CAC YEU TO ANH H I T O N G DEN Y DINH K H d l NGHIEP CUA THANH NIEN TREN DIA BAN TINH BEN TRE
Do Thi Hoa Lien
Tom tat: Nghien cuu duac thuc hien nhdm muc tieu xdc dinh cdc yeu to anh huang den y dinh khai nghiep ciia thanh nien tren dia bdn linh Ben Tre Die lieu nghien ciin dug'C thu thap tit 749 thanh nien d 08 huyen vd thdnh pho Ben Tre, thdng qua phuang phdp chon mdu ngdu nhien, phan tang. Thuc hi^n nghien cmi ndy. tdc gid bdi viet cho rang cd 06 yeu to dnh hudng den y dmh khai nghiep cua thanh nien Ben Tre, bao gom • (1) Tinh each cd nhan; (2) Kinh nghiem vd trdi nghtem; (3) Van hda va mang luoi ket n6i;(4) Nguon von huy dgng cua cd nhdn;(5) Chinh sach khuyen khich vd ho trg, (6) H^ lang he sinh thdi khai nghiep Nghien cuu mong muon se gop phan tich cue vdo thuc day tinh than kinh doanh vd gop phan dinh huang xay dipig chuong trinh ho trg; thuc day khai nghiep trong thanh nien tinh Ben Tre.
Tir khoa: Y dinh khoi nghiep, tinh than khai nghiep; thanh n
G\(s\ thieu
Tinh than kinh doanh dong gop cho su phat trien cua mot nen kinh te bang each tao ra thi trudng mdi, nganh cong nghiep mdi, cong nghe mdi, viec lam mdi va tang nang suat thuc. Y nghia to Idn ciia viec phat trien tinh than kinh doanh tham chi con Idn hon nhieu khi chiing ta xem xet trong boi canh ciia cac nin kinh tl dang phat trien nhu d Viet Nam, khi ma d d6 su phat trien dang chuyen trgng tam sang nhiing dinh hudng ddi mai, sang tao.
Aldrich va Wiedenmayer (1993) cho rang, co rat it su thay thi cho tinh than kinh doanh de thiic day va kich hoat kinh te phat trien Hon niia, tinh thin kinh doanh c6 the mang lai Igi ich cho gidi tre, thong qua viec nang cao cac thugc tinh ciia ngudn von con ngudi nhu tinh tu lap, tu chiu trach nhiem, phat trien ky nang... (Blanchflower va cgng sy, 1990), dong thdi, con tang cuong cac hieu ling tich cue khac. Vi du nhu mot ngucn tre tuoi thiet lap mot doanh nghiep va hg c6 the tac dgng den nhixng nguai tre khac c6 hanh dgng tuong tu, va dieu nay dac biet can thiet, giup nhieu
nguiri vuan len. Do do, tinh than khoi nghiep ciia ngudi h:e la rat quan trgng, n6 cung cap mot giai phap thugc ve yeu to ban dia cho nhiing bSt Igi vl kinh te (De Clercq va Honig, 2011). Trong khi do, ty le doanh nhan tiem nang trong gidi tre la cao, c6 khoang 40%
nhirng nguiri tre tuoi mong muon trd thanh mot doanh nhan (European Commission, 2011), va dieu nay rat c6 y nghTa doi vai cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach,
Ci Ben Tre, so lugng thanh nien (den thang 02/2019), hi 16 din 30 mdi co 336.466 ngudi, chiem 22,92% dan so cua tinh, trong do: thanh nien nong thon 307.624 ngudi, ty le 91,43%, thanh nien thanh thi 28.842 ngudi, ty le 8,57%
(Tinh Doan Bin Tre, 2018). Thanh nien Bin Tre CO tinh than vugt kho, vuan len trong hgc tap, lao dgng, lam giau chinh dang, va ngay cang xuat hien nhieu thanh nien uu tii, vdi nhiing mo hinh kinh te d nhieu ITnh vuc,... gop phan quan trgng vao su phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia tinh. Tuy nhien, thuc te do nen kinh te nho be, so lugng doanh nghiep, dac biet la doanh nghiep Idn qua it, ca hgi viec lam va phat trien kinh te khong nhieu, nen khdi
PHAT TRIEN BtN Vt/NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019) 57
NGHIEN CU'U THLTC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
nghiep de tao ra nhieu co hgi viec lam va phat trien kinh te dja phuang la het sire quan trgng.
Cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach dia phuong da nhan thiic sau sac ve Igi ich phat trien kinh te dugc bat nguon tir viec thanh lap va phat trien cac no luc kinh doanh. Tir nam 2016, cac uu tien cua chinh quyen dia phuong da va dang dugc dua ra doi vdi viec thiic day tinh than kinh doanh va tao moi truong cho boat dgng kinh doanh phat trien. Do d6, dieu quan tam trudc tien la lam the nao de thiic day tinh than kinh doanh va xac dinh cac yeu to de kich boat tinh than do.
l . C g so-ly thuyet 1.1. Cdc khdi niem lien quan Tinh than kinh doanh
Cac nha ly thuyet Co dien va Tan co dien da dua ra cac quan diem xac dinh tinh than kinh doanh, nhimg khong cd dinh nghTa duy nhat ve thuat ngii nay, do su khac biet ve trgng tam va each tiep can ciia ngudi nghien cim.
Mot so tac gia nhin vao tinh than kinh doanh tir quan diem kinh te, tam ly hgc; nhiing nguiri khac nhin no tir goc do quan tri, xa hgi hgc.
Tinh than kinh doanh la hanh vi chap nhan nii ro de thyc hien cac boat dgng kinh doanh vi nhiing Igi ich trong tuong lai va dugc tu chii (Parker, 2004). Mot doanh nhan la mot ngucri dam nhan, dieu hanh mot doanh nghiep hoac lien doanh mdi, va chiu trach nhiem cho cac rui ro von co, do do, tinh than kinh doanh tuong duong vdi viec bat dau cac doanh nghiep mdi.
Ydinh khai nghiep
Y djnh la mot xu hudng cu the ciia timg ca nhan de thyc hien mot hanh dgng hoac mot loat cac hanh dgng. D6 la ket qua ciia suy nghT CO y thirc de chi dao hanh vi (Parker, 2004). Y dinh khdi nghiep dugc dinh nghia trong nhieu nghien ciiu la mot trang thai ciia li tri va mong muon de tao mot doanh nghiep mdi hoac tham
gia mot boat dgng kinh doanh mai (Thompson, 2009; Krueger, 1993; Fellnhofer, 2018). Geldhof (2014) cho bilt, thanh nien co y dinh khai nghiep cao thuong tham gia vao boat dgng kinh doanh mdi, tich hgp Igi ich, sy san sang, no luc vao cac y djnh kinh doanh noi chung va mot ke hoach cu the.
1.2. Cdc yeu to dnh htro^g den y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien
Trong nhiing thap ky cuoi cua the ky XX, nghien ciiu thyc nghiem sau rgng ve y dinh khdi nghiep da dugc dua ra de hinh thanh mot vai mo hinh, trong so d6, c6 ba mo hinh dugc ling dung nhieu nhat trong nghien cim khdi nghiep. Dau tien la ly thuyet ve hanh vi c6 ke hoach (Ajzen, 1991), thii hai la mo hinh ve su kien khdi nghiep (Shapero va Sokol, 1982) va thir ba la mo hinh hgc tap xa hgi (Bandura, 1977). Tuy nhien, trong the ky XXI, mot sd nha nghien cuu da phat trien cac mo hinh mdi tren co sa nhirng nghien cim truoc do. Elfving, Brannback va Carsrud (2009) tap trung vao viec tao ra mot mo hinh theo boi canh va y dinh khdi nghiep - dugc coi la mot trong nhiing yeu to dy bao manh nhat ve hanh vi khai nghiep. Mot trong nhirng ket qua ciia viec nghien ciiu d tat ca cac mo hinh va ly thuyet nay la chiing phan tich cac yeu td khac nhau anh hudng den y dinh khdi nghiep cua timg ca nhan. Cac nha nghien ciiu da xem xet cac yeu to anh huong tir cac quan diem khac nhau va CO gang phan loai chiing mot each hgp ly.
Theo Fini va cgng su (2009), cac yeu td anh hudng den y dinh khdi nghiep cua ca nhan dugc phan thanh: (1) YIU td ca nhan (nhan khau hgc, dac diem ca nhan, dac diem tam ly, ky nang ca nhan va kien thiic, quan he xa hgi va mang ludi ket ndi); va (2) YIU t6 bdi canh (ho trg moi trudng, anh hudng moi trudng, yeu to to chirc), Phan tich toan dien ban ve cac yeu to anh hudng den y dinh khdi nghiep cua ca nhan dugc the hien trong nghien cuu ciia Al
58 PHAT T R I E N B E N V Q N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
Do Thi Hoa Lifen Cac yeu to anh hirong...
Harrasi va cgng su (2014), trong do co bdn nhom: (1) Dac diem tinh each (ty tin, nam b i t xu hudng, nhu cau thanh tich, doi mdi, ty chii); (2) Cac yeu to lien quan d i n bdi canh (h6 trg ve van hoa, xa hgi, kinh te, chinh tri, nhan thiic); (3) Cac yeu to lien quan den dgng luc (can them thu nhap, mong mu6n an toan, mong muon dia vi); va (4) Cac yeu t6 lien quan den nen tang ca nhan (tu6i, gidi tinh, giao due, nen tang gia dinh va kinh nghiem). Mot nghien ciiu gan day cho thdy, ba ylu td quylt dinh quan trgng gdp phan vao quyet djnh khai nghiep va tu lam chii la yeu to ca nhan, thi chi va boi canh (Davaria va Farokhmaneshb, 2017).
1.2.1. Yeu to thuoc ve cd nhan
Do tuoi dugc dan chiing c6 anh hudng den boat dgng ty tao viec lam va khdi nghiep.
Nhieu nghien cim cd ket qua khac nhau ve do tuoi thich hgp cho tinh than kinh doanh. Mot so cho thay cac nguon tai chinh va phi tai chinh tang theo tuoi, do do, cac ca nhan co xu hudng di theo con duong khdi nghiep. Ngoai ra, con nguiri d mot do tuoi nhat dinh nao do, CO the da tao ra mang luai cac moi quan he, them vao do la kinh nghiem lam viec va chuyen mon, ciing nhu cac quyet dinh ro rang, manh me ve tinh than kinh doanh. Tuy nhien, lai CO nhiing cdng trinh chiing minh, kha nang chap nhan rui ro giam dan theo tuoi tac khi mgi ngudi than trgng hon trong viec tir bo cong viec dugc tra luong ciia minh de tim kiem nhiing Igi ich khong chac chan trong tuong lai (Parker va cgng sy, 2005), Mot so nghien ciiu khac cho thay su san sang cho tinh than kinh doanh tang theo tuoi, nhung chi den mot do tuoi nhat dinh, sau do, mong muon kinh doanh mat dan di, mac dii da xac dinh dugc cac ca hgi va nguon luc (Paunescu va Blid, 2017). Do do, tac gia thuc hien nghien ciiu ve y dinh khdi nghiep cua nhiing ngudi tre (thanh nien) d do tuoi tir 18 den 30.
(1) Tinh cdch cd nhan
Ci mot s6 nghien cim, khi phan tich y djnh khdi nghiep, cac tac gia xem xet ba yeu to chinh, trong do c6 yeu to ca nhan (dgng luc, thai do, chap nhan nii ro, can thanh tich, moi quan he xa hgi,...) (Dumitru, 2017). Vi du nhu Peng va cgng sy (2012) tim hieu anh hudng cua yeu to tam ly/ca nhan (dac diem tinh each, thai do kinh doanh, chuan myc chii quan, nang luc ban than). Tren c a sd ket luan cua Driesen va Zwart (2006) va cac cong trinh trudc do, nghien ciru nay xem xet anh hudng cua yeu to tinh each ca nhan (nhu cau thanh dat, nhu cau tu chii, dinh huong xa hgi, sy tu tin, chap nhan nii ro, kha nang am hieu thi tru'dng, kha nang sang tao, kha nang thich img,...) den y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien tinh Ben Tre.
(2) Kinh nghiem Idm viec
Cac ca nhan vdi kinh nghiem lam viec co xu hudng nghieng ve phia khdi nghiep kinh doanh nhieu b a n (Peng va cgng sy, 2012;
Fayolle va Linan, 2014). Thandi va Sharma (2004) da chiing minh rang, sinh vien co kinh nghiem it nhat la nam nam lam viec la nhiing nguiri chuan hi tot hon cho du an kinh doanh so vdi nhiing ngudi cd it hoac khong co kinh nghiem lam viec. Tuy nhien, nghien cuu ciia Kristiansen va Indarti (2004) da khong dong y vdi nhiing tuyen bo trudc do cua Thandi va Sharma (2004), vdi ly do khong co sy khac biet CO y nghTa thong ke ve y dinh khdi nghiep ciia sinh vien, dii hg co hay khong c6 kinh nghiem lam viec. Tren ca sd ciia su thay doi trong ket qua nghien ciin trudc day, nghien ciiu nay mong muon xem xet anh hudng cua kinh nghiem va trai nghiem tdi y djnh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tinh Ben Tre.
1.2.2. Yeu to thuoc ve moi trudng Nghien ciin gan day ciia Saeed va cgng sy (2015) cho rang, nhan thirc diing ve moi
PHAT T R I E N B E N VQNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
NGHIEN CUU THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
truong kinh doanh la yeu to chinh, quyet dinh thai do tich eye doi vdi tinh than kinh doanh.
(3) Gia dinh vd ban be
Yeu to nen tang gia dinh (kinh nghiem kinh doanh ciia gia dinh) anh hudng den mong muon khdi nghiep va hon niia den y dinh khdi nghiep (Fayolle va Linan, 2014). Goethner va cgng sy (2012) ket luan anh hudng cua gia dinh, ban be, hoac dong nghiep la yeu to chuan muc chii quan trong viec xac dinh y dinh khdi nghiep ciia ca nhan. Yeu to truyen thong (van hoa truyen thong cua cgng dong, truyen thong gia dinh...), lien quan den quan diem tich cue ve boat dgng khdi nghiep va tao ra hinh mau ly tudng (Shane, 2003). Do do, nghien ciiu nay xem xet anh huong ciia nen tang kinh doanh ciia gia dinh va anh huong tir nhimg ngudi ban, dong nghiep den y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre.
(4) Giao dixc tinh than kinh doanh Phan tich vai tro ciia giao due cho thay no CO tac dgng true tiep, gian tiep trong viec kham pha co hgi. Theo each tryc tiep, trudng dai hgc, cao dang la moi trudng de nuoi duong nhung cong nghe mdi, nhiing nghien cim, thdng tin - nhiing yeu to lien ket cho sy ra ddi cua nhiing cong ty mdi va sang tao. Ho trg xa hgi cho tinh than kinh doanh den tir cac nguon cd lien quan (cac chuong trinh giao due) ciing CO the lam tang mong muon khdi nghiep. Nhu vay, mot so nghien cim da ket luan moi quan he tich cue giiia giao due va tinh than kinh doanh. Tuy nhien, mot so nghien ciin d cac nude dang phat trien lai cho rang, giao due khong anh hudng den quyet dinh kinh doanh (Praag va cgng su, 1995). Mac dii, co kien thiic, ky nang quan tn va dugc giao due o mot nIn giao due tien tien, co the truyen dat kha nang tim kiem ca hgi, dy bao xu hudng va dan dat ngudi khac, nhieu ca nhan tir cac nuoc phat triln, chgn viec lam on dinh de lam, thay
vi con duong khdi nghiep (Sluis va cgng sy, 2005). Do do, nghien ciiu nay tiep tuc xem xet anh hudng cua giao due tinh than kinh doanh den y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre.
(5) Giao due kien thicc, ky nang kinh doanh Nghien ciiu ciia Mamabolo va cgng sy (2017) ve cac ky nang khdi nghiep can thiet d cac nude co nen kinh te mdi noi, chiing minh rang, vai su chuan bi va dao tao doanh nhan lien tuc, ngay ca trong mot he thong giao due kem phat trien, thi sy mong muon ciia tinh than kinh doanh va tinh kha thi cung se tang.
Nghien ciiu tren cung cho thay tam quan trgng ciia kien thiic va ky nang trong cac ITnh vuc nhu quan ly tai chinh, lanh dao, tiep thi, ky thuat va quan tri kinh doanh, anh hudng den mong muon kinh doanh. Mot nghien ciin khac nhan manh trach nhiem cua cac to chiic giao due trong viec cung cap cac khoa hgc can thiet lam CO sd de phat trien cac ky nang giai quyet van de va sy ty tin (Cantaragiu va cgng su, 2014).Vi vay, nghien cim nay tiep tuc xem xet anh huong ciia giao due kien thiic, ky nang kinh doanh den y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre.
(6) Van hoa vd mang luoi ket noi Dac diem va Igi ich cua nguon von xa hgi mang y nghTa sau rgng. N6 dugc mieu ta nhu la yeu to ket hgp va van hanh nhuan nhuyen cac moi quan he kinh te, xa hgi. Lgi ich ciia ngudn von xa hgi la thiic dSy sy qua lai, tin tudng va tang cuong hgp tac. Ngoai ra, chinh su khong hai long vdi hien tai, kit hgp vdi ylu to van boa thuong dugc phan anh h-ong xa hgi CO the thiic day co hgi khdi nghiep. Miic do khong hai long vdi xa hgi va cugc sdng ndi chung cang cao thi ty le khdi nghiep cang nhieu (Hofstede va cgng sy, 2004). Van boa cung dong vai fro quan h-gng d khia canh cbSp nhan nii ro, vdi nhiing hinh m l u tieu b i l u vl
60 PHAT TRIEN BEN VU'NG VIJNG QUYEN 9, S6 1 (3/2019)
DS Thi Hoa Lign Cac yeu to anh hiroTig...
khai nghiep thanh cong va mong mu6n ap dung nhung y tudng mdi (Isenberg, 2011). Do do, nghien cim nay xem xet anh hudng ciia van boa va mang luai ket noi d i n y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tren dja ban tinh B i n Tre.
(7) Chinh sack khuyen khich vd ho tra Nhieu nghien ciiu nhan manh tam quan trgng ciia mot moi trudng the chi va cac chinh sach ho trg cua chinh phu. Cac y l u td thi che con thiic day vai tro cua cac to chirc phi chinh phii, cho phep cac doanh nhan tilp can cac n ^ o n tai chinh va phi tai chinh, cung vdi cac yeu to nhu co hgi kinh doanh, cac quy tac va quy dinh thuan Igi. Yeu to the che (chat lugng cac quy dinh, on dinh chinh tri, kiem soat tham nhung,...) ciing anh hudng den y dinh khdi nghiep kinh doanh ciia ca nhan, to chiic (Dumitru, 2017). Do do, xem xet anh hudng ciia chinh sach khuyen khich va ho trg den y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre la can thiet.
1.2.3. Yeu to nguon von tdi chinh (8) Nguon von huy dong cua cd nhan Tiep can tai chinh la mot thach thiic quan trgng doi vdi nhieu doanh nhan d hau het cac quoc gia tren the gidi. Vi vay, cac nguon luc tai chinh dugc coi la yeu to quan trgng trong su thanh cong cua khdi nghiep. Nhung trd ngai trong tiep can tai chinh bao gom: thieu tai san the chap, ke hoach kinh doanh kem, thieu kien thiic, nang luc quan tri. Hau het cac doanh nhan tre deu sii dung tai trg ciia cha me va anh em, ban be trong giai doan dau khdi nghiep, va day la nguon von tai chinh quan trgng nhat (Le Quan, 2006). Vi vay, nghien ciiu nay xem xet anh hudng ciia nguon von huy dgng ciia ca nhan den y djnh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre.
(9) Nguon von ddu tie, ho tra tif cdc quy, nhd ddu tu
Sy sin CO cua nguon von tai chinh la mot yeu to quan trgng cua y dinh khdi nghiep trong thanh nien. Mot mo hinh dugc sir dung de nghien cim cac yeu to quyet dinh cau tnic von cua doanh nghiep khdi nghiep la ly thuyet vong ddi (Berger va Udell, 1998). Y tudng can ban ciia ly thuyet nay la nhu cau tai chinh va sy tiep can tdi nguon von thay doi khi doanh nghiep khdi nghiep lan len va thu nhan dugc nhieu kinh nghiem hon, cung nhu trd nen minh bach hon ve mat thong tin. Cac doanh nghiep nho va mdi, phai dya nhieu vao nguon tai trg ben trong, von tin dung thuong mai va von dau tu ciia nhiing "nha dau tu thien than"'.
Klii doanh nghiep Idn len, tai trg von se trd nen de tiep can hon tir cac quy dau tu mao hiem, ciing nhu cac ngan hang va cac to chirc tai chinh khac. Tham chi, neu doanh nghiep tiep tuc Idn len, hg co the huy dgng von tir cong chiing thong qua phat hanh co phieu lan dau ra cong chimg. Do do, nghien cim nay xem xet anh hudng cua cac nguon von dau tu, ho trg tir cac quy, nha dau tu den y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tinh Ben Tre.
1.2.4. Yeu to ha lang cita he sinh thdi khai nghiep
(10) Ha tdng he sinh thdi khai nghiep Theo Lee va cgng sy (2011), cac chinh sach danh rieng cho boat dgng khdi nghiep phai tap trung vao cac quy tac lien quan den toi da hda lgi nhuan va lgi ich cgng dong; mot mat, giam cac rao can gia nhap va cac quy dinh chong dgc quyen; mat khac, giam thieu kha nang that bai bang each sira doi cac quy dinh pha san vi lgi ich ciia cac doanh nhan.
Nghien ciiu ciia Davaria va Farokhmaneshb (2017) nhan manh tam quan trgng cua t h i c h i
' Day la fhuat ngu diing de chi nhung ca nhan giau c6, CO kha nang cap von cho mpl doanh nghiep thanh lap va thong thuang de doi lai, ho sc co quy^n so huu mot phan cong ty.
PHAT T R I E N B E N VQNG V D N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
NGHIEN Cl>U THyC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
va cac CO quan chinh phu duy tri cac y tudng khdi nghiep bang each tao dieu kien tiep can tai chinh de dang hon va cac nguon luc phi tai chinh, ciing vdi viec thuc hien cac quy tac va quy dinh c6 lgi, lien quan den viec dam bao mot mdi truong kinh te xa hgi thich hgp. Cac nghien ciiu trudc day da kham pha cac bien sd vdi tinh than kinh doanh trong xa hgi, nhu sy san CO cua vudn uom doanh nghiep, tai trg, phuang tien truyen thong (Shapero, 1984;
Luthje va Franke, 2003; De Pillis va Reardon, 2007). Nhirng yeu to nay da dugc tim thay c6 moi quan he manh me vdi cac hoat dgng kinh doanh. Do do, nghien ciiu nay xem xet anh hudng cua cac yeu to ha tang ciia he smh thai khdi nghiep den y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tinh Ben Tre.
2. Phtrong phap nghien cihi
Nghien ciiu khai thac ly thuyet khoa hgc khdi nghiep kinh doanh va y dinh khdi nghiep thong qua cac tai heu, du lieu trong va ngoai nude va so lieu thong ke cua cac co quan chuc nang ve boat dgng khdi nghiep va ho trg, thiic day khdi nghiep tai Ben Tre.
Nghien ciiu nay dat trgng tam la nghien Clin dinh lugng vdi muc dich la xac dinh cac yen to anh hudng den y dinh khai nghiep cua thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre. Qua trinh nghien ciiu dugc tien hanh theo hai budc: (1) Nghien ciiu so bg (nham xay dyng va hieu chinh thang do cac yeu to anh hudng va y dinh khdi nghiep); va (2) Nghien ciiu chinh thirc (nham cung cap dii heu de kiem chiing thang do va cac gia thuyet nghien ciru). Trong do, nghien ciiu sa bg dugc tien hanh theo hai buac, gdm: (i) So bg dinh tinh, thong qua ky thuat thao luan nhom va phong van chuyen gia (phong van 05 chuyen gia, 03 thanh nien c6 y dinh khdi nghiep va 04 thanh nien co mo hinh khdi nghiep tai Bin Tre) nham khao sat tinh
phu hgp ciia bg thang do; va (ii) So bg dinh lugng, thong qua khaa sat thir doi vdi 50 thanh nien co y dinh khdi nghiep, bang bang cau hoi de dam bao can hoi la de hieu va c6 the sOr dung dugc.
Sau nghien ciiu so bg, tac gia xay dyng dugc bang cau hoi chinh thirc de tien hanh thu thap thong tin. Phuong phap thu thap thong hn la sir dung bang hoi chinh thiic de giii tryc tiep den timg thanh nien c6 y dinh khai nghiep, trong do tuoi tir 18 den 30 tai tinh Ben Tre. De xdc dinh dugc nhiing thanh nien co y dinh khdi nghiep thi trong cau tnic bang hdi cua tac gia cd phan thong tin nham gan lgc doi tugng khao sat. Tii' nhiing thong tin, dii lieu thu thap dugc, tac gia tien hanh phan tich do tin cay ciia thang do (Cronbach's Alpha), phan tich nhan to kham pha (EPA), xac dinh mdi tuong quan, hoi quy tuyen tinh. Tat ca cac thao tac nay dugc tien hanh bang phan mem SPSS 20.0.
Bang hdi trong nghien ciiu nay gom 52 cau hoi, dugc thiet ke theo thang do Likert 5 bac (Hoan toan khong dong y; Khong dong y;
Binh thuong; Dong y; Hoan toan dong y), trong do CO 03 cau hoi ve y dinh khdi nghiep (cau hdi so II) va 49 cau hoi xoay quanh 10 nhom yeu to: Tinh each ca nhan (10 cau hdi);
Kinh nghiem va trai nghiem (7 cau hoi); Gia dinh va ban be (5 cau hoi); Giao due tinh than kinh doanh (3 cau hoi); Giao due kien thiic, ky nang kinh doanh (4 cau hoi); Van hoa, mang luai ket noi (5 cau hoi); Chinh sach khuyen khich, ho trg (3 cau hoi); Ngudn v6n huy dgng ca nhan (5 cau hoi); Ngudn von dau tu, hd trg tir cac quy, nha dau tu (3 cau hoi); Ha tSng ciia he sinh thai khdi nghiep (4 cau hoi) nham xac dinh cac yeu to anh hudng va danh gia yeu to nao thugc cac yeu to tren anh hudng nhilu nhat den y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien a Ben Tre.
62 PHAT TRIEN B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019)
Do Thi Hoa Lien Cac yeu to anh hiroTig...
Bang 1: MO TA MAU NGHIEN CUXJ
1
2
Tieu chi S6 lirffng
T y l e
(%)
D6 tuoi 18-20
21-25 26-30
115 291 343
15,4 38,8 45,8 Trinli do
Hoc van pho thong Day nghe Trung cap chuyen nghiep Cao dang
Dai hoc
355 42 39 98 215
47,4 5,6 5,2 13,1 28,7
3
4
Tieu chi So lu-ffng T y l e ( % ) Gidi tinh
Nam Nu
330 419
55,9 44,1 Nghe nghifp
Lam viron, chan nuoi Cong nhan Hoc sinh, sinh vien Nhan vien cong ty
Can bo Boan, can bo hanh chinh sir nghiep Tu kinh doanh
132 108 137 110 184 78
17,6 14,4 18,3 14,7 24,6 10,4 Nguon: Khao sat cua tdc gid (2018).
3. Ket qua nghien ciru
3.1. Ket qua kiem dinh do tin cay cua thang do
Bang 2: KfiT QUA KIEM DINH CRONBACH'S ALPHA Thang do
1. Tinh each ca nhan 2. Kinh nghiem va trai nghiem 3. Gia dinh va ban be 4. Giao due tinh than kinh doanh 5. Giao diic kien thirc va ky niing kinh doanh 6. Van h6a va mang liroi ket noi 7. Chinh sach khuyen khich, ho tra 8. Nguon von huy dong ca nhiin
9. Nguon von dau tu, ho trg ttr cac quy, nha dau tu 10. Ha tang he sinh that khai nghiep dia phuong 11. Y dinh khoi nghiep
Cronbach's Alpha
0,841 0,831 0,762 0,790 0,834 0,790 0,802 0,797 0,762 0,795 0,624
So bien quan sat con lai
9 5 5 3 4 3 3 5 3 4 3 Nguon: Trich tu ket qud xu ly du lieu (2018).
PHAT T R I E N B 6 N V O N G VUNG Q U Y 6 N 9, SO 1 (3/2019) 63
NGHIEN CU'U THyC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Ket qua kiem dinh do tin cay bang he so Cronbach's Alpha voi cac thanh phan ciia thang do dugc trinh bay trong Bang 2. Co 05 bien co he so tuong quan bien tong (Corrected Item-Total Correlation) nhd hon 0,3 hoac he so Cronbach's Alpha neu loai bien nay (Cronbach's Alphaif Item Deleted) lan hon he so Cronbach's Alpha ciia thang do, nen bi loai khoi mo hinh. Sau khi thang do dugc kiem dinh bang cdng cu Cronbach's Alpha thi 10 thang do nhan to dgc lap vdi 44 bien va 1 thang do vd'i 03 bien ciia nhan to phu thugc dugc dua vao phan tich EFA.
3.2. Mt qua phan tich nhan to kham pha (EFA)
KSt qua phan tich EFA doi vai bien dgc lap (Bang 3), dimg lai d lan xoay nhan to thii 05, vdi KMO dat 0,888 (0,5<KMO<1) nen EFA phii hgfp vdi dii lieu thuc te; Thong ke Chi ~ Square cua kiem dinh Bartlett's vdi sig ^ 0,000< 0,05, do vay cac bien quan sat co tuong quan vdi nhau tren pham vi tdng the. Tong giai thich bien dong ciia cac thang do la 67,6%.
Nhu vay, 67,6% thay doi ciia cac yeu to dugc giai thich bdi cac bien quan sat. Diem dimg khi trich cac yeu to tai nhan to thu 7 vai eigenvalue la 1,057. Ket qua phan tich nhan to la hoan toan phii hgp. Ket qua da kham pha dugc 07 nhan to dgc lap vdi 25 bien quan sat de kiem dinh hoi quy.
Bang 3: K £ T QUA PHAN TICH NHAN TO
.
\. Giao due kien thiic, ky nang kinh doanh GDKTKNKD26
GDKTKNKD27
GDKTKNKD28
GDKTKNKD29
Giao due kien thiirc, ky nang kinh doanh giiip toi tu ti Giao due kien thirc, ky nang kinh doanhgiiip toi c6 the lap ke hoach va to chitc cong viec hang ngay.
Giao due kien thicc, ky nang kinh doanhgiiip toi co nhieu y tirdng moi.
Giao due kien thiic, ky nang kinh doanhgiiip tdi co nhung kien thiic, ky nang can thiet ve kinh doanh va khdi nghiep.
Nhan to I
,798
,790
,741
,713
2 3 4 5 6 7
64 PHAT TRItN BEN VCJNG VUNG Q U Y 6 N 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
Do Thi Hoa Li§n Cac yeu to anh htrong...
2. Kinh nghiem, trai nghiem KNTN15
KNTNM
KNTN17
KNTN16
Toi da/dang lam a vi tri quan y.
Toi da/dang lam nhan vien dnh doanh.
Toi da/dang la thanh vien cau ac bg thanh nien khdi nghiep.
Toi da/dang tham gia cac boat dgng nhu Hgi thao, cac cugc thi y tudng kinh doanh.
3, Tinh each ca nhan TCCN6
TCCN7 TCCN5 TCCN9
Toi CO kha nang sang tao.
Toi c6 kha nang thich ling.
Toi CO am hieu ve thi trudng.
Toi chap nhan dugc nii ro.
4, Nguon von huy (long ca nhan NVHDCN39
NVHDCN38
NVHDCN40
NVHDCN41
Toi CO the huy dgng nguiri than, ban be gop von.
Toi CO the vay muon tien tir ban be, nguiri than de khdi nghiep.
Toi CO the huy dgng von tir cac nguon khac (ngan hang, quy tin dung...).
Toi CO kha nang tich liiy von (tir tiet kiem, tir cac cong viec lam them...).
5, Van hoa, mang luoi ket noi
VHXH31
Fruyen thong van boa kinh doanh ciia gia dinh thiic day toi CO y djnh khdi nghiep.
,823
,769
,689
,743 ,714 ,630
,809
,746
,692
,538
,841
PHAT TRIEN BEN VLTNG VUNG QUYEN 9, S6 1 (3/2019) 65
NGHIEN CIJ'U TH1J"C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
VHXH30
VHXH32
Truyen thong van hda dong chdi cua dja phuong va nhiing quan niem tich cue ciia xa hgi ve khdi nghiep thiic day tinh than khdi nghiep trong toi.
Cac moi quan he cgng dong doanh nhan, cac hiep hgi doanh nghiep giiip ich cho viec khdi nghiep ciia toi.
6. Chinh sach khuyen khich, ho tra
CSQD36
CSQD37
CSQD35
Foi CO the nhan dugc cac ho trg tir cac chinh sach ho trg von, tin dung khi toi khdi nghiep.
Foi CO the nhan dugc cac ho trg tir cac chinh sach ho trg ve thue, dat dai... khi toi khdi nghiep.
Chinh sach ve thuong mai hoa san pham va y tudng kinh doanh thiic day toi c6 y dinh khdi nghiep kinh doanh.
7. Ha tang he sinh thai khdi nghiep
HTHST47
HTHST48
HTHST46
Su ho trg cua hgi doanh nhan tinh (ve kinh nghiem, ve von...) giiip tang cuong kha nang khai nghiep ciia toi.
Cac boat dgng ho trg ciia tinh cho boat dgng khdi nghiep (thu tuc hanh chinh, uam tao, thuc day doi mai sang tao...) giiip toi cd y djnh khdi nghiep.
Cac boat dgng tu van, cd van ciia cac chuyen gia, cac doanh nhan co kinh nghiem giiip toi CO the thuc hien khdi nghiep.
,731
,709
,746
,728
,833
,750
,679
Nguon: Trich tif ket qud xu ly dH heu (2018).
66 PHAT T R | 6 N B E N VLfNG VIJNG QUYfeN 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
D 3 Thi Hoa Li£n Cac yeu t^ anh hiromg...
Ket qua phan tich doi vai bien phu thugc (Bang 4), cho thay he so tai nhan to ciia 3 bi6n quan sat trong thang do y dinh khdi nghiep deu Idn hon 0,5. He s6 KMO b k g 0,632 > 0,5; p- value cua kiSm dinh Bartlett - 0,000 < 0,005.
Tong phuang sai trich ciia thang do y dinh
Bang 4: KET QUA PHAN TICH NHAN TO BIEN PHU THUOC
khdi nghiep la 57,4%. Digu nay c6 nghia la 57,4% thay ddi ciia y dinh khdi nghiep dugc giai thich bdi cac bien quan sat. Do do, cac bien deu dugc giu lai de tien hanh kiem dinh hoi quy.
YDKNl YDKN2 YDKN3
Toi CO xu hudng khai nghiep kinh doanh trong tuong lai gan Toi CO y dinh manh me de bat dau khdi nghiep Idnh doanh Toi muon dug-c lam chij vdi mo hinh khdi nghiep cua toi
Nhan to 1 0,792 0,783 0,693 Ngudn: Trich tir ket qud xir ly dU' lieu (2018).
3.3. Kit qua kiem dinh hoi quy Kiem dinh muc do phii hap cita mo hinh:
R^ hieu chinh la 0,594. Co 59,4% su bien thien y dinh khdi nghiep dugc giai thich bdi cac nhan td dugc dua vao mo hinh, con lai la cac nhan to khac chua dugc nghien ciiu. He sd VIF deu nhd hon 2 nen khong co hien tugng
Bang 5: MO HINH HOI QUY
da cgng tuyen. Ve dau va do Idn ciia cac gia tri Beta thi 6 bien deu quan he ty le thuan vdi bien phu thugc. Phan tich phuong sai (ANOVA): M6 hinh co Sig - 0,000 (<0,05), do do cac bien dgc lap c6 tuong quan tuyen tinh vdi bien phu thugc.
Mo hinh
(Hang so) Tinh each ca nhan
Kinh nghiem, trai nghiem Viin hoa, mang lucri ket noi Chinh sach khuyen khich, ho fro
Nguon von huy dong ca nhan
Ha tang he sinh thai khoi nghiep dia phirong
He so chua chuan
hoa B ,609 ,199 ,132 ,122 ,122 ,135 ,114
Std.
Error ,097 ,024 ,015 ,020 ,022 ,024 ,023
He so chuan hoa
Beta
,241 ,233 ,170 ,157 ,167 ,143
t
6,256 8,437 9,070 6,177 5,526 5,630 4,920
Sig.
,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000
Tuong quan
He so chap nhan
,666 ,819 ,714 ,673 ,618 ,645
He si chudi
phong dai phuong sai (VIF)
1,502 1,221 1,401 1,487 1,619 1,550 Ngudn: Trich tir ket qua xti- ly dii' lieu (2018).
PHAT TRItN B^N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y 6 N 9. SO 1 (3/2019) 67
NGHIEN CU'U THUC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Nhu vay, mo hinh c6 mot bien giao due ki^n thirc, ky nang kinh doanh (GDKTKNKD) CO sig = 0,42>0,05 nen bi loai khoi mo hinh (Phu luc 1). Mo hinh con 6 bien dam bao c6 y nghia thong ke vdi do tin cay 95% (sig < 0,05) nhu d Bang 5, Thii tu anh hudng ciia cac nhan to (theo he so Beta da chuan hoa) den y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien tren dja ban tinh Ben Tre: (1) Tinh each ca nhan; (2) Kinh nghiem, trai nghiem; (3) Van boa va mang ludi ket noi; (4) Nguon von huy dgng ciia ca nhan; (5) Chinh sach khuyen khich va ho trg;
va (6) Ha tang he sinh thai khdi nghiep.
Nghien ciiu nay chimg thuc nhung phat hien ciia nhieu nghien cim khac, Nhieu gia thuyet dugc de xuat da dugc chap nhan vdi muc dich la lam sang to chii de ve cac yeu to anh huong den y dinh khdi nghiep ciia thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre. Ket qua nghien ciiu nay phii hgp vdi ket qua nghien cim ciia cac tac gia Fini va cgng su (2009); AlHarrasi va cgng su (2014); Peng va cgng su (2012):
Fayolle va Linan (2014); Isenberg (2011):
Dumitru (2017); Le Quan (2006); Davaria va Farokhmaneshb (2017); De Pillis va Reardon (2007),
Trong nghien ciiu nay, yeu td anh hudng nhieu nhat den y dinh khdi nghiep la tinli each ca nhan. Ket qua nay phu hgp voi nghien ciiu cua Driesscn va Zwat (2006). Ket qua ciia nghien ciin nay cho thay kha nang sang tao, kha nang thich ling va am hieu thi trudng dugc coi la tai san ca nhan quy gia va la dgng lire ca nhan de thuc hien cac y dinh va kien tri theo duoi cac muc tieu khdi nghiep kinh doanh.
Kha nang sang tao la kha nang ket hgp nhung suy nghi va y tudng de dua ra trien vgng mdi.
Anh hudng cimg chieu cua kha nang sang tao d6n y dinh khdi nghiep d nghien ciru nay phii hgp vai cong trinh ciia Ghasemi va cgng su (2011). Chap nhan nii ro, lien quan den viec ca nhan c6 kha nang xir ly nhirng tinh huong
khong chac chan, biet chap nhan nii ro mot each chii dgng la cac yeu to quan trgng va ket qua nay phu hgp vdi nghien ciru cua Shane va cgng su (2003). Ca nhan am hieu thi truong la ngudi c6 nhung hieu biet ve phan khiic thj trudng con bo ngo va ve doi thu canh tranh.
Kha nang thich ling la kha nang co the chuyen doi de phii hgp vdi sy thay doi ciia moi trudng.
Anh hudng ciia kha nang thich img, kha nang am hieu th; trucmg den y dinh khdi nghiep d nghien cim nay phu hgp vdi ket qua ciia Biii Huynh Tuan Duy va cgng su (2011).
Ket luan
Ket qua nghien cim da chi ra sau yeu to tac dgng den y dinh khdi nghiep cua thanh nien tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre: Tinh each ca nhan;
Kinh nghiem, trai nghiem ciia ca nhan; Van boa va mang ludi ket noi; Nguon von huy dgng ciia ca nhan; Chinh sach khuyen khich va ho trg; Ha tang he sinh thai khdi nghiep. Trong do, yen to tinh each ca nhan tac dgng nhieu nhat den y dinh khdi nghiep. Day la co sd quan trgng de cac nha truong, cac co quan, ban nganh a tinh Ben Tre cd nhiing chuang trinh, boat dgng nham thiic day tinh than kinh doanh ciia thanh nien va tao moi trudng khdi nghiep nang dgng va sang tao, thong qua xay dung va hoan thien he sinh thai khdi nghiep trong thanh nien tinh.
Ben Tre dang cd the he thanh nien khdi nghiep mdi, tre trung, soi noi va quyet tam trong viec hien thuc hoa nhirng dam me cua ho vdi mem tin kinh doanh. Tuy nhien, de thanh cong thi can co nhung ho trg c6 muc tieu de xay dung va nang cao tu duy dam nghi dam lam ciing cac ky nang kinh doanh trong thanh nien, dan den tang cuong su tu tin, va kha nang phat hien cac co hgi kinh doanh. D6ng thdi, ban than nhiing thanh nien nay, cSn tu trang bi kien thiic, ky nang khdi nghiep kinh doanh day du, vdi nhung higu bi8t vh thj truong, mo hinh quan tri kinh doanh. Mat
68 PHAT T R I E N B E N V U N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 1 (3/2019)
B5 Thj Hoa Lien Cac yeu to anh hiro-ng...
khac, cac cong cu chinh sach ciia tinh nen tap cgng dong xa hgi, khuyen khich cac ca nhan hung vao viec khuyen khich thiic day hieu qua co kinh nghiem, dac biet la kinh nghiem lam ngudn von xa hgi dugc hinh thanh tir mang viec d cac cong ty da qudc gia, cac tap doan ludi quan he ca nhan vdi cac doanh nhan va Idn khdi nghiep kinh doanh.
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Thong tin tac gia:
m Thi Hoa Lien, Th.S Ngay nhan bai: 9/2/2019 - Don vi cong tac: Khoa Quan tri kmh doanh, Dai hoc Ngay nhan ban sua: 22/2/2019 Lao dgng xa hoi (ca sd thanh ph6 Ho Chi Minh) Ngay duyet dang: 10/3/2019 - Dia chi email: [email protected]
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