KJT QUA NGHIBU CUU ofe TAI KHOA HpC CAP BBJA WIlOC
CHUOI CUNG O N G
SAN PHAM THUY SAN XUAT KHAU CUA CAC TINH KHU VU'C TAY BAC -
THU'C TRANG v A GlAl P H A P
Ma so: 96.2TrEM.22
Bui Xuan Nhan Trfldng Bai hoc Thifdng mai
Email: [email protected] Ha \ ^ n Sfl TnJdng Dal hoc Thfldng mai Email: [email protected] Ngiynhpn: 06/07/2016 Ngiynhpnial: 21/07/2016 Ngiy duypt dang: 01/08/2016
/ ^ ' ' ' huQi eung Qng (CCU) dope hieu li mdt he thdng bao gdm mpi hoat ddng lien quan den vISc L.S^ sin xuat vi phin phdi mdt san pha'm hoin chlnh, nd dddc bat dau td nhi cung cap dau tien
den ngudi tieu dung cudi eung [1]. Ngiy nay viec xiy dQng va phit tridn CCU di trd thinh phQdng thQc die biet quan trpng trong mol Ifnh vUc hoat dpng kinh doanh nham tao ra nhQng sin pham ed chat lupng, ning cao nang suat, tiet kiSm ehl phi vi tdi da hda dUde gii tn, gia tang eho sin pham eung Qng ra thi trudng. Bdi viy, phit trien sin xuat kinh doanh theo chudi li xu the tat ydu hipn nay ddi vdi mpi sin pham hing hoi, trong dd cd mat hing thuy sin xuat khau. TQ-y nghfa vi vai trd dd, bai vidt trSn cd sd nghiSn cQu thuc trang va nhQng van de dit ra td thuc trang CCU sin phi'm thuy sin xuat khau cua cac tinh khu vQc Tiy Bae di de xuat md hinh va dc giai phap nham phit trien CCU sin pham thuy san xuat kha'u cho cie dia phUdng thudc khu vQc nay trong thdi gian tdi
TQkhda: chudi cung Qng (CCU); md hinh CCU, sin pham thuy sin xuat khi'u
^ 1. Khai quat ve thyc trang san xuat va GCU trdng thuy san chinh eua eac dia phUdng trong san pham thuy san xuat khau oua cac tinh thanh Khu vye la nudi ea long tai eae hd Idn theo khu vflc lay Bac phudng phap tien tien, hieu qua va ben vflng vdi Cac tinh khu vyc Tay Bae vdi v] tri d]a ly va eac loai ca ed gia tn kinh te eao (nhfl tram cd, dieu kien tfl nhidn rat da dang, dae bidt la khu tram den, didu hdng, lang eham...) va nudi ca vyc ed mang ludi sdng, sudi; hd day dac tfl lau nude lanh tai mdt sd d]a phUdng cd ldi the ve da dupe xem la khu vflc giau tiem nang va ldi the dieu kidn d]a hinh va khi hau. (Bang 1) cho vide khai thac, phat trie'n nudi trdng thuy san Ve san lupng, hidn td'ng san lUdng thuy san eua theo hudng cdng nghiep phuc vu eho xuat kha'u. toan khu vyc Tay Bac dat mflc 49.270 tan nam Thye te, nganh nudi thuy san tai cac tinh khu vflc 2010 (trong dd, san IflOng khai thac dat 6.612 tan, Tay Bae cung da va dang phat trid'n vdi nhieu nudi trdng dat 42.085 tan) va tang ldn 62.090 tan hinh thfle, nhu: Nudi ca Idng be, nudi trong hd vao nam 2014 (trong dd, san lUdng khai thac dat chfla, nudi trong ao, cac ddng sudi nude chay 7.314 tan, nudi trdng dat 54.781 tan). Mflc tang nudi trong rupng (nudi ea xen canh ket hpp vdi trung binh trpng giai doan nay dat 6,5%/nam. So cay lua). Trong dd, 2 xu hudng phat trien nudi vdi quy md nganh thuy san cua c^ nudc thi nganh
^ San pham ciia de tai "Nghien cOu xay dung chuof cung Ong sin pham nong, lam a$c sin xual kha'u ciia cac tmh khu vuc Tay Bac", ma so KHCN-TB.06X/13-18, Oe tai duac tai tra bdi Chuang trinh Khoa hoc va cdng nghe phuc vu phat then bSn vOng vung Tay Bac, DHQGHN.
khoa hoc ^ ^ ^
'^ """^''••"^' s d 9 6 / 2 0 1 6
KET QUA NGHBU CUU OE TAI KHOA HOC C ^ lyilA mtfolC
thuy san khu vyc Tay Bac cdn kha khiem tdn, tdng san lupng cua Khu vye ehi chiem gan 2% san lupng thuy san ndi d]a efla ca nfldc (nam 2014, san Ifldng thfly san npi d]a cua ea nudc dat 3.167,3 nghin tan)i,
Quy md san xuat thuy san eua eac tinh thupc khu Vflc Tay Bac rat khac nhau, tinh Phfl Thp cd mflc san Ifldng thuy san cao nhat, nam 2014 td'ng san IflOng thuy san cua tinh Phu Thp dat 25,19 nghin tan, chiem tdi 40,57% td'ng khdi Iflong thuy san eua 12 tinh vung Tay Bae; tinh Sdn La cd mflc san
Bang 1 ; Phin vQng sin xuat thuy sin cua Khu vdc Tay Bae
tt
1
2
3
4
5
b
Loai san pham
Ca nudc lanh
Cac loai ca dac san ni/dc ngpt
Ca truyen thong ni/dc ngpt
Ca giong mdt ((re iai, chep lai, ro dau vuong...)
Tom
Cac Ioai thuy san khac
Hinh thiic nuoi Nuoi theo mo hinh trang tr^i trong cac be xay n h i n tao
Danh bat trong bJ nhien ho^c nuoi trong cac long ho thuy di$n
Banh bat tM nhien tai cac song suoi, nuoi trong cac ao ho nho
Nuoi 03 long tai cac long ho Idn
Nuoi trong long, be d^t tai cac long ho
0anh b i t tiJ nhien, nuoi trong long, be dat tai cac long ho
Phanvurxj
Tai cac vung cao, co nguon nudc phu hpp [nudc lanti, ham lu<?ng Oxi hoa tan trong nudc cao, s^ch CO (SQ PH thap, Ihich hap nhat la nai CO dong chay manh, Hen tuc). T | p trung chu yeu tai cac tinh Lao Cai, Lai Chau va Ha Gianq Cac Idng ho thuy di§n, song Idn c6 nhieu thac ghenh (sdng Hong, song Da, sdng Thao, song Lo). T i p trung chu yeu tai cac tinh Phu Thp, Hoa Binh, Sdn La
Phan viJng rai rac tai tat ca cac tinh Tay Bac {t$p trung san xuat t^i cac vung niQng trung, sonq SUOI nho, ao ho nho)
Ho song Da (Unh Hoa Binh), ho Thac Ba {tinh Yen Bai), ho thuy diSn San La {tlnh San La), ho thuy diSn Lai Chau {tinh Lai Chiu), ho thi xa Mudng Lay (tinh Bien Bien), ho thuy ff\en Sdng ChCing {tinh Ha Giang), ho thijy di§n Chu Va(La;Cftau)
Nguon: Tdng hpp tQ nhieu ngudn dO lieu va tai cac dja phuang khu vUc Tay Bac [2].
Sd Iflpng va cd cau thanh vien cua CCU edn han ehe, chua cd du eac thanh phan tham gia {ehua ed doanh nghISp ehuySn vd ttiu gom, ehd bidn, ehua d nhi xuai khau). Dieu nay cho thay eac tinh khu vyc Tay Bae chua hinh thanh dupc CCU thuy san day du ma mdi hinh thanh khau dau tidn eua chudi, dd la khau tao nguydn lieu. Ddng thdi, khau san xuat nay eung chfla tao ra dflpc vflng hang hda Idn dd' cd the xay dflng va van hanh chudi mdt each hidu qua. Mdt each tdng quat, chung ta cd the' md ta cae CCLf san pha'm thuy san eua cac tinh khu vyc Tay Bac theo md hinh {gdm 3 dang chudf) nhu sau:
lupng thuy san dflng thfl 2 dat 6,55 nghin tan (chiem 10,54%) va tinh Yen Bai dflng thfl 3 dat 6,49 nghin tan (chiem 10,45%); eac tinh Lai Chau, Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Bac Can, Lang Sdn cd mflc san lupng rat thap, mdi tinh ddng gdp chua tdi 3%
tdng gia tr] san lupng cua ca Vflng.
Mae du cd tiem nang ldn ve nudi trdng thuy san, nhung tai eac d]a phUdng cae ed sd nudi trdng tren d]a ban khdng nhieu va quy md hoat ddng van edn d tinh trang nho le, manh mfln, phan tan. Ddng thdi, khau che bien thuy san mdi chi dflng lai ehu yeu d vide che bien tfldi va dfla vao sfl dung ludn. Cac san pham khac che bien tfl thuy
san ndi ehung edn ddn didu va chiem ty trpng rat nhd.
Xet ve e c u san pha'm thi cac ehu the' ehinh lien quan va tham gia vao CCLf san pham thuy san hien nay efla cac tinh khu vyc Tay Bac mdi ehi gdm ngudi eung flng gidng va thfle an, ngudi san xuat (nudi trdng), ngudi thu mua, co sd che blen thfly san va cac nha
ban le. Va gifla hp chfla cd sy Ngudn: Tdng hap tQ khao sit thoc tien [2].
cam ket, phdi hpp chat cheHlnh 1 : Md hinh CCU san pham thuy sin eua de tlnh khu vUc Tiy Bac
Cung cap dau vao (Giong.
ihijc an.
Ihuoc...)
Nguoi nuoi trong
{Dang 2)
(Dang 3) Cac CO so che blen
- ^
T m n g ^ a n phan phoi
Tnjng gian phan phoi
—
- ^
Ngudi tieu diing npi dia
Ngudi tieu dung ndi dja
Ngudi tieu diing ndi dia
1. Sdlieu cQa GSO, til td trang https://www.gso.gov.vn/defaultaspx?tabld=717
36 96/2016 ,khoa hoc ^^
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KET QUA MGHIEIVI COU OE TM KHOA HOC CW* W H A
Nhu vay eae CCLf hidn tai ddi vdi san pham thuy san eua eae tinh khu vyc Tay Bae chu yeu mdi chi dflng lai d mat xich cudi cflng la ngfldi tieu dung ndi d]a, chfla md rdng den ddi tfldng tidu dung la nude ngoai.
Xet ve hieu suat phat trid'n CCLf cae san pham thfly san xudt kha'u tai cae tinh khu vflc Tay Bac cd thd' nhan xet nhfl sau:
ThQ nhat, ve chat lupng cau hinh CCLf san pha'm thuy san xuat kha'u edn nhieu bat cap va yeu kem, eu the':
- Sd IUdng va cd eau thanh vidn cfla CCU cdn han ehe, chua du cae thanh phan tham gia {chUa ed doanh nghiSp chuyen ve thu gom, chd bidn, chua cd nhi xuat khau). Dieu nay eho thay cac tinh khu vyc Tay Bac ehua hinh thanh dUde CCU thuy san dSy du ma mdi hinh thanh khau dau tien cua chudi, dd la khau tao nguyen lieu. Tuy nhidn, khau san xuat nay cung_ chfla thd' tao dflpc vflng hang hda Idn dd' cd thd' xay dyng va van hanh chudi mpt each hieu qua.
Td ehflc qua trinh cung cap cac yeu td dau vao cdn chua day du (vi du ngudn gidng chua du nen phai sQ dung ca ngudn gidng trdi ndi trSn thi trudng), chat lupng eae yeu td dau vao {die biet la con gidng) cdn thap, chua dap flng dfldc ydu eau san xuat.
- Viee td chfle vflng san xuat thuy san da cd quy hoach, tuy nhidn, eae nha san xua't ehu yeu la hp gia dinh nhd ie, phan tan, sd doanh nghiep san xuat cdn it.
Thu gom chu yeu mdi do cae hd ca thd', thUdng lai thyc hidn va d quy md nhd.
Che bien hau nhu khdng ed hoae mdi ehi dflng d ehe bien d mpt sd dang ddn gian, nhfl: Ca ddng lanh, cha ca....
Thii hai, ve chat iupng quan he CCU. Quan he trong chudi rat Idng leo, thudng la quan he dua tren thda thuan mieng hoac dfla trdn uy tin lam an lau dai {khich hang quen thudc). Mdt sd ngudi san xuat da cd su lien ket thanh cae td hdp tae, hpp tac xa. Da cd sfl chia se thdng tin nhung ehu yeu mang tinh chat ea nhan gifla nhflng ngfldi san xuat vdi nhau hoac gifla ngfldi san xuat - ngudi cung cap... chua ed sy chia se thdng tin thdng nhat trong toan chudi, dae bidt la thdng tin ve thi trudng va khach hang. chudI ehua cd nguydn tae van hanh ehung (ve cic tieu chui'n cha't IUdng, mdc dich vu, thdi han giao hing...).
ThQ ba, ve chat lupng dieu phdi CCU. Chat lupng did'u phdi CCU hidn edn rat yeu. Cac thanh vien eua chudi chu yeu hoat ddng theo muc tidu, ke hoaeh oua minh va chudi chua ed doanh nghiep tam did'm ddng vai trd dieu phdi nen chat lupng eac hoat ddng dy bao, hoaeh d]nh san xuat,
khoa hoc , = ^ = = ^ = _ = _ _ 42 thifdngmai
hoach dmh ngudn cung cap, quan tr] qua trinh cung flng - giao hang cdn rat thap. San pham cua chudi ehua dfldc xay dflng thfldng hieu. ^
ThO td, ve sfl trd giflp doanh nghidp san xuat eua nha xuat khau. Hau het cac tinh efla khu vyc Tay Bac khdng cd xuat khau thuy san va CCU san pha'm thuy san ehua cd doanh nghidp tam didm, khdng cd doanh nghiep xuat kha'u nen vai trd dieu phdi nay khdng cd.
ThQ nam, chat lUdng van hanh CCU cen yeu.
Hoat ddng cua eae thanh vidn chfla tao thanh mpt the thdng nhat theo chudi gia tr] cung flng eho khach hang. Djnh hudng th] trfldngj<uat khau chua dupe thye hidn trong toan chudi. Lien ket gifla cae vflng, ngfldi san xuat cdn rdi rac, chfla hinh thanh dfldc cac vung san xuat ldn vdi md hinh quan tn hidn dai. Hdp tac xa, cac td hdp tac phat trie'n cdn mang tinh phong trao va hidu qua hoat ddng chua eao.
2. De xua't mo hinh va giai phap phat trien CCU san pham thuy san xuft khau cho cac tinh khu vflc lay Bac
2.1. Be xua't mo hinh CCLf
Phat trie'n san xuat kinh doanh theo ehudi la xu the tat yeu trong thdi gian tdi ddi vdi nganh thuy san Viet Nam ndi chung va eua cac tinh khu vflc Tay Bae ndi rieng. Ve ly thuyet, ehudi cung thuy san bao gdm tat ca eae lidn ket tfl cac did'm san xuat (die'm khai thac hoac trang trai trong trfldng hpp nudi trdng thuy san) dd' dfla san pham den ngfldi dflng cuoi hoac tieu dung cudi cung. Cac tae nhan tham gia CCLf thuy san bao gdm; (1) Cae tae nhan tham gia cung cap eac yeu td dau vao chiJ yeu, nhU: Cd sd san xuat gidng, thfle an va d|ch vu dau vao khac; (2) Cd sd nudi trdng/khai thac thuy san - day la tac nhan trung tam; (3) Cd sd che bien thuy san; (4) Cae ddn vi phan phdi, nhfl: Ddn v] thu gom, ngUdi ban budn, ban le. Mdi tac nhan la mdt mat xich, thUc hien cac hoat ddng trong tflng edng doan tUdng flng, trdn cd sd sfl dyng cae yeu td ngudn lyc eiJa minh nham tao gia tri cho san pha'm dap flng yeu eau cua khach hang cudi cung [3], [8].
Trdn ed sd ly thuyet va de hudng tdl phat trie'n md hinh CCU san pha'm xuat kha'u thfly san cho eae tinh khu vyc Tay Bac theo hudng chuyen nghidp, hidu qua va ben vflng thi khdng the duy tri md hinh CCU gian ddn de san xuat va tieu thu san pha'm thuy san nhu hien nay ma can phai phat trid'n them dp dai cfla chudi, tflc la phai bd sung them mdt sd eae tae nhan tham gia ehudi, dae biet la bd sung tae nhan la cac nha xuat kha'u va cac ddn V] cung cap d]ch vu hd'trd. Theo dd, md hinh e c u san pha'm thuy san xudt kha'u cua khu vflc Tay Bac dupe dd' xuat cd the' md ta nhfl sau:
So 96/2016
; ^ T QUA HCMEni CUAl OE TAI KHOA HOC CAP NHA,
•::s^.SxM-/'L . -^Ji. i ^ S .„.«J^«S
DJCHVV H 6 T R 9
1 H9U can Tai chinh 1 Dich MJ kf thual
Thi imong quoc le
Thf Imdng npi dia
1 M M xuit khau | | ^ha ban le | •
*
t •Nguoi che bien
t
•
Nha sail xual Cun^ cap dau vao t
Hinh 2.- De xuat md hinh CCU sin phi'm thuy san xuat khi'u cho cie tinh khu vpc Tiy Bae
2.2. Cac glal ptiap phit tiien CClJ dn pham thuy dn xuS Uiau
Cie giii phip tO phia Nhi node:
Thucte tfl bai hpe kinh nghiem cua nhieu nude, de nang eao gia tr] gia tang cho san pha'm thfly san xuat khau, Nha nudc ludn cd vai trd dac bidt quan trpng. Vdl thyc trang san xuat va xuat khau san pham thuy san, ddng thdi vdi tien trinh hdi nhap kinh te qudc te eua Viet Nam hidn nay va tfl bai hpe kinh nghidm cua eac nude xuat khau thuy san tren the gidi, ehung tdi eho rang de phat trien e c u san pham thuy san xuat kha'u vflng Tay Bac Nha nfldc can tap trung vao cac chinh sach va nd"
Iflc eu the sau:
ThQ nhat, cd cd che chinh saeh hinh thanh va phat trien nganh nudi trdng thuy san ben vflng, d§e bidt la gan vdi eac chudng trinh bao vd mdi frudng, giai quyet vide lam, dao tao nghe, ehuong frinh tai djnh cu efla eae dja phUdng cd cdng trinh thuy didn. Khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep, hpp tae xa, hd gia dinh dau tu va flng dung cdng nghe tien tien treng iinh vye nudi trdng, che bien thuy san, dae bidt la san xuat gidng, cdng nghd nudi, che bien xuat khau... Ddng thdi coi trpng cac bidn phap tiep can va lien ket thj trudng tieu thu san pham ben viing.
ThQ hai, kidn toan, eung cdeO quan quan ly Nha nudc ve thuy san dfl nang lyc thye hidn nhidm vu quan ly nudi trdng va phat trien ngudn lpi thuy san trong giai doan mdi. Dao tao, bdi dudng nang cao chat luong ngudn nhan lyc quan ly va phat trid'n thuy san, tap tmng dao tao nghe cho ndng dan tham gia nudi tidng thuy san, hudng dah td ehflc san xuat cho cae hd dan theo hudng tham canh nang cao nang suat, chat Iflpng san pham dap flng nhu eau th] trfldng. Khuyen khich hinh thanh va phat trie'n
cac nha may ehe bien thuy san phu hdp vdi dieu kidn tflng d]a phfldng gan vdi phat trien vung nguydn lieu dau vao. Tiep tuc dau tu cac ehUdng trinh, dy an phu trp, trong dd uu tidn dau tU vao cang ca, san xuat gidng thuy san, vung nudi trdng thfly san tap trung. Hinh thanh mang ludi djch vu cung flng eon gidng, thfle an, thudc thu y thu mua san pham... phue vu phattrien thuy san.
Thdng qua viee ra soat va danh gia thyc trang quy md va trinh dp cdng nghd che bien cua toan bd cae CO sd ehe bien san pham thuy san xuat kha'u hidn cd de dua ra ed che khuyen khich va hd" trp phfl hpp nham tao cho hp cd cP hdi tang efldng va md rdng dau tfl, lidn ket, chuyen giao edng nghd theo hudng hinh thanh eac cd sd che blen quy md ldn, edng nghd hidn dai, qua dd tang dupe cdng suat ehe bien, tang ty Id ehe bien sau, tao san pha'm thuy san xuat kha'u chat lupng, dap flng nhu cau cao cfla th] trfldng the gidi.
Thd ba, tflng bfldc dieu chinh, ehuyen d]nh hudng chien Ifldc sang phat trie'n theo hfldng coi trpng hon chat Iflpng, sflc eanh tranh va hidu qua.
De thye hien dupe chfl trfldng nay, ben canh vide khuyen khfch dau tfl va phat trid'n nganh cdng nghiep ehe bien, Nha nudc can tang eUdng va coi trpng cdng tae quy hoaeh nudi, trdng san pha'm thuy san xuat kha'u tren eP sd phat huy lpi the so sanh va theo hudng san xuat Idn, ndng nghidp hidn dai; Xay dyng va quan ly qua trinh san xuat, che tJien va bao quan san pham thfly san xuat khau theo cac tidu ehuan chat lupng, vd sinh an toan thye pham phu hpp vdi eac th] trudng nhap kha'u;
ThQ to, trien khai cae hoat ddng xflc tien thfldng mai, md rdng thj trfldng tidu thy san pham thuy san dam bao vd sinh an toan thye pham va hudng tdi cae th] trudng xuat khau ehu lye. Xay dyng chudng trinh, td chfle xflc tien dau tfl, mdi gpi eae doanh nghiep trong va ngoai tinh tham gia dau tfl nudi, ehe bien, tieu thy san pha'm thuy san.
Trpng tam la Idng hd thuy didn Hda Binh, thuy didn Sdn La, Thuy didn Thac Ba, eae sdng, sudi, vflng ed dieu kien phat trien cac loai thuy san cd gia tr] kinh te eao, tieu thy dn d]nh.
TfiQnim, d]nh hudng va cd chinh saeh khuyen khich cae nha san xuat va xuat khau xay dflng va phat trie'n cac ehudi gia tr] san pha'm thuy san xuat kha'u cd nang lye canh tranh cao d trong nude lam tien de va dieu kidn cho vide tham gia vao ehudi gia tr] toan cau.
86 96/2016 _khoa hoc
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KET QUA NGHIBU CUU OE TAI KHOA HpC CJAP | l H A l«iDfC
Tao dieu kidn thuan ldi de' eac nha san xuat va xuat kha'u san pha'm thuy san khu vyc Tay Bae tham gia vao nhflng khau ngoai san xuat, tiep can gan hdn vdi ngudi tidu dung nude ngoai, d3c biet la hd'trp thdng tin vd' nhu eau th] trfldng, xuc tien thuang mai hang ndng san d cae th] trudng trpng die'm, tien tdi md ed sd phan phdi tai nfldc ngoai.
Tao thuan ldi can thiet dd thu hut dau tu true tiep cfla nude ngoai de tiep can ngudn vdn, edng nghd cung nhu tham gia vao mang lUdi phan phdi toan eau san pha'm thuy san xuat kha'u. Day la con dudng ngan nhat de tang sflc eanh tranh va tham gia vao ehudi gia tn toan cau, qua dd nang cao gia tr] gia tang eho san pham thfly san xuat kha'u.
Cic giai phip tQ phia cic nhi san xuat vi xuat khau sin pham thuy san
ThQ nhat, dc giai phap ehung eho cac nha san xuat va xuat kha'u thuy san:
- Tieh eye va chu ddng tham gia vao CCU san pha'm thuy san trong nude va toan cau trdn eo sd lua chpn dflng eac khau can uu tidn nham khai thac Ipi the so sanh, phat frien nhanh, hidu qua va ben vflng hoat ddng xuat kha'u trdn th] trudng the gidi.
^ - Day manh eae hoat ddng lien doanh, lien ket de tang eudng sflc manh, hieu qua kinh te khi tham gia vao chudi gia tr], nhanh chdng khac phue tinh trang nhd le, manh mfln va thieu su lidn ket gifla cac tae nhan (tfl ngfldi san xuat den eae nha thu mua, ehe bien, xuat kha'u, ban le) trong chudi.
- Chfl trpng lya ehpn nhflng san pha'm thfly san ma cac tinh trong Khu vflc ed Ipi the so sanh va the gidi cd nhu cau Idn dd' chuyd'n d]ch ed eau san xuat va xuat kha'u. Ddng thdi, sap xep lai cac co sd san xuat, ehe bien theo hudng thanh \ip cac cd sd san xuat, ehe bien Idn ed thiet b], cdng nghd hien dai de' tao ra nhflng san pha'm ed gia tn gia tang, du sflc canh tranh tren th] trudng qudc te, giam dan eac cd sd san xuat, che bien nhd le, nang xuat, chat lupng thap, khdng dam bao vd sinh an toan thfle pha'm.
- Tang cydng nang lye cua eac hidp hdi nganh hang. Day la don v] tap hpp va tang eudng lien ket eac doanh nghiep kinh doanh thuy san nham gdp phan gia tang nang lye eanh tranh trdn thi trudng qude te.
-Tang eudng nang lye quan tn ehudi gia tn nham nang eao kha nang lanh dao chudi gia tn ddi vdi mpt sd san pha'm thuy san xuat kha'u ed tiem nang Ipi the toan dien, day manh hoat ddng xay dflng va phat trid'n thudng hidu, khai thac ehi dah d]a ly ddi vdi cae mat hang ndng san xuat kha'u.
ThQ hai, dc giai phap cu the ddi vdi tflng tac nhan trong ehudi. Nguydn tac cdt yeu cua lien ket chudi la lpi ich. Md hinh lidn ket hidn nay gifla cac tac nhan trong ehudi gia tn san pha'm thuy san d
khoa hoc
khu VUe Tay Bac edn rat long leo, thieu tinh ben vflng. Vi the, de' glal quyet nhflng tdn tai trong phat trien theo ehudi, trflde het cantang efldng nang Iflc cfla tflng khau mat xich trong chudi lidn ket. Cu the:
- Ddi vdi cie ddn w san xuat ei gidng Gidng la khau quan trpng anh hudng tryc tiep den nang suat va hieu qua eua ngUdi nudi ca thuong pha'm. Qua nghien cflu cho thay mac dfl sd Iflpng eae ddn v] thyc hien viec san xuat ca gidng khdng nhieu nhflng chat Ifldng con gidng d cac ddn V] nay khdng ddng deu, tham chi ngay tai cung mdt ddn v] san xuat gidng thi chat lupng con gidng cung khdng dn d|nh, phy thude rat nhieu vap ngudn trflng ea gidng nhap khau, ky thuat ap trflng va udm gidng. VI the, dd' dn d]nh chat lUdng con gidng ddi hdi cae ddn v] san xuat gidng can dau tu xay dyng cac cd sd ap va Udm gidng dat tieu ehuan, ngudi san xuat can dfldc trang b] day dfl kien thfle va tuan thu dflng quy frinh ky thuat.
Trong khau san xuat gidng cdn mdt khd khan nfla dd la chi phi mua trflng ca thy tlnh va/hoac ca bd me sinh san nhap ngoai la kha cao, them vao nfla la viee van chuyd'n ngudn trflng ea tfl nfldc ngoai ve Viet Nam ddi hoi ky thuat bao quan nghidm ngat vi the lam tang ehi phi san xuat gidng... dah den^gia ca gidng ban tai Viet Nam thudng rat cao. De khac phuc han che nay, ddi hdi cae cd sd san xuat ca gidng can tich cflc phdi hdp vdi eac cd quan nghien cflu thuy san de' ed the tidp nhan va flng dung ky thuat san xuat gidng ca bang ea bd me nudi trong nudc. Hidn nay vdi ket qua nghien cflu eua Vidn nghidn cflu Thfly san I da eho phep cac ddn v] trong nude bfldc dau ed thd' san xuat gidng ea Tam tfl ca bd me nudi trong nude.
Vd sinh an toan thye pha'm eung la mdt ydu cau daj ra ddi vdi eac ddn v] san xuat va cung cap ca gidng, dae bidt con gidng phai dam bao gidng saeh bdnh, khi xuat ban phai tuan thu eae khau kid'm tra chat lupng san pha'm cfla eae cd quan chfle nang nha nfldc.
Chi phi van ehuyen va bao quan eon gidng trong qua trinh tidu thy eung la mdt van de can quan tam. Vi cae ddn v] nudi ea thUdng pham thudng nam rai rac d nhieu d]a ban, dieu kien giao thdng han ehe, va quy md san xuat nhd ndn ehi phi dd dua con gidng den ndi nudi eung chiem' ty trpng dang ke. De khac phuc nhflng han che nay dd| hdi cac ed sd san xuat ca gidng t§ng cudng mdi quan he chat che vdi cae ddn v] nudi ca thuong pha'm nham dam bao vide cung cap con gidng dung thdi did'm, eung cap ddng thdi cho eac ddn v| nudi gan nhau dd' giam chi phi.
- Ddi vdi eae ddn vi nudi ei thuang pham Don V] nudi {hd, hpp tie xa, doanh nghiSp) la tae nhan trung tam tao ra san pha'm ca thudng
So 96/2016
^W QUA N G M B y CUU D £ TAI KHOA HOC CAP MHJl
pham dap flng nhu cau cua ngfldi tidu dflng trong nfldc va xuat khau. Nang suat va hidu qua kinh te cfla khau nudi se ed anh hfldng den thdng Iflpng ddng san pha'm trong CCU san pham thuy san d Tay Bae. Oe nang cao nang suat va hidu qua kinh te, ddng thdi nang eao gia tr] gia tang thi eac ddn V] nudi can thfle hien eac giai phap sau day:
TnJdc het phai dau tfl xay dyng be nudi theo dflng tidu ehuan ky thuat, tai ndi cd ngudn nude phu hpp. Day la giai phap quan trpng nham han ehe dich bdnh, tao mdi trfldng nfldc ludn dam bao dieu kien phat trien efla eac loai thfly san, dac bidt la ca nfldc lanh. Ddng thdi, eac ddn V] nudi trdng thuy san can hfldng tdi md rdng quy md nudi va dau tu ddng bd de khai thac lpi the kinh te theo quy md. Can khac phuc tlnh trang san xuat manh mun, khdng dn dmh.
Ve mdi trudng xung quanh be nudi, ddn vj nudi phai phdi hpp vdi ngudi nudi xung quanh de xfl ly d nhie'm mdi trfldng. Phai tuan thfl quy trinh lam vd sinh be trflde va frong khi nudi. Ddn v] nudi cung can chu dpng phdi hpp vdi cac hd nudi xung quanh de cflng xfl ly mdi trfldng tren ed sd hfldng dah cua can bd ky thuat ve nudi frdng thfly san.
Thyc te theo tim hieu cae trang trai nudi d Sapa cho thay, nhflng khu vye dupe xfl ly, mdi trudng khdng d nhie'm thi ca Idn nhanh va it b] bdnh. Thye hidn tdt giai phap nay se cd tae dung lam tang nang suat va hidu qua kinh te mdt each ben vung.
Trong qua trinh ludn can chfl trpng den vide dam bao vd sinh an toan thfle pham tfl viec quan ly tdt con gidng, ngudn thfle an, thude phdng ngfla va dieu fr] bdnh cho ca.
Khau chpn gidng eung rat quan trpng, neu chpn dfldc gidng tdt thi ty Id sdng se eao va tdc dp phat frien eua con ea se tdt hon. Do dd, ea gidng phai dupc chpn lya dam bao chat Iflpng, mua d cac cd sd san xuat cd uy tin, ngudn gdc rd rang.
Hidn nay, trdn dja ban eua khu vflc Tay Bae cd nhieu ed sd san xuat gidng nhung cd nhflng eo sd san xuat gidng khdng dam bao, trflng ea nhap khong rd ngudn gde nen ea gidng khdng tdt, ty Id ca chet eao, ea eham Idn. Vi the, con gidng mua can phai dflpc chflng nhan kiem djch cfla ed quan ehflc nang. Hidn nay trung tam gidng ca nfldc lanh Sapa la mdt trong nhflng ddn v| cung cap con gidng cd chat Iflpng eua Khu vflc.
Ngudi nudi ca eung can trang b| kien thfle ve ky thuat nudi bang each chfl ddng tham gia eac ldp tap huan, hudng dah ky thuat nudi. Tien tdi can ap dung quy trinh nudi theo tidu chua'n VietGAP va GlobalGAP nham dap flng ydu eau ve vd sinh thyc pham efla ngfldi tieu dung trong va ngoai nude.
Day la ed sd de xac nhan chat lUdng va dan nhan sinh thai eho san pham.
Cung vdi con gidng thfle an eho ea cung la mdt yeu td quan trpng quyet djnh nang suat va chat IUdng san pham. Neu cho ea an thfle an khdng dam bao chat Iflpng thi ca se eham Idn va thjt ca se khdng ngon. Vi vay, de dam bao ve chat Iflpng, cac ddn v] nudi can tim mua thfle an dam bao chat Iflpng, cd ngudn gdc xuat xfl rd rang. Hidn nay tronq nfldc chfla san xuat dupe thfle an du tieu chuan nen gan nhu toan bd thfle an eho ca deu phai nhap kha'u. Dieu nay cung se cdn ia mdt khd khan cho cae eo sd nudi trdng thuy san trong viec lya chpn ngudn eung thfle an ed chat Ifldng tdt, song vdi gia ea hpp ly.
- Ddi vdi cie ca sd ehd bidn
Mdt trong nhflng han ehe cua cac loai thuy san, dac biet la ca nude lanh nudi tai Tay Bac la trpng lupng ca thUdng pham nhd (chi tfl 1,8 - 2,5 kg/con) so vdi cae san pha'm tfl nhflng nfldc khac. Day se la khd khan Idn trong xuat kha'u cae san pham thuy san cua ta neu khdng chu trpng ehe bien thanh nhflng san pham khac (nhu rude ea, ca ddng hop, earviar...). Thfle te hien nay khau ehe bien cac san pham thuy san d khu vflc Tay Bae cdn chfla phat trie'n, san pham edn ddn didu va quy md san xuat nho ehu yeu dap flng nhu eau mua tai chd'efla khach du hch. Ve td chfle san xuat cua ed sd ehe bien eho thay do mflc dau tu may
•^ic edng nghd chua cao, cac cd sd nay ehu yeu lai do ehinh cae don v| nudi thyc hidn san xuat.
iiau het eac cd sd ehe bien va xuat kha'u thuy san chfla tham gia vao CCU gia tr] toan cau. Vi vay, nhflng ddn V] nay can nghidn cflu md hinh phat trien eho phep dau tu ap dyng cdng nghe tien tien trong che bien de nang eao ty trpng eac san pham gia tr] gia tang, sang tao cae san pham mdi dap flng da dang nhu cau ngudi tieu dung. Ddng thdi hudng tdi vide ap dung quy trinh quan ly chat IUdng, an toan vd sinh thue pha'm theo tidu ehuan ISO, HACCP, GMP
- Ddi vdi cic nhi phin phdi
Qua nghidn cflu thfle te hien nay vi ngudn cung hang thfly san, dae bidt la ca nude lanh cdn khan hiem so vdl cau tieu dung ndn vide tidu thy ca thUdng pham ehua gap khd khan. Tai cac trang frai nudi ea ludn ed cae thUdng lai den dat mua trudc khi ca den thdi diem dupe xuat ban. Nhflng thUPng lai nay ed the la ngudi ban budn hoac ban le. Hoat ddng mua ban chu yeu la theo phUdng thfle mua dflt ban doan, khdng thdng qua hpp ddng. Gia ca la do thda thuan gifla ngudi mua va ngudi ban tai thdi did'm dat mua, thdng friUdng phy thude vao gia th] tnJdng tai thdi did'm dd. Nhu vay, cd thd' thay rang gifla ngUdi mua va ngudi ban ehua cd mdi quan he hpp tae nao rang budc. Quan he trong ehudi vi the eung rat Idng leo va ty phat. Dieu nay So 96/2016
_khoa hoc
'thififngmai 45
KET QUA MGHIBU CUU QE TAI ICHOA HlillCAiP NHA Ml
dah den sy bat on eho ca phia ngUdi mua va ngUdi ban. Mudn phat trid'n theo ehudi ddi hdi eae nha phan phdi va ngudi san xuat can phai ky eae hdp ddng hpp tae dd dam bao sy cam ket gifla hai ben.
Mat khae, kha nang luu trfl va bao quan ca thUdng pha'm eua ngudi ban budn cdn rat han che do ehua dau tu ddng bd vao he thdng kho lanh, be' chfla phfl hpp. Vide Iflu trfl san pha'm khdng dfldc lau va khdng dam bao chat ludng. Trong nhieu trudng hpp cho thay nhflng ngfldi nay tham ehi edn chfla ed nhie'u kien thfle ve each thfle bao quan ea thUdng pha'm. Vi the, de khae phuc nhflng han che nay ddi hdi ngfldi ban budn eung phai tim hie'u va nam vflng ky thuat thdng qua hpc hdi va tham gia cac ldp tap huan ve ky thuat. Ngoai ra, vide bd sung cac kien thfle ve th] trfldng cOng rat quan trpng vi chinh mat xich nay se la ngfldi tim hid'u va nam thdng tin ve' nhu cau th] trudng dd' phdi hpp vdi cac cd sd nudi xae dinh quy md nudi trong nhflng giai doan nhat d]nh. Can ket hpp vdi ngudi nudi ea chfl dpng xay dijng thfldng hidu san pha'm va dau tU xay dyng he thdng phan phdi trong nudc va tien tdi md rpng ra nude ngoai.
Ddi vdi ban le. Vi ngudn eung efla ngudi ban le phu thudc ehu yeu vao ngudi ban budn. Trong mdi quan he nay ngudi ban budn eung b] ddng vao ngudi ban ie, thdng thfldng neu ngfldi ban le ban het hang thi vide phan phoi hang cfla ngudi ban budn thuan Ipi, nhflng neu ngudi ban le ban khdng het thi viee han ehe lupng hang nhap tiep. De giai quyet tdt mdi quan he ehi phdi va phy thupc lah nhau ddi hdi ngudi ban le va ngudi ban budn phai xac lap hop ddng va rang bude trach nhidm hai ben ve thda thuan gia ban, kich ed, pham cap, khdi lupng nham dn d]nh ngudn cung dau vao cua ngudi ban le va da'u ra eua ngudi ban budn. Ngay ca vdi nhflng ngfldi ban le eung can xay dyng kho chfla san pha'm bao dam eho viee iuu trfl va bao quan san pha'm dat chat Iflpng tdt, tang efldng xay dyng mdi quan he thfldng xuydn vdi eac khaeh hang Idn nhfl khach san, nha hang, dd' dam bao ehu dpng ve tidu thu san pha'm.
Phat trie'n san xuat kinh doanh theo chudi la mpt ddi hdi tat yeu ddi vdi mpi san pha'm hang hoa, trong dd ed mat hang thuy san xuat kha'u.
NhOng de xuat ve mo hinh CCU va mdt sd giai phap phat trie'n CCU cae san pha'm thuy san xuat khau eho cac tinh khu vyc Tay Bae ndu tren la nhflng trao dd'i mang tinh gpi md, gdp phan khai thac ed hidu qua nhflng lpi the va tiem nang nudi trdng thuy san xuat kha'u theo hudng ehuyen nghiep va san xuat Idn, cho phep flng dung tdt cdng nghd tidn tien, tiet kidm chi phi, nang eao chat lupng san pha'm va dap flng phu hdp cac tieu ehuan mdi frudng va vd sinh an toan thuc pha'm
khoa hoc 46 thififngmai
nang cao kha nang tiep can vdi th] trudng eanh franh toan cau cho eac san pha'rri thuy san xuat khau cua eae tinh khu vyc Tay Bac. Day chinh la mdt trong nhflng giai phap mui nhpn gdp^ phan thuc day chuye'n d]eh cO cau va phat trie'n ben vflng kinh t e - x a hdi cua cac tinh khu vyc Tay Bac nude ta giai doan hidn nay. •
Tii lipu tham khio:
1. Nguyeh Bach Khoa (2015), Xiy dQng md hinh nghiSn cdu va khung phin tieh CCtlxuat khau die sin ndng, lim nghISp Vung Tiy Bae Viet Nam, De tai nhanh thudc de' tai cap Nha nudc
"Nghidn cflu xay dung CCU san pha'm ndng, lam nghiep dae san xuat kha'u cua cac finh khu vuc Tay Bae", Ma sd: KHCN-TB.06X/13-18.
2. Dinh Van Thanh (2010), Tang eudng nang lue tham gia eua hang ndng sin via chudi gia tn tain eau, NXB Cdng thUdng, Ha Npi.
3. Doan Th] Hdng Van (2011), NghlSn cOu CCU va giil phip dd de doanh nghISp VISt Nam gia nhip CCU toan cau, NXB Dai hoc Kinh feTP.
Hd Chi Minh.
4. Gereffi, G. (1999), International Trade and Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel Commodity chain, Jurnal of Internafional Economies, 48:37-70.
5. Gereffi, G. and Kalinsky R. (eds) (2001), The value chains, IDS Bulletin, 32(3), Special issue.
6. Gereffi, G. and Memodovic, O. (2003), The global Apparel Velue Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries, wvin/v.unido.org.
Summary
A supply chain is understood as a system including all activities related to the production and distribution of a finished product, beginning from the first suppliers to the end users. Nowadays the establishment and development of supply chains have been a particulariy important act in every business area to improve quality enhance pro- ductivity save costs and maximize added values to products. Therefore, developing production in the supply chain becomes an inevitable trend to all kinds of products, seafood included. In this sense, the article analyses the situation and problems in the supply chains of exported seafood in the Northwestern provinces, then proposes models and solutions to develop seafood export supply chains for these provinces in the coming time.
