KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE
KET QUA BUOC OAU DAMH GIA KHA IVAIMG SIIXIH TRLIDIVG, l\IAI\IG SUAT VA CHAT LUQIME MOT Sd
DdlVG CA PHE CHE ICaffsa arabica] TROIVG TAI BUdiV M A THUOT
Trfn Anh Hung', Dinh TO Tlfo Oanh', L?i TTij Plni(J, L6 Quang Hung^, Hotog Thanh Tlftn' T6MTAT
D^ danh gia Itha nang sinh trudng va nang su^t cua 4 dong tu thu 0 th^ he FS tai thanh phd Bu6n Ma ThuQt, ttii nglli^m dugc bd tri theo Ithoi nglu nliien day du, 4 lan lap lai voi 5 cong tfauc gom 4 dong tir thil . 10-10, 10-104, 11-105, ^33 va Catimor lam doi chling. Thi nghi&m d u ^ bd tri tai Budn Ma Thu^t tir nam 2008. nang suit diroc theo doi tir nam 2010 ddn nam 2013. Kdt qua cho thay cac doDg tu thu 6 thd hd F5 cd nang suit tnmg binh qua 4 nam thu hoach dat tir 2,00 ddn 2,50 tan nhan/ha, cao hon gidng Catimor (1,73 tan nhan/ha). Trong do dong 10.10 co dang cay thap, tan chat, cd nang suat trung binh cao (2,50 tan nhWha), chit luong ca phd nhan dupc cai fliidn (khdi lugng 100 hat dat 16,4 g) va khaog rit cao vdi bdnh gisat
Tir khda: Caph&che, dongtuthu, sinh Imong, n^g suit, chat luvng.
I.BtTVWgt
So voi cac niroc trong ca phe thi nganh ca phd Vi^t Nam con non tre nhung da phat trien voi \6c dp nhanh va thude nhiing nu6c co nang suat cao nh^t thd gidi. Trong thap nidn qua ca phd Vidt Nam khong nhQng bidn dpng v^ didn tich ma con gia tang nhanh vd san lupng, nam 2001 didn tich ca phd ca nuoc la 473,5 ngan ha nhung den nam 2011 dien tich dat 570,9 ngan ha, nang suat tnmg binh 21,9 ta/ha va san lupng dat 1.167,9 ngan t i i ca phd nhin, ktai ngach xuat khau dat 2,69 ty USD (3). Den nay, ca nuoc CO trdn 622.167 ha, trong do didn tich cho thu hoach la 574.314 ha, nang suit trung binh 22,5 ta/ha va san lupng dat 1.292.389 tan [4]. Ca phd Vidt Nam ditng thir 2 thd gioi sau Brazil vd san Itrpng xuat khiu, xep thir 2 ve tdng gia tri kim ngach xuat khau trong nganh nong nghiep ciia ca nuoc sau liia gao.
Tuy nhidn didn tich ca phd Viet Nam chii yeu la ca phd vdi, didn tich ca phd che chidm khoang 35.000 ha (chidm m, tdng didn tich). Difn tich ca phd che ciia Vi4t Nam chu yen la gidng Catimor chidm trdn 95*
di^n tich, phan con lai la mpt sd gidng khac [2] [14].
De tang CP cau gidng va didn tich ca phe che a nhirng vimg quy hoach can phai cd nhiing bd gidng
Widn Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen
= Truong Dai hpc Nong Um thanh phd H6 Chi Minh Trung tam Khuydn nong Qudc gia
12
thich hpp cho nang suat cao va chat lupng tdt hon gidng Catimor hien nay.
Xuat phat tir nhu cau thuc tidn cua nganh ca phd Viet Nam trong thai gian tdi cdn cd nhimg gidng ci phd chd cd kha nang cho nang suat cao, khang dure sau bdnh hai, thich ling tdt ddng thdi cd chat lupng cao, trdn ca sd ke thira nhung kdt qua nghidn cihi ciia giai doan tnrdc chling tdi tidp tuc danh gia cac dong tu thu a thd he F5 cua con lai TNI de dua gidng mdi cd tridn vpng phuc vu san xuat
2. Ndl DUNG VA PHUDNG PHW W W I I GUI 2.1. vat li$u nghidn diu
Bdn ddng tu thu a the hd F5:10 -10,10 -104, M -105 va 8 - 33 dupc chpn Ipc theo phuong phap pha hd tir con lai TN, va dupc nhan hr hat tu thu phan cd kidm soit tir cSy me chpn Ipc a thd he F4.
Con lai TN, duoc lai tap bi nam 1991 giiia vat lieu cd ngupn gpc hoang dai tit Ethiopia (KHj,) voi gidng thuong pham la Cahnior. Vat lidu KH3.1 la dpg cao cay cd canh ddt thua, nang suat khdng cao nhung chat lupng qua hat dat loai kha. Cpn lai TNI cd dang hinh tuong tu nhu gidng Catimor nhung tan cay rdng hon, cd kha nang cho nang suat cao (tir 3 den 5 tan nhan/ha), khang cao voi bdnh gi sat va dac bidt la cd kich thuoc hat Idn (khdi lupng 100 hat > 15 g) va pham vi nuoc udng dupc cai thi^n hon so voi gidng Catimor. Qua qua hinh danh gia chpn Ipc 4
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE cac the h? F, va F3 da tao duoc 24 dong a the he F4
(til 24 ca th^ F3 tao thanh 24 dong tu th^ a the he F^).
D^n nam 2004 da chon duoc 4 dong 6 tiie he F4 cua con lai TN, cho nang suat cao, khang benh gi sat va cd kich thuoc hat Ion hon gidng Catimor. Sau 30 thang trdng cac dong chpn loc a ih^ he F4 da t h l hign cac dac tinh d6ng deu ve Id^u hinh cung nhu kha nang khang cao voi benh gi sat Nhin chung giua cac dong co su Idiac nhau v^ chi^u cao cay cimg nhu hinh dang tan nhung khdng ro rang. Cac ca t h l trong cung mot dong sinh truong tuong doi dong dlu he s6 bien d6ng nho hon 12,5%, trong do co 4 dong kha dong deu ve kieu hinh (&-33. 10-10,10-104 va 10-105).
22. E>ia dilm v^ thdi gian nghi6n cuu Nghien cuu duoc Ihuc hifen tai Buon Ma Thuot, Dak l i k , trong thod gian tir nam 2008 den nam 2013.
Diem trong thi nghifim tai thanh pho Buon Ma Thuot linh Dak Lak thupc viing Tay Nguyen co dac diem tho nhuong la dat do bazan, dp cao khoang 540 m so voi mat nuoc biln, nhilt dp trung binh nam khoang 22 - 23°C, co miia kho va miia mua ro ret phu hop voi dieu kien sinh tfiai cay ca phfi. Thoi gian thuc hien tir nam 2008 den nam 2013.
23. Hiuong p h ^ nghifin ohi
- Thi nghiem dupc bo tri ttieo khoi day dii nghi nhien ( RCBD ) vori 4 lan l^ip lai. Qui mo difin tich 0,5 ha, trong mat dp 4.902 cay/ha (1,2 m x 1,7 m).
Thi nghiem tren dong rupng dupc cham soc theo Quy trinh ky thuat trong, cham soc va Ihu hoach ca phfi che - Tieu chuan nganh lOTCN 527- 2002 [1]. Rifing benh gi sit de phat trien ttr do khong phong tru.
2.4. C ^ chi tifiu theo dOi
+ Chi tifiu sinh truong theo doi sau 18 thang trong
Duong kinh goc (mm): do bang thuoc kep palmer each mat dat 10 cm theo hai chieu rpng va dep cua goc.
Chilu cao cay (cm): do tir g6c each mat dat din dinh ngpn.
So cap canh cap 1 ( c ^ ) : d i m tat ca cac cap canh trfin than chinh.
Chilu dai canh cjip 1 (cm): chpn 4 canh theo 4 huong a giua tan cay, do tir goc canh sat than chinh
^100 den £ n h ngpn.
+ Nang suat tanAa: qui doi dua vao nang suat thuc thu qua tuoi va ty Ifi tuoi/nhan cua bing giong.
+ Kha nang Idiang benh gi sat
Theo doi luc benh phat triln manh nhat tren dong rudng trong nam vao thang 7 - 8 va thang 10 - 11 hang nam. Danh gia t^t ca cac ca the co trong 6 thi nghiem.
-Tylficaybfinh (90: so city b e n h / s o cay dieu tra xlOO.
- Ty le la benh (%): so la benh/ so la dieu tra x 100.
- Chi so bfinh (%)
^ Oo + 0,25b + Q,5c + ld + 2e + 3f +A 4(a + b + c + d + e + f + g) Trong do: a, b, c, d, e, 4gH so \a hi benh theo timg cap.
+ Chat lugng qua, hat ca phe nhan song:
Ty le tuoi/ nhan: so lupng kg qua tuoi de c h l bien dupc 1 kg nhan a dp am 13%.
Khoi lupng 100 hat (g): lay nglu nhien 100 hiit binh thudng (dp ian 13%) khdng biln dang, vd nat va khdng phai hat trdn.
Ty Ifi hat trfin sang so 16: = 6,3 mm.
Ty Ifi hat trdn (%): tinh theo % khoi lupng.
+ Ham lupng cafein va axit sinh mau (chromogenic) Ct chat khd)
Miu ca phfi nhan su dung de danh gia ch^t lupng mudc uong va phan tich ham lupng caffiin va axit chromogenic dupc thu hai nam 2011.
* Phan tich ham lupng caffiin va axit chromogenic: img dung phan tich bang thiet bi HPLC Agilent (LC 1200) [5, 11] Kit qua dupc tinh dua tren phuong phap duong chuan va k i t qua phan tich tii HPLC theo cdng thitc:
A: Kit qua phan tich trfin may HPLC (pg/ml).
M: Khoi mau ban dau dem phan tich (g).
F: Dp pha loang ciia mau.
W: am dd ban dSu ciia miu.
- Phuong phap xu ly so lifiu: So lifiu dupc xu ly theo phuong phap phan tich phuong sai (ANOVA), NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 10/2015
KHOA HOC CONG NOHE
so sanh trung binh theo Fisher' LSD test d muc P <
0.05 va P < 0,01. ung dung theo phin mdm SAS 9.1.
3.KETgU*V«T1U0LUIUI
3.1. Kha nang sinh tnrdng cua 4 ddng tu thu Bang 1. Kha nang sinh tnrcrag cua 4 dong tu thu d
thd hd F5 sau 18 thang trdng Gidng
10-10 10-104 11-105 8-33 Catimor
CV(»,) P
Duong kinh gdc mm 26.8 25,3 25.3 24.2 25.6
= 0.05
cv
19.5 15.0 12.8 14.9 141 5,68
Cao cay cm 106.7 101.9 104,9 105.1 100.9
>0.05 CV (X) 11.5 11.0 14.5 11,8 8.7 4.82
Dai canh cm 62,9 62.8 61,8 62.6 60.4
>0.05 CV 13,1 13.7 12.5 13.5 11.2 4.22
thl he F5 va Catimor sau 18 thang trdng sinh tmdng kha tdt va the hien su ddng dlu kha rd thdng qua chieu cao cay.
Bang 1 cho thay smh trudng ve duong kinh gdc ciia cac dong tu thu d thl he F5 va Catimor sau 18 thang trong tuong ddi ddng dlu, dao dpng 24,2 - 26,8 mm. Cac ca the trong timg ddng it bien ddng so vdi doi chling, rieng dong 10-10 bien ddng hem so vdi cac ddng khac va ddi ehiing nhung sir sai khac nay khdng cd y nghia thong ke. Su ddng deu ciia cac ddng the hien rd d chilu cao cay, chilu cao tnmg binh ciia cac ddng 103,8 cm, trong dd ddng 10-10 co chilu cao ldn nhat 106.7 cm. Chilu dai canh cua cac ddng nhin chung la ddng dlu va it bien ddng so vdi ddi ehiing, trong dd ddng 10-10 van noi trdi hon, dat 62,9 cm. Kit qua cho theiy kha nang sinh trudng ciia cac ddng tuong ddi ddng dlu, trong dd ddng 10-10 trdi hem so vdi cae ddng khac va ddi ehiing.
Kha nang sinh trudng tdt la mdt trong nhmig yeu td quan trong gdp phan cho nang suat eua ca phe. Quan sat cho thay eae ddng tu thu ca phe che a
Bang 2. Nang suat ciia 4 dong tu thu d t h l he F5 qua 4 vu thu hoach 3.2. Nang suat cua 4 ddng tu thu
Tdn gidng 10-10 10-104 11-105 8-33 Catunor (dc)
CV(*) P
Nang suat (tan nhan/ha) 2010
1,98 a 1.65 a 1.75 a 1,18 b 0,90 b 12,6
<0,01 2011 2,53 a 1,88 ab 1,78 b 2,00 ab 1,35 b
19,2
< 0,05 2012 3.00 2,55 2,60 2,65 2,48 20,6
>0,05 2013 2,43 2,05 2,38 2,18 2,25 21,2
>0,05
Trung binh 2,50 a 2,05 ab 2.15 ab 2.00 ab 1.73 b
12.7
< 0,05
Tdng 4 nam 9,95 8,10 8,60 8,00 6,%
Ghi chii: trong cung mot cot, cac gia tri trung binh Ket qua nghien ciiu ve nang suat 4 dong ca phe tu thu d the he F^ qua 4 vu thu hoach tai Budn Ma Thudt, Dak Lak (bang 2) so vdi gidng ddi chimg Catimor (la gidng ca phe che dang trdng phd biln hjen nay va cd kha nang cho nang sujtt kha cao) eho thay: nang suat thirc thu qua 4 nam ciia eae ddng tu thu d the he F5 kha dn dinh, dat tuong duong hoac cao hon gidng Catimor. Dae biet ddng 10-10 cd nang suat trung binh 4 nam cao nh&t, dat 2,50 tan nhan/ha, eao hon ddi ehiing ( muc y nghia 5%).
3.3. Chat lupng ciia cac ddng tu thu Chat lupng ea phe khdng nhung bi tac ddng bdi viec thu hoach, sau thu hoach va smh ly hpc cay trdng ma eon bi anh hudng nhieu bdi ngudn gdc di truyen ciia nd floai va kilu gien) [12]
ciing icy tu khac nhau ididng co y nghia thong ke.
Nhirng ylu td quan trpng lien quan den chat lupng ca phe la kich cd hat, khdi luong va ty le phan tram hat tron. Kich cd hat dupc danh gia bang xep hang kich cd hat tren sang va bang each tinh toan khdi lupng trung binh cua 100 hat. Ty le hat trdn co lien quan den su hien dien ciia mdt khoang rdng, noi chung la mdt bieu hien ciia mdt khiem khuyet di truyin [6]. Gidng ca phe ehe thudng cd it hon 10%
khoang rong, trong khi con lai khac loai cd the len den 50% khoang rdng \7\ [15]. Bang 3 cho thay dong laiO ed ty le hat tron thap 9,8% va khdi lupng 100 hat kha cao 16,4 g, tdt hem so vdi cac ddng khac va cao hon nhieu so vdi gidng Catimor lam ddi ehung.
Hat ca phe ehe ed chiia 0,8 - 2,8% cafein, tuy thupc vao gidng va ngudn gdc. Axit chromogenic la mdt hcrp chat polyphenol trung gian duoc tun thay
KHOA HOC C 6 N e HOHt
trong hat ca phd va cd ham Ittong rat khac nhau giiia cac gidng va ddng [9] [10]. Trong hat ca phd, h(rp chit niy chidm ty Id 6 - 9 %.
Bing 3. Ty le h9t trdn v4 khdi lugrng hat cua 4 ddng ty t h u crt h g h ^ F S
Tdn gidng 10-10 10-104 11-105 8-33 Catimor
CV(%) P
lyiehst trdn (30 9,8 11,2 10,3 12,7 10,1 16,2
>0,05
KhdiluQng 100 het (g) 16,4 ab 16,1 b 16,4 ab 16,9 a 13,8 c 2,07
< 0,01 Hattrfti sikngl6(%) 83,1a 85,4 a 85,7 a 76,7 b 72,3 c
3,5
< 0,01 Ghi chii: trong ciing mdt cpt, cac 0a lii trung bmh cimg ky tu khac nhau khdng co y nghia thing ki
B4ng 4. H ^ lupng cafgin v^ axit chromogenic cua 4 ddng F5 vA Catimor
Tdn gidng 10-10 10-104 11-105 S-33 Catimor
TB
Cafdin(%
chit khd) 1,50 1,52 1,79 1,75 1,94 1,7
Axit chromogenic (%
chit khd) 5,54 6,31 5,85 7,06 5,95 6,1
Cac ddng tu thu 6 the he F5 dlu co ham lirpng cafein thap hon so vdi gidng Catimor va ham lupng axit chromogenic tuong duong hoSc cao hon gidng Catimor. Dac bi6t trong dd c6 ddng 10-10 cd hdm lupng cafein th^p nhat la 1,5% ch^t khd.
3.4. Kha ndng k h ^ b | n h gi s^t
Bdng 5. Kha nSng khdng b6nh ^ sdt cua 4 ddng F5 vd Catimor
Tdn gidng 10-10 10-104 11-105 8.33 Catimor
CV(«) P
CSB(«) 0,5 c 2,3 ab 0,9 be 0,8 c 2,9 a 21,2
< 0,05 TLLB(90 6,7 c 23,3 ab 12,1 be 10,1 be 29,4 a
20,4
< 0,01 TLCB(50 57,3 b 96,1 a 82,2 ab 70,2 ab 95,5 a
10,6
< 0,05 B^nh gi s^t la l o ^ benh mang tinh di truyen va la
benh gay thi&t hai nang nhat cho cay ca phi che. Vi the vide chpn dupc ddng tir thu cd kha nang Idiang benh bdnh gi sat la rat cd y nghia.
Kit qua danh gia kha nang khang b^nh ^ sat tren ddng rupng dupc t h l hidn a bang 5 cho thay, cac ddng tu thu a t h l h | F5 cd kha nang khang bdnh gi sat cao hon so vdi gidng Catimor trong ciing dieu kien trong trot Trong dd ddng 10-10 cd kha nang khang cao vdi ty Id la bdnh la chi sd benh 0,5%. Nhin chung 6 t h l hd F5 cac ddng vSn cdn duy tri kha nang khang cao vdi benh gi sat Kha nang khang bdnh ndy can phai tiep tuc theo ddi va duy tri trong cac t h l hd tilp theo.
4.KErLUANVA0ENGH!
4.1. Kltlu^n
Kit qua budc dau danh gia sinh tnrdng, nang suat, chat lupng ca phd nhan ciia mdt sd ddng tu Ihu ea phd d thl hd F5 cua con lai gidng ca phe che TNI trdng tgi Budn Ma Thupt, Dak Lak cho thiiy: Trong 04 ddng tu thu d thl hd F5 ciia con lai TNI cd ddng 10-10 la ddng cd trien vong, nang suat dat 2,50 tan Aia, khdi luong 100 hat dat 16,4 g, ty le hgt tren sang 16 dat 83,1% va cd kha nang khang bdnh gi sat cao hon cac ddng cdn lai vk cao hon gidng Catimor.
4.2. D l nghj
Nhan rdng va danh gia ddng tu thu 10-10 6 t h l hd F6 ciia con lai TNI d cac vimg sinh thai khac nhau de tiln tdi d l nghi cdng nhgn gidng chinh thuc.
TH UEU THAM KHAD
1. Bd Ndng nghidp va Phat triln ndng thdn, 2002. Quy trinh ky thuit trdng, cham sdc va thu hoach ca phe che. Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn. Ha Ndi.
2. Cue Trong trpt - Bd NN&PTNT, 2007. Hien trang va mot so giai phap phat trien ca phe che ben vQng & Tay Nguyen va Ddng Nam bd. Budn Me Thudt
3. Cue Trong trpt, 2012. Hien trang san xuat giai phap phat trien va trong tai canh ca phe thdi gian tdi. Danh gia chuong trinh tai canh ca phe din nam 2012, phuong hudng va giai phap thai gian tdi. Ldm Dong, thang 10 - 2012. Tr. 1-20.
4. Cue Trong trpt, 2013. Hien hang san xuat giai phap phat triln va tr6ng tai canh ca phe trong
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 10/2015
KHOA HOC CONGNGHl
thin gian tdi. Ihin trang taicanh caphd va, tiiin khai tiidi gian tdi. Ngay 25 thang 07 nam 2013 tai Dak Lak. Ha Ndi. Tr. 3 ^ 2 .
5. Belay A. and Ghokp A. V., 2009.
Characterization and determination of chlorogenic acids ( C G ^ in coffee beans by UV-Vis spectroscopy. African Journal of Bire and Applied Chemistiy, 3(11): p. 234-240.
6. Carvalho A.. 1988. Principles and practice of coffee plant breeding for producttvi^ and quality fectors: Coffea arabica. In Coffee volume 4:
Agronomy. R J. Clarke and R. Macrae, Editor. Lon don. p. 129-160.
7. Eskes A. B. and Th. Leroy, 2004. Coffee Selection and Breeding, hi Co&e: Growing, Processing, Sustanable Production. Jean Nicolas Wintgens. Editor. WILEY-VCH. p. 57-84.
8. Hein L and F. Gatzweiler, 2006. The economic value of coffee (Coffea arabica) genetic resources. Ecological Economics, 60(1): p. 176-185.
9. Koshiro Yukiko, Mel C. Jackson, Riko Katahira, Ming-Li Wang, Chifiimi Nagaib, and Hiroshi Ashihara, 2007. Biosynthesis of Chlorogenic Acids in Growing and Ripening Fruits of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora Plants. Z. Natur.
fyrsch., 62: p. 731-742.
THE EVALUATION ON PRODUCTIVnY AND QUALHY OF FOUR SELF-POLLINATION LINES OF TTIE F5 GENERATION OF ARABICA COFFEE IN THE BUON MA THUOT CRY
Tran Anh Hung^, Dinh Thi Tieu Oanh^ Lai Thi Phuc^, Le Quang Hung^, Hoang Thanh Tiem*
1 The Western highlands Agricuture and Forestry Science Institue - WASI 2 Nong Lam University - NLU 3 NationnalAgricutera] Extension Cento- Summary
Four self-pollination lines of the F5 generation were evaluated on the growth and productivity in Buon Ma Thuot aty. The experiments were designed as Randommized Complete Block Desigo (RCBD). The experiments of self-pollinabon lines of the F5 generation consisting of 5 treatments of 10-10,10-104,11-105, S-33 and Catimor as control, were implemented in Buon Ma Thuot city of Dak Lak province since 2008;
yields were observed from 2010 to 2013. The results showed that flie self-pollination lines of the F5 generation had an average yield from 2.00 to 2.50 tons of green bean/ha, higher than that of Catimor of 1.73 tons of green bean/ha. The self-pollination line of the F5 generation named 10-10 had features with advantages such as short, compact canopy, high average yields (2.50 tons of green bean/ha), improved coffee quality (weight of 100 beans are 16.4 g) and very high resistance to leaf rust disease.
Key words: Co^e arabica, self-poUinadon lines, growing, yield, qualify.
Ngudi phan bi#n: TS. Ll A ^ Due N g ^ nhin bdi: 20/7/2015 Ngdy thdng qua phan bi|n: 20/8/2015 Ngdy duylt dang: 27/8/2015
10. Ky C. L, J. Louarad, B. Guyotd, A. Charrier.
S. Hamona, and M. Noirot 1999. Relations between and inheritance of chlorogenic acid contente in an interspecific cross between Coffea pseudozanguebaii^ and Coffea libericavar 'dewevrei'. Theor Appi Genet, 98: p. 6 2 8 ^ 7 .
11. Ky C. L , Michel Noirot and Serge Hamon, 1997. Comparison of Five Purification Methods for Chlorogenic Acids in Green 0)ffee Beans (Cij/fea sp.). / 4577C. Food ChmL, 45(3): p. 786-790.
12. Leroy T., F. Ribeyre. B. Berlrand, and P.
Charmetant 2006. Genetics of coffee quality. Braz J.
Plant Physiol. 18(1): p. 22^242.
13. Mishra M. K. and A. Slater, 2012. Recent Advances in the Genetic Transformation of Coffee.
Biotechnology Research International. P. 17.
14. Pearl H. M., C. Nagai, P. H. Moore, D. L Steiger, R V. Osgood, and R Ming, 2004.
Construction of a genetic map for arabica coffee.
Theor. AppL Genet, 108: p. 829-835.
15. Van der Vossen H. A M.. 200L Coffee breeding practices. In Coffee: Recent Developments.
R J. Clarke and O. G. Vitzthum, Editors. Oxford:
Blackwell Science Ltd. P. 184-201. \
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