NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
CH^DjNH Kfr HON TRONG PHAP LUAT HON NHAN VA GIA DINH V I | T NAM QUA CAC THdl Ki Dl/dl GOC NHiN l i P PHAP
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he dinh kSt hdn quy dinh cy thl dilu kien ket hdn, bien phdp xfl li vi phgm diSu kien kSt hdn vd hdu qua phdp li cua viec xfl li ddi vdi cac bSn vi phgm. Theo do, cdc bSn kSt hdn phdi tuyet ddi tuan thu cdc quy dinh ndy. Nhu vdy, theo nghia chung nhdt chS dinh ket hdn trong phdp lugt hdn nhan vd gia dinh Id hS thdng quy pham phdp Iuat do Nhd nudc ban hanh, diSu chinh viec xdc lap quan hS vp chdng, bao gdm cdc quy pham phap Iuat ve diSu kien kit hdn, dang ki kit hdn vd biSn phap xu Ii ddi vdi trudng hpp vi pham dieu kien kSt hdn.I. Phap lugt hdn nhan va gia dinh Viet Nam dieu chinh viec xac lgp quan he vo*
chong qua cac thoi ki
/, /. Phdp lugl hon nhdn vd gia dinh Viit Nam tru&c Cdch mgng thdng Tdm
1.1.1. Phap ludt thdi ki phong kien Viet Nam dd trai qua nhieu triSu dai cua nhd nudc phong kiSn. Tuy nhien, cho din nay, cdc tai lieu ve phdp ludt phong kiln con dupc luu giu khdng nhilu. Bdi vdy, cd thl nghiSn cflu vS phdp ludt phong kiln Viet Nam qua viec xem xet mdt so ludt tiSu bilu dupc ban hdnh dudi triSu LS va trieu NguySn. Dd Id; Qudc triSu hinh ludt hay cdn ggi Id Bg luat Hdng Dflc (BLHD) cua trilu LS va Hodng Viet lugt le hay cdn ggi la Bd ludt Gia Long (BLGL) ciia trieu NguySn.
ThS. BOI TH! MONG * Cdc quy dinh ve vdn dS hdn nhdn va gia dinh trong hai bd luat nay tuy cdn it nhung dfl de minh chung rang nhd nudc phong kiln Viet Nam d thdi ki nay rdt coi trgng van de hdn nhan. NSn tdng cua viec quy dinh dilu kien kSt hdn la phong tyc, tap qudn, dao dflc.
Thir nhdt, ve dieu kien ket hdn Quy dinh vS diSu kien kit hdn mang nhimg sac thdi rieng, phu hgp vdi phong tuc, tap qudn cua ngudi Viet Nam Id dS cao IS nghi, coi trpng y kiSn cfla ngudi gia Irudng.
Viec xac lap quan he hdn nhan cfla hai ben nam nfl phai co su img thuan cfla cha me hay cac bac tdn thudc. Cdc trudng hgp cdm kit hdn kha phong phfl va the hien ro y chi cfla nha lam Iuat ddi vdi viec bdo ve fldl ly, ddng cap xa hgi: Cam ket hdn vdi nang hiu; cim cdc quan li d Iran ngodi ldy dan bd con gai d trong hat minh;*" cdm ket hdn trong thai ki lang che; cam kSt hdn trong khi dng, bd, cha, me dang bi giam cam, tfl ldi; cdm ldy cd, di, chi, em gdi, ke nfl (con gdi riSng cfla vp, ngudi than thich); cam cac quan va thudc Igi Idy ddn ba con gdi hat xudng lam vp; cam liy vp cua anh, em, cua thay bpc da chlt.'^*
BLGL cdn cd mdt sd dieu cdm thl hien dilm khdc biel nhit dinh so vdi BLHD nhu: Cim kit hdn khi mit trgt ty thS thiSp;'^* cim su
* Giang vien Khoa phap lu|t dan sir Trucmg Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 11/2012
NGHIEN CL/U-TRAOOOI
nam, dao sT kit hdn. Dilm tiln bp cfla BLGL Id quy dinh cim Ifla doi trong hdn nhan. Phd biln trong trudng hpp ndy Id hi?n tupng trdo hdn, thyc chat Id Ifla doi vl chu thl trong vi?c kit hdn. VI dy: Sau khi kit hdn, ngudi vp phdt hien chdng khdng phdi Id ngudi md minh dd gdp gd trudc khi kit hdn. Hlnh phgt cho Irudng hpp Ifla ddi nghiSm khdc vd cd sy khdc nhau d6i vdi tflng chii thl vi pham.
NSu Id nhd gdi Ifla doi thi chii hdn bi phgt 80 Irupng nhung nlu nhd trai Ifla doi, tpi tdng IhSm mOl bdc vd bi phgt 90 Irupng, neu da thdnh hdn thi xfl cho li di.'"" Dieu ddng luu y Id hinh phgt chi dupe dp dung dS xu Ii ddi vdi ngudi "chii hdn" md khdng xfl Ii tryc tiSp ngudi ket hdn, quy dinh ndy thS hien ro hdn nhdn Id viec giiia hai gia dinh, ddng hp chu khdng phai viec cfla hai ben nam nfl.
Nhu vay, cdc quy pham phdp ludt IrSn cho phep suy dodn rdng d thdi ki ndy, xu hudng hinh su hod cdc vi phgm ve dieu kien ket hdn dupc coi trgng, the hien sy bdo ve dao due, phong luc tdp qudn trong Imh vyc hdn nhan va gia dinh cung nhu trgt ty ddng cap xa hdi dupc de cao.
Thir hai. vS hinh thflc ket hdn BLHD khdng quy dinh cy thS ve hinh thflc ket hdn. Can cfl cdc quy dinh cfla phdp lual lien quan dSn vdn de kSt hdn, cd the thdy rang nghi le ket hdn truyen thdng dupc thfla nhdn.
Thdi ki phong kiSn, Ie gido dupc coi trgng cho nen viec bdi hdn bj phgt rit ndng.
Theo quy dinh ciia BLHD, khi nhd gdi da nhdn dd sinh Ie ciia nhd trai thi coi nhu hai ngudi da "thanh hdn". Vi vay, neu dem ngudi con gdi dd gd cho ngudi khdc thi xfl
tpi dd ldm khao dinh. Cd thl thiy, BLHD da cd chl tdi rit nghiem khfic khi nhd gai bgi hdn. Tuy nhien, nlu nhd trai bpi hdn sau khi dd dua do sinh ll thi chi bi phgt 80 truong v^
mit do sinh Ie.'*' BLHD cung quy dinh mot si trudng hpp dfic bi?t, mfic dii dd nhan do sinh le nhung van cd ihe tfl hdn ma khdng bj phat. Dd Id trudng hpp con gdi hfla ga chdng md chua thdnh hdn, nlu ngudi con trai bi dc tdt bay phgm tpi hofie phd tan tai sdn thi cho phSp ngudi con gdi dupc keu quan ma tra do ll. NIU ngudi con gdi bi ac tat hay phgm t^i thi khdng phdi trd lgi do ll.'^' 6 khia canh nhit dinh quy dinh nay the hien diem tien bo ciia BLHD trong viec bao ve Ipi ich ciia ngudi ket hdn, ddc biet Id phy nfl.
1.1.2. Phdp luat hdn nhdn vd gia dinh thdi ki Phap thudc
Thdi Phdp thudc, Viet Nam bi chia c3t thanb 3 mien vdi nhiing quy chS chinh tri khdc nhau. Chi'nh vi vay, thdi ki nay cd 3 bg lugl ddn sy dupc dp dung de dieu chinh cac quan he hdn nhan vd gia dinh, trong do co quy dinh ve ket hdn. 6 Bdc ki ap dyng cac quy dinh trong Bd dan ludt nam 1931 hay cdn gpi Id Bd dan lugt Bdc ki (Bg DLBK).
Trung ki cd Hoang Viet Trung ki hg lual ndm 1936 hay cdn gpi la Bd ddn lugt Trung ki (Bd DLTK). Nam ki dp dung cac quy dinh trong Bd ddn luat gidn ylu ndm 1883 (Bo DLGY). Vl kT thuat lap phap, cd thl thdy ca 3 bg lu^t ndy deu dnh hudng cua phap lual Phap. Cac quy dinh dilu chinh quan he Hon nhdn dSu Id chS dinh cua Iuat dan sy. v l mat ndi dung, xet mdt cdch tdng quat, Bd DLBK vd Bd DLTK dSu phdn dnh phong tyc, taf qudn truyen thdng cfla Viet Nam vl hol
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 11/201!
NGHIEN CL/U • TRAO BOI
nhdn va gia dinh. Rieng Bd DLGY chiu nhiSu anh hudng cua Bp ludt ddn sy Phdp nam 1804 nen cd nhieu diem each tan theo quan niem cua cac nhd ldm Iuat phuang Tdy.
v l tudi kit hdn: Bd DLBK vd Bp DLTK deu quy dinh tu6i kSt hdn cfla nam Id 18 vd nu la 15.*^' Khdc vdi 2 bd ludt IrSn, Bg DLGY quy dinh tu6i kSt hdn cua nu it nhat Id 14, nam it nhal la 16. Dilu ndy dd phdn anh xu thS hien dgi hod cdc quy dinh vl dilu kien kit hdn lrong phap lugt theo sy dnh hudng ciia cac nudc phuang Tay. Vi cho din thdi diem dd, cac nudc phuong Tdy diu coi do tudi Id mdt dieu kien bat budc de hdn nhan cd hieu luc. Trong khi dd, trudc khi cd cdc bg luat neu tren, ludt ed chua quy dinh cu ths ve dieu kien dp ludi.
Ve sy ung thudn cua cha me: Bd DLBK, Bg DLTK va Bd DLGY dSu cd su tuang ddng, the hien sy tiSp nhan nhiing gid tri van hod, truyen thdng cfla ngudi ViSt trong lual cd. Dieu ndy dugc thS hien d diem ba bd luat deu quy dinh viec kSt hdn phdi cd sy img thugn cfla cha me, dii hai ben trai gdi da trudng thdnh.'*' Tuy nhien, nhd lam ludt cung du lieu rang lrong Irudng hpp cd
"duyen cd chinh ddng", tinh trudng cd the cho hai ben nam nfl dupc phep lam gid thfl md khdng can dSn sy ung thugn ciia cha me.
Bd DLGY cdn cd diem tiSn bg so vdi quy dinh cua phdp ludt phong kiln khi yao cho ngudi kel hdn quySn dupc phep ung thugn.
De gia thu cd gia tn can phai dupc hai bSn Idm gid thu ty do ung thudn Idy nhau lam vp
;hdng. Cha, me, than thugc khdng dugc vi
;d nao bat budc ngudi thudc quyln minh am gia thu trai vdi y cua hg. Nhiing trudng ipp khdng cd sy ung thudn nhu vg hay
chdng mfic benh diSn hay mdt ben vfing mdi khi cfl hdnh hdn le hofie trudng hpp gia tht gid dinh thi gia thfl bi coi la gid thfl "hu vd".'' - Cdc Irudng hop cim kit hdn: VS co bdn, cdc trudng hpp cdm ket hdn trong ca 3 b?
lugl ddn sy thdi Phdp thude diu cd nhflng diem luang ddng, thS hiSn viee chuySn tilp nhflng gid fli truyen thdng tfl phdp lual thdi ki phong kiSn qua cdc quy dinh nhu: Cam ket hdn trong thdi ki tang chS; cam ldy ngudi thdn thich thudc flue he. Vl cim kit hdn flong bdng he, Bd DLBK va Bd DLTK chi cdm kSt hdn gifla chi dau vdi em chdng, gifla em dau vdi anh chdng cdn cho phep ngudi ddn dng dupc ldy em vp hay chi vp. Dieu ndy the hien rd quan niem "ngi thdn, ngogi thich"
cua ngudi Viet Nam. Ngudi ddn bd liy chdng thudc ve nhd chdng nhung ngudi dan dng ldy vp thi khdng thudc vS nha vp, khi vp chit thi khdng cdn mdi lien he ndo vdi chi em nha vp.
Bd DLGY quy dinh cdi md han yong viSc cdm ket hdn ddi vdi nhiing ngudi Ihudc bdng he. Bd DLGY cam ket hdn giiia anh, chi, em ciing cha khdc me hay cung me khdc cha;
giua anh, chi, em hg dSn bgc thu sau; giua chau gai vdi chii, bac hay cgu hoac giua chdu flai vdi cd hay di. Nhu vdy, theo Bg DLGY thi gifla chi dau vd em chdng, em dau vdi anh ehdng cung khdng bi cdm kit hdn.
Cd ths ndi, so vdi cdc quy dinh cim kit hdn flong phap lugt thdi ki phong kiln, phgm vi cdm kit hdn d cd 3 bp lual dan sy thdi Phdp thudc dSu dugc thu hep hon. Cdc quy dinh cdm nham bdo ve trat ly ddng cip cua thdi ki phong kiln khdng cdn dupc ghi nhdn trong phdp luat vl kit hdn thdi Phdp thudc.
Cung cd thl danh gid rfing, vl mat kT thual lap phap, dd cung la budc tiln dang kl lam
;AP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 11/2012
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI
phong phu thSm tri thuc khoa hgc phdp Ii.
- Vl hinh thflc kit hdn: BO DLBK vd Bp DLTK van coi ypng nghi IS cudi hdi truySn thdng. Theo dd, sau khi nhgn do sinh Ie, bSn ndo bdi bd ldi hfla hdn md khdng cd Ii do chinh ddng thi phai boi thudng thi?t hgi cho ben kia. Tuy nhiSn, de vi^c ket hdn cd gid tri phdp Ii, vigc kit hdn phdi dupc khai vdi hg Iai."'"' Vi?c dung hod gifla nghi le truyin thdng vd nghi thflc phdp ludt cho thay phdp lugt ve hinh thflc kSt hdn trong hai bp ludt nay bit ddu cd sy giao thoa gifla truyin thdng va sy cdch tan tiSn bg vl hinh thflc kit hdn.
VS diem ndy, Bd DLGY cdn cd sy cdch tdn
"tdo bao" hon khi quy dinh ngodi viec tien hdnh theo nghi thflc nhu hai bd luat tren, ngudi ket hdn cd thS lua chgn nghi thflc gid thu dupc cfl hdnh trudc mat bd Iai ma khdng can thiSt phai thyc hien nghi thflc truyin thdng. Gia thii dugc xdc lap theo nghi thuc ndy van cd gid tn. DiSu nay cho phep suy doan rang vS mat hinh thuc kit hdn, phdp ludt thdi ki nay bfit ddu cd sy phan dinh giua nghi IS truyen thdng vd nghi thflc phap Iuat.
Ddy cung Id nhung van dl khd thu vi dl chung ta ed nhung dan luan nghiSn cuu vl cac nghi thflc ket hdn. Phdp lugt quy dinh viec lam gid thii phdi dugc khai bao vdi hp Igi, xuat hien bdng chflng quan flpng dl chimg minh cd sy ton tai ciia gid thfl dd chinh Id "chflng thu gid Ihii". Chimg thu gid thu la CO sd phdp li quan trpng dS bdo vg quyln vd lpi ich hop phdp cho ngudi kit hdn.
Nhu vdy, nhin lgi cdc quy dinh cua phdp ludt thdi ki Phdp thupe vl kit hdn, chflng ta nhgn thdy rdng vl mat kT thugt lap phdp, phap ludt thdi ki nay cd nhiSu dnh hudng cua phap ludt Phdp. Sy du nhdp kT thuat lap phap cua
phuang Tay dd khiln cho cac quy dinh ve kk hdn di theo xu hudng "dan sy hod". Cac quy phgm p h ^ lugt dilu chinh quan h^ Hon nhao vd gia dinh la bp phdn cfla phap Iuat dan sy.
1.2. Phdp lugt hon nhdn vd gia dinh Viii Nam tir sau Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 den nay
1.2.1. Luat hdn nhan va gia dinh ndm 1959 - Ludt hdn nhan vd gia dinh diu tien
Trudc khi ban hdnh Ludt Hon nhan va gia dinh (Lugt HN&GD) nam 1959, Chu ticb nudc dd ban hanh Sdc lgnh sd 97/SL ng^y 22/5/1950 sfla ddi mpt so quy IS va che dinb flong dan luat Sdc lenh dfi xod bd viec can ket hdn trong thdi ki tang chl: "trong thoi ki tang che van cd thS lay vp, lay chong dupc". Nhu vay, trudc khi Luat HN&(iB ndm 1959 cd hieu luc, mpi quy dinh vlk^l hdn van dupc ap dyng theo cac bp Iuat dao sy cii, trfl viec cdm ket hdn yong thcri ki tang chl. Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 duoc Qudc hdi khod 1 ki hpp thfl 11 chinh thiic thdng qua ngay 29/12/1959, cd hieu lucki tfl ngay 13/1/1960. Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 dd md ra trang mdi ddi vdi phdp liuU diiii chinh cac quan he hdn nhan va gia dinh noi chung vd van dl ket hdn ndi riSng. Lu^
HN&GD nam 1959 danh chuang rier^ d^
quy dinh ve vin de kit hdn. Cflng vdi do di6i kien ket hdn cung dupc quy dinh cu thl. Hai ben nam nfl dupc ty nguySn kit hdn, dii tu6i mdi dupc r.et hdn va khdng dupc phep k^
hdn khi thupe nhung trudng hpp luat cim.""
- VS tudi kit hdn: Con gai tfl 18 tulitio ISn, con flai tfl 20 tudi yd ISn mdi dupc phef kSt hdn.
- VS cac trudng hpp luat cim kit hot Lugt quy dinh viec cam kSt hdn gi&a nhirn,
TAP CHl LUAT HpC S6 11/2011
NGHIEN CLfU-TRAO DOI
ngudi cflng ddng mdu ve true he, gifla cha me nudi vdi con nudi; gifla anh, chi, em rupt, arlh, chi, em cflng cha khdc me hodc cimg me khac cha; cam ket hdn ddi vdi ngudi bi bat luc hodn todn ve sinh li; ngudi mdc bSnh hui, hoa lieu, loan dc ma chua chiia khdi.''^' Nhirng ngudi cd hp trong phgm vi 5 ddi thi gidi quyet theo phong tyc, tap qudn. Vi^c cam ket hdn dya trSn co sd khoa hoc vd phong tyc, tap qudn. Cac dieu kign ket hdn hudng tdi viec bao ve mdt each hai hod lpi ich cua ngudi kSt hdn, cfla gia dinh vd cua xd hdi.
BSn canh do, nhd ldm ludt cung quy dinh viec dang ki kSt hdn Id bdt budc. Mpi nghi thflc ket hdn khac dSu khdng cd gia tn phdp li.'"^'
1.2.2. Ludt hdn nhan vd gia dinh Viet Nam nam 1986
Luat HN&GD nam 1986 dupc Qudc hgi khoa VII ki hgp thfl 12 thdng qua ngdy 20/12/1986 vd dupc Hpi ddng Nha nudc :dng bd ngdy 3/1/1987 thay thl cho Luat HN&GD nam 1959. TrSn co sd kl thfla, phat riSn cac quy dinh vS kSt hdn trong Luat IN&GD nam 1959, Luat HN&GD nam 986 quy dinh cy the va toan dien cdc van dS en quan den kSt hdn. Cdc quy dinh vS diSu ien kSt hdn dugc sap xep mdt each khoa ge hon. DiSu kien ve do tudi ket hdn vd sy r nguySn van dupc quy dinh gidng nhu udt HN&GD nam 1959. Cac dilu cim kit dn dupc quy dinh tap hpp flong mpt diSu lat. Pham vi cam ket hdn dupc thu hep hon 3 vdi Luat HN&GD nfim 1959. Theo dd, vl iSu kien kit hdn lien quan den diS chit cfla gudi kit hdn, Luat HN&GD nam 1986 chi Im ket hdn ddi vdi ngudi dang mdc benh im than, khdng cd khd ndng nhdn thflc vd
idm chfl hdnh vi cua minh va ngudi mdc benh hoa lieu. Nhu vgy, ngudi bi bit luc hodn todn vl sinh ti hay mfic benh hui se khdng bi cim kit hdn. Them vdo dd, vigc cam kit hdn giua ngudi t d quan he hg hdng cung dupc thu hep hom, viec cim ket hdn chi dat ra ddi vdi ngudi cd hg trong pham vi 3 ddi.'"" Vl hinh thflc kit hdn, Ludt HN&GD nam 1986 quy dinh viec ket hdn phdi dupc CO quan cd thim quyln cdng nhdn theo nghi thflc do Nhd nudc quy dinh. Tuy nhien, Ludt chi xdc dinh nhflng trudng hpp ket hdn vi phgm dieu kien ket hdn mdi la trai phap ludt."^' Vi Ie dd, Ludt HN&GD nam 1986 ciing md ra co hdi cho nhiing trudng hpp chung sdng nhu vp chdng khdng dang ki kSt hdn nhung khdng vi phgm dieu kien kSt hdn.
Dieu ndy chung td nha lam ludt van chua the hien thdi dp cuong quyet ddi vdi van de dang ki kSt hdn. Ben canh dd, Luat HN&GD nam 1986 quy dinh cu the bien phdp xfl li ddi vdi trudng hpp ket hdn fldi phdp luat do vi phgm dieu kien ket hdn. Viec ket hdn ydi phdp Iuat se bi xfl buy. Tdi sdn ciia mdi bSn flong quan he hdn nhdn ydi phdp luat dupc gidi quySt Iheo nguySn tdc: Tai san rieng ciia ai thi van thugc quyen sd hiiu cua ngudi do; tai sdn chung dupc chia can cfl vao cdng sflc ddng gdp ciia mdi bSn; quyen Ipi chinh dang cua bSn bi Ifla ddi,. bi cudng ep kit hdn dupc bdo ve. Quyen Ipi cua con dupc giai quyet nhu flong trudng hpp cha me li hdn."^' Ludt HN&GD ndm 1986 lin diu tiSn quy dinh vl quan hS hdn nhdn va gia dinh cd yeu td nudc ngodi. TrSn co sd dd, Phdp lenh vl hdn nhan va gia dinh cd yeu td nudc ngodi ndm 1997 tiSp tuc quy dinh cu thS vl viec kit hdn cd
I^P CHi LUAT HOC SO 11/2012
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO OOI
yeu t6 nudc ngoii, t^o ca sa pMp li quan trpng de giii quyet cic van de c6 lien quan phat sinh trong th\rc tien cu$c s6ng.
1.2.3. Luat h6n nhan vi gia dinh Viet Nam nim 2000
Qua han 10 nim ip dyng, Luat HN&GD nim 1986 di bpc Ip nhOng bat cip, d6i h6i phii c6 sira d6i, bo sung cho phu hgp, dip img yeu cau dieu chinh cic quan hp hon nhin vi gia dinh n6i chung vi van de ket hon noi rieng. Vai tinh thin do, Lujt HN&GD Vipt Nam nim 2000 da duac ban hinh thay the Luit HN&GD nim 1986. Luat HN&GD nim 2000 duac Qu6c hpi khoi X, ki hpp thu 7 chinh thuc thong qua ngay 9/6/2000, Lugt c6 hieu luc thi hanh tir ngiy 01/01/2001. Tren ca sa ke thua va phit trien cic quy dinh cua Lual HN&GD nam 1986, vin dS kSt hon da dupc quy djnh day du vi hoin thien, gop phan nang cao hieu qua dieu chinh cua phip luat ve ket hon trong th^fi ki hpi nhap, giii gin va phat huy nhihig yeu to bin sic, truyen thong cua nguai Viet Nam trong quan hp hon nhan vi gia dinh.
Ve dieu kien ket hon: Quy dinh v8 dp tuoi ket hon van dupc duy tri gidng nhu cic quy dinh ve dp tuoi ket hon trong lugt HN&GD cac nim 1959, 1986. Diiu niy cho thay quy dinh vj tu6i ket hon c6 sg: 6n djnh dang ke vi the hien sir phii hpp vai thitc tiln ip dung. Cic quy djnh ve cam kit hon co su khic biet so voi Luit HN&GD nim 1986.
Pham vi quy djnh cim kit hon dupc mo rpng han. Vice cam ket hon doi vai nguoi mit nang luc hinh vi dan su; giita nhiing nguoi da timg ii cha me nuoi voi con nuoi, b6 chong vai con dau, me vo voi con ri, bfi
dupng v6i con rieng ciia va, m? ke vai con riing cua ch6ng; giiia nhiing nguai ciinggiiSi tinh"" chua dupc Lu$t HN&GD nam 1986 di cip thi din Luat HN&GD nSm 2000 di dupc quy djnh cy the.
- Ve hinh thiic: Khic voi Luat HN&GB nim 1986, Luat HN&GD nim 2000 quy dink mpi trucmg hap ket h6n diu phii ding ki tai CO quan nhi nudc c6 tham quyin.*'*' Theo do, tru&ng hpp nam nit chung s6ng nhu vp ching mi khong ding kl kit Hon s5 khong duw thira nhan li vo chong. De giii quyet h? qua cua tinh trang chung song nhu vp chong tnroc khi CO Luat HN&GD nam 2000, Nghj quyei cua Quoc hpi khoa X so 35/QHlO ve vifc thi hinh Luat HN&GD nam 2000; Nghj quyll cua Hpi dong tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao s6 02/NQ-HDTP ngay 23/12/2000 hmjm dan ip dung mpt so quy djnh ciia Luat HN&Gfi nim 2000 da huang dan cu the ve van de dang ki ket hon doi vai timg trucmg hpp.
- Ve van de ket hon co yeu to nuac ngoai:
Luat HN&GD nim 2000 da dinh mpt chuonf quy djnh ve cic van de lien quan din quanlie hon nhan va gia dinh co yeu to nuac ngoai.
vin de kit hon dupc quy dinh trong diiu loii rieng. Tiep do, Nghi dinh ciia Chinh phu so 68/2002/ND-CP ngay 10/7/2002 quy dji*
chi tiet thi hanh mpt s6 diiu cua Lual HN&GD ve quan he hon nhan vi gia dinhci yiu t6 nucc ngoai va Nghi dinh cua ChU phu s6 69/2006/ND-CP ngay 21/7/2006 s»
dii Nghj djnh s6 68/2002/ND-CP, tiip t\icci the hoa cic quy djnh nay, tao co sa phap I de giai quyet van de kit hon co yiu ti nuffl ngoai ngiy cang gia tang trong bii cinh m ciia va hpi nhap hien nay.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 11/2011
NGHIEN CLTU-TRAO OOI
- VS viSc xfl li ddi vdi cdc trfldng hpp vi pHdin diSu kien kSt hdn: Ngodi chl tai xfl buy viec kSt hdn trdi phdp lu^l, ngudi vi pham dilu kien kit hdn cdn cd IhS bi xfl phgt vi pham hanh chinh ho^c xfl li theo Luat hinhi su nlu hanh vi vi phgm ciu thdnh tOi pham. Cd the thay bien phdp xfl li vi phgm theo.quy dinh ciia phdp ludt hi$n hdnh khd phong phu, the hien ro tinh phdng ngfla, ran de ddi vdi cac trudng hpp vi pham, gdp phdn nang cao hieu qud dieu chinh ctia phdp ludt hdn nhan vd gia dinh xung quanh chS dinh kel hdn. Viec xfl li vi phgm phap ludt ve ket hdn cd tinh phan hod ro ret. Dieu ndy khac vdi phap ludt thdi ki phong kien. Bdi le, phap luat phong kien qud chii Irpng tdi viec hinh su hod cdc quan he hdn nhdn nSn bien phap xfl ll vi pham diSu kien ket hdn thudng hudng tdi hinh phat Id chu yeu.
Nhu vay, lrong lich su lap phap Viet Nam tfl Cach mgng thang Tdm ndm 1945 dSn nay, cdc quy pham phdp ludt dieu chinh quan he hdn nhan vd gia dinh ndi chung vd dieu chinh van de ket hdn ndi rieng khdng nam flong Bd ludt ddn sy md dupc quy dinh trong luat riSng. Cac quy dinh vS kSl hdn d thdi ki sau chfla dyng nhihig diem ke thfla vd phdt trien so vdi phdp ludt cua thdi ki trudc.
2. Mot so nhan xet lien quan den phap luat dieu chinh viec ket hon
Qua nhiJng nghien cim tren day vS chS dinh ket hdn cd the dua ra mpt so nhdn xel sau:
Mgl Id kSl hdn la viSc xac lap quan hS vp chdng, nen tang ca ban quan trpng dl tao dyng gia dinh. Vi le do, d bat cu xd hdi nao van de ket hdn ciing dupc coi trpng. Khi nha nudc xudt hien, cac quan he xd hdi dupc diSu
chinh bdng phdp ludt, vin dS kSt hdn dupc phap lugl dilu chinh vd trd thanh nhflng quy tdc xfl sy chung, bu^c mpi ngudi phdi tudn Ihu. Nhd do, quyen vd nghia vu ciia ngudi ket hdn dupc phdp lugl bdo v?, trdt ty gia dinh dupc gin giu, tao tien dS vflng chdc dS xdy dyng xa hdi phon vinh. Chinh vi le do, phdp lugl Viet Nam tfl thdi phong kien cho dSn nay diu chu ypng ghi nhdn viec dieu chinh vdn dS kSt hdn bing phdp lugt.
Hai Id phdp ludt dieu chinh vdn dS ket hdn cd mdi liSn he sau sdc vdi phong tuc, tap quan vd dao dflc. Cac quy dinh vS diSu kien ket hdn dupc thiet ke dya tren nen tang dao due, phong lye tgp qudn, truyen thdng cua ngudi Viet Nam. Xel vS diSm ndy, cd thS ghi nhan rang trong viec xay dyng vd thyc thi phap luat ve ket hdn, cdn phai chu trpng den viec xem xet dSn cdc ylu td dao dflc, phong tuc tap qudn va truySn thdng. Day la ndi dung quan trpng nhdm dam bao viec nang cao hieu qua dieu chinh cua phap ludt ve kSt hdn.
Ba Id cac quy dinh vS diSu kien kSt hdn trong phap lugt hdn nhdn vd gia dinh cua Viet Nam tu Cdch mang thdng Tam nam 1945 dSn nay dupc xdy dyng ySn sy ket hpp hai hoa giua ca sd khoa hpe vd phong tuc tap qudn, dgo dfle, tam li, truySn thdng tgo nSn he thdng quy dinb diSu kien kit hdn vfla ddm bdo tinh khoa hpe nhung vdn cd su gdn kSt hdi hod vdi cac ySu Id phong tuc, lap qudn, dao dflc, truySn thdng, gdp phan thflc ddy cac quan he hdn nhan vd gia dinh phdi fliln ldnh mgnh vi lpi ich cua gia dinh vd xd hdi.
Dd cung Id nhflng vin dl cdt ldi dl hudng tdi viec xay dyng nin van hoa ViSt Nam tiSn tien, dam dd bdn sac dan tpc.
TAP CHl LUAT HpC S6 11/2012 33
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO OOI
Bdn Id kit hdn Id chl dinh frung tam cfla Iuat HN&GD. Bdi IS kit hdn Id sy ki?n phdp li Idm phat sinh quan h? vp chong nSn cd sy lien h? nin tang vdi nhieu chl dinh khdc trong lugt HN&GD. Chl dinh kit hdn quy dinh cu thl vl dilu kien kit hdn, cdc trudng hpp cdm kit hdn, dudng loi xu li ddi vdi cdc yudng hpp vi pham diSu kien ket hdn. Che dinh kit hdn ghi nhan vd bao v? quyln ty do kit hdn cho cdc bSn nam nfl, bdo v? quyen con ngudi vd cac gid tri nhan vdn trong ddi song hdn nhdn vd gia dinh. Vdi y nghia do, chl dinh kit hdn cd y nghia xa hdi to Idn, gdp phdn quan trpng ddi vdi viec xdy dung gia dinh Viet Nam dan chu, hoa thudn, tien bp, hanh phflc; gido due dgo dflc, Idi sdng va dinh hudng cdch xfl sy cho thanh niSn.
Ndm la nghiSn cflu quy dinh cua phap ludt Viet Nam vl kit hdn qua cdc thdi ki cho thdy phdp ludt vS hdn nhan vd gia dinh ndi chung vd phap lugt vS kSt hdn ndi rieng ludn phdt triln theo hudng hoan thien din. Quy dinh ciia phdp lugt Viet Nam ve ket hdn qua cac thdi ki cd nhiing diem khdc biet nhdt dinh, phfl hpp vdi dieu kien chinh tri, kinh tl-xa hdi yong timg giai dogn bob sfl. Tuy nhiSn, dilu de nhgn thdy Id cdc quy phgm phap lugt vS kSt hdn d thdi ki sau ludn cd sy kl thfla vd phat trien phap ludt d thdi ki trudc, tgo ra sy liSn he mang tinh sdu chuoi, sy gan ket cua cac ySu td tdc ddng tdi phdp ludt. Trong dd, dac biet phdi kS dSn cdc yeu td dao due, van hod truyen thdng cfla ngudi Viet Nam. Chinh vi vay, cung cd the ndi dao dflc, vdn hoa truySn thdng chi phdi nhiSu tdi cdc quy pham phap Iuat diSu chinh van dl kit hdn. Ngupc Iai, cac quy pham phap Iuat
khi dupc ban hanh Igi cd tdc dung hflu hiSu yong vi^c gin gifl nhflng gid tri dgo due, yuyin thdng tam h' cua ngudi Viet Nam ve hdn nhan vd gia dinh, gdp phan xay dung nin vdn hod Vi^t Nam dam da bdn sdc dan tpc. Chinh vi lfi dd, ttong hoat dpng xdy dyng vd thyc thi phdp luat cung can phai chu trpng vi?c xem xet cac ylu td miyen thdng, dgo due tam li trong ddi sdng hon nhan va gia dinh dl ddm bdo nang cao hi?u qua dieu chinh cua phap luat, gdp phin 6n dinh cdc quan hS hdn nhan vd gia dinh./.
(1). Quan phu, huy?n. chdu la ngueri a nai khic din thl khflng duqc cu6\ phy nO thu^c dja phuong minh quan l[ ldm the thilp. Quy dinh niy nh5m trinh vi?c cic quan lam dyng quy^n thl de cuflng 6p con gSI luang din lim v? hoic vi^c gia dlnh nhi gii Igi dung hon nhin <ik chi phdi quan quy£n.
(2). Dik 309, cic dieu 316 - 320 BLHD, xem: Qudc triiu hinh lugl, Nxb. Chfnh trj quflc gia. Hi N6i, 1995.
(3) Theo phip luat thdi kl niy, ngudi din flng phai liy vg ci r6i mdi dugc liy vq IS. Vg ci c6n sflng mi lip va le lim va ci hoic di cd va ca lai cudi ngirfri khic ve lim va ca li viec ket hfln lam mat tr^ t\r the thiep.
(4). Difiu 94. Diau 95 BLGL, xem: Hodng Viit lual 14, Nxb. van hoi - thflng tin, Hi Npi. 1994.
(5). Di§u 315 BLHD, xem: Qudc triiu hinh ludt, sdd.
(6). Difiu 322 BLHD. xem: Qudc triiu hinh lugt, sdd.
(7).Xem: Dik 73 BO DLBK vi Bfl DLTK.
(8).Xem: Dilu 77 BQ DLBK.
(9).Xem' Difiu 77 Bfl DLBK.
(10). H$ l^i la mat vifin churc h$ tjch thdi kl phong kifin. Xem: Difiu 68, Difiu 69 Bp DLBK.
(11 ).Xem: Difiu 7 Luit HN&GD nim 1959.
(l2).Xem: Cic difiu 6. 9, 10 Luat HN&GD nim 1959.
(I3).Xem: Difiu 11 Luit HN&GD nim 1959.
(14).Xem: Difiu 7 Lu§t HN&GD nim 1986.
(15).Xem; Dieu 8, 9 Lu?t HN&GD nim 1986.
(16).Xem: Difiu 15 LuSi HN&GD nim 2000.
(17).Xem: Difiu 10 Luit HN&GD nim 2000.
(18).Xem: Difiu 11 Lu§t HN&GD nim 2000.
TAP CHi L U A T HOC s 6 11/2012
