chdc cdng, cdc t | p d o i n v l eoquan;
- Cl nhdn, thd n h i n vd phdp n h i n ciia Iran;
- Cd nhin, thd nhin, p h i p n h i n v l td chdc ho?t ddng thay m|t cho ho|e dudi sy ehl d?o cOa cic ddi tUpng trdn.
Theo didu khoin trdn, r l t nhidu tdu thupe sd hCfu bdi cic cdng ty cCia Iran sd khdng dupc b i o hidm trich nhldm d i n sy vdi mPt nhdm h^l b i o hidm qudc td, v) thd khdng thda mdn ede quy djnh tai Didu 24, cho ndn H^i Bio hidm se khdng thyc hidn bdo hidm trdch nhidm d i n sy eho vide thud tdu. Cdc hdi vidn cung d|c bi§t luu y Didu 4 (Didu khoin md).
Ndu t i u ddn cdc eing thu^c Iran, hpi vidn c i n tham khIo Cinh b i o riil ro ciia Hdi:"lran, cie Idnh trdng p h ^ t v l nhdng didu kidn an ninh", trong dd eInh b i o vd nhdng khd khin p h l l ddi m i t trong vide
d i m b i o cho c&c thd n h l n / p h i p nhin eiia Iran trong bdi eInh ele Idnh trCfng ph?t hi^n nay, ddc biet Id EU Regulation 961/2010.
Nhdng khd khdn tuong t y eung xly ra vdi cdc qude gia khdc dang phii chju nhdng bidn p h i p trdng phat nhu Libya v l Bd bidn Ngd. Tai hai qudc gia nlyc6 vdnhUcdcthd nhln/phdp nhin dde lip • ddu chju sy kidm solt ciia Nhd nudc Do cic thd n h l n / p h i p n h i n ciia hai qudc gia ndy ddu dang p h l l ehju Idnh trUng phat, vide ky hpp ddng vdi hp hoac thanh todn ed thd dupc coi II vi pham i§nh trdng ph?t vd se r l t khd khdn d^
dupe bdo hidm.
Cde hpi vidn dUdc khuydn d o Id nen c i n nhle nhdng v i n dd trdn trudc khi thud tdu, vi hdnh ddng ndycdthebjdnh hudng bdi cdc quy djnh/lult phdp ve trCmgph^tif
NGUYIN MAI ANH,VOSCO (Theo bdn tin cua H61 Bdo hiem
Steamship Mutual)
CAC VAN DE...
(Jlip theo trang 32}
sU gia tang vu trang, cho ring vij khi cd the se bj sddung trong cac vu pham tpi, khung bd hoac npi chidn ndn cac cdng ty can tidn hanh d c ddng thai that thdn trpng. Viec nhan nhdng t u vdn phap luat thieh hpp cung rat c i n thidt 64 d i m b i o d e nhan vien an ninh 6i!ac trang bj vu khi va cong ty sd hdu vu khi dupe d p giay phep sd dyng vd sd hdu theo nhdng quy djnh eiia phdp ludt ddi vdi tdng ehuydn di. Cijng d n d n h giae vdi khd nang tdu bj thay ddi Id trinh (vi du:
tau d n sda ehda hole eung Ung vat tU), dieu nay cd thd dUa tdu vdo nhdng vCing ianh thd vdi nhdng quy djnh phdp lult mdi ma nhdng giay phep vu khf hidn eo khong eon thi'eh hop.
/V/iuhg biin phdp an ninh khdc Phii ghi nhd r i n g viec sd dyng lye lupng an ninh vu trang khdng phll II bidn phap thay the d c bidn phap an ninh khdc Tidp sau viec d i n h g l l riii ro de danh gia k h i nang vd h l u q u i ciia nhdng cupc t i n edng cUdp bien ddi vdi tau, eung d h p h l l can nhdc bidn phap bao vd nao nen ddpe ap dung. Trong cudn "Hudng d i n thuc hanh q u i n 1^ tdt nhat"co de xuat mpt sd bidn phap dupe dp dung 6e bao vd tau va gidm thieu
nguy co bj cudp bidn de dpa, trong dd bao gdm sd dyng d i y thdp gal, son chdng bam, nude phun vd sung phun bpt. Trdn mpt sd t i u , co thd d n nhle sd dung hdng rao didn hoac thidt Idp "nOi tru an an toan" (mpt khu vyc dupc l i p tren tau, noi thuy thu ddpe bdo vd khdi eupc t i n cdng eiia cudp bidn).
Cac chii tau eung ndn can nhle vide dang ky vdi Td chdc Thuong mai h i n g h i i UK vd Trung t l m An ninh hdng h i i - khu vyc Sdng Chlu Phi. Cac td chdc ndy ho trp vd cung d p thdng tin vd nglnh Hdng h i i va nhdng cdng vide cy thd tridn khai khi kdt hpp vdi luc lUpng h i i q u i n t^i nhdng khu vUc rdl ro cao dd gidm thidu nguy co cUdp bidn t i n cdng.
Lpa chpn cdng ty an ninh Do thidu d c quy djnh vd vide d p phdp eho d c cdng ty an ninh h i n g hdi hidn nay, cP rat nhidu lo ngai vd k h i ndng cCia cdc cdng ty an ninh v l n g l n h edng nghidp mao hidm ndy.Tuy nhidn, d IMO v l d e Hdi P&l d l dUa ra hudng d i n ddi vdi d c chO tdu vd ngddi khai thdc t i u trong vide chpn lya cdng ty an ninh. Hy vpng r i n g hudng d i n n i y se dPng vai trd Id nhdng tidu chuan tdi thidu eho n g l n h An ninh hdng h i i va khuydn khfch nhdng ngUdI khai thdc d i m bdo quy trinh eiia ho dap dng tidu ehuan ndy.
Cie edng ty an ninh d n earn kdt vide r l soat d i y dii cho n h i n vien (bao gdm
nhdng thdng tin lidn quan den vide pham tpi) va d i m bdo ngudi trong iyc lupng an ninh ddu ddpe huan luyen phij hpp, d p phep va giay ehdng nhan vd vide sd dung vu khf trong mpi moi trudng hdng h i i eung nhU ddpe bdo hiem day dd cho bdn thdn, eho nhin vidn cda hp va vd t r i c h nhiem phap ly ddi vdi ben t h d ba. TUOng tU nhu viy, didu quan trpng Id cdc chd tau vd ngUdi khai t h i c t i u ehl thud nhutig hang cd uy tfn, dang thyc hidn eae quy trinh phu hpp de sing Ipc vd huln luydn nghidm ng^t nhdn vien eiia hp vd cd thd chdng minh r i n g hp ed day dO t u d e h phdp nhdn dd tridn khai lUc lupng an ninh vu trang.
Gida chd tdu, ngudi khai thde tau.
vd cdng ty an ninh d n d n nhle thin.y trpng vai trd vd vide sd dung lUc lUPn^' an ninh vu trang trdn t i u . Cu the la, vai trd vd sy hidn didn eda Iyc tUpng an ninh nen 6uac dua vao Kd hoach an ninh cda tdu sau khi da thdo luan vdi thuyen trudng. Hon nda, can dim bdo r i n g tat d d c bdn deu nhan thiJe dupe vd t u i n theo mpi hudng dan eOa chinh quyen tau treo cdva cda q u d e ^ ^ cd lidn quan, dac bidt het sdc chd ? ^ » tridt dd t u i n thO hudng d i n ciia i M ^ v l BMP31^
N G U Y I N KHANH HANG, N G U Y I N H U Y ^ N TRANG, vosco (Luacdicb)^
