NHAN TO CON NGI/CII TRONG MOI QUAN HE
GIITAMOI TRlTClNG - PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI
MAI QUYNH NAM*
I. CO SO LY LUAN VE NHAN TO CON NGUCII TRONG MOI QUAN HE
G I C A M O I TRUING - PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI
Hoat dong cua con ngudi dSn den su thay doi moi trudng toan cdu, con ngucfi va cac to chiic, the che xa hoi co the nhan thiic mot each that su ro rang dieu do de de ra cac giai phap cho su phat trien. Day dang la van de co tinh cap bach khong chi trong pham vi cac quoc gia ma don b quy mo qude te.
Van de cc ban dugfc coi la nen tang ly luan cho viec nghien ciiu la: ban than con ngudi la san phim cua mdi trudng, hoat ddng cua con ngudi cd the kien tao hoac hiiy diet mdi trudng sdng. Vay thi va'n de dat ra la can xem xet cac tac ddng xa hdi do con ngudi tao nen ddi vdi mdi trudng, nhan thiic dugc rang tac ddng xa hoi dd hudng den phat trien xa hdi, tuan thii cac nguyen tic co ban ciia quan ly xa hdi nhu the nao de thanh cdng trong muc tieu la'y con ngudi lam trung tam. Con ngudi vira la muc tieu vira la ddng luc ciia su phat trien.
Su phat trien dd can tao duoc su can ddi va hai hda trong cac quan he co ban kinh te, xa hdi, van hda va mdi trudng.
Viec xac dinh vai trd chii the ciia con ngudi trong hoat ddng nham hudng den muc tieu phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hdi mdt each cd ke hoach ddi hdi moi thanh vien trong xa hdi phai y thirc dugc trach nhieip va nghia vu cua minh trong viec bao ve sir dung va khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien.
Logic cua tu nhien va logic cua lich sir loai ngudi khang dinh chic chin ring tai nguyen thien nhien la vd gia nhung khdng phai la vd tan. Viec sir dung tai nguyen gin lien vdi viec duy tri mdi trudng sdng la mot va'n de co ban
nham khic phuc cac bien ddi tieu cue ve khi hau, pha vd mdi trudng sinh thai, gay tac ddng xa'u den su tdn tai khdng chi vdi mot qud'c gia ma vdi ca loai ngudi.
Cac nghien ciiu ve quan he giira con ngudi va mdi trudng cd y nghia co ban ve ly luan nham giai thich su tuong tac tao nen hieu iing gifla xa hdi vdi mdi trudng trong dd con ngudi la tac nhan co ban. Chinh hoat ddng cd y thiic cua con ngudi da tao nen nhiing di6n bien tdt trong mdi trudng sdng va han che cac mat tieu cue do mdi trudng mang lai.
Cac nghien ciiu xuat phat tir viec khao sat cac nguyen nhan, hau qua cua nhiing thay ddi mdi trudng, de nhan thirc dau la each iing xir cua con ngudi vdi mdi trudng nhiing he luy trudc mlt va lau dai ciia each iing xir nay ra sao trong muc tieu phat trien xa hdi va quan ly su phat trien xa hdi.
Ngudi ta nhan tha'y ring nhiing thay ddi ve mdi trudng toan clu ciing cd xua nhu trai dSit.
Tir 4-5 ty nam trudc, cac qua trinh vat ly, hda hoc va sinh hoc da di6n ra va tac ddng den su sinh tdn cua trai da't. Ngay nay, qua trinh dd di6n ra ra't nhanh tren hanh tinh cua chiing ta, dd la nhiing thay ddi ve khi hau, suy giam tang dzdn, su suy giam da dang sinh hoc, hien tugng dxit hda va sa mac hda do nan pha rirng.
Tinh trang nay ta't nhien dugc con ngudi cam nhan hang ngay tir nhirng hau qua ciia mdi trudng tu nhien, ngudi ta nhan tha'y ro cac tac ddng cua hoat ddng kinh te, xa hdi va chinh tri trong dd ndi bat len la cac muc tieu quan ly xa hdi khi va'n de nay dugc xem la nguyen nhan cd su chi phdi he't siic manh me vdi qua trinh nay.
PGS.TS. Mai Quynh Nam, Vien Ngiiien ciiru Con Nguoi - Vien Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam.
B
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con nguai trong moi quan he Hoat ddng cua con ngudi keo theo cac thay
ddi ve mdi trudng toan cau. Xa hdi va con ngudi phai ganh chiu dieu dd va phai dieu chinh hoat ddng ciia minh vi muc tieu phat trien ben viing. Trong bdi canh dd, nghien ciiu ve vai trd cua con ngudi dd'i vdi mdi trudng cang trd nen cd tinh ca'p bach. Va'n de nay dugc dat ra rat rdng. Nd gdm cac khoa hgc xa hdi CO ban nhu khoa hgc chinh tri, phan tich hieu qua cua chinh sach ddi vdi mdi trudng thdng qua cac dinh hudng cua cac the che xa hdi CO ban, dac biet la cua hf thdng the che
lap phap va hanh phap. )
; Ngudi ta Cling di sau vao phan tich quan he giiia dan sd vdi mdi trudng. Rd rang la viec tang dan sd gin lien vdi qua trinh di dan, phan bd dan CU, phan cdng lao ddng la mdt nhan td het siic quan trgng lam cho mat do ngudi tren cac khu vuc lanh thd tac ddng de'n cac dieu kien sinh thai d dd. Cac nha kinh te hgc hudng den viec phan tich mdi quan he giira tang trudng kinh te va mdi trudng. Tang trirdng kinh te va su uu tien co ban trong qua trinh phat trien dac biet d cac qud'c gia cd mirc thu nhap thap. Bai toan ve su lgi hai giiia kinh te va mdi trudng dang trd nen ra't phiic tap va ra't khd dugc trung hda.
Cac phan tich ve nhan hgc quan tam nhieu de'n nguyen vgng va trang thai sinh sd'ng cua con ngudi trong su bie'n ddi mdi trudng. Mdi quan tam dd ciia cac nganh khoa hgc, dac biet la ciia khoa hgc xa hdi cd uu the d chd nd dat van de mdi trudng vao he thd'ng cau true kinh te xa hdi tdng the, trong dd bao gdm cac hoat ddng sdng co ban ciia con ngudi. Nhu vay, cac nghien ciru cd tinh chat ly luan ve nhan to con ngudi trong mdi quan he qua lai giiia mdi trudng, phat trien xa hdi va qUan ly phat trien xa hdi can gin vdi cac muc tieu co ban la:
- Dat dugc cac hieu bie't ve quan he phirc tap tdn tai giiia cac chieu canh sinh thai, xa hdi, kinh te, van hda va iing xir tinh than cua con ngudi vdi mdi trudng.
- Sir dung cac thdng tin nay de quan ly mdi trudng dam bao cho su phat trien ben viing.
- Tang cudng kha nang giao due y thirc ve mdi trudng, tang cudng kha nang ket hgp
nghien ciiu vdi viec hoach dinh chinh sach d cac ca'p, d cac cdng ddng dia phuong vdi viec hoach dinh ke hoach chfnh tri d tat ca cac cap.
Hien nay, nhan loai dang diing trudc su lua chgn bao tdn hay la su hiiy diet mdi trudng sd'ng cua chfnh minh. Y thiic ve va'n de nay ddi hdi cd su lien ke't qud'c te vi cac tuong tac vdi mdi trudng trong bdi canh phat trien vd cung manh me ciia each mang cdng nghiep, cua su tieu dung nang lugng, ciia nhu cau md rdng thi trudng hang hda va dich vu da din den cac bieu hien ciia su bie'n ddi khf hau trong cac pham vi rdng ldn.
Muc tieu bao ve mdi trudng sd'ng trong phat trien cd the tao nen tie'ng ndi chung ve mat nhan thiic nhung tir nhan thiic de'n hanh ddng ciia con ngudi lai la mdt qua trinh, trong dd CO che ve lgi ich chi phdi ra't manh me.
Cac xung dot ve lgi fch kinh te va ca lgi ich mdi trudng deu chiu su chi phdi bdi van de an ninh con ngudi. Vdi tren mdt niia nhan loai hien dang sd'ng tai cac vimg bd bien do nang cao muc nudc cac dai duong, bie'n ddng ciia cac so dd bao din de'n viec tang sdng bien cd the gay nen cac hau qua nang ne. Gin 46 trieu ngudi hien nay dang hiing chiu nan lut d cac viing bien do sdng gay ra. Vi hoat ddng cua con ngudi khdng dat dugc cac bien phap thich hgp trong su can blng vdi tu nhien nen ngudi ta danh gia ring vdi dan sd nhu hien nay, chi can muc nudc bien tang 50cm la cd tdi 92 trieu ngudi se phai ganh chiu cac nguy co lu lut nghiem trgng.
Cac hdi nghi thugng dinh ciia Lien hiep qud'c trong thap ky chuyen tie'p giiia the ky XX va the ky XXI (Hdi nghi Rio - 92 va Johannesburg - 02) da danh da'u mdt budc phat trien mdi cua cdng ddng the gidi, budc phat trien trong su hai hda giiia 3 tru cdt kinh te - xa hdi va mdi trudng. Phat trien ben viing la chil dao. Phat trien ben virng trd thanh chie'n luge phat trien ciia toan cau trong the ky XXI (Truong Quang Hgc, 2008).
va'n de phat trien dugc su quan tam ciia khoa hgc xa hdi. Cac nha xa hdi hgc tien bdi nhu: A.Comte, F.Spencer da cd su quan tam tdi phat trien. Khi dd ngudi ta thudng nhan
Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vUng, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngifdi trong moi quan he ...
manh tdi ye'u td tie'n hda va ddng thdi cung y thirc dugc viec can phai xay dung cac thuye't ve cac giai doan phat tri^n. Nhirng nd luc ciia A.Comte trong thuye't ba giai doan, hay each nhin xa hdi theo kieu sinh hgc cua F.Spencer cho tha'y dieu nay.
Vdi tu each la mdt khai niem co ban khdng chi trong xa hdi hgc phat trien, ban than khai niem phat trien da md rdng hon pham vi anh hudng trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi. Khai niem nay cho phep nghien ciiu su thay ddi, kha nang thay ddi tCr hoan canh xuat phat ciing nhu pham vi tac ddng cua nd, qua dd cd the giai thich vi cac nguyen nhan va hieu qua ciia phat trien nhim phuc vu cho hoat ddng td chiic va quan ly cac qua trinh xa hdi theo cac dinh hudng xa hdi nha't dinh.
Khai niem phat trien da tao ra nhiing cudc tranh luan sdi ndi trong cac nha chuyen mdn.
Hien nay, trong mdt so gidi nghien ciiu ve phat trien va kem phat tri^n ngudi ta la'y ndi dung do Lien hiep qud'c dua ra lam can cii, theo dd phat trien dugc hieu la mdt qua trinh trong dd toan the loai ngudi ap dung nhiing cdng cu hien dai ciia khoa hgc va cdng nghe vao nhirng muc tieu ciia minh qua nhiing thdi ky khac nhau va vdi tfnh cha't khdng dao ngugc cua qua trinh dd.
Mdt tai lieu khac cua Uy ban mdi trudng va phat trien the gidi cho ring: 'That trien bao ham mdt su bien ddi kinh te va xa hdi khdng ngirng... ngay ca khai niem hep ve su ben viing vat chat ciing ham chiia mdi quan tam vdi binh ding xa hdi, giOa cac the he, mdi quan tam can dugc md rdng mdt each hgp ly tdi su binh dang trong cac the he" (Jean- Guyuaillan Court, 2000).
O Viet Nam, phuong thiic phat trien dugc xac dinh la thuc hien cd hieu qua cac muc tieu kinh te xa hdi. Chiing ta khdng dd'i lap giira tang trudng kinh te va su thuc hien cac muc tieu xa hdi. Su ddi lap nay dugc coi la mau thuin cd hiiu cua su phat trien theo phuong thiic tu ban cd dien. ., , .,, Muc tieu xa hdi phai dua len hang dau trong su phat trien kinh te, vi n€'u con ngudi vira la muc tieu, vifa la ddng luc cho su phat
trien thi khdng the hy sinh con ngudi cho su phat trien. "Chiing ta chgn phuong thiic phat trien kinh te va xa hdi se hda nhap vao nhau.
Su phat trien khac vdi su tang trudng. Tang trudng ve sd Iugng, cdn phat trien cd tfnh cha't lugng. Tang trudng la su tien bd cue bd ve kinh \€. Phat trien la su tie'n bd toan dien v^
cac mat kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi, van hda, mdi sinh" (Nguyen Hdng Phong, 2000).
Quan diem phat trien toan dien nhu vay dugc dua tren phep bien chiing macxit. Phep bien chiing macxit chi ra ring: ban chat cua phat' trien la su van ddng theo hudng di len ciia ban than su vat, hien tugng va gidi tu nhien, con ngudi va xa hdi.
Theo quan diem duy vat bien chiing, duy vat lich sir thi xa hdi dugc ca'u thanh bdi cac quan he xa hdi chat che va phiic hgp: quan he con ngudi - con ngudi, con ngudi - xa hdi, con ngudi - tu nhien. Su phat trien ciia mdt xa hdi didn ra bdi cac mau thuin co ban trudc he't la mau thuin san xuat va tieu dung, giiia luc lugng san xua't va quan he san xua't, giiia nhu clu, lgi fch va kha nang dap ling cac nhu cau, lgi fch. Do vay, su thiic day xa hdi di len la do cac yeu td, lgi ich con ngudi, hoat ddng xa hdi, cai tao xa hdi, khic phuc cac ba't binh dang xa hdi, tao nen cac quan he tfch cue trong co cau xa hdi, trong hanh vi xa hdi.
Nen tang ciia phat trien trudc he't chfnh la san xua't vat chat, su tien bd cua- khoa hgc ky thuat, nen dai cdng nghiep, trinh do quan ly khoa hgc, quan ly kinh te, xa hdi la nhifng ngudn luc va ddng luc ciia su phat trien. Ben canh viec xem ye'u td kinh te la chi sd cd tinh quyet dinh su phat trien xa hdi, cac nha kinh dien chu nghia Mac-Lenin khdng xem nhe cac yeu to tinh than, van hda, chfnh iri, phap quyeh.
"Quan ly xa hdi theo nghia rdng la hien tugng vd'n cd mdt each cd hiiu ciia he thdng xa hdi, bao dam duy tri tir tfnh toan ven, su dac thii ve cha't, su tai tao va phat trien ciia nd.
Quan ly xa hdi theo nghia hep la tac ddng cd y thiic, cd he thdng, cd to chiic dac biet de'n xa hdi nhim cha'n chinh va hoan thien co ca'u
Hgtiien cim Phat trien ben vung, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010 •
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngudl trong moi quan he ..
hoat ddng xa hdi ciia nd trong qua trinh hoach dinh va dat tdi muc dich.
Quan ly xa hdi nhu la tong the cac co ca;u td chiic va cac mdi lien he quan ly giiia cac ye'u td trong tdng the dd, de tao nen su tuong tac thdng qua hoat ddng quan ly giiia cac ca nhan, cac nhdm va cac cdng ddng xa hdi, cac thie't che chfnh tri, kinh te.. .cua xa hdi. Quan ly xa hdi bao trum mgi khach th^ va qua trinh xa hdi ma trang thai cd. y nghia dd'i vdi su tdn tai va phat trien cua he thd'ng xa hdi ddi vdi hoat ddng sd'ng ciia con ngudi" (NguySn Tua'n Dung, b d Minh Hgp, 2002).
Xet ve ban chat, quan ly xa hdi diSu chinh su tac ddng qua lai mdt each mau thuin giiia lgi fch ciia ca nhan, cua nhdm de thuc hien muc dfch chung. Quan ly xa hdi la su dieu tie't nhung mdi quan he xa hdi qua dia vi va vai trd ciia con ngudi trong xa hgi, dinh hudng ve lgi fch va hoat ddng cua hg, ndi dung va cudng do ciia hoat ddng. Quan ly xa hdi tac ddng de'n quan he xa hdi, trudc het la de'n mdi quan he hinh thanh nen cac lgi fch xa hdi co ban, tren co sd dd xac dinh cac td chiic va cac hoat ddng xa hdi nhim dat tdi cac muc dfch dera.
Nhu vay, quan ly xa hdi va phat trien xa hdi cd mdi lien he bien chiing. Phat trien xa hdi la muc tieu, quan ly xa hdi giiip cho muc tieu ciia su phat trien di diing hudng, su diing hudng dd dugc thilc hien trong co che cua hoat ddng quan ly, trong mdi tac ddng cua he thd'ng phap luat, ciia td chiic the che, trong dd di6n ra hoat ddng cua con ngudi. Con ngudi vdi vai trd la chu the trong qua trinh phat trien, phat trien vi muc tieu nang cao dieu kien sd'ng mdt each toan dien cua con ngudi.
Mdt va'n de ly luan cd tfnh chat co ban dd'i vdi quan ly xa hdi la can xac dinh vi trf cua con ngudi nhu la ye'u to hgp thanh ciia he thd'ng xa hdi. Dieu nay ddi hdi dat con ngudi trong CO ca'u xa hdi tdng the. Co ca'u xa hdi la mdt cau triic phiic tap, nd quy tu cac ca nhan don le vao he thd'ng td chiic, vao thid't che, gin con ngudi vdi cac nghia vu va trach nhiem, tir dd xac dinh cac loi fch co ban cua con ngudi, ciia cac nhdm ngudi, cac nhdm va
cac tap doan xa hdi. Hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi vi muc tieu phat trien xa hdi khdng the khdng chii y tdi cac quan he co ban nay. Co ca'u xa hdi tdng the khdng the tach rdi co sd xa hdi ndi ehung, ciing nhu cua cac he thd'ng con tao thanh xa hdi ndi rieng. Day la nhflng thanh td vat cha't, tao nen eac gin ke't xa hdi, cac quyet dinh luan xa hdi co ban. Day ciing la mdt qua trinh xa hdi bao quat ca cac nang luc vat chat, tinh than ciia con ngudi, chi phdi hanh vi xa hdi ciia cac tap doan ngudi.
Phan tfch con ngudi nhu la ye'u td hgp thanh ciia he thd'ng xa hdi, ddi hdi xem xet con ngudi trong mdi quan he giua co ca'u xa hdi va hanh vi xa hdi. Cac co ca'u xa hdi co ban nhu su lien ke't lgi fch trong cac tap doan xa hdi (chang han cac tap doan kinh te,...) trong cac cdng ddng xa hdi dugc xac dinh bdi tfnh cha't lien he cac hoat ddng td chiic san xua^t, td chiic cu trii, hoac cac thie't che xa hdi CO ban nhu thiet che nha nudc, thie't che nha trudng, thie't che gia dinh, deu la nhflng thanh to quy dinh cac gia tri xa hdi, cac chuan muc xa hdi, tao nen su kiem soat va che udc xa hdi ddi vdi con ngudi. Ndi each khac la hanh ddng cua con ngudi khdng the tach rdi cac khung khd cua cac he thd'ng xa hdi dd. Hanh ddng ciia con ngirdi de dap iing nhu cdu ciia chfnh con ngudi, ddng thdi tao nen cac tuong tac xa hdi, cac tuong tac dd cd the true tie'p, cung cd the gian tie'p chi phdi hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi cua cac chii the quan ly.
Va'n de dat ra la de hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi trd nen cd hieu qua thi chfnh hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi mdt mat phai de ra dugc cac dinh hudng co ban trong su phat thin chung.
Mat khac, hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi cung phai nhan thirc dugc nhung su khac biet trong ca'u triic ciia he thd'ng xa hdi, dac biet la cac quan he lgi fch, de tfl dd de xua't va thuc thi cac khung khd hgp ly vi muc tieu quan ly. Dieu nay cho tha'y chflc nang xa hdi ciia hoat ddng quan ly. Day la va'n de cd y nghia ra't quan trgng de nhan thfle sau sic ve vi tri ciia con ngudi nhu la yeu td hgp thanh ciia he thdng xa hdi - bdi xa hdi dugc tao nen do su ke't hgp lai ciia con ngudi theo mdt kieu nao dd, vao trong mdt td chflc nao dd.
Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vUng, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngUdi trong moi quan he
Chfnh hoat ddng ciia con ngudi dan de'n su sinh tdn va phat trien cua xa hdi. Nhung khdng phai luc nao va trong didu kien nao hoat ddng thuc tidn cua con ngudi cung dien ra theo xu hudng dd. Vi muc tieu td'i thugng ciia kinh te, con ngudi, bang cac hanh ddng duy lgi ciia minh da pha huy mdi trudng sd'ng, sdng Thi Vai bi buc tfl la vi vay. Viec phan tich CO ca'u xa hdi cho tha'y rang lgi ich xa hdi dang phan hda mdt each sau sic trong bdi canh ciia nen kinh te' thi trudng hien nay. Lgi ich xa hdi, trudc he't la cac lgi fch kinh te' cd nguy CO din de'n cac xung dot xa hdi d cac nhdm, cac tap doan xa hdi khac nhau. Gidi chil thu dugc lgi nhuan tfl cac san pham ciia Vedan. Nhung ngudi ndng dSn dgc bd sdng Thi Vai bi lam hdng ngudn nudc, bi pha huy dieu kien sinh ke. Ndng dan phai di kien Vedan. Tinh trang tren cho thay hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi ndi chung va quan ly xa hdi ve mdi trudng ndi rieng de hudng den muc tieu phat trien ben vflng, dang la mdt van de cap thie't, song Cling dang dflng trudc cac thach do, cac rao can. Quan he nay lien quan toan dien den muc tieu va dinh hudng phuong phap quanly.
IL THUC TRANG VE MOI QUAN HE TAC DONG G I U A CON NGUC)I TRONG MOI QUAN HE G I C A MOI TRUING vA PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA H O I De nhan thfle thuc trang ve mdi quan he tac ddng giua con ngudi vdi mdi trudng trong phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hdi, chung tdi tap trung vao viec phdn tich trucmg hop quan he gifla ru'ng va thiiy dien. Day la mdt trudng hgp dien hinh ma chung tdi cho rdng rat cd y nghia vdi chu de nghien ciiu dugc dat ra d phan nay.
Theo thiennhien.net, de tao ra IMW dien, phai lay di 10-30 ha rimg, de cd dugc 1.000 ha lam thuy dien, phai san bang 1.000-2.000 ha da't 0 thugng ngudn. Neu qua thuc cac nhan dinh tren day ciia cac chuyen gia dugc dang tai tren phuong tien truyen thdng dai chung la dung, thi vdi hang ngan du an thuy
dien da va dang dugc trien khai, lieu chung ta cd cdn rflng?
Tinh de'n nay, tdng sd du an thuy dien nhd trong ke' hoach phat trien ciia cac dia phuong da ien de'n hang ngan, trong dd rieng Tay Nguyen da cd 335 du an, khdng ft dia phuong khdng cd trong danh muc cua ban quy hoach ban dau, nay cung xua't hien vdi hang chuc va tham chi hang tram du an, nhu d Lao Cai, Quang Nam, Gia Lai - Kon Tum.
Trong buoi tga dam: "Lu lut tai mien Trung Tay Nguyen: y kien ciia cac nha khoa hgc" do Lien hiep cac hdi khoa hgc td chflc ngay 24/11/2009 da ban luan ve chu de nay.
Viec quan sat cac y kien cho thay cd the coi day la mdt phan tfch trudng hgp ve mdi quan he gifla rflng, thuy dien, mdi trudng va vai trd cua con ngudi, cu the la cac nha quan ly. He tfl khda dugc phan tfch la thiiy dien "Idn"
rimg = thien tai. Trudc he't, hay nhd lai cac ky vgng mdt vai nam trudc, nhieu dia phuong da xem thuy dien la phat trien kinh te', thiiy dien dugc dua vao Nghi quye't cua Hdi ddng nhan dan va Nghi quye't ve phat trien kinh te". Tdn that qua ldn tfl hai con bao Ketsana va Mirinae vao thang 11/2009, ngudi ta mdi thay Id dien su tan pha cua nhflng tran giac nudc dugc su kfch hoat cua thiiy dien trong viec huy hoai rflng phdng hd. Hai dgt lu nay da tan pha gan 100 nghin ngdi nha d mien Trung, lam tdn tha't 20 nghin ty ddng (Trinh Thi Kim Nggc, 2009). Nguyen nhan la diet rflng lam cho lu quet manh hon. PGS. Nguydn Dinh Hoe (Hdi Bao ve thien nhien va mdi trudng Viet Nam) khang dinh tai budi tga dam "TImy dien Id nguyen nhdn c/uan trgng khie'n lu to hon vd nhanh hcfn". Ong cho rang: "Viec gia tang lu CO ban xuat phat tfl ban chat ciia thuy dien mien Trung: quy md nhd, vua va nhieu bac. Vi vay, khi lu ve, thuy dien lam cho cac ddng lu vdn da manh nay trd nen hung dfl va keo dai hon, lam gia tang thiet hai cho vung ha luu". Nhu vay la, tham hga "lu nhan tao"
da chdng la'n len lu tu nhien khi thuy dien mien Trung phat trien d at.
Ro rdng Id, co mgt khodng cdch xa giua thirc te thuy dien ldn rirng tgi mien Trung vd
Nghien cUu Phat then ben vCmg, so 4 f29j - Thang 12/2010
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngudi trong moi quan he ...
su mong dgi o nghi trudng Quoc hgi. Tai phien tra ldi cha't va'n dai bieu Qud'c hdi sang
19/11/2009, Thil tudng Nguydn Tan' Dung nha'n manh: viec xay dung thuy dien phai dam bao ba muc tieu chfnh: 1) cung edp dien; 2) dieu tiet lu; 3) ca'p nudc cho mua khd, gdp phdn phat trien kinh te' dia phuang.
Can efl vao ba muc tidu nay, ngudi ta tha'y rd Nha nudc cd dinh hudng dung ve mue tieu phat trien ben vflng, nhung thuc te' thi diln ra theo chieu ngugc lai. Pha rimg lam cho lu quet manh hon, din de'n nguy co han han, tham thuc vat tu nhien bi xam hai. Vi vay, su lo ngai rang ne'u khdng tfnh toan kheo thi vide giai quyet hau qua bao lut, han han se cdn ton kem hon lgi fch tfl thuy dien mang lai. Nhu vay, va'n de thuy dien da tac ddng de'n van de an ninh mdi trudng. Sd tien ma thuy dien bd ra de giu rflng la dau tu true tie'p nhung su pha hoai lau dai do rung phdng hd bi pha huy cdn ldn hon gap bdi. Luu y rang, mflc chi tra binh quan hien nay la 250 nghin ddng/ha/nam.
Cac phan tfch tren day cho tha'y cd cac quan he sau day: i) Quan he giua mdi trudng vdi con ngudi; va ii) vai trd cua hoat ddng quan ly vi muc tieu phat trien ben vung.
Theo each hieu rdng nhat, mdi trudng la cai bgc cudc sd'ng cua con ngudi. Cai bgc dd cd ca phan tu nhidn va xa hdi. Ngay tfl sau Hdi nghi The' gidi lan thfl nha't ve mdi trudng tai Stockholm (Thuy Dien), ngudi ta da nhain dinh rang hanh tinh ciia chung ta da dflng trudc cac nhu cau cua loai ngudi dang tang len nhanh chdng. Mat khac, chfnh nhflng hoat ddng cua con ngudi lai gay tac ddng den mdi trudng tu nhien va xa hdi. Dd la tinh trang d nhiem khdng khf va ngudn nudc, su can kiet tai nguyen trong ldng dat, su huy hoai he sinh thai, su tan pha rflng. Sau Hdi nghi thfl nha't ve mdi trudng tai Stockholm 20 nam, tai Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Lien hiep qud'c trieu tap Hdi nghi the' gidi lan thfl hai, tap trung ve va'n de mdi trudng va phat trien. Nhflng van de cu the dugc neu ra la:
- Bao ve tang khi quyen;
- Chd'ng nan pha rflng;
- Chd'ng sa mac hda va han han;
- Bao ve su da dang sinh hgc;
- Bao ve tai nguyen nudc;
- Xfl ly cac cha't thai ddc hai;
- Nang cao va cai thien dieu kien sd'ng;
- Bao ve sflc khoe con ngudi;
- Chain dflt su thoai hda cua mdi trudng,
V.V.,
Nhu vay, mdi trudng hien nay la va'n de edp bach ciia toan cdu, trong dd Viet Nam khdng phai la trudng hgp ngoai le (Mai Quynh Nam, 1998).
Dd'i chie'u tinh trang thuc te' d mien Trung vdi nhflng tidu chf qud'c td', ngudi ta thdy ro rang la thuy dien da ddn de'n nan pha riing, tao nen han han, huy diet su da dang sinh hgc, lam tdn thdt tai nguyen nudc. Tdm lai, ddn de'n su thoai hda mdi trudng sd'ng cua con ngudi. Viec di tim su hai hda gifla rflng va thuy dien, gifla tang trudng kinh te' va bao ve mdi trudng vdn la cau hdi edp bach.
Phai nhan thdy rang, su nhdn thfle hdi hcrt d nguydn ly ve tfnh thd'ng nhdt vat chdt cua the gidi la CO sd thd'ng nhdt bien chflng gifla con ngudi va xa hdi tu nhidn da khdng dugc coi trgng, tham chf bi xam hai. Su hinh thanh he thd'ng tu nhien, con ngudi, xa hdi gdn lien vdi qua trinh tie'n hda cua xa hdi vat chdt, cu the cua sinh quyen va su phat trien cua xa hdi loai ngudi. Con ngudi va xa hdi loai ngudi la nhflng bd phan khdng the tach rdi va dac thu ciia tu nhien. Vay ma hien nay, mdt ngudi hoac mdt so ngudi ke't lai vdi nhau thanh nhdm hoac thanh cac tap doan xa hdi, da vi nhflng muc dfch lgi feh cd the la trudc mat nhanh mang de'n lgi nhuan hoac vi su kem hieu bie't, tham chf ea su da tam, da lam mdi trudng bi xam hai. Lgi fch kinh te' trudc mdt d thuy dien mien Trung la cai dfch true tiep ma cac nha dau tu hudng tdi. Cdn he luy xa hdi va mdi trudng thi da khdng dugc xem xet ddy du. Mdn tien den bu cho ngudi dan hoac cho nhflng cdng ddng ngudi dan cd thdm gi vdi nan that hgc do nhflng thdt bat ve kinh te" tfl hai tran lu d mien Trung ma chfnh ban than con cai hg phai ganh chiu. Trong khi dd, hgc vdn dugc coi la cflu canh co ban nhdt ddi vdi muc tieu thoat ngheo.
Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vOng, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngudi trong moi quan he...
Va'n de quan trgng d day la, phai xay dung duge mdi quan he va co che' dam bao su thd'ng nhdt cua he thd'ng con ngudi, xa hdi, tu nhien.
Co che' nay cd muc tieu td'i thugng dam bao cho sir phat trien ben vung. Muc tieu kinh te' la edp thie't, dieu dy hien nhien rdi. Nhung chi vi muc tieu kinh te' ma ddn de'n tinh trang pha huy mdi trudng, lam mat can bang sinh thai nhu trong mdi quan he gifla rflng va thuy dien d mien Trung trong trudng hgp trdn, tdt ye'u cung la hien nhien. Vi vay, muc tieu phat trien ben vflng, de cao su lau dai, chdi tfl su xam hai, vdi nhan quan xa rdng se ddn de'n su hai hda nhu cdu true cua cac quan he tu nhien vd'n cd.
ffl. PHAN TICH CAC NGUYEN NHAN Viec phan tfch cac nguyen nhan cua tinh trang mdi trudng hien nay cd y nghia thuc tien rdt to ldn dd'i vdi yeu cdu nhan thfle mdi quan he giua nhan td con ngudi dd'i vdi mdi trudng trong hoat ddng cua con ngudi vi muc tieu phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hdi. -:
Vdn de ddu tidn cdn xac dinh la mdi quan he gifla con ngudi va mdi trudng hien nay dugc dat ra trong bdi canh xa hdi nao? Va tinh trang mdi trudng nhu da phan tfch chiu su chi phdi cua cac tac ddng kinh td' xa hdi ra sao?
Chung ta dang xay dung nen kinh te thi trudng, thanh tuu cua qua trinh nay da ddn de'n su tang trudng kinh te' dang khfch le, mflc tang trudng vao khoang 7-9% trong thap nien cudi ciia the' ky XX la mdt con sd dang khfch le. Trong bdi canh khung hoang kinh td' toan cau, nam 2009, kinh te' Viet Nam vdn tang trudng d mflc 5%. Dieu nay cho thdy cac nd luc thoat ngheo cua nha nudc va cua nhan dan ta.
Tang trudng kinh te' ddn de'n su phan hda xa hdi. Phdn ldn ngudi ngheo d khu vuc ndng thdn, vflng sau, mien nui, lam cho viec tie'p can cac ngudn luc xa hdi cua hg rat khd khan.
Dieu nay ddn de'n cac bat binh dang xa hdi.
Tinh trang nay dang cd chiSu hudng gia tang.
Cung vdi nen kinh te' thi trudng, Viet Nam dang nd luc xay dung nha nudc phap quyen
cua dan, do dan, vi dan. Nha nudc phap quyen de cao vai trd cua phap luat, phap luat la tdi thugng. Trong cac nam qua, he thd'ng phap luat d Viet Nam dang dugc hoan thien. Nam 1993, Luat Bao ve mdi trudng da dugc ban hanh. Luat nay dugc sfla ddi, bd sung, hoan thien va ban hanh vao nam 2005. Chi thi 36/CT-TW, Nghi quye't 41/NQ-TW cua Dang va nhieu nghi dinh, quye't dinh ciia Chfnh phu ve mdi trudng da dugc ban hanh. Nha nudc da thanh lap Bd Tai nguydn va Mdi trudng, de thuc hien chflc nang quan ly nha nudc ve mdi trudng. "Ngan sach cho cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng hien chie'm tren 1% tdng chi ngan sach thudng xuydn, ngoai ra cdn cd cae ehuang trinh muc tidu qud'c gia nhu: "Phu xanh ddt trd'ng ddi trgc", "Chie'n luge ve nudc sach va ve sinh mdi trudng", "Chd'ng bien doi khf hau", "Ke' hoach hanh ddng qud'c gia ve da dang sinh hgc" (Dao Thi Minh Huong, 2009).
6 Viet Nam, vai trd cua cac td chflc xa hdi cung cd tac ddng dang ke de'n vdn de mdi trudng. O cac dd thi, ngudi ta nhan thdy cd cac doan dudng xanh, sach dep do cac td chflc phu nfl va thie'u nien quan ly. Che' do tu quan vdi mdi trudng cua cac hdi, cac td chflc xa hdi da cd cac ddng gdp lam cho tinh trang cua mdi trudng dugc cai thien. Viec cac hdi vidn Hdi Ndng dan tap the d Ddng Nai dang kien Vedan lam d nhiem sdng Thi Vai la mdt vf du dien hinh ve su phan flng tap the cua ngudi ndng dan khi mdi trudng bi xam hai.
Trong mdt thap nidn trd lai day, vdn de mdi trudng d Viet Nam da trd thanh mdi quan tam bflc xue ciia nha nudc va cua ca ngudi dan. Day la nguydn nhan co ban tao nen tieng ndi chung va hanh ddng chung cua nha nudc va cua nhan dan.
Phai khang dinh rang viec Nha nudc ban hanh Luat Bao ve mdi trudng da tao nen khung phap ly cho viec giai quye't cac van de lien quan den mdi trudng. He thd'ng phap luat ndi chung va Luat Bao ve mdi trudng ndi rieng nham dieu hda cac quan he xa hdi lidn quan de'n mdi trudng. Luat nay la chuan muc xa hdi dl xem xet cac hanh vi tac ddng de'n mdi trudng ciia con ngudi. Viec khen thudng
Nghien cUu Phat trien ben vUng, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngudi trong moi quan he ...
va xu phat dugc dat tren che' tai phap ly. Day la mdt nguyen nhan co ban tac ddng de'n tinh trang mdi trudng d Viet Nam hien nay. Nhdn manh vai trd cua phap luat trong vdn de mdi trudng. Khdng phai khdng cd ly do khi ngudi ta ndi de'n mflc do phai xfl phat nang tdi xam hai mdi trudng. Vdn de la phai xay dung dugc cac khung phap ly phu hgp va hieu qua. Cd nhu vay mdi chdm dflt hoac la giam bdt dugc tdi pham lam tac chd'ng lai kiem lam, hoac xa nudc thai chua qua xfl ly vao cac ddng sdng gay d nhiem trdm trgng.
Dang cd su xung dot gifla lgi fch kinh te' va lgi fch mdi trudng. Van de lgi fch trong mdi quan he vdi mdi trudng d ta hien nay chua dugc giai quye't thda dang. Day la nguydn nhan ddn de'n su xam hai mdi trudng eua mdt bd phan xa hdi nay ddi vdi mdt bd phan xa hdi khac. Su can dd'i trong mdi trudng sinh thai dien ra trong mdt thdi ky dai vdi cac didn bie'n hda hgc va vat ly ciia trai da't vdi eac quan he van hda gdn vdi dieu kien sinh sd'ng, phong tuc tap quan cua cac bd phan dan cu cd the bi dao ldn de'n mflc cd the trd thanh tham hga mdi trudng. Dieu nay. ddn de'n eac xung dot lgi ich, ngudi dan phan dd'i viec xay dung cac bai thai, phan dd'i viec chie'm dung ddt ndng nghiep lam cac khu che' xudt la vi vay.
Viec tang trudng kinh td' nhu da ndi trdn la yeu cdu thie't ye'u de thoat ngheo, de tang cudng dau tu. Song cung vi muc tieu tang trudng kinh te' da ddn den hien tugng huy hoai
mdi trudng sd'ng. Trong nhieu trudng hgp lgi bdt cap hai.
Trong cac tuong tac xa hdi co ban hien nay thi mdi lien he giua kinh te' xa hdi va mdi trudng ed vai trd het sflc to ldn. O vao mdi quan he dd, con ngudi gifl vai trd quyd't dinh vi chinh hoat ddng cua con ngudi tao ra cac san pham kinh te', tao nen cac bie'n ddi xa hdi va mdi trudng. Su phat trien hai hda trong cac ITnh vuc ndi tren cd the lam cho qua trinh phat trien di dung hudng. Nd'u hoat ddng quan ly ye'u kem thi mdi quan he nay dien ra theo chieu hudng bat lgi. Day la mdt mau thudn can dugc nhan thuc sau sdc va toan dien trong hoat ddng quan ly. Vdn de dat ra la tang
trudng kinh te la muc tieu phai dat dugc trong dieu kien cu the cua nudc ta hien nay. Cd tang trudng kinh te' thi nha nudc mdi cd tich luy, thu nhap eua ngudi dan mdi dugc nang cao, mdi cd tai san xudt md rdng. Kinh te' phat trien la dieu kien quan trgng de cai thien cac quan he xa hdi va thue hien cac muc tieu xa hdi. Thanh tuu xda ddi giam ngheo cua Viet Nam dugc the' gidi cdng nhan khdng chi' ndi len su tie'n bd ve kinh te' ma quan trgng hon la nd khdc phuc cac bdt binh dang ve mat xa hdi. Kinh td' tang trudng, ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi dugc cai thien se tao nen cac chudn muc, cac gia tri xa hdi mdi, theo dd quan he xa hdi cung cd nhung bien ddi va tac ddng tfch cue de'n tinh trang mdi trudng.
Hoat ddng quan ly mdi trudng chi cd the dat dugc hieu qua tren co sd y thfle ve mdi trudng cua chu the quan ly va khach the quan ly didn ra cung chidu. Su xung ddt ve y thfle se ddn de'n su xung dot ve hanh vi. Phai nhan thdy rang viec giao due y thfle mdi trudng da dugc cai thien dang ke nhung chua theo kip dien bien phflc tap cua tinh trang mdi trudng hien nay. Nhan thfle ve mdi trudng chua du de han ehe' cac bieu hien xam hai ve mdi trudng, nhdt la khi lgi fch true tie'p va trudc mdt cua mdt so ngudi hoac mdt sd tap doan ngudi duge kfch thfch.
Vdn de dao dflc mdi trudng cung phu thudc vao y thfle mdi trudng. Dao dflc mdi trudng cung nhu phap ly ve mdi trudng hien nay chua du de han che' cac hanh vi xam hai mdi trudng. Nhu da ndi d trdn dao dflc mdi trudng gdn vdi cac chuan muc dd'i vdi mdi trudng, cac gia tri eua mdi trudng. Vi vay, nd chd' udc hanh vi flng xfl vdi mdi trudng. Thuc te la dao dflc mdi trudng dang bi xem nhe.
Vai trd cua cac to chflc xa hdi chua tuong flng vdi cac yeu cdu can phai cd trong hoat ddng bao ve mdi trudng. Trong cac xa hdi truyen thd'ng, huong udc, le lang rat dugc coi trgng. Cdc td chflc xa hdi tu nguyen, ndi rdng hon la xa hdi dan su cflng quan tam den van de mdi trudng trong ddi sd'ng cua cae cdng ddng dan cu. Vdn de nay d ta da dugc quan tam va cung cd truyen thd'ng nhung rd rang Id
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Nghi§n ciru Phat trien ben vung, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngudi trong moi quan he tac ddng cua he thd'ng xa hdi nay chua du de
ngan chan nan xam hai mdi trudng. Vi vay, rflng vdn bi pha, bi dot. Cac con sdng vdn bj ngan ddng chay de dai vang mdt each vd td chflc.
Viee xay dung cac khu cdng nghiep ddn de'n viec chie'm rudng ddt canh tac ndng nghiep cua ndng dan. Cac khu vuc dd thi cdng nghiep dugc tao lap ddn de'n viec tfch tu dan cu. Su qua tai d khu vuc dd thi va cdng nghiep tao nen bdi qua trinh di dan, tfch tu lao ddng lam do viec phan bd dan cu trd ndn bdt hgp ly, keo theo dd la su ddi hdi cac nhu cdu xa hdi khac ciia con ngudi nhu toan bd he thd'ng dich vu xa hdi, nhu cdu cung cap nudc sach, vdn de dam bao ve sinh mdi trudng. Qua trinh dd thi hda cudng bflc ddn de'n su mdt can bang d mdi trudng sd'ng tai cae khu dd thi va cdng nghiep.
Phai nhan thay rang viec danh gid cac nguyen nhan ddn de'n tinh trang mdi trudng hien nay khdng the tach rdi hoat ddng truyen thdng mdi trudng. Cac phuong tien truyen thdng dai chung vdi iru the' la phuong tien cd kha nang quang ba cac thdng tin ve mdi trudng, da chflng td kha nang anh hudng tdi cdng chung. Day la nhflng kdnh chfnh thfle cua nha nude va cua cac td chflc chfnh tri xa hdi cd nhiem vu gido due toan dien y thfle ve mdi trudng eho ngudi ddn. Nhiing vdn de ve Luat bao ve mdi trudng, ve tinh trang mdi trudng bi xam hai, ve su tham gia ciia ngudi dan trong bao ve mdi trudng da dugc cac phuang tien truyen thdng dai chung truyen tai tao nen du luan xa hdi dd'i vdi quan ly mdi trudng.
Cung vdi cac phuong tien truyen thdng dai chung, hoat ddng tuydn truyen vien true tie'p ve vdn de mdi trudng dugc thuc hien d cac cdng ddng dan cu gdn vdi cac ddi tugng cdng chung cu the, d eac khu vuc qudn cu cu the cung rdt cd tdc dung trong viec tao lap hanh vi than thien vdi mdi trudng cua ngudi dan.
Y thfle dao dflc ve mdi trudng la mdt vdn de rdt co ban trong mdi quan he gifla con ngudi vdi mdi trudng va trong qua trinh phdt trien va quan ly xa hdi. Dao dflc la dao ly,
Nghien cihi Phat trien ben vurng, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010
viec dd'i xfl vdi mdi trudng can dua tren ca sd phap ly la he thd'ng phap luat, song dao dflc cung gdn vdi cac chuan muc xa hdi, cac gia tri xa hdi. Do dd nd chi phdi mdt each tu giac, ben bi tren tinh thdn tu nguyen, bdng hoat ddng nhan thfle tao ndn hanh vi than thien vdi mdi trudng cua ngudi dan. Vi vay, dao dflc mdi trudng can dugc giao due va trong thuc te nd la mdt yd'u td co ban trong mdi tac ddng cua con ngudi dd'i vdi mdi trudng.
Viec phan tfch cac nguyen nhan ve nhan td con ngudi trong mdi quan he vdi mdi trudng cdn chi rd cae ye'u kem co ban trong he thd'ng quan Iy. Bai hgc cua cac qud'c gia phat trien cho thdy hoat ddng quan ly xa hdi khdng chi dinh hudng cho su phat trien xa hdi ma nd cdn la dieu kien de thuc day su phat trien.
Nhat Ban sdm nhan ra dieu nay va cung da phai tra gia trong sud't hai thap ky 60 va 70 cua the' ky trude trong viec giai bai toan mdi trudng trong mdi quan he vdi kinh td' vd xa hdi. O ngay gdn ta, thdnh tuu cua Singapore cung cho thdy rd vai trd cua the che' quan ly xa hdi trong su phat trien xa hdi ndi ehung va trong vdn de bao ve mdi trudng ndi ridng.
IV. f)i XUAT QUAN DIEM VA GIAI PHAP
1. Trudc he't cdn phai khang dinh rdng hoat ddng quan ly ndi chung vd hoat ddng quan ly vd mdi trudng de dam bao su phat trien xa hdi theo xu hudng phdt trien ben vflng ehi cd the dua tren ca sd phap Iy. Viec ban hanh hd thd'ng phap luat, cac van ban, nghi dinh, quy che' ve mdi trudng phai du manh de giai quyet nhflng vdn de ve mdi trudng trong khung khd cua che' dinh luat phap. Luat Mdi trudng da dugc ban hanh, song thuc te' dien bien ve mdi trudng cho thdy rd su didu tiet cac quan he xa hdi nhu mdt ydu cdu can ban cua phap luat da dien ra khdng nhu luat dinh. Vi vay, hoat ddng quan Iy nha nudc ve mdi trudng cdn tang cudng phd bien giao due phap luat va thuc hien cac che' dinh ve xfl phat-nghiem minh.
2. Hoat ddng quan ly Nha nudc ve mdi trudng cdn dugc su chia se cua cac bd phan xa hdi khac nhu cac doanh nghiep, xa hdi dan su.
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Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngudi trong moi quan he Trong cac du an ddu tu ma cac doanh
nghiep tien hanh cdn cd su danh gia ve tdc ddng mdi trudng. Cac chieu canh co ban cua su tac ddng: kinh te, xa hdi, van hda... phai duge xem xet toan dien. Viec cdng khai hda mue tidu va quy md cua cac du an la dieu kien edn thiet de ngudi dan bay td thai do ung hd hay phan dd'i, day chfnh la su phan bien xa hdi, su bay td eua du luan xa hdi.
Du luan dd cd the de'n tfl cac td chflc chfnh thfle nhu nha nudc, cac td chflc dodn the nhan dan hoac tfl cac bd phan khac trong xa hdi dan su deu can dugc nghiem tuc xem xet, vi nd ham chfla Idi khuydn cho ke hoach va muc tieu phat trien.
3. Su tham gia cua ngudi dan cung vdi Nha nudc trong hoat ddng td chflc va quan ly mdi trudng cdn dap flng cac muc tieu:
hieu qua, cdng bang, ben vflng va su tham gia cua ngudi dan. Su tham gia cua ngudi dan la nhan td quye't dinh de tao nen mdi quan he hai hda gifla con ngfldi, mdi trudng va xa hdi. Hg cd the vfla la chu the quan Iy, vfla la khach the trong mdi quan he nay.
Ngudi dan se bay td thai do cua minh vdi cac thie't che' cd trach nhiem ve nhflng van de lien quan de'n bao ve mdi trudng, nhung chinh hanh vi cua hg, cd the chi la mdt tan Ifla cham thud'c cung ddn den viec thieu chay ea mdt canh rflng. Vi vay, dinh hudng cho su tham gia cua ngudi dan gdn ke't vdi cac lgi ich cua hg se lam cho quan he gifla con ngudi va mdi trudng trd ndn ben vung.
4. Tfnh hieu qua the hien d ehd cac muc tieu phan anh mdi quan he cua mdi trudng, con ngudi va xa hdi, du cd uu tidn cho kinh te nhung nhdt quyet khdng the coi duy Igi kinh te id td'i thugng. Van de hieu qua cdn dugc xem xet nhu la mdt ket qua tdng hgp cua cac nhan td co ban tac ddng den mdi trudng, tao dieu kien de con ngudi phat trien. Van de su dung hieu qua cae ngudn luc mdi trudng can phai dugc xem xet mdt each lau dai va co ban, nhat quyet khdng the xudt phat tfl cac Igi nhuan true tiep, hieu qua ben vung chi cd the thuc hien dugc tren CO sd gdn vdi mdt chie'n luge quan ly mdi trudng toan dien.
5. Su cdng bdng ve co hdi sd'ng, dieu kien thang tie'n xa hdi, cac dam bao vd an sinh xa hdi Id mdt nguyen ly can ban di dam bao su hai hda trong mdi quan he gifla con ngudi, mdi trudng va xa hdi. Bdt binh ddng, trudc he't la ba't binh dang ve kinh te la hien tugng phd bie'n ddn den su xam hai mdi trudng.
Lgi nhuan true tiep va trude mdt ve kinh te' phan ldn roi vao tui cae nha ddu tu. Ngudi dan chiu canh mdt ddt, mdt rflng ddn den mdt di cdc ngudn thu nhap, va theo dd la suy thodi ve van hda vd Id'i sd'ng. Su khdng cdng bang nay Id nguydn nhan ciia cac xung dot xa hdi, nhieu khi rat gay gdt.
6. Ben vflng nghia la phat trien hdm nay ma khdng phuong hai den ngay mai. Su phuang hai do cac tdn thdt ve mdi trudng gay ra cd the rdt trdm trgng. Tram trgng de'n ndi ddn den cac he luy, khdng chi ridng he luy kinh te. Trong phdt trien con ngudi, vd'n de ben vung cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng, nd lidn quan den cdc chi tieu co ban nhu tinh hinh thu nhap, kha nang hudng thu cac dich vu y te, dich vu giao due, he thd'ng nay cdn dam bao cho con ngudi phdt tridn toan dien. Con ngudi phdt tridn ben vung, vi vay khdng tach rdi vdn de mdi trudng noi ma trong dd toan bd hoat ddng sd'ng cua con ngudi dien ra.
7. Hoat ddng truyen thdng ve mdi trudng ed vai trd dac biet quan trgng. Hoat ddng nay eung edp cdc thdng diep cho nhan dan ve vai trd cua mdi trudng trong ddi sd'ng, hudng ddn cho ngudi dan hieu dugc tam quan trgng cua mdi trudng trong mdi quan he vdi hoat ddng sd'ng cua hg. Hdnh vi than thien vdi mdi trudng chi cd the dugc tao ndn tfl viec cung edp thdng tin va viec hudng ddn tao lap hdnh vi. Cdc phuong tien truyen thdng cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec kiem soat mdi trudng, xfl ly nhflng xung dot tfl mdi trudng, tao didu kien de ngudi dan tham gia vao hoat ddng quan ly mdi trudng.
8. Vdn de xay dung dao dflc mdi trudng dang trd ndn rdt edp bach. Dao dflc Id dao ly, cung vdi phap luat la phap ly se quy dinh hdnh vi flng xfl cua con ngudi vdi mdi
Nghien ciAi Phat trien ben vUng, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010
Mai Quynh Nam - Nhan to con ngudi trong moi quan he trudng. Dao due mdi trudng ham chfla cac
gia tri va chudn muc vi vay nd dugc quy dinh bdi chfnh tinh trang thuc te' cua mdi trudng. Y thfle dao dflc la mdt dang cua y thfle xa hdi vi the' nd cdn duge bdi dudng trong qua trinh nhan thfle cua ngudi dan. Hanh vi ung xfl vdi mdi trudng ne'u xudt phat tfl dao dflc thi se trd nen rdt co ban va ben vflng, dd la cdch iing xfl tu giac, tu nguyen tren co sd nhan thfle gia tri ve mdi trudng.
Cd the ddn ra day ldi phdt bilu cua Levi- Strauss trong budi tra ldi phdng vdn trdn ddi truyen hinh Phap vdo nam 2005: "Trai dat nay da qua ddng dan sd ndn khdng cdn dd chiu nfla. Tdi cam thdy bdt an khi ket thuc cudc ddi trong the gidi ma minh khdng cdn ydu thuong, khi nhieu ddng thuc vat va cac loai sinh vat khac dang bi huy diet den mflc dang sg do chfnh trang thai qua ddng due nay. Loai dugc ggi la con ngudi dudng nhu dang sdng trong hoan canh gay hai cho nhau" (Suong Mai, 2009). Tam su ciia nha nhan hgc - xa hdi hgc VI dai Levi-Strauss lam ta tinh ngd vd ddi hdi hanh ddng lam sao de loai ngudi va mudn loai hda hgp, lodi ngudi tra dugc on nghia cho tu nhidn ma khdng phai la ke tan pha tu nhien./.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Dao Thi Minh Hucmg: Phat trie'n con ngudi va tinh trang d nhilm mdi trudng, mot so' van de thirc tiln a Viet Nam (trong sach Con ngudi: Van hoa, Quyin va Phat trien); Mai Quynh Nam chu bien;
Nxb. Tut dien Bach khoa; Ha Noi, 2009.
2. Jean-Guyuaillan Court: Phat trien l^en virng:
nguon gd'c va khai niem; Tap chf Xa hoi hoc, sd 2 (70)/2000.
3. Jacques Vernier: Mdi trudng sinh thai; Nxb The gidi, 1993.
4. JIII Jager: Su thay ddi mdi trudng toan cau:
mdt thach thiic dd'i vdi khoa hpc xa hoi (trong sach Khoa hpc xa hpi tren the gidi); Nxb Dai hpc qud'c gia; Ha Npi, 2006.
5. Mai Quynh Nam: Dinh hudng gia tri trong ldi sd'ng, xay dung mpt Id'i sd'ng cd chat lupng hai hoa vdi moi trudtig tu nhien va xa hpi (trong sach: "Van hoa, Id'i sd'ng vdi mdi trudng"; Chu Khdc Thuat, Nguydn Van Thu chu bien); Nxb Van hda Thdng tin, 1998.
6. Mai Quynh Nam: Du luan xa hpi ve mdi trudng; Tap chi Nghien cuu tam ly, 4/1998.
7. Nguydn Hong Phong: Mpt so' van de ve hinh thai kinh te xa hdi van hoa va phat trien; Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2000.
8. Nguyin Tuan Dung, D5 Minh Hop: Tir dien Quan ly xa hpi; Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, 2002.
9. Suong Mai: Levi-Strauss - Nha tu tudng xua
"Tu duy da sinh", cha de ciia "Chii nghia cau true"
da vinh biet chiing ta; Tap chf Nghien ciru Con ngudi, sd 6/2009.
10. Trinh Tiii Kim Ngoc: An ninh con ngudi trong bdi canh bien doi khf hau toan ciu; Tap chf Nghien ciiu Con ngudi, sd' 6/2009.
11. Truong Quang Hpc: Tir phat trien de'n phat trien l>ln virng: nhin til goc dp giao due va nghifin cuu khoa hpc (Ky yeu hpi thao khoa hpc: Khoa hpc phat trien ly luan va thuc tiln a Viet Nam); Dai hpc qude gia Ha Npi, Vien Viet Nam hpc va khoa hpc phat trien; Ha Npi, 2008.
Nghien cUu Phat then ben vung, so 4 (29) - Thang 12/2010
