Tap chl Nghiin ci!u vk Phai trien, sS 5 (112). 2014
CQNG DONG HQC GIA VA VAI TRQ CUA CQNG DONG HQC GIA TRONG VIEC NGHIEN ClfU BIEN DONG
Tnftftig Minh Huy Vu*, Nguyin Vi§t Van Anh"
D i n nh|Lp
Trong linh vifc quan he qudc td, nhilu ly thuyet da ddpc phit trien d^ giai thich, du bdo vk thuc day hdp tic giu'a cac quo'c gia. Cach day hai mUdi nSm, n h i khoa hoc chinh tri ngddi My Peter M. Haas cho ra ddi khii niem "cdng dong hpc gia" (epistemic community)."' Haas cho rang cic nhdm chuygn gia cd the dnh hiidng len nhin nhan v4 lai ich cua nhiing ngiidi lam chinh sich. Sdc anh hiidng cua cpng ddng hoc gia tham chi cd the cdn vUdt qua cic nhdm ldi ich hoac cic phong trao xa hdi khac. Gia thuyet nay ddpc biet de'n nhd l i cich tiep can theo hUdng cpng dong hoc gia xuy§n qudc gia (transnational epistemic community approach). Cich tie'p can kg' thda ca hai trUdng phii trong quan he qud'c te' l i chu nghia kie'n tao vi chu nghla tU do mdi. Day cd the xem la c^u ndi giiJa ly thuye't ve thie't che' qud'c te' vi ly thuye't mang lUdi van dfing.
Cic tidp cin cdng ddng hoc gia dUdc chu y khdng nhdng trong gidi hpc thu^t, m i ci gidi hoach dinh chinh sich. Ly do chu ye'u nkm d gii thuygt cdng ddng niy c6 kha ning gia ting anh hudng trong viec thuc day hop tic qudc te (cu thl l i d cic vlui dl an ninh phi truyen tho'ng) neu thoa man d cip dp cao mdt sd dieu kien. Trong trUdng hdp ngddi quye't dinh chinh sich phai dd'i mit vdi vo vin Ida chpn, cfing ddng hpc gia cd t h l dua vio nhiing sii kien ben ngoii vi nilm tin chinh tri cd sSn de: (i) lim sing td nhieu khia canh ciaa mot van dl dang tranh cii; (ii) thuc day cic giai phip hop ly, cung nhu (iii) phan bien (tham chi) ngin cin cic chinh sich khdng kha thi theo phan tich vi logic cua ho.
NhiMg ngudi ung hd cuong nhiet cho cich tie'p cin niy cdn di xa hdn, die bi^t trong cic van de hpp tic qudc te. Hp cho ring "cfing ddng hpc gia xuyen qudc gia dang tif phat" (transnational self-evolutionary epistemic communities) cd the chi phdi hdp tic quo'c te' thong qua viec tao lap vi duy tri cic thie't che xi hdi. Mpt khi cic thie't che xi hpi niy cd anh hudng cing nhieu vi cing lau dii, hpp tic qufi'c te hinh thanh nhU mpt thdi quen. Thdi quen hop tic trong mflt linh vifc cu the cd the tdn tai lau dii, tham chi ca trong trUdng hpp m i hg thfi'ng quyin life qufi'c te Iuc dau bit bupe cic quo'c gia hdp tic vdi nhau khong cdn tdn tai nOfa.
De cao hay phan bic, nhi'n manh hay nghi ngd, du theo dong y kie'n nio thi thiic te vai tro v i tic dpng cua cfing dong hpc gia l i mdt thuc the. NhiJng thinh cfing trong cic trddng hpp trong qui khd (trUdng hpp chdng fi nhiem biln Dia Trung Hai, tnidng hdp bao ve tang ozone, trUdng hdp cai td he thd'ng
Khoa Quan h$ Qudc \4, Trudng D^i hpc Khoa hpc Xa h^i v i Nhan van, D^i hpc Qudc gia T h i n h phd Hfi Chl Minh.
•• Tfit nghl0p C d nhdn n g i n h quan h$ qudc tfi, Trudng DHKHXHNV, DHQGTPHCM.
Tap chi NghiSn cuTu va Phat tridn, sd 5 (112) • 2014
vien trd lUdng thiic v.v...)'^' l i nhiing minh chting song dfing. Hdn nffa, n6 chi ra viec theo duoi phiictog phip tiep can cfing dong hoc gia xuydn qjifi'c gia c6 the tao ra nhiSig thay doi cap tidn trong the bd tac cua chinh tri qufi'c te, von diidc dinh nghta mot cich truyin tho'ng theo ling kinh quyen life va bo hep trong chu nghia dan tpc.
Bii viet de xua't phUdng phip tiep can cong dong hpc gia xuyen qufi'c gia nhu mpt hudng nghien ciJu trong viec hdp t i c v i giai quydt cac tranh chlip tai vung Biln Dong. Hien nay da ton tai nhilu de xuat lien quan ddn van de an ninh phi truyen thfi'ng hay "phat trien chtmg" difdc xem la mot nen tang de ngan ngifa va dilu phS'i xung dot. Tuy nhien, nhdng nd life hdp tac an ninh phi truyen thdng tai Bien DQng hien nay khfing mang lai nhiJng t h i n h cdng kha quan. Cic nddc ven bd Bidn Dong da khong xay difng dUdc mpt td churc khu vUc hieu qua va hdp tie tnic tidp cijng chi eo nhiJng t h i n h cfing het siJe khiem tfi'n.
Cic linh viic hop tie eung ra't han che'. Hdp t i e chu ydu chi difng lai d eie hoat dpng trao doi khoa hoc va nang cao tam hieu biet.
Vdi khu viic Dong A bat dong sau sac ve chinh tri trong suot chieu dii lich sijf, eie td chdc phi chinh tri vin chda xay diing dUdc mpt ban s^c hay mpt y tudng ehung de ed the vUpt qua dupe rio can ve ciu true chinh tri. Day l i mpt van de nan giai cho hpp tic."^' Diia tren sif hinh thanh va lan tda kien thiJc cua cic cpng dong hoc gia, nhiJng giai phap thiic dung ngan han kem t h i n h cfing tai Bien Dfing nhU hien nay cd the big'n doi trd t h i n h eae cam ke't mang tinh t h l che' hda cao trong dii han. Die biet hdn khi luong nghien cuXi ve an ninh qufi'c te chu yeu xoay quanh cic phUdng phip tie'p can lay n h i nddc lam trung tam, phUdng phip tidp can epng dong hpc gia cung cap mdt lang kinh mdi de tim hieu vl qui trinh hoach dinh chinh sach.
Bii viet gom bon phdn chinh. Sau phan din luin, cic t i e gia se dUa ra khung ly thuye't bao gom cic khii niem va nhiftig gia dinh cua Haas ve kha ning tic dpng chinh sich cua cpng dong hoc gia xuyen bi§n gidi. Phan tidp theo phan tich trUdng hdp tranh chap Bien Dong dddi ling kinh tren. P h i n tich nay mang tinh gidi han vao mpt so' trUdng hdp cho thay vai trd va t i c dpng cua cpng ding hpe gia nhiftig n i m vifa qua trong vi$e thuc day mdt cd chd hdp tie (hay it nhat l i phdi hdp chinh sich gida cic qudc gia hgn quan). Tijf nhiJng kinh nghiem dd, phan cudi cung t i p trung thao luan kha n i n g md rong khii niem cpng dong hpc gii trong viee nghien cdu Bien Ddng.
Cpng dong hoc gia: Khai n i ^ m va t a c d p n g c h i n h s a c h
Thuit ngiJ "cpng dong hpc gia" (epistemic community) chi de'n "mot mang ludi eic chuyen gia cd uy tin va chuyen mon trong mpt linh viic cu the va hp sd hufu nhiJng kien thde quan trpng do'i vdi ehinh sich trong linh vifc do".''*' Khic vdi cpng dong khoa hoc (scientific community), cpng dong hpc gia (CDHG) phii thoa min cac tieu chi:
- Chia se cac niem tin mang tinh quy tac, l i n l n t i n g cho cic kie'n giai chi phdi hanh dpng xa hpi cua cic t h i n h vien.
Tap chl Nghi&n ciJu v i Phit triln, sd 5 (112). 2014
- Chia se nhiing nilm tin ve quy luat nhin qua. Cic quy luat niy duuc due kdt tijf cic phan tich nghien ciJu trong lmh viic cua minh va ddng vai trd giai thich mdi quan he n h i n qua giiJa eic chinh sich v i ke't qua mong mufi'n.
- Chia se hg thfi'ng quy dinh thut sai. Cic quy dinh thuf sai nay la nhiJng tieu chu^n dUdc cic thinh vien tao ra de cin nh^c v i xem xet gii tri cua cic kidn thute trong linh vifc cua minh.
- Chia se cung mfit hfi tho'ng kie'n nghi ehinh sich. He thfi'ng kie'n nghi chinh sich niy l i nhiJng phUdng phip, hanh dpng chung de giai quye't eie vin de m i cfing dong hpc gia nghifin cdu. Cic chinh sach niy, tren ly tudng, hudng de'n vi lai ich cua nhan loai.'^'
Vi cic vin de gap phai thudng cd nhieu mat, CDHG cd the bao gom cic chuyen gia de'n tCf nhieu linh viic khic nhau. Nguon gd'c thuc day sii anh hudng cua cpng dong hoc gia chinh la dp phiJc tap (complexity) vi su map md (ambiguity) cua vi'n dl. Nhdng map md hay phdc tap trong mot van de qud'c td nay ddi hoi nhiJng thfing tin ri't cu the va ehuyen biet m i chi cd nhiJng chuygn gia mdi cd the dip itng dupe. Khi nguon cau dd'i vdi nhiJng thdng tin nay ting lgn, cic mang ludi chuyen gia bit dau xuit hien v i dan thd'ng nha't. Cic mang ludi chuygn gia dat dudc su dong thuin cao vl cic gia tri, quy luat nhin qua, hg thfi'ng thd sai va kig'n nghi chinh sach nhU Peter M. Haas dinh nghia, se trd thanh cpng ding hpc gia.
Cic thinh vign cua cdng dong hpc gia cd the thay doi lpi ich qudc gia thfing qua vigc anh hudng ngudi quye't dinh chinh sich. Cdng dong hpc gia hoic cd thl chi ra nhiJng ldi ich qud'c gia lien quan hoic lim sang to nhilu khia canh cua mpt van dl. TCf dd, nhiing ngUdi quygt dinh chinh sich cd the toan tinh cac ldi ich. Cpng dong hpc gii cung cd tao lip vi duy tri cic thiet che xi hpi. Cac thie't che niy cd the chi phdi hpp tac qudc te. Mdt khi cac thiet che xi hdi niy cd anh hddng cing nhilu vi cing lau dii, hpp tic qudc tg' hinh thinh nhU mpt thdi quen. Thdi quen hdp tic trong mpt linh viic cu the co the ton tai lau dii, tham chi ea trong trudng hpp ma he thd'ng quyin life qudc te luc dau b^t bupe cic qud'c gia hdp tic vdi nhau khdng cdn ton tai nda.
Trong bii viet niy, cpng dong hpc gia dUdc chia lim hai dang. Su phan loai niy dda trfin mdc dp dpc lap chinh thdc vi khdng chinh thdc cua cfing dong hpc gii dfii vdi ngUdi quyet dinh chinh sich. Theo nhU hinh dung ban dau cua Peter M. Haas, trong dilu kien thie'u thong tin vi khfing chic chin ve cae vi'n de gip phai, "cae mang lUdi vi cpng dong chuyen gia cd kha ning cung ci'p thfing tin xui't hign vi nay nd. Thinh vien cua cic epng ding cd tieng ndi nhi't trd thinh nhiJfng tic nhin nfi'i b i t d cip do quo'c gia va qufi'c te khi ngudi quye't djnh chinh sich nhd giup dd va uy nhiem cho cic thinh vien nay".'^'
Nhu viy, cpng dong hpc gia theo ly thuye't cua Peter M. Haas l i nhiJng nhdm chuyen gia mang tinh tU phit (self-evolving), tu dilu phdi (self-regulating).
Cpng dong hpc gia tU phit dUde thinh lip diia tren y thdc vl van de ton tai cua nhdm hpc gia trong qui trinh nghien ciifu. Mic dd dfii khi thinh vign cua cpng dong hpc gia niy cd the dim nhan nhiJng vi tri trong chinh phu, dd chi l i nglu nhien. Trong bii vig't niy, dang thif nhi't cua cfing dong hpc gia dupe gpi
Tap chi Nghi§n cilu va Phat trien, sd 5 (112). 2014
la "cfing ddng hpc gia tif phit" (self evolutionary epistemic conununity). Cfing dong hpc gia tU phat phai sd h i ^ mpt miic dp dpc lap cao trong mdi quan h i vdi nhiJng nha hoach dinh chinh sich. Vi c6 tinh dfic laip thiic tg' cao, cpng dong hpc gia tlf phit, mfit khi da chidm ifU thfi', cd kha nang ndm quyin quyet dinh cao hdn trong chifdng trinh nghi sii (agenda) cua cic dam p h i n hifdng ddn hcfp tic qufi'c td.
Khi cic nghign cufU cua nhiJng cpng dong hoc gia trgn thiic tien difdc phit tridn thfim, mfit loai mang lifdi chuygn gia khac xua't hien. Mfit so' cfing ding hpc gia chi dupc hinh thanh khi cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach lUa chpn thanh vien cho cpng ding nay mot cich cd ehu dich. Do vay, miJc dfi dpc lap cua eic cpng dong hoe gia nay tha'p. Cfing ding hoe gia noi trfin difdc t h i n h lap dd dat mpt he thfi'ng muc tieu cu t h l do n h i hoach dinh chlnh sach d i t ra. Hoat dfing cua hp, vi vay, ciing dudc kilm soat, theo doi va ehi dinh ky cing."' Mpt khi thinh qua lao dpng cua hp xua't hifin dudi dang cac loai kie'n thdc va thong tin die biet, kha n i n g dieu khiln v i sd dung nhiJng thfing tin n i y bi han chfi' bdi cic i p life ehinh tri. Cd the goi tfin dang thd 2 cua cfing ding hpc gia l i "cfing dong hpc gia thupc chinh phu" (governmental epistemic community). Khi tim uy thic edng viec xiy diTng kidn thdc (knowledge building) cho cpng dong hoc gia, nhiJng ngUdi quye't dinh chinh sach theo dudi, doi khi ciing mpt liic, hai mue dich: hieu qua chinh sach v i dp uy tin. Hieu qua ehinh sach dat dUdc khi mpt kie'n nghi chinh sich cd kha n i n g cao anh hudng den thay ddi chinh sich.
Mat khic, muc tieu uy tin dat dUdc khi x i hpi tin rang ke hoach thanh cfing l i ke hoach bin viJng trong dai han v i cd ich cho nhan loai (da so").
Phan dinh cic nhdm cfing ding hpe gia cd the giup chung ta nhan dinh dUdc mue tifiu nao dang dUdc d i t lam ifu tien. Cd gia thuye't cho r i n g cic nha hoach dinh ehinh sich uy nhiem hoic tim kien nghi tif cfing dong hoc gia tii phit dat uu tien cho muc tifiu uy tin va ngUdc lai, tii cpng dong hpc gia thufic chinh phu khi muc tifiu hieu qua chinh sich ddpc UU tien hdn.'^' De dat dUdc hieu qua chinh sach d mdc cao nhi't, cong dong hoc gia thddng phai it dpc lap vdi ngudi quyet dinh ehinh sach. Mat khac, eic cpng dong hpc gia tii p h i t dUdc cho la cd kha n i n g dat dUdc dp uy tin cao hdn so vdi epng dong hoc gia thufic chinh phu. Difa tren gia thuye't trfin, ta cd the lap luin rang eae eong dong hpc gii tli phit, nfi'u t h i n h cfing, cd kha nang thuc day mot ehUdng trinh nghi sif thuan khoa hpe hdn v i xuc tifi'n hdp tic qufi'c td sau rdng, liu dii hdn vi nhiJng cfing dong hpc gia tii phat it bi chi pho'i v i chiu ap life tif cic t i e nhan chinh tri.
Mac dii miJe dp doc lap eua hai dang cpng dong hoc gia tifdng phan vdi nhau, dieu n i y khfing ed nghia rang cfing dong hpc gia tii p h i t l i nhiJng t h i p nga va cpng dong hpc gia thupc chinh phu l i nhifng con ro'i difdc giat day. De dat dupe thanh cfing, ca hai dang epng dong hpe gia dlu phai tim cich cin bing ca hai muc dich: hieu qua chinh sich v i do uy tin.
Thu" nhi't, chi co nhiJng chuyfin gia am tUdng vl cic llnh viic chuyfin biet mdi CO t h l dua ra dUde nhiJng phan tich dinh gii siu sic v i chinh xic nhat ve eie van dl hen quan, vi du nhU vl mdi trudng hay an ninh qudc tfi'. Thu" hai, cac ehinh tri gia hay eac n h i hoach dinh chinh sich chi cd thd difa ra dUdc cic
Tap cW Nghien ciJu v i Phit trien, sd 5 (112), 2014
quydt dinh dung d ^ v i dUdc dam bao khi diia vio nhiJng thfing tin difdc dda ra til nhflng hoc gii co uy tin v i chuyen mfin cao. "Hpc thuit hda" se giup cho cic n h i hoach dinh chpn lua difdc nhiing bifin phap hieu qua nhi't tii nhiing chuyfin gia uy tin v i hieu biet nhit d linh viic ma hp nghifin cuXt. Mfi'i quan hfi giiJa cfing ding hpc gia vdi ngUdi quyfi't dinh chinh sach trong cic tnidng hcfp m i Haas va eic cfing sii nghien eiiu dUdc l i rat phiic tap, ton tai tren nhieu cap dfl. Theo Emanuel Adler va Peter M. Haas, cd nam bude trong qui trinh cflng dong hpc gia anh hudng dfi'n qui trinh hoach dinh ehinh sach, gim:
- Budc 1: Boi mdi chinh sdch (Policy Innovation)
Cfing ding hpc gii phit huy tam anh hudng cua minh Ifin qui t n n h doi mdi chinh sich thdng qua: (i) Tao ra nhiJng tranh cai ehinh tri xung quanh vi'n de m i cpng dong niy quan tim; (ii) Dinh rd ldi ich cua cic qufi'c gia lien quan l i gi. Sau dd, (iii) Tao ra nhiing tieu chuan hinh dpng ehung.'^' Sau khi diln giii vi lim ro van dl dang dupc bin den, cpng dong hpe gia cd the dinh hudng cic qufi'c gia, td chiJe v i e i nhan hfin quan dfi'n nhiJng chuan tic, cong cu, to chiic vi Itfa chpn thich hdp nham giai quygt van de. NhU viy, lpi ich qud'c gia v i cic dilu luat dUdc ciu thanh trong giai doan nay.
- Budc 2: Lan tda chinh sdch (Policy Diffusion)
Cpng dong hpc gii lan truyin cic gii tri vi dl xui't chinh sich cua minh thfing qua nhiJng cfing cu v i mang ludi xuyen quo'c gia: trao doi gifla eie nhdm nghifin ciiu, hpi nghi cua cic to chdc qufi'c te, thim chi ca cic doin dim phin cua cic qud'c gia. Qui trinh lan tda ehinh sich ndi trgn eo hai muc dieh. Mfit mit, qua trinh niy thuc day sii dong thuin vl kien thflc (knowledge consensus).
Mpt khi dat dUdc sii dong thuan ve nln ting kifin thflc, cfing dong hpc gia se cd dflpc nhiJng kifin nghi chinh sich toin dien v i chic chin hcfn. Mit khic, nhflng mfi'i quan he xuyfin quo'c gia "dU Id vo tinh hay hiXu y, gidp cpng ddng hgc gid tgo dugc siCc ep ldn lin chinh phii." '^"^
- Budc 3: LUa chgn chinh sdch (Policy Selection)
Lfla ehpn chinh sich l i cd che ma nhiJng ngudi quye't dinh chinh sich Uu tifin chon mdt he thfi'ng kie'n nghi chinh sich cu the va loai bd nhflng kidn nghi khic. Nhilu ye'u td cd the thuc day hoic ngan can cfing dong hpc gia "keo ngudi quy^t dinh chinh sdch ve mpt hi thd'ng hdnh xd: mdi","" vi nhu: lua chpn thdi diem cua epng dong hpc gia, dp quen thupc cua ngfldi quye't dinh chinh sich vdi van dl dang bin de'n, ci'u true cua chd dp chinh tri (regime structure), van hda vi nilm tin ehinh thd'ng (mainstream belief).
Budc 4: Cung cd chinh sdch (Policy Persistence)
Qui trinh cung cd chinh sich l i qui trinh ma "y tUdng mdi vd chinh sdch mdi, sau khi dugc the chi' hda, trd thdnh chinh thong".'•^^^ Lipu cic y tfldng vi chinh sich mdi cd tru lai dfldc hay khfing phu thuoc vio sU dong thuan vl nln ting kien thflc. Sfl dong thuin gifla eic thinh vien trong cfing dong hpe gia cing eao thi anh hfldng cua y tfldng mdi-chinh sich mdi cing ldn va kha ning tin tai lau dii cua chung cing cao.
10 Tap chi Nghien ciiu va Phat trign, srf 5 (112). 2014
Budc 5: Ti^n hoa chinh sdch (Policy Evolution as Learning)
Theo Adler vk Peter M. Haas, "qua trinh hpc hoi kh6ng chi don thuan la sd hOu them nhflhg thong tin mdi v4 m6i trifcmg xung quanh ma con la vi$c chap nhan nhiJng phucmg phap mdi va tien bo htm nh^m tim hi^u cdc mS'i quan he nhan qua, giiJa cong cu va ket qua chinh sach".'^^' Qua trinh hoc hoi nay di n den hai ket qua tich cue do la: (i) Su chap nhan va tigp thu nhUng phucmg phip- cong cu mdi (new instrumental ends) dong nghia vdi viec xu§'t hien nhiJng tap quan mdi (new practices) va (ii) Su chap nhan v^ hudng de'n nhiJng muc tieu mang tinh quy dinh mdi (new goals).
Mgt vai ghi nhlin t r o n g tn^otng hcfp t r a n h chafp B i e n D o n g Tranh chap Bien Dong la mpt van de phUc tap, noi ma cac van de an ninh truyen thong va phi truyin th6ng dan xen lan nhau. Cach true tiS'p d l giai quyet tranh chap la tien hanh phan gidi di xdc dinh khu vuc cd chu quyin va quyen tai phan. Tuy nhi§n viec nay kho cd the thUc hien dUdc d§ dang trong mpt thdi gian ngdn. De giai quyet tranh chap nay, cdc hdp tac trong van de an ninh phi truyen thong hay phat trien chung dUpc xem Id mot nen tang de xda bo xung dot. Theo dilu 74 (3) va dieu 83 (3) thupc United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, phdt trien chung cd the hieu la nhOhg
"dan xIp tam thdi" trong boi canh cac dudng bi§n gidi chUa duoc phdn dinh.'"' Co hai cho hpp tac chung trong khu vUc Bien Dong cd t h l k l de'n Id tdp trdn chung, phat triln chung tai nguyen hydrocarbon [dau mo], nghign cUu khoa hoc, bao ve moi trudng va hpp tdc nghl ca. Thuat ngiJ "phat trien chung" dupc nhdc den ra't nhieu tuy nhien it dupc cu t h l hda bang hdnh ddng thUc t l . Clio den nay, van de tai nguyen hydrocarbon da bi tri hoan."" Vd'n dl khai thdc chung mang tinh chlnh tri phUc tap.'"" NhU vay cac nS lUc nghien cUu khoa hpc, bao ve moi trudng va hpp tdc nghe cd la 'cdc Hnh vUc ma cdng dong hpc gia cd t h l CO tieng ndi ldn.
Do Bien Dong la khu vUc biln niJa kin, bat cU thay doi nao trong viec hoach dinh chinh sdch nghe cd cua mpt nudc cung cd tdc dpng ldn den todn bp khu vuc. Va'n nan danh bat qud mute d Biln Dong hi6n nay cd nhilu phUdng dien: an ninh kinh te, bao v§ moi trudng va lanh tho tren biln. Dua tren cdc cong cu luat quoc te nhu UNCLOS va United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), cdc nhd khoa hpc dd cd nhieu kiln nghi giai phdp vl vd'n dl hdp tdc nghl ca, ddc biet Id thanh lap mdt co quan cd tiiam quyin tap trung nhSm gidi quyet cac vd'n de nghe cd (Tl chuTc quan ly nghl cd khu vUc - RFMO). Tuy nhien, hien nay van chua cd nguyen vpng chinh tri manh me d l dam phdn thanh l|p mot to chdc nhu ndi tren vi cdc qud'c gia cd dpng lUc kinh t l ldn khi theo duo'i cdc chinh sdch rieng le.""
Co quan pho'i hdp vl cdc vung bien or Dong A (Coordinating Body on the Seas cf East Asia - COBSEA)"" dd dUdc thanh ldp theo Chuong trinh hdnh dpng dupc thong qua nam 1981 cua UNEP. Cdc quo'c gia tham gia to chUc ndy Id Uc, Cambodia, Trung Quoc, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Hdn Qud'c, Thai Lan vd Vigt Nam. Bay Id mpt to chUc thanh lap khdng dua tren
Tap chi Nghign cOu va Phat triln, sd 5 (112). 2014
mpt cong fldc nao m i hoin toin hoat dfing nhd vao tinh thien ehi eua eic quo'c gia. Tfl n i m 2001 den 2006, COBSEA t i p trung vao viec nang cao nhan thfle vl cic van de: bao vfi he sinh thii, nguon gfi'c gay ra fi nhilm va cd cic hoat dpng mo hinh hda cic so' lieu tfl cic nfldc thinh vifin. Chfldng trinh h i n h dfing COBSEA bi thay thd vdi dinh hfldng chien Ifldc mdi cho COBSEA (2008-2012) thfing qua tai Hpi nghi lan thfl 19 gifla eie nfldc thanh vien tai Cambodia. Muc tieu vi chifi'n Ifldc mdi cua COBSEA dfldc de ra gom:
- Thifi't lap mdt ed sd kifi'n thflc dl cung cap thfing tin vl cic chfldng trinh, dli i n vi tinh trang mfii tnidng cua cic vung bien va biln Dfing A, vdi thong tin tong hdp va cac hoat dfing dfldc bio cio trong khufin k h i cua trung t i m dieu phdi COBSEA.
- Ting cfldng n i n g life cua eie quo'c gia thinh vien de dd'i phd vdi i p life ngiy cing tang dfii vdi mfii trfldng cua cic vung bien va ven bien, v i nhu cau quan If bin vflng cic nguon t i i nguyfin bien ngay cang ldn.
- Hi trd cic t h i n h vien trong viec phit hien v i xfl ly cic van dl Uu tien trfldc mit.
- Thfle thi mpt dinh hudng ehien lUPc mdi trong viec hdp tic vdi cic nUdc thinh vien trong khu vflc, cd' ging lam giam eic cfing vific trung lip."^'
COBSEA khfing cd nhieu hoat dfing tfl 2008 de'n nay vi nhieu nguyfin nhin: thifi'u nguin t i i trp, canh tranh chuyen mon, tri tre cua cic qufi'c gia thinh vifin v i miu thuSn npi bp. Ngoai nhflng nguyfin nhin trfin, sfl that bai cua COBSEA con do vific chong cheo vai trd vi canh tranh anh hudng vdi mpt to chflc bao ton bidn Dfing A khic l i Dd'i tie vl quan ly moi trudng cho eic vung bidn Dfing A (Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia - PEMSEA), thinh lap nim 1993.
Thinh vifin eua PEMSEA gim: Cambodia, Trung Qufi'c, Indonesia, Nhit Bin, Lio, Cfing hda dan chu nhan din Trieu Tifin, Philippines, Hin Quo'c, Singapore, Ddng Timor vi Viet Nam. Nhifim vu cua PEMSEA trung lip vdi COBSEA trong cic van dl xiy dflng ning lue khu vflc vi thie't lap cic cd chd ddi tic.'2"' Trong n i m 2010, PEMSEA tach ra khdi UNDP de trd thinh to chflc qudc te vdi quy chd phip ly v i tii chinh dpc lap. Tuy nhifin, cic dU i n hien nay eua PEMSEA chi dang trong qui trinh quy md hda vi gip nhilu can trd vl chinh tri tfl dia phfldng cung nhfl bi't dong gifla cic qudc gia. Mot trong nhflng lua chon trong tfldng lai la hdp nhi't COBSEA vi PEMSEA de tao ra mfit t l chflc mdi cd dfldc vi tri thuan ldi trong luat phip quo'c te'.'^^'
Nhfl ta thay d trfin, cic nfldc ven bd Bien Dfing da khdng xay dflng dflpc mpt td chflc khu vflc hifiu qua v i hdp tic tnic tifi'p cung chi ed nhflng thinh cfing hdt sflc khiem tfi'n. Trong ba linh viic bao vfi mfii trUdng, hpp tic nghl ci vi trao ddi khoa hpc thi linh vUc trao dli khoa hpc v i xay dflng long tin git hii dfldc nhilu thinh cfing nha't. Cic hdp tic song phfldng thinh cong ed the k l dfi'n l i gifla Viet Nam vi Philippines trong eic vi'n de bien v i dai dUPng.
Die bi$t l i chfldng trinh khao s i t nghien cflu khoa hpc bie'n ehung d Bien Dfing JOMSRE-SCS, chfldng trinh thim do dia cha'n chung JMSU (gifla Viet Nam,
Tap chi NghiSn ctfu va Phat trifa, sd' 5 (112). 2014
Phihppines vd Trung Quoc) v.v... Nd luc chung cua cdc qudc gia trong van de nghign cUu va trao ddi khoa hpc phai k l d i h t i l n trinh Hpi thao Biln Ddng.
Hdi thao Bien Ddng lan I dupc t l chUc tai Bali, Indonesia vao thang 1/1990 chl gom thanh vign cua cdc nUdc ASEAN. Den ndm 1991, Trung Qu&, Ddi Loan, Viet Nam va Lao lan lupt tham gia. Cdc muc tigu chinh cua Hpi thao Bien Ddng bao gim:
- Quan ly cac xung dot tiem tang bang cdch tim ra mdt linh vUc ma tat ca cdc ben cd t h l hdp tdc.
- Phdt triln cdc bien phdp xay dung long tin hoac cac tie'n trinh d l cac nudc khdc nhau cd t h l cam thdy yen tam, til dd tao ra mpt moi trudng thuan ldi cho vigc gidi quye't tranh chd'p ve lanh t h l hoac quyen tdi phdn.
- Trao doi y kie'n thdng qua dd'i thoai cac van de lien quan n h ^ tdng cudng sU hilu biet lan nhau.'^^'
Nhu v$y, muc tigu chinh cua vigc thdnh lap tie'n trinh Hdi thao Biln Ddng khong phai Id giai quyg't tranh chap lanh tho ma d l "tao ra y thiJc vl cdng dong gida cdc dan tdc vd cdng ding quanh khu vUc Biln Ddng de cd t h l khich lg cdc nudc tu giai quye't trong mpt va'n dl cua minh."'^" Ban chdt cua Hpi thao Biln Ddng la mdt hoat dpng kgnh 2. Trong hon 20 nam hoat ddng, Hpi thao Biln Ddng dd quy tu dupc nhieu nhd khoa hpc va chuygn gia trong cdc vd'n dl nghign cUu khoa hpc biln, bao vg mdi trudng, an toan hdng hdi ve lign lac, ddnh gid tdi nguyen, phdp ly, giao due.
Tdm lai, tranh cha'p lanh tho va quyen tai phdn tai Bien Ddng dupc hy vpng se giai quye't bdt dau tU vigc hpp tac trong cdc Hnh vUc chinh tri cd'p thap tuy nhien de'n hien nay thi cdc nd lUc hpp tac ndy phan idn deu Id ly thuyet.
Mpt so' kie'n nghi hpp tdc da phuong gan nhu hodn toan ngiing lai nhu trong Unh vUc khai thdc tdi nguygn hydrocarbon va hpp tdc nghl cd. Trong cdc llnh vUc con lai, thdnh cdng vSn con rd't han che, chu yg'u chi dUng lai d cdc hoat dpng trao dli khoa hpc va ndng cao tam hilu biet chU hodn toan lihdng tao ra mdt to chdc khu vUc cd anh hudng ldn hodc hoat dpng trUc tie'p nao thdnh cdng.
Cpng d o n g lioc gia: Tim kie'm mpt v a i t r o ldn hdn?
Do'i vdi nhiing ngudi tin vdo mdt trat tu vo chinh phu vd kha ndng dpc lap hoan toan cda khoa hpc, thi cpng dong hpc gia dudng nhu la mpt cdch tig'p cdn hoan hao. Nd nhu mpt td'm guong cd "ly tinh", lan "luong tri" d l soi sdng nhiing va'n dl con mo ho vd be' tdc md chlnh tri qud'c t l thudng ngdy vln bay hoay tim kiem giai phap. Mat khdc, dd'i vdi nhiJng ngudi theo duli trudng phdi chinh tri hien thuc (realpolitik), thi cpng dong hpc gia, kig'n thUc hay mpt de xuat khdch quan nao dd deu cd nhiSng ddng luc ddng sau. Dong luc dd cd the Id phe cdnh lpi ich, theo duoi sdc manh hay ton sung mdt thU chu nghia dan tpc qud'c gia khdng gidi han trong cdc bdi toan chu quyin ldnh thi-lanh hdi. Hai cdch nhin nay phan dnh trong thuc te', vd ngay ca trudng hdp tranh chd'p Biln Ddng, khi bat dau xua't hien cdc nhdm hpc gia qud'c doanh vdi nhigm vu tuygn truyin cdc kiln thdc hay niem tin mang tinh chlnh tri, dSu dilu dd di ngupc
Tap chi Nghign cflu v^ Ph5t triln, sd 5 (112). 2014
lai cic logic khich quan hay chuan mflc vl dao dflc cua gidi h i n lam (xem them bai nghifin cflu Cong ding hpe gii Trung Qudc trong sd niy).
Sfl hinh t h i n h cua cic nhdm niy - tuy viy - lim nguy hai, hdn l i thuc day vai trd cua cpng dong hpc gia trfin thflc te'. Mpt ly do dau tifin v i trfin hfi't la nd lim phai md di tinh dpc lap cua mfit ngfldi ngliien cflu, vfi'n lay quy luat
"khich quan khoa hpc" lim nguyen tie hoat dfing hang d^u. Trong bo'i eanh lien kfi't khoa hpe nhfl hifin nay, dieu niy c6n lim giam k h i ning hdp tic vdi cic hpc gia qufi'c tfi' cung chia se ve mfit nilm tin hay mfit phfldng phip luin nao dd, khi hp biet rang sfl hien dien v i edng trinh cua minh dang dfldc dung nhfl mpt "cfing cu kinh te hay chinh tri" de kich dpng chu nghia dan tfic cflc doan.
Mpt cich tiep can cfing dong hpc gii mang tinh tfl phit (it phu thupe v i han che' cic die tinh mang tinh n h i nfldc) vi thd cdn dfldc theo doi va phin tich ro rang hdn. Die bifit l i cau hdi dau l i nhflng dilu kien giup cic nhdm nay lan tda kifi'n thflc khoa hpc thinh cfing, lap luin logic thinh ehinh sich, trong khi dd van gifl dfldc tinh ddc lap cua minh?
Dfla trfin cic nghien ciJu ban dau, chung tfii gia thuydt yfi'u to' k h i dl ddng gdp vio trfldng hdp thinh cdng cua cdng ding hpe gii trong viee tie dpng chinh sich. Cu the bao gom 3 khdi didm sau diy:
Vai trd cda ngUdi moi gidi kien thiCc. Giin tifi'p lifin quan de'n sd' Ifldng thinh vien v i k h i ning lan truyin kie'n thflc cua cpng dong hpc gia chinh la ngfldi mdi gidi kidn thflc. Vai trd ngfldi mdi gidi kidn thflc l i vd cung quan trong, chflc ning cua ngfldi mfii gidi kifi'n thflc dfldc the hien trong qui trinh 5 bfldc anh hfldng eua cpng dong hpc gia len chinh sich. Die biet l i dfii vdi nhflng cpng ding hpc gia tfl phat khdng c6 nhflng nguon luc va cdng cu ehinh sich cua chinh phu hfi trd. Dd'i vdi nhflng cpng dong hpc gia cd nhfllig lip trfldng khic biet so vdi khoa hpc ehinh thfi'ng, nhdm mfii gidi kien thfle l i khong the thie'u.
Cu the hdn ve vai trd cua ngfldi mfii gidi kifi'n thflc, hp mang thdng tin mdi de'n cho nhieu gidi: ngfldi quyfi't dinh chinh sich, eie td chflc lien quan v i ngfldi dan.
Ho cung l i ngfldi dilu hda eic mau thuan ldi ich v i keo gan kie'n nghi chinh sich cua cfing ding hpc gia de'n cic qufi'c gia quan trpng. Ngfldi mdi gidi kie'n thflc khong nha't thifi't phai tich biet khoi gidi nghien cflu. Hp cd the la ngfldi xui't t h i n tfl gidi chinh tri, nhifng sau do di lam khoa hpe, hoac ngflpc lai dflpc bd nhiem theun gia qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sich tfl mdt vai trd hpc gia. Sfl hinh thinh cua mdt mang Ifldi mfii gidi kien thfle rpng khap ty lfi thuan vdi vific kfi't hdp gifla h i n Iim va thuc te trong vific giai quyfi't cic vi'n dl chinh sach.
- BSng thugn kii'n thUc. Hien nhien ring chinh phu cua cic qudc gia mong mudn minh cd the ean thiep tdi da vio nhflng san pham kie'n thflc ma cpng dong hpc gia mang lai. Dieu niy dung d ca hai dang cpng dong hpc gia tfl phit vi cpng dong hpc gia thupc chinh phu. Dfldi ip lflc trong nfldc v i nhflng toan tinh chinh tri rifing, ehinh phu cic nudc it tin tfldng vao cic nhdm xuyfin qufi'c gia hoic to chflc quo'c te'. Hp mong mufi'n cd the chi dinh phfldng hfldng nghien cflu khoa hpc, sfl dung theo muc tifiu rifing sin pham kie'n thflc v i lim chu toin b$ qui trinh dfla ra chfldng trinh nghi sfl. Chinh vi ly do niy m i cic chinh phu qufi'c gia, ne'u ed du nguin lflc, lAi tien cpng ding hpc gia thufic chinh phu
Tap chi Nghian cflu va Phat triln, sd 5 (112). 2014
hdn. Nhung do nhieu ye'u td khac nhau, khdi hpc gia n i y thfldng c6 nhihig han che', nhat la trong vific phan bien hay ngin can cic ke' hoach/chinh sach khong kha thi. Trong bfi'i canh phfi'i hdp chinh sach d dang qudc tfi', cgng dong hoc gia thufic chinh phu thfldng dflpre gin I i dai dien tie'ng noi cua qudc gia dd, hay bi ehi phdi nang n l bdi ldi ich eua chu nghia d i n tpc. Vi thfi', bllng each nay hay cich khic cin tim mfit con dfldng de thflc day ding thuan kifi'n thflc gifla cic nhdm khac nhau. Vific nay vfla cd t h l dfldc thue day tfl phia cic chinh phu, vfla cd the la mfit nfi lflc cua cic cpng dong hpc gia khi ho phat trien du manh.
- Khung hdnh dpng cho viic lobby khoa hgc. Khung hanh dpng dfldc hidu theo nghia phip ly, l l n dieu kifin dd cd sfl tfldng t i c gifla nha khoa hoc, chinh khich v i cic nhom xa hpi. Doi khi ton tai nhang loai hinh hfin hdp gifla nhom van dfing, cpng dong khoa hpc v i cpng dong hpc gia. Dilu nay co nghia rang nhdm van dpng cd the tim kie'm va tao ra kie'n thflc khoa hpc de t i n g sflc manh cho quan diem eua minh va ngfldc lai cpng dong khoa hpc hoae cpng ding hpc gia cd the i p dung nhuiig chifi'n Iflpc die trifng cua nhdm van dpng, nhdm xi hpi dd gia tang anh hfldng. Kha n i n g tflpng tic ehinh sich bat nguin - nhfl da trinh bay d tren - tfl sfl dong thuan kifi'n thflc. V i nd khfing phai hay khong nen gidi han d gidi h i n lam. Nfi'u ding thuin kifi'n thflc nay dfldc chia se d mflc dp eao, eu the va b in viJng trong mpt thdi gian dii thi kha n i n g thanh cfing cua cpng ding hpc gii dfldc nang eao. Mo'i quan he gifla cpng dong hpc gia v i cic t l chflc quo'c te' cung nhfl cic nhdm xa hfii la i p lflc de s i n g loc nhflng de xuat chinh sach phin logic, hoic khong kha thi. O mflc dp phfi'i hdp chiiih sich qufi'c tfi', do la sfl tfldng t i c hai chieu gifla nhiing chinh phu dong thuan, hay chfla ding thuan vl mfit vi'n de nio dd. Tfldng t i c gifla 3 thanh p h i n kie'n thflc-giao tifi'p-chinh tri dien ra ca trong kfinh chinh thflc (ngoai giao kenh 1), va bin chinh thflc (ngoai giao kfinh 2).
Tdm lai, vai trd eua kien thflc v i epng dong hoc gia da cd anh hfldng nhi't dinh dfi'i vdi hpp t i e quo'c td. Die bifit trong trfldng hdp nghien cflu giai quyfi't tranh cha'p tai Bien Ddng, khi lulng nghifin ciJu vl an ninh quo'c td chu ye'u xoay quanh cac phfldng phip tifi'p can l^y n h i nfldc lam trung tam, phfldng phip tifi'p can cpng dong hpc gia cung cap mot ling kinh mdi dd tim hidu ve qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sich. Cic hfldng nghien eu\i ve d i n h gii vai tro cua cpng dong khoa hpc/cpng dong hpe gia tai Bien Dong; mfi'i lien hfi gifla kien thflc v i quyin lflc tai Dong A va cufi'i eiing la cic nghifin cflu vl khia canh difin ngon nhflng kie'n thflc khoa hpe cua cpng dong hpc gia*^^' cd the la mpt chan trdi mdi cho nhu^g p h i t hien va kifi'n nghi ehinh sach mang tinh gii tri sau niy.
T M H V - N V V A CHU THICH
(1) Peter M. Haas. (1992). "Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination", International Organization, 46, 1-35.
(2) Xem so dac biet do Peter M. Haas chu bien (1992) "Knowledge, power, and international policy coordination" tren tgp chl International Organization.
(3) Peter M. Haas. (2004). "When does power listen to truth? A constructivist approach to the policy process", Journal of European Public Policy. 11:4, 569-592.
(4) Peter M. Haas. (1992). "Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination", Intemational Organization, 46, p. 3.
Tap chf Nghien cflu v^ Ph^t triln, sd 5 (112). 2014
(5) Peter M. Haas. (1992), p. 3.
(6) Peter M. Haas. (1992), p. 4.
(7) Amy Verdun. (1999). T h e role of the Delors Committee in the creation of EMU: an epistemic community?". Journal of European Public Policy G, 2.
(8) Claire A. Dunlop. (2010). "Epistemic communities and two goals of delegation: hormone growth promoters in the European Union", Science and Public Policy, 37, 3, pp. 205-217.
(9) Emanuel Adler va Peter M. Haas. (1992). "Conclusion: epistemic communities, world order, and the creation of a reflective research program", Intemational Organization, 46, p. 375.
(10) Emanuel Adler & Peter M. Haas. (1992), p. 379.
(11) Emanuel Adler & Peter M. Haas. (1992), p. 383.
(12) Emanuel Adler & Peter M. Haas. (1992), p. 384.
(13) Emanuel Adler & Peter M. Haas (1992), p. 385.
(14) D i l u 74(3) CLia UNCLOS quy djnh: "Trong khi chda co cac thoa thuan neu d khoan 1, cdc qudc gia hdu quan, tren tinh than hiiu biet vA hgp tAc, se nS lUc het sdc de dl den cac dan xep t^m thdi c6 tinh chat thi/c tien va khong phuong h^l hay can trd viec ky ket cac thoa thudn ddt khodt trong giai do$n qua dp nay. Cac dan xep lam thdi khong phUang hai den viec phdn dinh cudi cOng".
(15) Kuan-Hsiung Wang. (2011). Giai phap cho tranh chap nghe cA 6 Bien Ddng thong qua hgp tac vd quan /j? khu vgc. Tham lu§n trinh bSy tgi H^i t h i o khoa hpc quoc te lan thd 3 " B i l n Dflng: Hpp tac vi an ninh va ph^t trien trong khu vi/c", 4-5/11/2011, Ha Noi, tr. 4.
(16) Truong-Mlnh Vu/Huynh Tam Sang (2014). "Joint Development Possibilities m the South China Sea: a Vietnamese Perspective", East Asia Policy , Volume 6, Number 2, Apr/Jun 2014, pp. 117-123.
(17) Are. K. Sydnes. (2002). "Regional Fishery Organizations in Developing Regions: Adapting to Changes in International Fisheries Law", Marine Policy, Vol 26 (2002), p. 374.
(18) http://www.cobsea.org/truy cAp 19/7/2014.
(19) Jon M. Van Dyke. (2011). Hpp tdc khu vi/c d Biin Dong. Tham iuSn tgi H6i t h i o khoa hpc quoc t l l i n 3 " B i l n D6ng: Hpp t^c vl an ninh vk p h i t t r i l n trong khu vyc". Ha Npi, 4-5/11/2011, tr. 4.
(20) Jon M. Van Dyke (2011), p. 6.
(21) J o n M . Van Dyke (2011), p. 7
(22) Yann-huei Song. (2011). " C i c du ^n Da dgng sinh hpc bien d B i l n D6ng: nhii'ng no li/c dgt dupc qua tien trinh Hoi th§o B i l n D6ng". Trong D5ng Dinh Qu^ (chO bign). Bien Dong:
HUdng tdl mdt khu vgc hoa blnh an ninh vd hipp tac, Nxb The gicSI (2010), tr 397.
(23) Hasjim Djial. (2006). Opening Remarks by Director of Center for Southeast Asia Studies. H0i t h i o v l QuSn IJ xung dflt tiem tSng d Bien Dong.
(24) Liftin, KT. (1995). "Framing Science: Precautionary Discourse and tiie Ozone Treaties", Journal of International Studies 24, pp. 251 -277.
TAI Llfiu THAM KHAO
1. Adler. Emanuel va Haas, Peter M. (1992), "Conclusion: epistemic communities, world order, and the creation of a reflective research program", Intemational Organization, 46, 367-390.
2. DjIal, Hasjim. (2006). Opening Remarks by Director of Center for Southeast Asia Studies. H$i t h i o v l QuSn ly xung dpt t i l m t i n g 6 Bien Dong.
3. Dunlop, Claire A. (2010). "Epistemic communities and two goals of delegation: hormone growth promoters in the European Union", Science and Public Policy, 37, 3, 205-217 4. Haas, Peter M. (1992). "Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy
coordination", International Organization. 46,1-35.
ii. Haas, Peter M. (2004). "When does power listen to truth? A constructivist approach to the policy process". Journal of European Public Policy. 11:4, 569-592.
Tap chi Nghiin cflu va Phat triln, sd 5 (112) . 2014
u. Liftin, KT. (1995). "Framing Science: Precautionary Discourse and the Ozone Treaties", Journal of International Studies 24, 251 - 277
7. Song, Yann-huei. (2011). " C i c di/ an Da dang sinh hpc bien d Bien Ddng: nhu'ng nfl luc dgt dupc qua tidn trinh Hfli thao B i l n Ddng". Trong Dang Dinh Quy (chu bien). Bien Ddng:
Hudng tdi mpt khu vUc hda blnh an ninh va hgp tdc, Nxb The gidi, 2010.
o. Sydnes, Are. K. (2002). "Regional Fishery Organizations in Developing Regions: Adapting to Changes In International Fisheries Law", Marine Policy, Vol 26 (2002).
9. Truong-Minh Vu/Huynh Tam Sang (2014). "Joint Development Possibilities In the South China Sea: a Vietnamese Perspective", East Asia Policy, Volume 6, Number 2, Apr/Jun 2014, 117-123
10. Van Dyke, Jon M. (2011). Hdp tdc khu vUc d Bien Ddng. Tham luan tgi H6i t h i o khoa hpc quoc te lan 3 "Bien Dong: Hpp tac vi an ninh va p h i t then trong khu vi/c" do Hpc vien Ngogi giao va Hpi Luat gia dong to chdc tai Ha Not t d 4-5/11/2011.
11. Verdun, Amy. (1999). "The role of the Delors Committee in the creation of EMU: an epistemic community?", Journal of European Public Policy 6, 2, 208-328.
12. Wang, Kuan-Hsiung (2011). Giai phap cho tranh chap nghe ca d Bien Dong thong qua hgp tac va quan 1;^ khu vUc. Tham luan tgi Hpi thao "Bien Dong: Hpp tac vi an ninh va phat t r i l n trong khu vgc", 4-5/11/2011, Ha Npi.
TOM TAT
Cach day hai muoi nam, nha khoa hpc chfnh tn ngudi My Peter M. Haas cho ra dcii k h i i niem "cflng dong hpc gia" (epistemic community), g i i djnh rang cac nhdm chuyen gia co t h l i n h hu6ng len nhin nhgn ve Ipi ich cua nhOng ngudi lam chfnh sach. Cac tiep c i n cdng dong hpc g i i dapc chu y khflng nhu'ng trong gidi hpc thuat, ma ca chfnh trj vdi 1;/ do chCi y l u n i m 6 gia thuylt cpng dong nay co kha nang gia tang i n h hUcing trong viSc thOc day hpp tac qufl'c te (cy the l i 6 cac van de an ninh phi truyen thdng) n l u thoa man 6 cap dp cao mflt so d i l u kien. Dya tren each tiep can nay, bai viet de xuat phUdng phap tim hieu cflng dong hpc gia xuyen qudc gia nhu mpt hudng nghien cu'u trong viec hpp t i e va giai quyet cac tranh chap tai vung Bien Ddng. Thflng qua sy hinh thanh va lan toa kien thdc cOa cac cpng dong hpc gia, nhdng g i i i p h i p thyc dyng ngan hgn kem thanh cflng tgi Bien Dflng nhu hien nay co the bien doi trd thanh c i c cam ket mang tfnh the che hoa cao trong dai hgn. D i e biet hon khi luong nghien cdu v i a n ninh qufl'c te chu yeu xoay quanh^cac phUdng phap ti#'p can lay n h i nudc lam trung tam, phupng phap t i l p can cflng d i n g hpc gia cung cap mflt lang kfnh mdi de tim hieu v6 qua trinh hogch djnh chfnh s i c h . ABSTRACT
EPISTEMIC COMMUNITIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE STUDY OF THE EAST SEA Twenty years ago, Peter M. Haas, an American political scientist, introduced the concept of "epistemic communities", assuming that groups of specialists can influence the perspective on interests of policy makers. The approaches of epistemic communities are noticed by both academic and political circles mainly due to their ability of increasing influence in promoting international cooperation (namely non-traditional security issues) if some conditions are highly satisfied. Based on those approaches, the article proposed the method of studying epistemic communities as a target of transnational research In cooperation to resolve disputes in the East Sea. Through the knowledge dissemination of epistemic communities, short-term practical solutions for the East Sea can be transformed into long-term highly institutionalized undertakings. Especially when the study on international security mainly focuses on state-centered approach, the methods of epistemic communities give us new views to learn about the policy planning process.
