KHOA HOC CONG N G H t
THIJC TRAIMG V A G l A l P H A P IXIAIVG CAO H I E U Q U A S I J DUIMG IMGUYEIM L I $ U G A K E O U IMAM B O
Ttin Thanh Cao'
T6MTAT
Hi$n nay, go Keo lai va Keo la tram tir rimg trong trong nuoe la ngudn nguyen lieu quan Uong cho nganli cong nghiep che bien gd d vimg Nam bo. Thi truang g6 keo dang soi d6ng va co Ueni nang phat trien vm nguon cung nguyen h&u phong phu, san pham dau ra da dang. Nguyen li^u gd keo dang duyc su dyng tript d^ cho nhieu logi san pham khac nhau, da gop phan nang cao gia tri rimg trong. Da so gd keo duoc ch^
bien sau. san xuat ra do g6 gia dung cho thi truong noi dia va xual khau, tgo nhieu gia Ui gia tang. N.chicn ciiu da phat hi^n mot sd van de can duoc cai thien Ai nang cao gia trj g6 keo bao gom' 1) \'K'C chpn loai, chon gidng va ky thuat trong rung keo chua huong den chat lupTig g6 x^; 2) Da so rung Keo lai duoc khai thac khi chua den tudi thanh thuc cong ngh^ va toi uu v^ kinh t^; 3) Thj trudng go keo thiOu li^n ket tlieo chudi gia tn; 4) Da sd cac doanh nghidp chua quan tam de-n quan ly rung b^n vung va quan ly chuoi hanh trinh san pham. cung nhu truy xuat nguon gdc theo lieu chuan qudc t^; 5) Thi tnrong gd keo Oiiou nhi^u thong tin cho nen kho dubao;6) G6 rimg trong Viet .Nam chuacd tieuchuan phii ht,TJcho gd iron. g6xe;7) G6 keo Vi6t Nam chua co thuong hieu tren thi truong quoc te. Can cir thyc trang sii dyng g6 keo cac giai phap dupc d^ xuat d^ nang cao hi$u qua su dung gd keo gonv Chon gidng Uiich hop; ap dgng ky thual lam sinh va chpn chu ky kinh doanh (luan ky) tdi uu; chpn thoi difim khai thac hgp ly trong nam; hen kfit theo chu6i gia tri; xay dyng he thdng quan ly san xuai dat chung chi (FM, CoC) va ung dyng cong nghe thong Un Iruy xuat nguon goc; cung cap thong tin thi tnrong voi nhimg chi lifiu thdng ke chuyen nganh: xay dung tieu chuan cho go tron, go xe, xay dung thuang hieu go Keo \'iel Nam.
Tli khda; Cbe bien gd. go keo. hifu qua kinh tf. nguyen lifu. thi trudng.
1 . BAT VAN BE
Nganh cdng nghiep che bien gd va lam san Viet Nam lien tuc cd tdc dd tang truang cao, binh quan dat tr^n 13%/nam hong giai doan 2010 - 2018. Nam 2018, kim ngach xuait khau cac mat hang gd cua Viet Nam dat 8,476 ti USD, tang 14,5% (tuong duong 1,07 ti USD) so vdi kim ngach nam 2017. San pham gd cua Viet Nam dung thii 2 chau A va thu 5 tren the gidl ve kim ngach xuat khau, chiem 696 thi phan san pham gd toan cau [7]. Nam bg la viing trong diem xuat khau do gd cua Viet Nam. Su tang trudng do da CO ddng gdp quan trong tir ngudn nguyen lieu rimg trdng trong nudc ma chu yeu la gd keo. Nam 2018, san lugng gd khai thac tir rimg trong tap trung dat 20,6 trieu m-'. Ty trong nguyen lieu ch^ bien gd trong mroc da dat 76,4% [3]. Tir k^t qua dd, Thu tudng Chinh phu da cd Chi thi sd OS/CT-TTg ngay 28/3/2019 ve mot sd nhiem vu, giai phap phat trien nhanh va ben vimg nganh cdng nghiep ch^ bien gd va lam san ngoai gd phuc vu xuat khau. Trong dd cd nhiem vu diy manh viec trdng rimg gd lon. cung cap nguyen lieu gd co chung chi quan ly rimg ben vung
Xien Khoa hoc Lam nghiep \ , i n i bo Email, ihanhcao\nbft'"'\ars.gi.iv.\n
theo ydu can ciia thi trudng qudc t^. phat Irien viing nguyfin heu dn dinh de dap ung nhu cau nguyfin lieu ngay cang tang cao cua cdng nghifip ch^ bieh gd phuc vu thi trudng trong nudc va xuat khau.
Da cd nhi^u nghien cuu trong va ngoai nudc ve ky thuat sir dung go keo nhung chi tifip can theo hudng phan tich sd lieu cua mSu gd ma thieu tiep can thong tin theo yeu cau cu the cua nguoi su dung ddi vdi timg nhom san pham cua nd. Ndi each khac la ngudi cung cap nguyfin lieu gd keo va ngudi su dung chua hieu ro nhu cau ciia nhau. Vi vay. ngudn nguyen lifiu go keo tren thi trudng chua duoc sii dung hieu qua nhat.
Vl vay, thuc hi^n "Khao sat thuc trang va dfi xuat giai phap nang cao hifiu qua su dung nguyfin heu gd keo a Nam bo" la can thiet trong bdi canh hien nay gdp phan thuc hifin giai phap ma Chinh phu da dfi ra
2 . MUC TIB), NOI BUNG VA PHUmG PHAP
2.1. Muc tifiu
Dfi xuat duoc giai phap kha thi de nang cao hifiu qua sir dung nguyfin lieu gd keo gdp phan nang cao gia tri rimg trong va phat tnen cdng nghifip che bien gd.
136 N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 11/2019
KHOA HOC CONG N G H l
22. NOi dung
- Khao sat hoat dpng cua thi truong go keo va du bao tiem nang phat tnen.
- Khao sat A&c di^m co ban cua nguyen lieu go keo hien tai va yfiu cau cua thi trudng.
- Dfi xuat giai phap de nang cao gia tri nguyen h?u gd keo.
2.3. Phmmg phip
2.3.1. Dd'i tupng, sd luong mSu va pham vi khao sal
+ Ddi tuong khao sat la cac doanh nghifip trdng rimg, kinh doanh, ch^ bien, dfiu thu san pham gd keo va cac chuyfin gia tir cac vien, trudng, Hifip hpi gd t^ vung Nam bp.
+ Sd luong mau khao sat: Tdng so ddi tuong da dupc khao sat la 51.
Bing 1. Ddi tugmg khko sit TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Doi tirong khao sat Chii rimg Doanh nghidp kinh doanh g6 tron Doanh nghifip cira xe. say Doanh nghiep che bien do gd noi that
Doanh nghifip san xuat van nhan tao
Doanh nghifip san xuat san pham khac
Doanh nghiep kinh doanh do g6 noi thjit
Vien, tnrong Tdng
So lirong 6 6 8 15 3 4 2 7 51 + Pham VI khao sat: Cac tinh/thanh vimg Nam bg duoc khao sat bao gdm: TP. Hd Chi Minh, Ddng Nai, Binh Duong, Binh Phubc, Long An, Kifin Giang, Ca Mau.
232 Phuongphap khao sat
Nghifin cun nay ap dung kfit hgfp 3 phuong phap gom: Ke thira, khao sat thi trudng va chuyfin gia.
+ Phuang phap ke thira: Thu thap, phan tich cac bao cao. sd hfiu thii cap cd hen quan de danh gia hfim nang su dung go keo.
+ Phuong phap khao sat thi truong: Khao sat yfiu cau thi truang theo 7 chu dfi: 1) Ngudn cung gd keo trfin thi trudng; 2) Phan loai gd keo nguyfin lifiu; 3) Cac khu vuc sir dung gd keo tap trung; 4) Cac san
pham sir dung gd keo; 5) Uu. nhupc difim gd keo hifin CO trfin thi trucmg; 6) Yeu cau cua thi truung vk dac diem gd keo nguyen h^u; 7) Giai phap nang cao hifiu qua su dung gd keo nguyfin h^u.
Cong cu khao sat la phieu khao sat ban cau tnic.
Khao sat diroc tien hanh theo phuong phap chpn mau thuan tifin (convenience sampling).
Danh gia cac van dfi quan tam cua thi trudng va miic do quan trong cua timg dac diem nguyfin lifiu go keo duoc khao sat vdi thang do 5 bac (tir khdng quan trpng den rat quan trpng).
+ Phuong phap chuyen gia: Tham khao y kifin tir cac chuyen gia cd kinh nghifim trong nganh chfi bi^n gd de cd nhin nhan toan difin v^ thuc trang va giai phap sii dung gd keo hi^u qua hon.
8. NET QUJi n o e v cuu VA THAO LUiUI
3.1. Ho9t dOng ciia thi tni6ng gd keo vd ti^m nang phit triin
3.1.1. Ngudn cung cap gd keo tiong nudc cbo thi tnrdng Nam bd
Ket qua khao sat cho thciy d Nam bp chi cd 2 loai gd cua loai Keo Iai {Acacia hybrid^ va Keo la tram {Acacia auricullformid) dugc su dung phd bi^n cho che bien gd. Hau hfit go keo lai dupc khai thac tir rung trdng tap trung va da sd go Keo la tram duoc khai thac tir cay trong phan tan. Do gd keo xuiit phat tir rimg trong cho nfin dupc xem la nguon go "sach"
va ludn duoc buon ban, van chuyen dfi dang trfin thj trudng. Ngudn gd keo dang sir dung d Nam bd duot- cung cap chu yen tir cac khu vuc gom: Ddng Nam bp va Binh Thuan, dong bang sdng Cuu Long, Tay Nguyfin, Nam Trung bp, Bac Trung bp. Nhirng thuong lai budn ban gd tron cung phan chia ngudn gdc gd keo theo cac khu vuc nay vi gd tai mdi noi cd mdt sd dac di^m khac bifit, anh huong d^n ky thuat che bifin d cac khau ti^p theo va cung cd khac nhau vfi gia ca cua nguyen hfiu.
Da sd nguyfin Ufiu go keo cd kich thuoc nho, don gia khong cao cho nen khdng the van chuyen di xa boi vi khi dd chi phi van chuyen chi^m ty trpng ldn trong gia ban gd, Vi vay, phSn ldn cac co sd chfi bi^n sir dung ngudn nguyfin hfiu trong vung Nam bp va Nam Tay Nguyfin. Sd it gd xe dupc mua tir duyfin hai mien Trung vi khi dd ty trpng chi phi van chuydn ^<- thap tuong ddi so vdi don gia cua gd xe. Ngoai ra, mdt so doanh nghifip mua gd d xa vi can ngudn nguyfin Ufiu cd chung chi quan ly rimg FSC-FM.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 11/2019 137
KHOA HOC CONG NGHt .V. 1.2. Su dunggd keo
Hau hfit gd keo sau khi khai thac duoc phan loai va cat khuc theo yfiu cau cua ngudi mua, sau dd duoc van chuyfin dfin cac khu vuc che bien gd tap trung trong vung. Rat it co sd so che (cua xe) gP keo tai khu vuc rimg trdng. Khi khai thac tai rung, gd dupc phan loai chu yfiu can cu vao kich thuoc theo nhu cau sir dung va chia thanh 4 nhdm phd bien nhu sau:
Gd dam (dudng kinh tir 5 den 10 cm, chieu dai ngan hon 2,2 m); gd bao bi (dudng kmh tir 10 dfin 18 cm, chi^u dai 1,2 m); gd long (dudng kinh tir 18 den 25 cm, chieu dai 2,2 m, gd phai thang); gd Idn (dudng kinh ldn hon 25 cm, chifiu dai hon 2,2 m, gd phai thang), Tuy nhifin, kich thudc gd tron cd thay ddi tiiy thudc vao kich thuoc san pham tir don dat hang cua dd gd npi that. Ngoai ra, mot sd don hang cung yfiu cau phan loai theo nguon gd cd chung chi quan Iy rimg (FM).
Gd keo a Nam bp dupc sii dung rong rai d' hau khap cac dia phuong. Tuy nhifin. Nam bp cd nhimg khu vuc che bien gd tuong ddi tap trung va cd the sap xfip theo khdi lupng sii dung tir nhifiu den it nhu sau: 1) Dong Nai (san xuat do go npi dia va xuait khau); 2) Binh Duong (san xuat do gd xuat khau); 3) Binh Phirdc (san xuat van nhan tao); 4) Long An (san xuat van nhan tao va pallet); 5) PCifin Giang (san xuat do gd npi dia va van nhan tao); 6) Can Tho (san xuat do gd npi dia). 7) Cac tinh khac (san xuat do gd npi dia).
Tai cac co sd che bien, nguyfin lieu gd keo duoc su dung tnet de. Cac loai phfi hfiu nhu bia bap, dau mau deu dupc tan dung, bdm de lam nguyfin lieu cho san xuat van nhan tao. Cac phfi hfiu nhd khac nhu mun cua, dam bao duoc xay de san xuat vifin nang luong pellet hay hot ddt cho cac Id gdm. Vific gd keo dtroc van chuyen vk co sd' chfi bifin va sii dung tnet de cung da gdp phan tich cue bao vfi moi tnidng do giam thieu d nhifim tir chat thai him co hi phe lieu go.
Kfit qua khao sat cho thay gd Keo la tram va Keo lai cd dudng kinh ldn dupc uu tifin sii dung cho cac san pham cao cap trfin thi trudng ndi dia nhir Van lang (Veneer); trang tri npi that; dd gd gia dung gia cd cao cap (mdc truyen thdng) thay the cho cac loai gd rimg hr nhifin. Thi truong san pham moc cao cap cung yfiu cau chat lupng nguyen bfiu go keo cao hon cac san pham khac. Cac doanh nghifip chfi bien do go xuat khau c^n su dung sd luong rat ldn gd xe tir
Keo Iai nhung da sd doanh nghi ciu su dgng gd ^^' tir gd cd kich thuoc nho (go bao bi) vi gia ca hop ly nhung cung dap ung dupc yen c;iu cua san phain.
Dieu nay cho thay phan lon dd go ndi that xuat khau cua Viet Nam dang tap tmng nhi4u vao phSn khuc binh dan cua thi tnrong qudc tfi
Phan tich du Hfiu tii Hai quan Viet N;uii nam 2018 cho thay do gd npi that (HS 94) xuat khau cd su dung gd keo chiem gan 14% gia tn so \oi tdng so kim ngach xuat khau dd gd npi that (gia hi tuong ung khoang 750/5.365 trifiu USD). Rifing thi tivdng chau Au, ty Ifi gd keo dupc sir dung cho ma hang HS 94 chifim 21% ti-ong tdng kim ng^ch xuat khSu mat hang nay Trong tong gia tri do gd ndi that xual khau cd sir dung gd keo cua ca mroc thi vung Nam bp ddng gdp den gan 83% (gia tin tirong ung khoang 620/750 hifiu USD). Dieu nay cho thay tin hi^u rait tich cue cua vific su dung nguyfin hfiu gd keo cua viing Nam bp.
Nam bd chi chiem 9,4% difin tich rimg ti-dng cua ca nubc [2], da sd la rimg keo, nhimg lai cd ddng gop ty trpng ldn cho mat hang xuat khau cd gia tri cao. Nhu vay, hoat dgng trong rimg va sii dung gd keo viing Nam bg da tap trung cho go ldn, go xe hon la cho nguyfin lieu gd dam.
Ngoai ra, a Nam bg cdn cd nhifiu san pham khac sir dung gd keo nhu Bobin cap difin, vifin nfin nang luong, tam lot san, kifin dong hang pallet, nang nudi tam, khung tranh, gia the trdng nam, do choi tre em, dungcu hpc tgp ...
3.1.3. Tiem nang thf truong nguyen lieu gd keo Gd keo da duoc sii dung de Iam nguyen lifiu san xuat nhieu loai san pham cho thi truong npi dia va xuat khau, tir phan khuc binh dan den cao cap, Chinh VI su phong phu v^ san pham dupc che bien tir gd keo cho thay ti^m nang thi truong rat ldn.
Thl trudng dd gd ndi that xuat khiu duoc du bao sfi la thi tnrdng ti^m nang rat ldn cua nguyen lieu gd keo vi xuat khau do gd cua Vifii Nam dang tang trudng nhanh va kha on dinh. K^t qua phan tich hi sd lieu cua Hai quan Viet Nam nam 2018 cho thay g6 keo chi tham gia duoc 13,69% gia tin trong tdng kim ngach xuat khau do gd npi that. Nhu vay, con mdt tv trpng kha lon trong nhu cau nguyen hfiu cho thi tnrcmg.
Thi trudng npi dia cua dd gd npi that cung cd tifim nang phat triln cho nguyfin li^u g6 keo. Hifin nay, cac doanh nghifip khai thac rat tot phan khiic hang mpc truyen thdng cao cap tir nguyen heu ah 138 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 11/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Keo la ti-am va Keo Iai gd Idn. Khu vuc Hd Nai. tinh Ddng Nai la noi tap tiling hang mpc npi dia Idn nhat Nam bp. Tir day, cac san pham duoc phan phoi di khap cac tinh, thanh phd vung Nam bp. Phan khuc thi tnrcmg nay tao ra gia tn gia tang cao nhat tii nguyfin lifiu go keo so vdi vific sir dung cho cac san pham khac Bfin canh dd, cac san pham do gd van phong va do go cho nha hang, quan an cung sir dung ngay cang nhifiu nguyfin lifiu go keo vi gia ca hop Iy ma van dap iing dupc yfiu cau tham my cung nhu thi hifiu ciia khach hang,
Thl tnidng nguyfin lieu cho san xuat van nhan tao cung sfi tiiu hul sd lupng rat lon tir gd keo. Dac bifit, go Keo Iai cd ty trong tir trung binh dfin nh?, phii hop cho san xuat van Okal va MDF. Hifin nay, viing Nam bp cd 4 nha may van Okal va MDF qui mo ldn. bao gom: Cdng ty Cd phan gd MDF VRG Kifin Giang, cdng suat thiet ke 100.000 mVnam va cd th^
nang cdng suat lfin dfin 120.000 m'/nam trong tuong lai gan; Cdng ty TNHH Vina Eco Board, cong suat 250.000 mVnam, nhu ciu nguyfin lifiu 400.000 tain/nam; Cong ty Cd phan gd MDF VRG Dongwha san xuat van gd MDF/HDF cdng suat 300.000 niVnani; Cdng ty Kim Tin MDF vdi cdng suat nha may la 60.000 iii'Vnam va se duoc nang Ifin dfin 300.000 mVnam ti-ong nhimg nam toi. Hifin nay, cac nha may nay dang su dung nguyen lieu phdi trpn hi nhi^u loai gd nhu Tram cir {Melaleuca), cao su, dieu va cac loai gd vudn khac do ngudn gd keo khdng dap ung du nhu cau.
Cac san pham khac su dung gd keo nhu Bobin cap difin, vien nen nang lupng, tam ldt san, kifin dong hang pallet, nang nuoi tam... cung cd thi trudng rpng md. cac san pham nay khdng yfiu cau nguyfin hfiu chat lupng cao. Vi vay, thong thudng cac co sd cua xe gd san xual ket hpp cac san pham nay dfi tan dung cac nguyfin lieu chat luong thap (hay san phim dd dang bl ldi) va phe hfiu thu hoi.
Chinh vi su da dang ve san pham cd the san xuat tir go keo da tao dieu kifin thuan loi cho ngudi ban nguyfin lieu va doanh nghifip cua xe go cd nhieu phuong an lira chon, dong thdi cung lam cho thi trudng nguyfin lieu gd tron va gd xe tt-d nfin canh tranh hon. Ianh manh hon.
3.2. D&c di^m co ban cua nguyfin lifiu g6 keo hi^n t^i vk yfiu cdu cua thi tivdng
Ket qua khao sat cho thay cac dac diem cua nguyfin lieu gd keo ma thi truong quan tam duoc xep NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON
theo thli tu muc dd giam dan nhu sau: Hd su ro rang;
kich thuoc; do dong nhat; mau sac: tinh chat co Iy.
mat chet; loi, giac; chung chi; mdi mot.
\'an de hd sa go ro rang dang dupc thi truong quan tam hang dau vi cac chu go thudng xuyfin phai giai trinh cho cac ca quan quan ly nha nudc trong qua tnnh khai thac. van chuydn. san xuait, kinh doanh gd va san pham go theo Thdng tu 27/2018/Tr-BNNPTNr cua Bd Nong nghifip va PTNT. Da sd go tron va gd xe luu thdng tren thi tnrdng dfiu co ho so khai thac nhung vific truy xuat ngudn gdc chua thuc hifin ddy du theo quy dmh bdi vi khong the thuc hifin mgt each thu cdng vific ghi sd hifiu timg long gd va lap bang kfi cho tung phuong tifin van tai, trong khi da sd Idng gd keo co kich thudc nho vdi rat nhieu long gd trfin mdt phuong tien (gin 1.500 long gd trfin mot xe tai chd- 20ster). Vific nay rat can su ho trp cua cdng nghfi thdng tm nhu tem cd ma vach truy xuat nguon goc, phan mem lap hang kfi Iam san ...
Trong dac diem kich thudc gd, nhimg ngudi su dung gd keo quan tam dudng kinh hon la chieu d^ vi dudng kinh Idn se mang Iai nhifiu lpi ich hon, cu the nhir chu rung ban duoc gia cao hon, cd ty le thanh khi gd xe cao hon, thuan Igi khi thiet ke hay che tac, tifit kifim chi phi ghep gd, nang suat lao dgng cao hon.,. Trong qua trinh che bien gd, chifiu dai cay gd duoc su dung rit hnh hoat cho cac chi tifit khac nhau hoac cac san pham khac nhau. Hau h^t Keo la tram gd trdn cd Idch thudc tuong ddi Idn, duong kinh ngang nguc ldn hon 18 cm, Gd Keo la tram cd kich thudc Idn la do chu ning khdng qua tap trung vao ngudn thu tir cay phan tan, gin nhu da bd qufin trong vudn. Trong khi dd, da sd gd trdn Keo lai trfin thi trudng cd dudng kinh tuong ddi nhd. Kit qua khao sat cho thay da sd tuoi rimg keo lai khi khai thac a vung Tay Nam bd la 4 tudi va Ddng Nam bp la 5 tuoi.
Dd dong nhat cua nguyen hfiu ciing rit dugc quan tam vi nd anh hudng nhieu dfin hifiu qua san xuat kinh doanh. Nhtmg ngudi su dung gd cho rang dp ddng nhit la yfiu to long hgp hfin quan den nhifiu dac diem cua nguyfin lifiu gd keo nhir mau sic, tinh chit CO ly. xual xu (dia phuong), ludi cay, do am...
Gd khdng ddng nhit din den ty lfi thai loai tuong doi nhifiu trong qua tnnh chfi bifin. Cac xuong xe mong mudn gd duoc phan loai theo nhom tuong ddi ddng nhat ve cac tinh chat de dua ra giai phap ky thuat hit\i Iy va dinh huong su dung go hifiu qua hon. Trong truong hop mau sac cua nguyen lifiu cd nhifiu khac - K Y I -THANGll/2019 139
KHOA Hpc C 6 N G NOHt
bifit thi xir ly mau bfi mat cho go rat kho khan. Phan nhom theo mau sac b khau nguyfin hfiu (gd tron) se dfi dang hon so vdi cac khau sau do (gd thanh) vi mpt khuc gd trdn xe thanh nhieu thanh gd va gia cong thanh nhieu chi tifit tiep theo trudc khi xii ly be m$t. Mpt van de Uen quan mat thifit vdi dd ddng nhit ciia nguyfin lieu go keo chinh la tifiu chuan gd tron va gd xe. Nfiu thi trudng phan loai theo beu chuin thi
gd se dong nhit. G6 Keo la ti-am tifin ihi tivong hrong ddi ddng nhat, dfi sir dung trong khi go ti-on Keo Iai cd nhieu yeu td khong ddng nhat. Cac 6^c diem cua gd Keo lai khac bifit nhieu gdm mau sic, ty lfi CO nit the tich, ty Ifi gd dac. Hi^n tupng nay la do sd gidng Keo Iai da dupc ti-dng a NLUU bp nhieu hon so vdi Keo la ti-am cho nfin gd Keo lai da dang hon.
Khong dong mau
Hinh 1. Gfi Keo Iai t ^ m^t xudng x6 6 Nam bo Yeu td mau sic cua nguyen lieu gd rit dupc cac
nha chfi bien gd quan tam. Mau sic cua gd Keo Iai dupc tiiao luan nhieu hon gd Keo la ti-am. Nhifiu y kifin cho rang mau sic the hifin dd "SANG" ciia gd.
Da so mau va van gd ciia Keo la tram la kha dep, phu hop vdi thi hieu nguai tieu dimg. Thuc tfi cd mpt sd it dong Keo lai cho gd man sang, tuong ddi dep. Trong tmdng hpp nay khong can xii ly mau be mat, chi cin xu ly bao quan ma san phim gd vin cd gii tri cao. Co mdt sd y kien dfi xuat nghifin ciiu cac gidng Keo lai cho loai gd cd van sfi nang cao gia tri nguyfin lifiu.
Tuy nhifin, gd Keo lai trfin thi tivdng hifin nay cd nhifiu mau sic rit khac biet, dang gay khd khan cho cac doanh nghiep che bien gd. Thuc trang nay khac vdi kfit qua cua mpt sd nghifin ciiu cho ring gd Keo Iai dfi tay de cd mau rit sang va la tiiyfil vai de Iam giiy [4],
Trong sd cac tinh chit co Iy cua gd keo, ngudi sii dung chi quan tam dp cung cua gd do thl hieu cua khach hang. Da so ngirdi tifiu dimg khdng hieu ro vfi tinh chit vat ly, co hpc hay cong nghfi cho nen chi quan tam dfin dp ciing cua gd nhu mdt tinh chit dai dien cho dd bfin. Hifin nay, gd Keo la tram dang dap
,40 N O N G NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 -THANG II/2019 ling tdt cho nhi^u loai sin phim theo yfiu cau ciia thi trudng, dac bifit phii hpp cho san xuat do gd cao cap, do gd gia cd thay thfi mpt so gd rimg hi nhifin, tao ra san pham cd gia tri cao. Ket qua khao sat phii hpp vdi thdng tin cua mpt sd nghifin ciiu khac. 06 Keo la tram vdi kich thuoc phu hpp la ngudn nguyen lieu tdt cho xay dung va trang tri ndi that cung nhu cac mat hang tifin, do choi, cd vua, thii cong my nghfi, tay cam cong cu [10]. Tinh chit co ly va cdng nghe ciia gd Keo Iai phii hop cho san xuit van nhan tao, dong thdi dap ling tuong doi tdt cho nhifiu loai san pham khac trfin thi trucmg. Da sd gd Keo lai trfin thi trudng dupc khai thic tir rimg con non cho nfin nhe va m^m hon Keo la ti-am. Vi vay, da sd gd Keo lai khdng thfi sii dung cho san xuat do gd cao cap, gia co, Mpt sd nghifin cuu, phan tich tinh chat co Iy go aia hai loii nay cho thay khong khac bifit nhieu (9], [8). Djfiy nay cho thay n^u Keo lai duoc khai thac diing tudi thanh thuc cong nghe sfi cai thi^n dupc cac Unh chat CO ly cua gd tuong duong vdi Keo la tram.
Van d^ mdi mot ciia gd keo ndi chung it duQ(.
thl trvong quan tam vi uu the ndi ti-pi ciia go keo hifin nay ti-fin thi tnidng la gan nhu khdng bi mdi
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
mpt tan cdng.
Mpt difiu kha ngac nhifin la van dfi chung chi quan Iy rung KM cua nguyen lieu gd Keo lai it duoc quan tam hon cac dac difim khac. Nhieu y kien cho rang chiing chi FM khdng cd y nghia ddi voi thi truong ma 6 do cd nhieu tac nhan trong chudi gia tri do go xuit khau khong cd chung chi quan ly chuoi hanh trinh san pham CoC. Cac doanh nghifip cua xe khdng quan ly dupc chuPi cung, cd thfi Iln ngudn gd cd chiing nhan FM va khdng cd chiing nhan. Sd lupng gd CO chung chi quan ly rimg (FM) rit it Theo sd lifu cgp nhat cua FSC den thang 7/2019 thi viing Nam bp chi cd 2 chu rimg duoc cip chiing chi FM.
Trong dd, Cong ty Co phin San xuat - Xay dung - Thuong mai va Nong nghifip Hai Vuong vdi 2.385 ha d Binh Phudc va Cdng ty Co phan Thuy Son vdi 752 ha ff Ca Mau.
Thdng tin thi trudng ciia gd trdn va gd xe tir rung trdng keo dang rit Ihifiu. Sd hfiu thdng ke ve difin tich rimg trong, difin tich khai thac, san lupng khai thac gd keo hang nam theo timg vimg hay ca nudc dfiu khdng the tim thiy trfin bat ky nguon dii heu nao. Do vay, cac doanh nghifip cung nhu cac nha nghifin cim khdng the du bao lhi trudng dfi xay dung ke hoach san xuat kinh doanh phii hpp.
Thdng tin thi trudng khdng diy dii dan den phat sinh mpt sd chi phi khong can thifit nhu chi phi tim kiem ngudn nguyfin hfiu, chi phi du tru nguyfin hfiu
Viet Nam da limg cd tieu chuan gd Iron (Kich thudc CO ban TCVN 1073-1971 va Phan hang chil luong theo khuyet tat TCVN 1074-86) va tifiu chuin go xe CThuat ngu va dinh nghia TCVN 4739-89, Kich thudc CO ban TCVN 1075-1971 va Phan hang chit lupng theo khuyfil lat TCVN 1758-86). Tuy nhifin, cac tifiu chuan nay da dugc xay dung tii thap mfin 70 dfin 80 cua the ky truoc vdi ddi tirong la gd rimg tu nhifin cho nfin khong con phii hpp cho gd rimg trong ndi chung va go keo ndi rifing. Trong khi dd, cac ngudn go xe nhap khau deu cd nfiu chuin rd rang. Vi du nhu quy dinh phan hang ddi vdi go xfi tu loai cay gd cung cua Hoa Ky do Hiep hpi Qudc gia ve gd xe tir loai cay gd cting (NHL/y cd cac hang FAS (hang hang nhit va hang nhi), FIF (FAS mdt mat), No,lC (hang thdng dung sd 1). No.2C (hang thong dung sd 2), No.3C hoac hang AB - ABC. Phan hang gd Soi Iheo tieu chuin chau Au - loai da rong canh co cac tifiu chuin chit luong QF-1 dfin QF-4.
Cf Nam bp hifin nay cd rat it hfin kfit dpc chudi gia tn san pham gd. Rung Irdng san xual go Keo Iai cd mot phin Ion difin tich thudc cac doanh nghifip co vdn Nha nubc hoac to chiic cdng lap. Cac difin bch rung nay phai ban theo hinh thiic dau gia cho nfin khdng the xac dinh ddi tac de hen ket trong chudi gia tri. Cac dia phuong can nghifin cuu co chfi de thao go vin dfi nay.
3.3. D^ xuh giii phip ndng cao hi^u qui sii dyng nguyfin li^u gd keo
Quan diem nang cao hifiu qua su dung nguyfin hfiu gd keo phai xuit phat tii nang cao chit lupng go, td chiic quan ly san xuat ldi uu va to chiic thi tnrdng hgp ly de bin dupc nguyfin lifiu gia cao. Cac nhdm giai phap bao gom:
3.3.1. Giai phap ky thuat nang cao chat lu^ng rung trdng keo
Chon gidng de nang cao nang suit, cai thifin dp thing than, tinh chil co Iy cua gd keo ndi chung.
Trudc hfit, chon loai Keo la tram thay the mpt phan Idn cho Keo lai hifin nay vi mpt sd tinh chit ciia gd phii hgp vol thi hifiu va nhieu nghien cuu cho thiy nang suat rung trong cua Keo la tram khdng chfinh Ifich nhifiu so voi Keo lai. Gidng Keo la tram AAl chdng chiu sau bfinh tdt, nang suit 25,7 mVha/nam ff Binh Phudc, AA9 chdng chiu sau bfinh tdt, nang suit 32,7 mVha/nam d Ddng Nai [1]. Cac gidng nay dugc cho la phii hop vdi trdng rimg gd xe vi than thing, canh nhd, tia canh tu nhifin lot, nang suit tir 33 - 37 mVha/nam, it hi bfinh phin hong va rdng rugt (11). Bing phuong phap chpn gidng co tiem nang cai thifin su phat trien cua cay, dd thing cua than cay, mat dd gd, dp co nil vi tinh chat co hpc cua Keo la tram d Viet Nam [12].
Tac dpng ky thuat lam sinh tdi uu dfi giam mit chfit va tang ty lfi gd ldn, Ap dung ky thuat cit diu canh (tip prumng) la loai bd mot phan dp dai cua than phu va canh ldn nhung van giu lai dien tich la cin thiet cho cay sinh trudng, tranh vific cit than phu va canh ldn sat vdi than chinh khi cay con nho sfi giam xam nhap ciia nim bfinh, giam nguyfin nhan lao mit chfit Tia canh de nang dd cao tan (lift pruning) la qua tnnh loai bo nhung canh tu gdc cay len ti-fin. G6 phat trien sau khi tia canh se khong co mit va dupc coi la go sach. T\a diu canh dupc thuc hifin inrac khi tia nang dp cao tan sfi tranh dupc su phat Oien cua nhung canh Idn. Canh phai duoc tia vao mua kho va khi canh cdn dang song (5|.
N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 11/2019
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
3.3.2. Td chuc quan ly san xuat tdi uu Chpn chu ky kinh doanh fluan ky) hop Iy de tdi uu loi ich kinh te va cai thien chit lugng gd. Cong thiic loi uu cho Keo lai trong df Binh Phuoc ddi vai mat dp trong 1.140 cay/ha la tia Ihua nam thu 3 con 600 cay/ha, tudi rimg la 8 nam. Khi do, khdi lupng gd cd duong kinh ldn hon 18 cm dat khoang 49 m^
(34%). Cac chi tifiu kinh te cua mo hinh trdng rimg nay gdm: Lpi nhuan 120.679.000 d/ha; NP\' 70.231.000 d/ha; IRR 24,99%, BCR 2.39 lan. Trong khi do, rimg trdng thuong mai (ddi chiing) khdi lupng gd ldn (D >18 cm) chi dat 16 m^ (11,55%) [6].
Chpn mua khai thac de giam nguyen Ufiu tdn kho va bao dam chil lupng gd. Thdng thuong, dd gd ngoai that xuat khau hoal dpng cao diem tir thang 8 d^n thang 4 nam sau, hang npi thit tir thang 9 dfin thing 12. Vl vay, mua tifiu thu nguyfin hfiu gd keo d Nam bp cung sdi ddng lir khoang thang 7 den thang 2 nam sau (trudc tfit Am hch). Nhu vay, viing Ddng Nam bp nfin khai thic tir thing 4 dfin thing 6, viing Tay Nam bd cd the khai thac mupn hon khoang 2 den 3 thing de kip trong Iai rimg trong miia mua, Tuy nhifin, nguyfin lifiu gd keo vin co the tifiu thu quanh nam vi cdn phuc vu cho nhifiu loai san phim ndi dia khac. Cac chu rimg nfin thuong xuyfin theo doi difin bien gia cua thi truong gd keo de cd quyfit dinh phu hgp vi hifiu qua cao nhat.
Lifin ket Iheo chudi gii tn de gop phin dn dinh thi tnrdng gd keo. Khi cd lifin kfit doc theo chudi gia tri se mang Iai nhieu lpi ich cho ca ngudi mua va ngudi ban nguyfin lieu go keo ndi chung. Cac loi ich bao gom: Giam tinh phiic tap cua trao ddi hang hda, giam chi phi giao dich, giam thdi gian tim kiem ngudi cung iing, dam bao tifin dp san xuat giam thdi gian va chi phi du trii, tang cudng su on dinh trong san xuit kinh doanh, gia cung ung dn dinh, cii thien chil lupng, chia se Ihdng tin vi tin cay giua cac bfin tham gia thi truong.
Xay dung hfi thdng quan Iy rimg (FM) va chudi hanh trinh san pham (CoC) dat chimg chi qudc tfi (PEFC hoac FSC) nhim nang cao gia tn nguyfin hfiu gd keo. Cac thi tnrong cao cip. khd tinh, gia tn cao cd xu hudng ngay cing ddi hdi nhieu chiing nhan ve quan ly. Thdng thuong, gd tron duoc chiing nhan ve quin ly rimg ben vung cd gia cao hon gd khong cd chung nhan. Ngoai ra, co quan quan Iy Nha nud^ can ling dung cdng nghfi thdng tin de truy xuit ngudn goc gd.
3.3.3. Tdchuc thi trudnggr . iiu-n .:cu Cung cap thong tin tin truong nguven hfiu go de giam chi phi giao dich. TTiong tin thi innmg go rimg trdng keo dang cin co quan chuyfin trach to chuc thdng kfi va cdng bd sd hfiu dfi gdp phin Iam cho thi tnrdng ngay cang cdng khai minh bach. Ngoai ra, to chuc san giao dich gd keo cung la mot hinh thiic cung cip thdng tm ma cac nuoe phat tnfin dang su dung rit hieu qua
Phat tri^n cac sin phim tao dupc gia til cao gdp phin nang gia tn nguyen hfiu. Dd noi that vi ghfi ngoi dat gia tn kim ngach tren 1 m' gd Iron tuong ddi cao (375 USD/m') va cd nhu ciu nguyfin bfiu gd kha nhifiu. Ngoai ra, van lang (veneer) tir gd Keo la tram cung tao ra gia tin cao khoang 400 USD/m' nguyfin hfiu. Tuy nhifin, san xuat van lang ddi hdi nguyfin lifiu gd tron chit lupng cao, dudng kinh ldn. cay thing, khdng khuyet tgt
xay dung tifiu chuan cho gd nguyen hfiu gdp phin minh bach thj trudng. Mpt so thi trudng Ion nhap khiu san pham go cua Vifit Nam nhu Hoa Ky, chau Au, Australia, Nhat Bin, Han Quoc,...yfiu ciu ngay cang cao v^ su dung nguyfin lifiu cd ngudn gdc, dat tifiu chuan chat lupng, xuit xii hgp phap. Tong cue Lam nghifip chu tri phdi hpp vdi cac co quan nghifin ciiu khoa hgc Iam nghifip va Vifores sdm hoan thifin h§ thdng tifiu chuan go trdn va gd xe (gd phdi) hi rimg Irong cay mpc nhanh ciia Vifit Nam.
Khi cd tifiu chuan, gd keo sfi duoc phan logi Iheo tifiu chuan va ap gia phii hpp, giup cho vific giao dich sfi dfi dang hon.
Xay dung thuong hifiu gd keo cho Viet Nam d^
nang cao gia tn nguyfin Ufiu va sin pham gd h-fin thi trudng qudc te. Nhifiu qudc gia trfin the gidi nhu Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban hay New Zealand rat chii trgng vific quang ba thuang hifiu gd ra thi trudng nudc ngoai.
Hdi dong gd ciing Hoa Ky phoi hop vdi Tap chi Go Viet de xuit ban chuyfin trang vfi gd cung My tai Vifit Nam. Thuang hifiu gd thong Radiata aia Nevif Zealand cung kha ndi ti^ng. Ngoai ra, thi Unrong g6 thfi gioi con cd thuong hifiu gP Hinoki - bieu tuong g6 Nhat Ban. G6 keo ca nudc ndi chung va viinp Nam bp ndi nfing rat cd tifim nang de xay dune thuong hifiu ti-fin thi tivdng quoc tfi vi cd nhimg viing lap trung, nhung ti^n bp ky thuat ve chgn, tao gidng va gay trdng da duoc ap dung rit thanh cong, Hon nOa, Chinh phu Vifit Nam dang tap trung chi dao cac doanh nghifip trdng rimg thuc hifin quan ly rimg b^n
142 N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 1 - THANG 11/2019
KHOA HOC CONG N G H l
vung dfi dupc chiing nhan quan ly rimg (FM) dap ung yfiu ciu qudc te.
4 . KET LUAN
Thl tivdng nguyfin lifiu gd keo d Xam bo kha sdi dpng, con nhifiu tiem nang phat tnen voi ngudn cung phong phu va da dang san pham da gdp phin sir dung nguyfin lieu Irifit de. Tuy nhifin, nguyen lieu gd keo con nhieu kha nang de nang cao gia tri.
G6 Keo Iai hifin nay trfin thi trudng cd cac uu di^m nhu dfi gia cong, dfi dip iing don hang so lupng ldn, khdng bi mdi mpt Tuy nhifin cung cd nhifiu nhupc diem nhu: khdng dong nhat ve tinh chat CO ly vi mau sic, nhifiu mil chfit, da so la gd non, ty Ifi hao hut nhi^u, khdng phan loai theo tifiu chuan, thifiu chiing chi quan Iy rimg bfin viing (FM), khd truy xuat ngudn gdc va chua cd thuang hifiu. G6 Keo la tram cd tinh chat co Iy, mau sic va kich thuoc tdt hon Keo Iai nhung it cd trfin thi Irudng, gii cao.
Cac giai phip nang cao hieu qua sir dung nguyen lifiu gd keo gom: Chpn loai va gidng cay trong; tic dpng ky thuit lam smh tdi uu; chon chu ky kinh doanh tdi uu; chpn miia khai thac hop ly;
lifin ket theo chudi gia tri; xay dung he thdng quan Iy sin xuat dat chimg nhan FM va CoC. iing dung cdng nghfi thdng tin de truy xuat ngudn gdc; cung cip thdng tin thi Irudng; xay dung tifiu chuan cho gd tron, gd xe; xay dung thuong hifiu gd keo Vifil Nam.
TAI UEU THAM KHJtO
1. Bg Ndng nghifip va PTNT, 2007. Quyet dinh vf vifc cdng nhan gidng cay trdng lam nghiep mdi.
Quyfit dmh sd 3905/QD-BNN-KHCN ngay 11/12/
2007.
2. Bd Ndng nghifip va PTNT, 2019. Cdng bd hien tiang limg toan qudc nam 2018. Quyfit dinh sd 911/QD-BNN-TCLN ngay 19 thang 3 nam 2019.
3. Bo Ndng nghifip va PTNT, 2019, Bao cao tai difn dan 'Nganh cdng nghiep chf bien. xua't khdu gd. lam san nam 2018 - thanh cdng, bai hoc kmh nghifm: giai phap but pha nam 2019'. Ha Npi ngay 22/02/2019.
4. Chaw Chaw Sein & Ralph Mitldhner, 2011.
Acacia hybnd: Ecology and silviculture m Vietiiam.
CIFOR. ISBN 978-602-8693-71-4.
5. Chns Beadle. Maria Ottenschlaeger. Pham The Dung, Carohne Mohammed. Vu Dmh Huong, N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON
Kieu Tuan Dat, Daniel Mendham, Chns Harwood.
Morag Glen, 2013. Optimising sihicultural management and productivity of high-quality acacia plantations, especially for sawlogs. AVWW ACIAR-org.au, ISBN 978 1 922137 92 0.
6- Chns Beadle Pham The Dung. Tran Thanh Cao, Kieu Tuan Dat Pham Van Bon, Le Tlianh Quang and Chris Harwood, 2015. E.xtending sIMcultural knowledge on sawlog production 6vm Acacia plantations. WWWACL^org.au. ISBN 978-1- 925436-13-6.
7. Chinh phu. 2019. Cbi till vf mdt sd nhifm vu, giai phap phat tnSn nhanh va bfn vung nganh cdng nghifp chd bidn gd va lam san ngoai gd phuc vu xua't kha'u. Chi thi sd 08/CT-TTg ngay 28 thang 3 nam 2019.
8. J. Ismail & A. Z. Farawahida, 2007. Physical and mechanical properties of Acacia mangium A Acacia aunculiformis hybrid {Acacia hybnd) and Acacia mangium superbulk planted in Sarawak, Conference on Forestry & Forest Products Research200?. 270-278.
9. Lfi Thu Hi4n, D6 Van Ban, Lfi Quy Thing, 2009. Tinh chit co Iy, co hoc va hudng sii dung gd cua mot sd loai cay cho trong rimg san xuit vung Trung tam. Ky ydu Hdi nghi Khoa hoc Cdng nghf Lam nghiep mien Bdc nam 2009, trang 589 - 593.
10. Orwa C, A Mulua, Kindt R, Jamnadass R. S Anthony.. 2009. Acacia aunculiformis. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guideversion 4.0
(http://www.worldagroforestry.org/siles/lreed bs/lreedatabases)
11. Pham The Dung, Kieu Tuan Dat, Le Thanh Quang. Pham Van Bdn, Vu Dinh Hudng, 2012.
Ngbien cuu cac bifn phap ky timat bao ve va nang cao dd phi cua ddt nhdm nang cao nang suat rimg trdng bach dan, keo d cac luan ky sau. Bao cao long kfit dfi tai dpc lap cip Bo Ndng nghifip va ITNT
12. Phi Hong Hai, 2009. Genetic Improvement of Plantation-Grown Acacia auncuhformis for Sawn Timber Production. Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2009.
13. Td Xuan Phiic, Cao Thi Cam, Tran Le Huy, Nguyfin Tdn Quyfin, Huynh Van Hanh, 2019. Bao cao Vift .\am xuat nhap khau gd 2018: Mot nam nhm lai va xu hudng 2019. hrtp://vietfores.org.vn/wp- content/uploads/2019/04/2019.
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KHOA HOC C O N G N G H I
CURRENT SITUATION AND SOLUTION TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF USING . v. w" 1A WOOD IN THE SOUTO OF VIETNAM
Tran Thanh Cao Summary
Nowaday, Acacia hybrid and Acacia aunculiformis from domestic plantaUons were an important source of raw matenals for the wood processmg industry in the Southern region. Acacia wood niarkt'I is acuvf and growing with plentiful supply of raw matenals and diverse output Acacia raw matenals are currently being used thoroughly for many different types of products winch improve value of Aciicia forest plantations.
Most of Acacia raw materials were deeply processed to produce furnitures for domestic and export markets and create more addiuonal values. The research has identified some problems that need to be improved to increate the value of Acacia wood, including: 1) Selection of species and planUng techniques for Acacia plantations which have not been focus to qualit>- of sawn timber yet; 2) Most of Acacia hybnd plantaQons were exploited before technical mature and optimal economic age; 3) Acacia wood market lacks linkage along value cham; 4) Most of enterpnses have not concerned yet with sustainable forest managiMiienl and Chain of Custody management and traceabiiity of products according to intemauonal standards; 5) Lacking of Acacia wood market information causes difficulUes in forecast; 6) Timber from planlaUon in Vietnam has not any standard for log and sawn timber yet: and 7) Vietnamese Acacia woods have not brand for intemational market yet. Measures to improve the efficiency of using Acacia wood matenals include Selection of suitable clones; optimal silvicultural practices and effecUve business cycle; choose a reasonable time of exploitation in ihe year, bnks along the value chain; building a certified production management system (FM. CoC) and applying traceabiiity information technology; provide market information with specialized statisUcal indicators; developing standards for logs and sawn timber; building a brand of Acacia wood in Vietnam.
Keywords: Wood processing. Acacia wood, economic e^ciency, law material, market.
Ngudi phin bifin: PGS.TS. Vu Huy D ^ Ngiy nh$n bii: 6/9/2019 Ngiy thdng qua phan bi^n: 8/10/2019 Ngiy duyfit dang: 15/10/2019
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 11/2019
