CHIEN TRANH - TlT SlT DOC DEN QUYEN VIET LAI CAN TINH: TRU'DNG HQP
NOI BUON CHIEN TRANH (BAO NINH) VA CHUYEN CUA PACO (LARRY HEINEMANN)
NGVYiN HdNG ANlt>
^ t K i e n trinh phat trien cua nhan logi thudng dugc sap xdp tbeo mdt chuoi
^w^Mydn tfnh cae sy kidn Uch su hay sy thay ddi cac hinh thdi kinh t l xa hgi. It ai lap hga dd cho tidn ttinh ndy di vide xac lap vk gM nhgn chuyen bien ciia can tinh the gidi. Don gian vi ngudi ta tin rang, thd gjdi khdng ddng nhit tii sy cMa cat cdc mdng lyc dia, nen can ti'nh thudng di Udn vdi chu ngMa qudc gia hogc rdng ban Id dac trung khu vyc. Cdn tfnh (identity) d nghia nguyen so cua nd Id tlge diem giup nhan biet "tdi la ai", la mdt logi nhan dan phan Met tdi vdi ngudi khde. Nhung lieu cdi nhan ddn dd ed that sy Id do chuih tdi tao ra?
Bdi vidt ndy khdng dd ea|) ddn van dd ban thd ludn, md cM khdi di tu quan didm edn tiinh dudi cdi nhin cua chu ngMa bau tiiyc dan. Trong Iy thuyet hdu thyc ddn, Edward Said vdi tdc pham Ddng Phuang ludn^^^ da diln giai nguydn nhan xdc lap sy cMa cdt E)dng - Tay vd qud trinh Ddng Phuang hda la he qua cda chu ngMa trgng Au nhu thd ndo. Theo do, phuong Tdy ludn dugc dgt d phfe duong ti'nh, gid vi thd thdng Oi so vdi phuong Ddng d pMa dm tinh vd chiu su kilm sodt tu cdi nMn ap dat d pMa bdn kia. Nhung lidu ai mdi ed thim quyen dl xdc dinb mdt cdn tfnh vd pham vi eua nd? KM Amartya Sen viet cudn Cdn tinh vd bgo hfc: Huyen tuang ve sd menh'- \ dng da tiidn khai y eiia Edward Said ve tradng hgp Ddng Phuong hda, cho ring sy cMa tach bdn nay va ben kia, ca bidt vd tuong ddng chfnh Id ngudn con cua bao lyc, vd chi cd dep bd dinh kiln (vdn do tudng tugng) nay d l di ddn sy da nguydn vd cdn tiiih*^' tM ede y niem chgt
**' ThS - Khoa Ngii van, Trudng Dgi hpc Su phgm Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
CMin tranh - Tirsfc dpc...
hep vd tdn gido, cMnh tri, ddn tdc... mdi dugc thao dd, mdi dgt dugc boa hgp vd edng bdng. Hudng tdi da nguyen cdn tfnh die la thirc Men vide gidi lanh thd hda trong tam thuc thdi hgu thuc dan: pha bd mgi didn ngdn quyen lye vdn lap ndn khdi mdm thyc dan vd thudc dia, trung tam va ngogi bien...
Cung nhu edch cdc nhd lap thuydt bgu thyc dan bdn vd mdi xtmg dot Hdi gjao va the gjdi phuong Tay - mgt vf dy dien hinh ludn dugc trich din trong cac cdng ttinh ly thuydt - cd thd nhin vd lich su Viet Nam Men dgi (di tiidi khai thdc diudc dia ciia P h ^ ddn thdi khai thac thude dia kilu mdi cua My) nhu la thdi diem hinh thanh va dinh hinb cdn tmh thudc dia so vdi ben kia Id can tinh thyc dan. E)ay la hai khai nipm ngudi vidt de xudt trong pham vi bdi vidt nay vdi muc dfch: (1) xdc dinh tam thiic dan tgc nay sinh tu nhdng chuyin biln lich sd, di hai vi thd: vi thd ciia nudc thupc dia (Viet Nam) vd vi thd cua dk qudc (Hoa Ky), ttieo Mnh dung ttidng thudng cua chii ngMa hdu thyc ddn; vd (2) phu nhgn chmh hai khdi mdm ndy vd tdi xac dinh tam thiic ddn tdc ra ngodi khudn mlu. Td hudng di dd, bdi vidt chgn phdn ti'ch ddi sanh hai tieu thuyet vidt vd cMdn tranh Viet Nam, Ndi budn chien tranh^ * vd Chuyen cda Paco^^, can cu tren nhung didm chung: thd nhdt, day la hai gdc nhm khdc bidt ma tuong ddng trong qua tiinh phiic dyng can tmh di hai bd cMdn mydn; thd hai, cung Id nbiing ngudi lmh tryc tidp tham gja vdo cugc cMdn tranh Viet Nam, ca Bao Ninh va Lairy Hememaim khdng nhim vidt tac pham de dgi didn hay nhan danh mdt cai gi, nen Idi trin thuat Men thyc thudng thay vtii dd tdi dgng nay da dugc thay thd bdi but phap hu cau, thd Men rd d niia phin sau cda hai tac phdm trong bdi cdnh ban cMdn, trd thanh didm tya chfnh cho quyen vidt lai can tuib, trong do, kha ndng tao ngMa khdng cdn nim d nhan vgt - ngudi linh ma d pMa nhan vat - ngudi quan sat bang ngdn ngft vidt bay ndi.
D I lam rd van dd dang bdn ddn, ngudi vidt xin tgm cMa cau true hai tac phim ndy thdnh hai phin: sy d<?c can tmh vd su vidt lai can tfnh, ciing trdn bdi eanh cMdn tranh (Mdu Id giira Idng cudc cMen vd ed thdi ki hau cMdn - vi thyc chit, chiing ta cM ra khdi cudc cMdn vd mat lich su cbu chua timg thoat khdi cudc cMen vd in|it tam thdc).
1. Chien tranh - mgt dien tiinh dgc cdn tmh
E)d tdi cMen tranh trong tac pham vdn hge thudng duge khai thac nhu mgt sy kipn Uch su; neu nhd sdng tdc cd thodt ra khdi khudn khd bidu dat dd tM din luot tdc pham lai duge tidp nhan khdng ga khac ngoai tieng ndi tugng tiung cho
NGHIEN COU VAN HOC SO 9 - 20161 mdt thdi mdu Ida ma chfnh sy kidn Ijch su i y tdc ddng sau sdc ddn sd phgn eon ngudi, du d pMa tgp tiie hay cM tidu bidu eho edi nMn ca nhan. Ndi buon chien tranh la mgt vf dy. KM nhiing sdng gid trong each vilt v l cMdn danh dam chit phan cMdn tam ling xudng, tdc phim chd yeu duge nMn nhdn d mdng khai thac tam ly chin tiiuong hdu cMdn. Gia tri cda tdc phim da dugc khdng dinh di each dpc ndy, nhung xet eho cdng, van ndm trong trudng quang phd cMdn tranh-Udi sd. Hdy thu dgc td mdt gdc nhin khde. Mugn loi cda ngudi trin thudt trong cdu md dau Chuyen cua Paco: "[H]ay bit diu bing didu ndi tiidng ± u nhit ndy: ddy khdng phai Id cau chuypn cMdn tranh"*^', d l bd qua tinh ghdp ddi cMln ti^nh - lich su md budc vdo mgt cap phgm trd khde cMdn tranh - can tfnh, diu tidn nhu Id mgt diln tiinh nhan dien thdng qua sy dgc.
Tdm the thti dpng thugc ^ vd tdm thi chu dpng th^ ddn Ndi buon chien tranh gdm ba cau chuydn chdng cheo phiic tap: ldp thu nhat Id cau chuydn ciia ngudi Ifnh tdn Kidn dugc kd tu ngdi thu ba, Idp ttiu hai la cudn tilu thuydt Kidn vilt dd vdi tu cdch mdt nhd vdn duge kd td ngdi thii nhit, ldp thu ba bao trum ldn hai ldp trudc va cM he lg d phin cudi tae phim vdi ngudi kd ehuyen xung "tdi" ddng vai trd sap xIp lgi cudn tilu thuylt nha van Kien da vidt. Vgy Id kM tiiyc Men vide sap xdp timg trang bdn thdo theo mpt tidt ty "tuy tidn", "tdi" da dyng lai quydn tieu thuyet cda Kidn -nha van, vd quyen tiuyen dd chfnh Id tac pham md dgc gid cam trdn tay vdi nhan vat chfnh Id Kidn - ngudi Unh, cM ngMch U la: le ra tieu thuyet phai dugc kd di ngdi thu nhit dudi gdc nhin ciia Kidn-nhd van tM lai kd tu ngdi ba nam ngodi quydn kidm sodt cua Kidn. Cd thd U giai: O day didn ra ba qud trinh dgc: mgt la nhdn vat "tdi" dpc cau chuydn ciia Kidn - nhd vdn, hai Id nhan vat Kien - nha vdn dgc cau chuypn cda Kien - ngudi lmh, vd ba Id ngudi kd chuypn khaeh quan dgc cau chuydn ciia Kien. Nhu vdy, dd d vai ti-d ndo tM nhan vat Kidn cung trd tbanh ddi tugng th\i ddng cua sy dgc. Ngay ea kM Kidn diing d vai nhd van vidt lgi cdu chuydn chidn tranh di nua tM lya chgn xung "tdi" ciia Kien cimg hodn todn thy ddng: "mac dil xung "tdi" nhung dfch thyc y Id ai dxmg nhung luih tiinh sdt iy, nhiing hdn ma, nhiMg bp hai cdt moi tii ddy ning len ay.. ."'^l Didu nay hodn todn trdi ngugc vdi phuang thuc d i n tbuat tixmg Chuyen cua Paco, Lairy Heinemarm da dyng ldn mdt ddi tiioai gia xuydn sudt tde pham giua ngudi kd ehuyen ngdi ba khdng danh xung vdi mgt ngudi tdn James bay Jack, ma ngi dung ddi thogi Id vd cdu chuydn eua ngudi Unh Paco. Ngudi k l chuypn nay khdng cd dinh md dich ' chuyen khi Id hdn ma cda ngudi Ifnh cMdn dau bdn canb Paco, kM la mdt tgp
-201 Chi4n tranh - TOrsirdpc...
tiid nhung ngudi liiih thugc tilu ddi Alpha da chdt, kM Id ngudi kd chuypn khach quan bdn ngodi cac sy kien. Ciing Id da didm nhm nhung cdch dgc hai tdc phim lai khde nhau: Ddi tugng dgc d day Id Paco, nhung cdu chuydn vd Paco da bi gidn cdch khdi ngudi dgc bdi ngudi nghe chuydn tdn James/ Jack. Khdng gjdng nhu cdu chuypn cua Kien dugc ke ti^rc tiep eho ddc gid, sy gidn cdch tiuypn kd qua nhdn vat hu vd James/ Jack kMdn ddc gia trd tiianh mot ngudi n ^ e thu cap, dan den he qua: cau chuypn viet vd Paco nhung dde gid khdng thd dgc thdy mdt y ngM ndo cda Paco. Dgc gid chi cd thd gja dinh chan dung tinh thin Paco qua nhihig hdnh ddng ti man ma vd ngMa eua anh (nhu vide nia bdt), qua can ndi qua q u ^ vd thudng vd phgt: "Tdi bi thuang trong chien tranh" ldp di lap lai mdi kM cd ai dd hdi thdm. Nbu vgy, ciing Id ddi tugng dugc kd nhung ndu Kidn tu phoi bay y ngM cua minh va ngudi dgc khdng khd khan gi dd sap xdp lai ddng suy tudng ay tM Paco hodn todn ddng km tam tu, khdng phy thudc vdo gigng kd vd cdch kd cua ngudi trin thudt md hodn todn chu ddng trong sy che giau hay he Id can chuyen cda minh,
Mdt minh chdng khde: du ea hai ddu sdng sdt qua cudc cMdn mdt each ki dipu nhung cM ed Kidn ludn ty tra van minh: tgi sao sy sdng lgi chgn minh trong kM tat ca ddng ddi phai M sinh, va di ddn cau trd Idi cimg tidp tuc la mdt cudc tra van: "Ngdm ngam anh tin minh tdn tai d ddi nay vdi mdt tMdn mdnh vd danh, tMdng Udng vd cao ea, song Mypt ddi bf an [...] Ciing vi mang trong ddi mpt tMen mdnh huydn co nao day nen anh mdi cd thd sdng sdt qua cudc cMdn tranh vdi nhung hodn eanh md binh thudng ra khdng the cd co hdi thoat chdt"*';
tixing kM dd, d bd bdn kia "Paco chua bao gid dat edu hdi Tgi sao lgi la tdi?
Chmh ehiing tdi, nhimg bdng ma, nhiing ngudi chdt, mdi ddt cau hdi 'Tgi sao Igi Id liin"?"**\ Paco khdng cin tra vin Uch sd vi lich su la mdt tiiyc thd da ehdt vdi Paco, trong kM vdi Kien, do lai la ndi dm anh. Ndi each khac, Kidn cam thiy minh thy ddng vdi ddng chay eua sy kipn nen ludn hoang mang, hodi ngM till Paco ttiam cM cdn khdng ban tdm ddn ddng chay i y va bdng sy lanh lung, che giiu cam xuc, anh chuydn ndi hoai ngM dd eho ngudi kd chuyen vd ddc gia.
Y nghla eiia hai thdi dd dy Id ^ ? ifng xu vdi Cm Khdc
Sy tra vin ciia Kidn din ddn mgt qud trinh ty phdng cMeu, Kidn-nhd van va Kidn-ngudi linh, bien Kidn trd thanh nguai ki chuyen ttxy thitc vdi nMdu kha nang: nhgp vai, dde thogi bang suy tudng, ddi thoai.... Hd qua cua didu nay Id sy sinh thdnh ra Cdi Khdc. Theo ly thuydt hdu thyc dan, Cdi Khdc Id mdt phan
NGHIEN C(fU VAN HQCSQ9jJ016 t ling lgi vdi nhdng he gid tri md ehu nghTa thyc ddn da ^ dat Idn thudc dia, bidn minh thanh trung tam tgo ngMa vd day liu gid tri thugc dia vd pMa ngoai bieiL Cdi Khdc tao ra mgt he gid tri khdc, nhdm kbdng dinh lai edn tmh dan tgc de phan khdng cdi nhdn ddn cdn tinh md thyc dan da dp dgt len. Vdi Kidn, va nhiing ngudi Unh thudc the bp anh, Cdi Khdc dd Id chu ngMa anh hiing ddn tpc ma anh da nd luc khang dinh bdng each trd vd qud khu: "Kd lgi, viet lai lam sdng lgi nhihig Unh hdn da mai mdt, nhiing tinh ydu da phai tdn, ldm biing sdng lai nhiing giie mdng xua. Dd Id con dudng cuu rdi cua minh"*'°* - "chdt Idng tin vd long ham sdng edn lgi ti:ong tdi khdng phai do nhiing do tudng md Id nhd sdc mgnh cua nhung hdi tudng"*"\ T h i ndn, anh di vao cMdn tradng diy kien quydt, chip nhgn M sinh tinh ydu vdi Phuong. Nhung sau tit ca, anh vdn hi chan thuong tinh thin. Dd Id kM anh khdm pha ra rdng cugc cMen nay diy bao lye va m i t nhdn tinh (mdt ngudi Ifnh da phdi thdt Idn: Hdy coi chimg md xem lai nhdn tinh^^^^) - kM l;y tudng dan tgc ti-d thdnh mgt nguydn cd dd con ngudi dugc phep ban gidt con ngudi tiii nd cd khdc gi vdi chu nghla thyc dan/ de qudc? Vgy la, Kien Mdu ra, cdi khdc ay chdng lam ta khae bao nMdu vdi ke thii bdn Ida {"Chem giit Id sir nghiep ciia nhitng thdng dang s6ng"'^^\ md thyc ehdt cM li mgt dang dm thi cda chinh tam thuc bi thyc dan hda. Trong qud trinh chdng thyc dan, nd da roi vdo chuih y thuc he ciia chti ngMa thyc dan, thd Men trai cMin tradng Id sy mit din nhdn tfnh cua ed hai pMa. Nhu each ndi cda Amartya Sen kM dng ban vd chu nghTa khung bd Hdi giao: thyc chit do la m^t kidu ky sinh vdo phuong Tay, vi kM chgn cdu eanh Id phd buy phuang Tay, nd phan anh sy dm anh bdi phuong Tay. Tu gdc do ndy, chan thuong tinh than ciia Kidn Id be qua cua sy that bgi trong nd lye xay dyng cdi khdc dd.
Trong kM dd, d bd bdn kia, cdi khdc trong tam thdc thyc ddn thdi hau cMdn xdy ra theo cMdu ngugc lgi: Neu Kidn mong mdi va that bai vdi con dudng ttd v l qua khu tM Paco hodn todn chdi bd qud khu, mudn trd thanh cdi khdc vdi cMnh minh trong qud khd d l nd lyc diy lili edi di san tiiye ddn: "Cdi gi a sau Itmg Id cdi thuoc vi qud khic, dd kit thuc"^^'^^. Trade day, ngudi ta ttiudng ban v l cdi khdc nbu la sy phdn khdng tii pM'a thugc dia, cdn ft d l cgp ddn cdi khdc nhu Id sy chdi bd tii pM'a thyc dan. Thdi hdu cMdn thudng d l lgi chin thuang di bdn ndy vd vd mdng pMa ben kia. Paco khdng ndi, nhung nhftng cyu cMdn binh ding tiiam gia vdo mgt dan ti-en khap thd gidi da cit ldn tidng ndi vd mgng iy: Ernest (ding tiiam gia cMdn tranh tiie gidi n, mat ti-gn Thai Binh Duong): 'Tdi ehiing kiln hai ga hdng mdu dugc nhan Huy chuang Danh dy cda
Chiin tranh - Tu svr dpc...
(^ude hdi. Nhiing thing dgi ngu, dd chdt tidt, dd ehd de. Dd dd hoi. Cd hai da bi trung dgn chdt ngay sau dd"*'^* vd Jesse (cyu linh nhay dd, tham cMdn tai Viet Nam): "td Id mgt eon vat tM ngMpm da dugc ddng tem - mgt lodi ddng vat thanh dgt - mgt lodi dOng vat da tron thodt khdi edi phdng tM ngMem mac dich cua chiing"* I Ridng vdi Paco, anh chgn each cdm ldng vdi till gjdi Men tgi; bit ki mdt ddng thdi ndo mudn khai day kf ue Udn lgp die bi ehan lai bdi cau tra Idi ngdn ggn ciia anh: "Bi thuang trong chien tranh". Nhung nd lyc xda bd qua khu la cd thdt, khdng the Mpn bdng Idi ma bang bidu tugng. Cd hai Mdu tugng xuit Men trong hai phan khiic thdi gian: Mnh xam con rdng trdn eanh tay trung sT CJaUagher Men ldn ba lan qua cdi nhm ciia cd gdi Viet Cdng mudi ba tudi bi Unh My Mdp dam tap fill, vd nhiing vlt seo tidn ttidn thi Paco td quan sat ciia cd hang xdm Catiiy ti-ong cudc Idm tinh tudng tugng gida hai ngudi. Hien tgi trd thanh sy khdc xg qud khd; ndi am anh vd cuOc Mdp dam man rg va khdng kMdp dd dugc dien lgi mdt lin niia nhung da dugc khuc xa tiianh mdt phdn cdnh khae:
tii cMen dudng Vipt Nam chuyen sang xd hdi My hau cMln, canh Mdp ddm tdp tiie chuydn sang cdnh lam tinh tudng tugng vdi Cathy, cai nMn dau dau cda cd gdi Viet Cdng vdo binh xam trdn cdnh tay Gallagher thdnh edi nhin quan sat cua Cathy vdo nhiing vlt spo ti-dn ngudi Paco. Trong hinh dung dd, Paco dang gd tung vdt seo ra khdi ngudi minh. Hinh xam ddn canh tay cua ke chd muu gay ra tdi dc khdng kMdp nhat va vlt seo trdn thdn thd cua Paco deu la cai di san thyc dan md Paco dang nd lyc thao gd, tat nMdn do la mgt qud tiinh lot xdc trong dau ddn; "Anh chdng tay ngdi dgy rdi cui cong lung xudng, dgt tay ldn trdn va bit dau veo ldp da d do, nhung anh lgi lam cbo da bong ra, va sau do bdt dau lot ding milng da nhu thi chdng la cMdc mat ng [...] Anh ndm chat nhiing cai seo dx)ng tay nom nhu mgt eugn day rdi tung tbanh mdt edi biii khung kMdp [...]
Seo bdc chdy... vd minb ngM minh ngbe thay nhftng tieng gao, dudng nhu mdi cdi seo Id mdt tidng gao"*'^'
Tdm lai, cMln tranh la mdt diln ngdn quyen lye tao nen can tinh thugc dia vd cdn tinh thyc ddn. 6 dd, nd thda Mdp vdi chd ngMa thyc dan de lap ndn Mong quan bit can xung giua ke mgnh vd ke ydu, ke di ehinh phat va ngudi bi cMnh phat. Dd phd bd quydn luc tao nghTa do, can phai trdi qua qua tiinh gjai thuc ddn dau. Dilu luu y Id, qud trinh giai thyc dan hda khdng cM dp dimg eho ke bi tri, ma dp dung cho cd ke thdng tri vdn la tac gid eiia nd. Bdi le, chfnh trong luc ty biln minh thanb trang tam va gan pMa ngoai bidn cho thudc dia, chu ngMa thyc dan da ty bao bgc minh vdi nhung gia dinh - Udn tudng cho cai d
NGHIEN COU VAN HQC S6 9 - 2016 bdn ngodi nd, khae voi nd, kit qud la mpt pMa ngoai Men Id san phim eiia tudng tutmg nMdu bon Id quan sat thyc td; "Lam ndn tdng cho mgi dan vi khdc nhau ciia dien ngdn E>dng Phuong Mgn Id mot logt cdch ndi am du hoac tu ngd theo nghTa bdng" ' va "chiing ta khdng can tim sy tuong ling gifta ngdn ngd dugc diing dd md ta phuong Ddng vdi ban thdn phuang Ddng, khdng phai vi ngdn ngu do tMdu chfnh xdc, md cMnh vi ngdn ngd do khdng he ed gdng trd ndn cMnh xdc""^'. KM va cham vdi Mpn ttiyc, vd mdng Id dilu tit ylu. Dd Id dien trinh cua hai loai can tfnh ed thd doe thay tu Ndi budn chien tranh cim Bao Ninh va Chuy^ cda Paco cim Larry Heinemann: mdt ben cdn tfnh thugc dia la sir trao quydn dgc cho chu tiid va chiu chin ttiuong tix)ng kM loay hoay gifta y mudn thodt khdi ndi am anh thyc dan va ti-d ve chu ngMa dan tdc; mgt bdn can tfnh thyc dan Id sy kidm soat kba nang dgc nhung vo mgng vdi y mudn thoat khdi chfnh quydn lyc minh da tao ra.
Khdng diing Igi tgi dd, tdi mudn tim ddn tu tumig ciia Bdo Nmh va Larry Heinemann trong nd lyc sau cimg cua hg: xac lap lgi cdn tfnh tu nhiing chin tiiuong vd do vd, Mnh dung cUpn mgo kbac cbo tam thuc dan tdc minh.
2. Q u y l n vilt lai cdn tinh
Hanh dgng vidt vua nhu mgt tdi Men vda nhu sy lat do ddu xdy ra trong cd Ndi buon chien tranh vd Chuyen ctia Paco.
KM Kien - nha van viet ve Kien - ngudi Ifnh, do don gian ehi Id hogt dpng tai Men thy ddng, nhung edch md Kidn hdnh dgng tiudc va sau kM ht^an ttidnb eu6n tidu thuydt ciia minh mdi that Id nhiing cM tilt mang nghTa. Trudc kM ket thdc ban ttido, ddm ddm Kidn den phdng mdt ngudi pbu nu cdm dd k l l l nhdng gi anh dang viet (each ke bang Idi nhu vay eiing Id mgt hanh ddng vidt), "anh ein cM ngdi thu am cdc y ngM, eac tiudng dogn eua anh [...] anh ta ddc dodn cMdm hiiu chi vd mat tinh tiiin edn tiii bd lai chi vd mgi mat, bidn cbi thdnh mgt tiid ban nhap"*^*. (^ day xdy ra mdt quan he bdt tuong hgp gifta quydn lye cua dien ngdn vd ddi tugng dp dgt dien ngdn. Kien budc ngudi dan bd cam phdi ldng nghe minh nhu la mdt sy dp dgt Idi, nhung quyen lyc dd se trd thdnh vd nghia vtii ngudi nam ngodi mgi didn giai bdng Idi - mdt ngudi c:am. Vi ehi khdng co khd nang ddp trd, khdng ed ngMa chi 1^ "'"P^ i^^ *^" nhdp" thy dgng, ma ddng hon, ngudi phy nu cam ndy ddng vai trd Id mOt phan tinh ddi vdi hdnh dpng vilt cua Kien. Gidng nhu mdt tim guong, ddi thogi vdi guong Id vd ngbia, nhimg kM ddi didn guong, ngudi soi ngim nhan ttiay Mnh anh phdng CMIU ty tiian. Bk
Chiin tranh - Tie sfc dpc...
rdi sau nhiMg ldn gdp gd dd, Kidn cam e\ii vidt tidp va kdt thdc bdng hdnh dgng ty hdy: dot ban thdo vd bd di.
Paco khdng hd lg cau chuypn eua minh, nhung Cathy - ed hdng xdm ludn td md ve anh - Igi hdng ngdy quan sdt nhftng hanh ddng cua anh dl dua vdo nhdt kf. Ndu trong cudc ddi thogi gifta ngudi kl chuypn vdi James/ Jack vl Paco, anh hodn toan Id ddi tugng khep kin vd mac du ndi dung tiuyen la Chuydn cua Paco nhung khdng ai Meu dugc chdn dung tinh thin Paco (kd ca ehd thi kl), till trong hanh dgng vidt ndy cua Cattiy, lin diu tidn Paco nim d vai ke bi quan sdt. Id ddi tugng thy ddng cda sy vidt. Cathy khdng chi gM Igi nhftng hdnh dgng vat vanh tiiudng ngdy, md cdn di vdo sdu xa tdm thdc hdn logn ciia anh (nhung vdt seo vd sy Igt xac) qua gide mo ctia cd vl chuypn ldm finh gifta hai ngudi. Bang mdt Mnh dung bf an ndo dd, Cathy da dgc dugc nhihig in uc md Paco che giau. Dd Id mdt sy phoi bdy bing ngdn ngu, loi keo nhan vat vd lai till gjdi cua cdc diln giai, md vdn tiudc do, Paco da phu nhan mgi diln gidi bdng Idi bing sy cam lang dudc thyc tai. Cudi edng, anb bd di vl miln Tay.
Vgy la, hdnh ddng "tiidc tinh" cua hai nhdn vdt di theo cMdu ngugc nhau:
Kidn di mgt nha van bidu dgt edu ehuy$n bdng ngdn td da di din chd ddt bdn thao, phu nhdn mgi didn giai bang Idi ("Anh viet ra dudng nhu chi de md ftwy"*^"), cdn Paco tM tu trang thai che giau Idi bidu dgt (hdng ehe giiu chfnh minh) di ddn chd ±uc nhan lgi minh qua cudc Idi kdo eua ngdn tu bieu dgt (Id cudn nhgt kf ciia Cathy). Nhung bg gidng nbau d quydt dinh sau cung: rdi bd thd gidi ma hg dang sdng. Tdc rdi bd cdi can tfnh ma hp dang mang: Can tfnh hp ttiudc va ba vo dd dugc Kidn ddt bd bing hdnh dgng ddt ban thdo - ddt ban thdo vua la each anh tii chdi mgi sy dp ddt td trung tam tgo nghla, vira Id each anh tdi Men lai hdnh vi ddt tranh cda ngudi cha nhim dua cai dep vinh vidn vdo cdi hu vd, thoat khdi thyc tgi tan nhdn. Ben pMa ngugc lai Id can tinh ttiye ddn vdi quydn kilm sodt ma nay dd bi phd vd kM Paco dugc d^t trd lai d pMa ngudi hi quan sat, vd di vd midn Tay dd phuc dyng lgi giac mo tan vd - nhung khdng phai la giic mgng viln Ddng Udn ngap do tudng nhu trudc ddy ma Id vd vdi cdi ngudn td tidn dan tgc: mien Tdy hoang dd hay Id qud huong cua tOc ngudi da dd, nhung ngudi la cu dan that sy cda vung dat rOng ldn ndy. Ndi cdch khdc, kM chgn cdch ra di, Kidn vd Paco da phd bd sy dgc tdn cdn ti'nh:
can tfnh thudc dia d bdn ndy va can tfnh tiiyc dan d ben kia, de hoa ti-gn lgi thdnh can tfnh chung vd phdn bipt gifta vdng khdng gian tdn tgi trong qua khd.
KM Kidn trd lai con dudng cda cha md ban diu anh khdng Mlu vd cd phin
NGHIEN CtJ-U VAN HQC S6 9 - 2016 kMnh re: bdo tdn cdi dpp bdng cdch diy Mi nd khdi thyc tgi, Id anb da bdt ggp eiing mo udc cua Paco, trd vd vd phye sinh mgt nudc My nguydn so vdn chua hi dau dpc bdi quyen lyc lanh ttid. Dd Id mgt cdch "gidi ldnh thd hda" trong tam thuc cua hg. Id mgt cdch vidt lai can tfnh, tiudc tidn Id cho cMnb minh.
"Jean-Paul Sartre vidt trong Chdn dung ngudi bdi Do Thdi: Ngudi Do Thdi Id ngudi md ngudi khdc xem nhu ngudi Do Thdi..."*^^\ Vgy phai chang cdn tfnh la mgt khai mpm gia vdn chi mang ngi ham kM hinh thdnh diln ngdn? Tir phdn tfch ddi sdnh hai tdc pham Ndi budn chien tranh vd Chuyen ciia Paco, cd the nhan thay rang ngi hdm cda can tfnh khdng mang tfnh cd ket ma dich chuydn tiiy theo mdc do chdp nhgn cua ddi tugng vdi quydn lyc didn ngdn thyc ddn. The ndn mdi cd the viet lai can tfnh tu mgt gdc nMn khdc, kM doi tugng dd ru bd duge dinh kidn da tdn tai tu Idu trong ^ mdm lich su dan tdc. Phuong each vilt lgi ay tuy cdn don gidn vd tMdu tinh Mpn thyc nhung eiing da md ra mpt kha nang hdng thuc diy quydn sdng tao eua ngudi vidt kM chgn de tdi cMen tranh, vd suy tu ciia ngudi dgc cung trong dgng dd tdi ndyQ
(1) Edward Wadie Said: £)d/i^p/iu»ng/u^ (Luu E)oan Huynh, Ftiam Xuan Ri v i Tran Vin Tuy dich; Trin Tien Cao Dang hi?u * i i h ) Nxb. Tri thiic, H., 2014.
(2) Amartya Sen: Cdn tinh vd bgo lyc: Huyin tudng vi so m^nh (LS Tuan Huy v i Tran Tien Cao ESng dich). Nxb. Tri Ihuc, H. 2013.
(3) Amartya Sen tiieu ring khSng lim gi c6 sy dpc ton mpt can tinh, vl eon nguoi la mpt
^p hpp nhidu cin tiiih khic nhau: "Khdng cd gi Id mdu thudn khi cung mdt con nguai lgi cd the VMH Id mgt cdng ddn My gdc Caribi, vita Id mdt ngudi My cd to tien tir chdu Phi, vtia Id mgt ngu&i Thien Chiia gido, mgt ngirdi theo chu nghia tyt do, mgt phyi nit, mgt ngudi an chay [...}
Moi mgt tgp the trong sd viia ndt trin - md ngudi ndy ciing luc thugc ve tdt cd - dem lgi cho anh dy hay c6 dy mgt cdn ttnh cy thi. Khdng mgt lap the riing bi^t ndo cd the dugc xem Id cdn tinh duy nhdt hay mgt logi tu cdch thdnh vien dan nhat ciia mgt con nguoT". Amartya Sen: Can tlnh vd bgo life... Sdd, U.I5.
(4) Bio Ninh: Ndi budn chiin tranh. Tii ban. Nxb. Tre, TP. Hd Chf Mmh, 2015.
(5) Lany Heinemann: Chuydn cua Paco (Phgm Anh Tuin djch). Nxb. Phu Nu, H., 2010.
(6), (9), (14), (15), (16), (17) Larry Heinemann: Chuyen aia Paco. Sdd, tr.20. 216, 236,203, 243,317.
(7), (8), (10), (I I), (12), (13), (20), (21) Bao Ninh: Ndi budn chiin tranh, Sdd, tr.3I7,64,103, 59,129,52,139,61.
(18), (19), (22) Amartya Sen: Cdn tlnh vd bgo luc: Huyin tuong vi s6m$nh,S>&d,xi.\25, 126,38.
