su' PHAT TRIEN CUA CHE DINH HOP DONG TIEU DUNG VA TRIEN VONG DOI V6l PHAP LUAT HOP DONG
VIETNAM
Do Giang Nam
Tom tit: Bdi viit tap trung ddnh ^d ba quy dinh ca bdn nhdt ciia chi dfnh hgp ddng tieu ddng bao gdm (i) Quy dinh vi nghia^ vu thdng tin; (ii) Quy dinh vi kiim sodt diiu kiin giao dich chung; vd (iii) Quy djnh vi quyin rut khdi hgp ddng; ddng thdi cho thdy, viec Bg lugt Ddn su 2015 phdp diin hod cdc quy dinh tren cd dnh hudng nhu the ndo din tuang lai phdp lugt hgp ddng Viet Nam.Abstract: The aim of this article is to reflect upon challenges and opportunities for the future ofthe Vietnamese contract law under the influence ofthe current development of consumer contract law. For that purpose, the article first studies the underlying rationales behind the introduction of the three most important regulatory techniques regarding consumer contracts including the pre-contractual information duties, the legislative control over unfair contract terms and the withdrawal rights. This article also discusses to what extent these techniques have been integrated into the 2015 Civil Code and the implications of such integration for the future of Vietnamese contract law.
N
am 2010, Lugt Bao vfi quyfin lpi ngudi tifiu dimg (LBVQLNTD) dupc ban hanh, danh dau budc phat trifin quan ttpng ttong vific ghi nhgn va thyc flii quyfin ca ban cua ngudi tifiu diing Viet Nam'. Mflt Gong nhiing diem mdi can ban nhdt cua LBVQLNTD so voi Phap lenh Bao vp quyen lpi ngudi tifiu dung nam 1999 la thay dfii tG vific sG dung cac bifin phap hanh chinh-hinh sy sang vific ap dyng chu yeu cic bifin phap dan sy dfi bao ve nguoi tifiu diing. Thflng qua cac quy dinh moi henquan dfin hpp dong tifiu ddng, difiu chinh quan he giGa ngudi tifiu dimg va thuang nhan da ttd thanh che djnh trpng tam ciia LBVQLNTD.
Sy ra doi cua chfi dinh hpp d^ng tieu dimg rifing biet vdi quy dinh chung vl hpp dflng ttong Bfl lugt Dan sy (BLDS) dupc bifin minh chu yfiu xuat phat tG nhu cau dilu chinh sy bdt can xGng gjiia ngudi tieu diing va thuang nhan ve thflng tin va nang lyc tham gia giao dich^. Ndi each khac, BLDS
NCS. Khoa Luat - Dgi hoc qudc gia Hi N§i, ' S\t ra ddi ciia Lugt bao ve ngudi tieu diing "hi^n dgi" dupc thira nh^n rpng rai la gin lien vdi phat bilu nli tilng ciia Tflng thdng Mp John Kennedy tai Thupng vi^n My vao ngiy 15/3/1962, trong do dng nhdn manh nhu ciu ghi nhin 4 quy^ ning co bin ciia ngudi tieu dung bao gdm: (1) Quyin dupc an toan, (2) Quyen dugc thdng tin, (3) Quyin dupc lira chpn, (4) Quyen dupc ling n^e. Xem tai http://www.presidencv.ucsb.edu/. truy cip ngiy 1/1/2016.
32
^ Trong giai doan xay d\mg LBVQL>rn), IS.
Nguyen Vin Cuong, thinh vifin t l bien t^p d^f W, nhin manh ring: "Kinh nghidm th\rc tiln d Vi§t Nam vi qu6c tl cho thay, trong quan h? mua sim hojlc tieu dung hang hoa, dich vu, ngudi tieu dimg thudng gip bdn vdn dl (hay b<6n yeu thi) co bin sau: (i) Yeu die trong viec tilp cin, xu ly; hilu cic thdng tin vl hang hoa, dich vy trong quan h? mua bin, trao doi (vin dl thong tin khdng can xiing); (ii) Ylu tiie trong vi$c dim phan, thiit lip hgp ddng, giao djch W quan he vdi cic thuomg nhin tren thj trudng; (iii) Ylu the vl khi ning chi phoi gia ci, cic dilu ki^
St/PHAT TRIEN CUA CHEDfNH.
vdi tu each la dao Iuat dilu chinh moi quan he giua cac chu till doe lap va binh dang, duac danh gia la cd nhung "han che cfl hiiu" trong vific xG ly sy bat cSn xiing tren^, va do dd, Luat LBVQLNTD vdi tu each la mpt nganh luat cflng can duac thifit kfi dl bao ve quyfin lpi ngudi tifiu dung dupc coi la bfin yfiu thfi ttong quan he vdi thuang nhan**. Cach tiep can tren da dan dfin cdn cd mpt dao luat vfi bao vfi ngudi tifiu dimg dpc lap vdi BLDS.
Tuy nhifin, vdi vific ban hanh BLDS nam 2015, mpt sfl quy dinh dac thu cua LBVQLNTD da dupc tai phap difin hoa vao Bp luat. Difiu nay dgt ra van de can danh gia lai eac dac trung cua chfi dinh hpp dflng tieu dung va anh huong cua nd ddi vdi nguyen tic ca ban cua phap ludt hop dfing Viet Nam. Bai vifit se tap trung danh gia ba quy dinh ca ban nhdt cua chfi dinh hap dong tifiu dung sau:
1. Nghia vu thong tin
1.1. NguySn tdc Caveat Emptor vd nhu cdu thiit lap nghta vii thdng tin
Mflt trong nhiing nguyfin tae ca ban nhdt cua lugt hop dflng cfi diln la nguyen tic Caveat emptor - ngudi mua phai tu
kinh doanh, giao djch tren thi trudng, nhit la trong cac Ihi tnrdng chi cd mdt sfl it doanh nghigp chi phdi, chilm lmh. Ov) Ylu thi vl khi ning chju nii ro trong qua trinh tieu diing sin phim. Nguyen Vin Cucmg, Mgl so van de xdy dung Lugt Bdo vp quyen l0 ngie&i tieu ditng, https://luatminhkhue.vn/kien- thuc-luat-doanh-nghiep/mot-so-van-de-xay-dung- luat-bao-ye-quven-loi-nguoi-tieu-dung.aspx. truy cip ngiy 1/1/2016.
^Nguyen Thj Vin Anh, Nguyin Yin Cuong, Giao trinh Luat Bao v^ quyin lgi ngudi tifiu diing, Nxb.
Chinh tri qudc gia, nim 2012, tr. 35.
* Xem Nguyen Nhu Phit, Mgt so vdn de ly ludn xung quanh Lugt Bdo ve quyin lai ngu&i tieu ditng http://wvjw vca.gov.vn/NewsDetail.aspx?lD=1289&
CatelD^SQ^truy cgp ngiy 1/1/2016.
nhan thGc. Triet ly ca ban eua nguyen tac nay la cac bfin ttong quan he hap dflng la nhiing dfli tac binh ding, dam phan vdi nhau vfi hpp dflng ma hp cho la cd lpi eho ban than minh. Theo dd, cac bfin ttong quan he hpp dflng khdng cd nghia vy thflng tin vdi nhau vfi nhung van dfi lifin quan, anh hudng den vific giao kfit va nfli dung hpp dflng^. Vific tich cyc tim kiem thfing tin cua mpt ben tao lpi till dfi tdi da hoa loi ich cua ban than hp.
Tuy nhien, ttfin thyc tfi, nguyfin ly cfl diln tten khflng theo kjp va phan anh thyc tfi ddi sflng giao dieh hien dai. Vi rat nhieu ly do khae nhau, luon tfln tgi su bat can xiing ve thflng tin (information asymmetries) giua ngudi ban va khach hang, dae biet neu khach hang la ngudi tifiu dung. Mflt ttong nhiing cflng cy dfi giam thifiu nii ro dd la xac dinh trach nhiem cua thuang nhan eung cdp thfing tin cho ngudi tieu dung.
Vdi tu each la mfit cflng cy bao vfi ngudi tieu dung, nghia vy thong tin cd it nhdt hai Ipi thfi so vdi cac cflng cu khac*.
Thu nhdl, nghia vy thflng tin dam bao sy can thiep cua nha nude d muc tdi thieu nhdt vao quan he hop dfing. Thu hai, nghia vy thdng tin cho phep ngudi tieu dung dupc ty bao ve minh ban la trdng chd vao cae thiet chfi thuc thi khac nhu ca quan bao vfi ngudi tifiu dimg.
Tuy nhien, nghia vy thfing tin cung cd nhGng ban chfi nhat dinh. Rat nhifiu quan nggi da dupc dat ra vfi tinh hifiu qua cua
' Nguyen tic nay cung khong cho ph^p m$t ben dupc lira dfli phia b6n kia-Luit hgp dflng ciia bit cii quflc gia nio cung hudng tdi viec tuyen vd hiflu nhiing hgp ddng niy.
* H.W Micklitz, J Stuyck and E Tenyn, Cases.
Materials and Text on Consumer Law, Oxford, Hart Publishing (2010), 215.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUATSd 4/2016
nghia vy thflng tin''. Dac bifit, nhiing nghifin Cliu mdi nhat cua tnidng phai kinh tfi hpc hanh vi cho thay, ngudi tifiu dung don Ie thifiu kha nang tdng hpp va xu Iy mflt khfli lupng Ion thflng tin^.
1.2. Nghta vu thdng tin trong Lugt Bdo v^ quyen lgi ngudi tiiu dimg vd nghia vu thdng tin trong Bd lugt Ddn su 2015
LBVQLNTD 2010 da ap dyng nghia vu thflng tin nhu la cflng cy phap Iy dau tifin de bao ve nguoi tieu dung. Khoan 2, Dieu 8 LBVQLNTD quy dinh, ngudi tieu dung cd quyen dupc ^^cung cdp thdng tin chinh xdc, day du ve td chuc, cd nhdn kinh doanh hdng hda, dich vu; ndi dung giao dich hdng hda, dich vu; ngudn gdc, xudt xtt hdng hda; dugc cung cdp hda dan, chung tu, tdi lieu lien quan den giao dich vd thong lin cdn thiit khdc ve hdng hda, dich vu md ngudi tieu diing dd mua, su dung". Ben egnh dd, Dilu 12 LBVQLNTD nhdn manh ttach nhifim cua doanh nghifip cung cap day dG nhihig thfing tin thifit ylu khac can thifit cho qua trinh ra quyfit dinh ciia ngudi tifiu diing.
Nhu vgy, nhung quy dinh trfin dupc thiit k l d l hifiu chinh su bat can xGng v l thdng tin, bao vfi ngudi tieu dung - ben cd vi tbl ylu ban so vfii thuang nhan. Phgm vi cua nghia vy thong tin dam bao cho nguoi tieu dung cd thfi tifip can nhung thfing tin cdn thiit nhat dfi dat tdi "ttgng thai Iy tuong-gia dinh" d mGc ngang bang so vdi thuang nhan, va cd the dua ra eac quyfit dinh lifin quan din viec tham gia giao dich mfit each hpply.
Ching han, xem Howells, Geraint, The potential and limits of consumer empowerment by information. Journal of Law and Society 32 3 (2005): 349-370.
* G Loewenstein. CR Sunstein and R Golman, Disclosure: Psychology Changes Everything, Annual Review ofEconomics 6 (2014) 391,
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Dfli vdi chfi dinh hpp dflng ttong BLDS 2015, mflt ttong nhiing dilm mdi ca ban la quy dinh tgi Difiu 387 vfi thflng tin trong giao ket hpp ddng: "Trudng hgp mgt ben co thdng tin dnh hudng din vi^c chdp nhgn giao ket hop ddng cita bin kia thi phai thdng bdo cho bin kia biit". Vdi quy dinh nay cua BLDS 2015, phgm vi difiu chinh la toan bp cac quan hp dan sy - cac quan he dupc hinh thanh ttfin ca sd binh ding, ty do y chi, dpc lap v l tai san va ty chiu Gach nhifim^. Nhu vay, khflng chi Gong quan U giua thuang nhan vdi ngudi tifiu dGng, mii ca Gong quan he giua cac thuang nhan voi nhau, nghia vu thflng tin ciing dupc dat ra.
Tuy nhien, phgm vi nghia vy thong tin tai Difiu 387 BLDS 2015 dupc quy dinh tk m a hfl. Van dfi la, loai thflng tin nao se duoc cho la thflng tin anh huong dfin viec giao kit hay khflng giao kit cua phia bfin kia va lieu each quy djnh dd cd thuc sy huu ich? Trong mpt nghifin cGu kinh difin, Anthony T.
Kronman da phan biet hai logi thfing tin:
Thflng tin cd dupc tG ddu tu, tim kilm va thong tin thflng tiiudng'". Tu gdc nhin kinh tfi-Iuat, dfi thuc day tinh hi$u qua ciia giao dich, mpt ben chi ed nghia vy cung cap nhGng thdng tin thflng thuong cho phia dfii tac. Ngupe lai, nhung thflng tm hp phdi bo chi phi ddu tu mdi ed dupc thi khfing phai tifit Ip eho phia bfin kia. BLDS 2015 duong nhu ehua minh djnh duac vdn d l nay. Do do, Gong tuong lai, vific giai thich phgm vi cua nghia vu thfing tin se can cG vao nguyen t^
cua BLDS 2015. Nfiu bao vfi ben yfiu thi ia mpt nguyfin tic c a ban cua BLDS 2015, tW nghia vu thflng tin sfi cd thfi dupe giai thich
"^ Xem Dilu 1 BLDS 2015.
'° Kronman, Anthony T, Mistake, disclosure, information, and the law of contracts. The Journal of Legal Studies 7.1 (1978): 1-34.
su" PHAT TRIEN CUA CHJDJNH..
rat rpng. Nguac lai, nguyen tie ty do hop dflng van la nguyfin tac nfin tang duy nhat cua BLDS 2015 tiii pham vi cua Dilu 387 can phai giu d mGc cac thdng tin tfli thifiu.
2. Kiem scat tinh cfing bang cua dilu ki^n giao dich chung
2.1. Su phdt trien cua diiu kien giao djch chung vd nhu cdu diiu chinh nguyen tac thuang luffng
Dieu kien giao dich chung dupc hilu la nhiing dieu khoan do thuong nhan soan san dfi sG dung nhifiu lan, ngudi tifiu dung khfing cd kha nang dam phan thay dfli nfii dung ma chi cd kha nang chap thuan hoac tu choi dieu khoan (take it or leave it)".
Vific su dung ciing mpt difiu khoan mdu cua difiu kifin giao dich chung cho nhieu giao djch khac nhau ddng vai ttd quan ttpng ttong vific giam chi phi va thoi gian dam phan, qua do tang hifiu qua kinh tfi cua viec giao kit hpp dong'^. Chinh vi ly do nay, difiu khoan mau ngay nay da ttd thanh mpt phdn khflng thfi thifiu ttong ddi sdng hien dgi, dgc biet dfli vdi cac giao djch dien tG dang ngay eang phfl bifin.
Tuy nhifin, cac difiu khoan mau ciing tao ra nhiing thach thGc mdi ddi vdi ly thuylt truyln thflng vfi hpp ddng vfin dupc xay dyng dua tren y nifim: hop dflng la kit qua eiia sy thoa thugn (mac ca) giGa cac bfin'^. L'^ thuylt cfi difin ve hpp dfing nhan
" Xem F. Kessler, Contracts of Adhesion-some Thoughts about Freedom of Contract, Colum.L.Rev.
(1943), 629.
'^ Xem Gillette, Clayton P., Standard Form Contracts (April 8, 2009. NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No.09-18), http://ssm.com/
ah.:trant=1374990. truy cap ngiy 1/1/2016.
" Xem Thomas Wilhelmsson, Standard Form Conditions; in Hartkamp, A. S., Hesselink, M. W., Hondius, E. H., Mak, C , & Perron, C. E. Towards a European civil code.-4t\\ rev. and exp. Kluwer law international, (2011). 571-586.
mgnh, luat hpp dflng vl ban chat la lugt thuc day va thyc thi cac nghia vy dupc hinh thanh tu cac dam phan giGa cac bfin. Qua trinh tu do ttao dfli dam phan nay khflng nhung phan ahh quyfin ty chG tham gia ddi sflng dan sy cua ca nhan, ma qua dd xac djnh hifiu qua nhat each thGc phan bfl ngufln luc ttong xa hfli. Cac difiu khoan hpp dong, nfiu la san pham cua qua trinh thoa thuan mgc ca binh ding sfi phan anh mpt each cong bang quyen lpi cua cac bfin. Luat hpp dflng, vi vgy, nhan manh chu yfiu cac phuong phap dfi dam bao su cflng bang trong qua trinh xac lap hpp dflng (procedural fairness) thflng qua cac quy djnh vfi difiu kifin cd hifiu lyc hpp dflng, vfi hap dflng vfl hifiu do IGa dfli, de doa... Difiu dd Cling khflng cd nghTa la luat hpp dflng cfi difin khong quan tam dfin sy cong bang vfi nfii dung ciia cac difiu khoan hpp dflng.
Ngupe lgi, sy cflng bang npi dung do (substantive fairness) dupc suy doan hay dupc gia djnh la se dat dupe, nfiu cflng bang vfi hinh thGc dupc bao dam
Khi difiu khoan mau dupe sG dyng, cac bfin khflng thyc su cd co hpi thuang lupng va thoa thugn. Vific thifiu kha nang thuang lupng va thoa thugn cd the dan dfin viee mot bfin tham chi khflng nhan thGc dupe su tfln tgi hay npi dung cua dieu khoan mdu do mflt ben dan phuang dua ra. Han nua, vific cac dilu khoan mau do mpt ben "ap dat" cho ben cdn lgi cd thfi lam giam kha nang cua ben kia ttong vific dat tdi mflt thoa thuan cflng bang.
Dfi ly giai nguyfin nhan tai sao can phai kilm soat tinh cong bang cua difiu kifin giao djch chung, hpc thuyfit vl chi phi giao djch
'•* S. A. Smith, Atiyah 's Introduction to the Law of Contract, Oxford: Clarendon Press 2005,15-25.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAPLU^TSd 4/2016
nhdn mgnh d i n ban chdt cua hpp dong mau khi cd sy bdt can xiing v l chi phi giao djch (Gansaction costs) giGa ben ban hanh difiu khoan mdu va ben cdn l g i ' ^ Dilu khoan mau cd t h i dupc sG dyng cho nhifiu giao djch khae nhau, ehi phi giao djch se dupc giam thilu. Vi v^y, so voi ben cdn lai, bfin dua ra dilu khoan mdu lufln cd lpi the vfi mat thflng tin. Trong khi dd, do chi tiiam gia giao djch mpt ldn, bfin cdn lai se khfing cd dpng CO d l tta chi phi tuong Gng voi phia bfin kia nhim thu thap nhiing thdng tin edn thiit cho qua trinh thuang lupng hpp dflng.
Vi vay, lufln tfln tgi sy bdt can xiing v l thflng tin giua cac ben. Do do, vipc sG dung difiu khoan mdu kho ddn din dieu khoan cflng bing. Bfin egnh dd, vi thieu thdng tin va dpng CO dfi dam phan tGng npi dung ciia dilu khoan mau, phia ben kia (nhu la ngudi tieu diing) sfi dan hinh thanh tam ly bd mac, khflng quan tam tim hifiu nfli dung eua dieu khoan do. Hau qua la, nfiu ngudi tieu diing khfing cd thdi quen dpc dieu khoan mau, bfin cung cdp dieu khoan mau ciing khfing can thiet ke dieu khoan mau tflt hon, hap dan han, thgm chi thay vao dd la difiu khoan bat cflng eho nguoi tifiu diing. "Hnh ttgng nay keo dai se md rfing ra toan bp thj trudng, dan dfin sy that bai ciia thj trudng theo mfit hifin tupng gpi la "market of lemons" , ttong dd chat lupng dieu khoan mau ngay cang giam di theo hudng bat lpi
Xem them Schifer, Hans-Bemd, and Patrick C.
Leyens "Judicial control of standard terms and European private \s.vi" Economic Analysis of the DCFR-The Work of the Economic Impact Group within the CoPECL Network of Excellence. Munich.
Sellier European Law Publishers (2010): 97-119, 103.
'* Xem George Akerlof, The Market of Lemons:
Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism, 84 QJ Econ. 488 (1970).
36
cho ngudi tieu d u n g ' ' . Dd la ly do tgi sao cdn phai cd sy kifim soat tG phia nha nuoc d l dam bao tinh cong bang ttong nfli dung cac dilu khoan man.
Ben canh dd, trong quan he giua tiiucmg nhan va ngudi tifiu dung, lufln tfln tai sir chfinh lech vfi vj flifi thuang lupng giua cac bfin (inequality of bargaining power)'^ Kilm soat tinh cdng bang cua cac difiu khoan miu khfing nhiing nam d ban chdt ciia dilu kien giao dich chung ma cdn nhan mgnh din nhu edu bao vfi mpt nhdm ngudi xac djnh cu thi • ngudi tifiu diing la bfin yfiu thfi trong quan he hop ddng vdi doanh nghifip'^.
2.2, Kiim sodt tinh cdng bang cua dieu ki^n giao dich chung trong Lu^t Bao vf quyin lai ngudi tiiu dung 2010 va quy dinh ve dieu kien giao dich chung trong BplugtDdnsu-2015
Nhan thGc dupe vai trd ngay cang quan Gpng cua difiu kien giao djch ehung trong ddi sflng hop dflng hien dgi, lan dau ti6n trong Ijch sG phap lugt hpp dflng Viet Nam^° LBVQLNTD da dua ra khai niSm vl
Xem M. Schillig, Inequality of Bargaining Power Versus Market for Lemons: Legal Paradigm Change and the Court of Justice's Jurisprudence on Directive 93/13 on Unfair Contract Terms. 2008 Eur.Law Rev, 336-358.
" Xem Martin Ebers, Unfair Contract Terns Directive (93/13), in trong cufln H. Schuhe-NSlke &.
al., EC Consumer Law Compendium, 2008, 337.
" Xem Martijn Hesselink, Marco Loos, Unfair Terms in B2C Contracts, CSECL Working Paper no.
7,2012.
^° Thyc t l , ngay tii BLDS nim 1995 d i xuat hien quy djnh v l hpp dflng theo mSu tsii Dilu 406, tuy iihi6o.
quy dinh clii dua ra mdt quy ph?m djnh nghTa vl hpp dflng theo mSu, kdm theo dd l i nguyen tic mang tinli truyln thdng yeu cdu bfin dua ra hgp dong theo mau phii chju bit lgi khi giai thich dilu khoin dd. BLDS nam 2005 d i tiln them m§t budc bing quy ph?™
mang tinh chit m i c djnh cho ph^p vd hi|u h6a cic dilu khoin mien trir trich nhi?m dupc sil dung trong hpp d i n g mSu. Tuy nhien, vdi quy djnh cho phep c4;
St/PHAT TRIEN CUA CHE DfNH...
difiu kien giao dich chung va thiit kl ca chl tuong dfli hipn dgi dl kilm soat dilu kifin giao dich chung^'. Trilt ly cGa vdn dl duac tiiua nhan rpng rai la ly thuyfit vl bao ve quyen lpi cGa ngudi tifiu dung vdi tu each la mpt bfin ylu thfi nhim chflng lai cac dilu khoan bat cflng duac ap dyng boi phia tiiuang nhan^^. Chinh vi vay, Dilu 16 LBVQLNTD 2010 da liet kfi chin logi dilu khoan mdu bdt cong se khflng cd hifiu luc neu dupc ap dyng vdi ngudi tifiu dimg^^
ben cd thi thoi thu^n khac nhu tren, khd cd thi ndi ring, phap lu§t Vifit Nani da thyc su quan tam din van dl kilm soat tryc tilp nfli dung ciia dilu kien giao dich chung. Ben c^nh dd, tfln tai nhOug khic bi^t trong n$i him gifta khai niem hgp d^ng theo miu vi dieu ki^n giao dich chung.
^' Luu y ring, co chl kilm soit dilu ki?n giao dich chung d Vi§t Nam cung nhu cac qu6c gia tren thi gidi thudng dya Gen ba tru cot dl tri ldi ba vin dl cin ban dd li (i) Trong trudng hpp nio dilu khoan miu do mpt ben Aon phucmg soan thio cd thi trd thanh mpt phdn cua hpp ddng vi ring bu$c ben cdn lai (the incorporation issue)? (ii) Cic dieu khoin miu sS dugc giii thfch nhir thi nao khi ben cdn I^i khflng cd khi ning tic d^ng vio qui trinh so^n thio hgp dflng (the interpretation issue)? (iii) Vi quan trpng nhat la, vi?c sii dgng cac dilu khoan mSu cd nguy ca tao ra hpp dong bat Igi vi thim chi bit cflng cho bfin cdn lat. V^y lim thi nio dl dim bao tinh cdng bing trong cic tnidng hgp dd (the issue of control of unfair terms)? Ph^m vi cua bai viet chi nhan manh trpng tim cua vdn dl thii ba. Ddi vdi hai van de tren, LBVQLNTD 2010 cOng di dua ra nhftng giii phap tuong ddi thuylt phyc. Xem thflm; Dfl Giang Nam, Bmh lugn ve cdc quy dinh lien quan den hgp ddng theo mdu vd dieu ki$n giao djch chung trong dir thdo Bg ludt Ddn s(r (sua ddi). Tap chi Nghien cihi l^p phap, sd 5 (285) nim 2015, tr.31-4I.
Xem Bp Tu phip, Di cuang giai thiiu Lugt Bdo ve ngu&i tieu diing, ngiy \2/6/20\l http://moi - gov.vn/pbgdpI/Lists/DeCuongVanBan/Vie w_DetaiI.aspx?ItemId=l 13. tmy cap ngiy 1/1/2016.
" Chin lo^i dieu khoin dd bao gdm: a) Lo?i trii trich nhi?m ciia t6 chdc, ci nhin kinh doanh hing hda, dich vu ddi vdi ngudi tieu dimg theo quy djnh ciia phip luat; b) Hjn chl, loai trie quyin khilu n^i, khdi kifin ciia ngudi tieu diing; c) Cho phdp tl chtic, ca nhin kinh doanh hing hfla, dich vu dcm phuong thay
Trong khi do, ciing vdi viee sGa doi quy djnh vl hpp dfing theo mau trong BLDS nam 2005, BLDS 2015 da phap diln hoa mdt quy dinh ve difiu kifin giao djch chung.
Dieu 406 ve "Difiu kien giao djch chung ttong giao kfit hpp dong" quy dinh: "Diiu kiin giao dich chung phdi bdo dam s\e binh ddng giita cdc ben. Trudng hgp diiu kien giao dich chung cd quy dinh vi miin trdch nhiim cua ben dua ra diiu kien giao dich chung, tdng trdch nhiem hogc logi bd quyen lgi chinh ddng cua ben kia thi quy dinh ndy khdng cd hiiu luc, trie trudng hgp cd thda thudn khdc ".
So vdi quy djnh tgi Difiu 16 LBVQLNTD vl vfi hifiu hoa chin loai dilu khoan bdt cflng, BLDS 2015 mdi chi gioi ban sy kifim soat true tifip dfli vdi mflt loai difiu khoan mdu duy nhdt, theo dd, bdt cG difiu khoan mien trG imo dupc dua ra trong dieu kifin giao djch chiing se diu bj vfi hifiu, tru khi cac ben ed thda thugn khac. Tuy
ddi dilu kifin cCia hpp ddng di thda thuin trudc vdi ngudi tieu diing ho$c quy tic, quy dinh bin hing, cung ling dich vy ap dung dfli vdi ngudi tieu diing khi mua, sii dung hang hda, dich vu khflng dupc thi hien cu the trong hgp dflng; d) Cho phfip tfl chuc, ca nhan kinh doanh hing hda, dich vy dcm phuong xac dinh ngudi tieu diing khong thuc hifin mflt hoic mpt sd nghTa vy; d) Cho phep tfl chuc, ci nhin kinh doanh hing hda, djch vu quy dinh hoic thay ddi gii tai thdi difim giao hing hda, cung ung djch vu; e) Cho phfip tfl chiic, ci nhan kinh doanh hing hda, dich vu giii thfch hpp ddng trong trudng hgp difiu khoin ciia hpp ddng dupc hieu khic nhau; g) Loai trir trich nhifim ciia td chiic, ci nhan kinh doanh hang hda, dich vy trong trudng hpp tl churc, ci nhan kinh doanh hing hda, dich vy b ^ hing hda, cung ling djch vy thdng qua bfin thu ba; h) Bit bu^c ngudi tifiu diing phii tuin thii cac nghia vu ngay ci khi tfl chuc, ci nhin kinh doanh hang hda, djch vy khflng hoin thinh nghia vy ciia minh; i) Cho phfip td chiic, ca nhan kinh doanh hing hda, dich vy chuyin giao quyfin, nghia vy cho bfin thii ba mi khong dupc ngudi tifiu diing dong y.
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NHA Nl/dC VA PHAP LUATSd 4/2016
nhifin, quy djnh tgi Dilu 406 BLDS 2015 lai cd hai dilm phat tiiln dang k l so vdi ca chfi kifim soat tmh cfing bing cua difiu kifin giao djch chung ttong LBVQLNTD. Thie nhdl, vdi tu each la Bp luat gfle cua he thflng luat tu, cd phgm vi dilu chinh tdt ca cac quan he dan sy theo nghia rpng, quy djnh nay eua BLDS cd thi dupc ap dung cho tdt ca eac logi hpp dfing. Dilu dd cd nghia ngay ca giao djch giiia thuang nhan vdi nhau, neu cd su dyng cac difiu khoan mau, thi cung phai chju su kilm soat vfi tinh cflng bang dfli vdi nfli dung difiu khoan do. Thu hai, khic phyc thilu sdt cua LBVQLNTD Gong viec dua ra mpt dilu khoan chung de kifim soat ttnh cong bing cda nhiing difiu khoan mdu nim ngoai pham vi danh muc liet ke tai Dilu 16^^ BLDS 2015 ldn ddu tien cd quy dinh chung mang tinh nguyen ly "Diiu kiin giao djch chung phdi bdo ddm su binh ddng giiea cdc ben ". Mac du quy dinh tten edn co the gay nhifiu ttanh luan nhu vific sG dung khai ni?m "binh dang" thay vi "cfing bang", hay thieu ving phan quy djnh vfi hgu qua phap ly khi xay ra viec vi phgm, nhung viee thiet lap mfit yfiu cau chung dfi dinh hinh chuan mye phap ly cho cac bfin nhu vay la chi dau dang luu y.
" v l nguyfin tic, quyfit dinh ban hinh cac quy dinh rd ring dudi dang mflt danh myc chi tilt nhu cich tifip c§n ciia phip luit Vifit Nam sfi mang lai mot sfl lgi ich nhu giim chi phi tilp can cho ngudi tifiu dung hay giiip ngudi ban hinh difiu khoin miu cd thfi ty kifim soit tinh cflng bing ciia cic dilu khoin do minh dua ra. NhOng quy dinh nay rit c6 ich trong vific thiic diy mpt ca chfi ngin chin viec i p dyng cic dilu khoin khdng cflng bing m i khdng cin dgi cd su can thiep cua toi i n hay co quan hanh chinh. Tuy nhifin, vi?c thifiu ving mflt dilu khoan chung dflng nghTa vdi vific thifiu ving mpt cdng cu quan trpng d l thiit l§p mpt chuin muc vfi tinh cdng bing trong phip lu|t hop dflng Viet Nam, cung nhu dim bao tinh linh hoat ciia co che kilm soit tnrdc su thay ddi nhanh chflng ciia ddi sflng kinh tfi - x5 hfli.
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v d n d l nGa dgt ra la, nfiu dupc ghi nh^
ttong BLDS, c a chfi kifim soat tinh cong bing ciia difiu khoan ttong dieu kifin giao djch chung sfi dupc ap dung cho ca giao dich giua thuang nhan vdi nhau, vay dau la nin tang cho vific thifit lap c a chfi nay. Nguyfin tic bao vfi bfin yeu the chi ed the duoc sir dyng dfi luan giai ttong trudng hpp giao dich giGa thuang nhan voi nguoi tifiu dung, va s^
khdng thuyfit phye neu ap dyng trong giao djeh giGa cac bfin d dia vj binh ding nhir giao dich giQa cac thuang nhan. Tuy nhien, nhu da phan tich, hpc thuylt ve su chenh lech vfi vj thfi thuang luong giQa cac ben khflng phai la hpc thuyet duy nhat de ly giii hifin tupng nay. Trong trudng hpp ttfin, s\f kifim soat tuih cong bang ttong hpp dfing nham hudng tdi nhu each tifip cgn ciia hpc thuyet ehi phi giao djch. Va nhu vgy, trong tuong lai, khi difiu kifin giao djch chung ngay cang phat trifin, chfi dinh kiem soat tinh cong bang ttong dieu kipn giao djch chung can c6 trong BLDS va hoan toan cd kha nSng can phai dupe bfl sung hoan thifin thfim^^
3. Q u y i n riit lui khoi hpp d^ng 3.1. Nguyin tdc pacta sunt servanda va nhu cdu cdn thiit xdc lap quyin rut lui khoi hap dong
" C h i thi sfl 93/13/EEC v l cic Dilu khoin khon^
cdng bing l i mpt trong nhftng dao luit nli tilng nhit v l kifim soit tinh cdng bing ciia cic dilu khoin miu, nen dupc xem xet nhu la m$t kinh nghifim lip ph^P dfi thifit lap mgt ca c h l hoin hao hon trong vi^c kiSm soat hpp dflng m§u trong phip lu^t Viet Nam. Day 14 thanh qua n§ lyc ciia Uy ban chau Au nhim dieu chinh toin b$ cic hpp dflng tifiu dimg d l dim bio yfiu ciu b i o ve ngudi tieu diing d mdc tfli thieu bang viec yfiu cau tdt ca cic nude thinh vifin phii lo^i bo cic difiu khoan bdt cflng dupc sii dyng cho hpp dong.
Theo dd, ca chl dinh g i i vfi tinh khflng cflng bfing cua cac dilu khoan miu dugc quy djnh t^i Dieu 3 vi 4 cua Chi thi. Xem npi dung Chi thj s l 93/13/EEC t a i ; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?
uri-uriserv%3A132017. truy d p ngiy I/1/20I6.
SUPHAT TRIEN CUA CHE DfNH.
Nguyen tic pacta sunt servanda - hpp ddng rang bupc khi dupc xac lap - la nguyen tic nfin tang khac cua Iuat hpp dflng cfl dien. Nguyfin tac nay nhan mgnh vific hap ddng mpt khi dupc xac lap hop phap se cd gia trj rang bupc nhu "luat" giGa cac ben.
Day la nguyfin tde dgc biet quan trpng, bdi neu khong, hpp dong khong khac gi cam kit dgo dGc.
Tuy nhien, ttong hpp dflng tifiu dung, mpt cflng cu phap ly duac sG dyng phfl biin la quyfin rut lui khdi hpp ddng da cho phep nguoi tieu dung xac lgp ngoai 1$ dfli vdi nguyen tic pacta sunt servanda. Nlu nhu nghia vy thdng tin dupc thifit kfi dl dam bao hpp dong la kfit qua cGa qua trinh ra quyit dinh hop ly tu phia nguoi tifiu diing ttong hoan canh binh thudng, thi quyin nit lui khdi hpp dflng dupc thifit kfi dfi bao vfi nguoi tifiu dting ttong hai tinh hudng dac bifit^*. Thit nhdt, ttong trudng hop nguoi tieu diing bj dat vao tinh huflng bat ngd do thuang nhan tgo ra hay khi ngudi tieu dung phai giao kfit hop dflng ttong trgng thai bj sGc ep vfi tam ly. Vi du, trong trudng hpp hap ddng mua ban tan cGa. Thu hai, ttong trudng hpp ngudi tieu dimg khong cd thong tin ddy du ve san phdm. Vi du nhu trong hpp dflng gjao ket tG xa, dac bifit la hap dflng mua ban qua mang hitemet.
Trong nhiing trudng hpp dd, lugt bao vfi ngudi tieu diing bang each ttao cho ngudi tieu dGng mflt khoang thdi gian, sau khi hpp dflng dupc giao kfit, dfi quyet djnh cd mudn tifip tuc bi rang bupc bcri hpp ddng vdi thucmg nhan hay khflng. Xet duoi gdc dp nay, nguyfin tic pacta sun servanda da dupc dilu ehinh dfi dap Gng nhu cau bao ve
quyen lpi ngudi tifiu dimg ttong nhiing tinh hufing nguoi tifiu dung bj dat vao vj thfi khflng thfi ra quyfit dinh hpp ly.
3.2. Quy d{nh ve quyen rut lui khdi hop mng trong phdp lugt bdo ve quyen lgi ngu&i tieu ddng Viet Nam
Tuy quy djnh vfi quyfin rut lui khdi hpp dong da nhan dupc sy ung hd rpng rai ttong cac du thao ciia LBVQLNTD, nhung cufii cung da khdng dupc tryc tiep ghi nhan trong LBVQLNTD. Mac du vay, Nghj dinh 99/2011/ND-CP quy djnh chi tilt va hudng ddn tiii hanh mflt sfl dilu cua LBVQLNTD da budc dau gian tifip ghi nhan quyfin nay dudi nfii ham la quyfin yeu cdu dan phuong chfim diit thyc hien hpp dflng da giao ket.
Cy thfi, ttong trudng hpp hpp ddng ban hang tan cGa", Nghj djnh sfl 99/20II/ND- CP cho phep ttong thdi ban ba (03) ngay lam viec kfi tG ngay giao kfit hpp dfing, ngudi tifiu dung cd quyfin yfiu cdu don phuang cham diit thyc hipn hap dflng da giao kfit va thflng bao bang van ban cho tfl chGe, ca nhan kinh doanh. Trong truong hpp hpp dflng giao kfit tG xa^^, Nghj djnh sfl 99/2011/ND-CP yeu edu tiiuong nhan phai cung cap cho nguoi tieu dung nhihig thflng tin eu thfi lifin quan san phdm^', nfiu vi pham
" H.W Micklitz, J Stuyck and E Tenyn, Cases, Materials and Text on Consumer Law, Oxford, Hart Publishing (2010), 240.
" Nghj djnh s6 99/2011/ND-CP giai thich: Bdn hdng tgn cira li trudng hpp td chuc, ci nhan kinh doanh thyc hifin vific ban hang hda t^i noi d, noi lim vific cua ngudi tifiu diing O^oin 3, Dilu 3).
^Nghj dinh 99/201 l/ND-CP giii thich: Hgp ddng giao kit tir xa li hpp dflng dupc ky kit giQa ngudi tifiu dilng vi to chiic, ca nhin kinh doanh hing hda, dich vy thflng qua phuong tifin difin tii ho^c difin thoai. Xem khoanl Difiu 3.
^' Cic thdng tin dd bao gdm: a) Tfin cua tfl chuc, ci nhan kinh doanh, sd dien thoai lifin lac, dja chi, try sd, d|a chi ca sd chiu trich nhifim ve dl nghi giao kit hgp ddng (nfiu cd); b) Chit lirong ciia hing hda, dich vy; c) Chi phi giao hing (nlu cd); d) Phuong thiic thanh toin, phuong thuc giao hing hda, cung img dich vy; d) Thdi gian cd hifiu lyc ciia dl nghi giao
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NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSd4/2016
nghia vy ttfin, ttong thdi hgn muoi (10) ngay kfi tG ngay giao kfit hpp dfing, nguoi tifiu dung cd quyin dan phuang chdm dGt thue hifin hop dflng da giao kit va thflng bao cho tfl chGc, ca nhan kinh doanh. Tuy nhien, quy djnh nay chi dupc thifit k l nhu la quy pham cd tinh chat mac dinh, cac bfin hoan toan cd thi cd thoa thugn khac.
Nhu vgy, trai vdi hai quy djnh v l nghia vu thfing tin va kifim soat difiu kien giao djch chung, viec chi difiu chinh d tdm nghj djnh da ehiing td, nha lap phap Viet Nam rat than trpng khi quy dinh vfi quyfin nit lui khdi quan he hpp dflng. Mot mat, day la dilu dang tile tG gdc dp bao ve quyfin lpi ngudi tifiu diing^°. Mat khac, nd chung minh ring khong phai ttong mpi trudng hpp, nguyen tac bao ve bfin yfiu thfi ciong lan at dupc nguyfin tic tu do hpp dflng. Va ttong xu hudng dd, quy dinh vfi quyfin nit lui khdi quan he hop ddng thifin vfi quyen lpi ciia nguoi tifiu dung td ra qua mdi me de cd thfi dupc ghi nhan ttong BLDS 2015.
kit va miic gii dl nghj giao kfit; e) Chi phi svi dung phucmgtien thflng tin lifin lac cho vific giao kit hpp dflng neu chi phi niy chua duoc tinh vio gia ciia hing hoa, dich vy; g) Chi tiet vfi tinh ning, cong dung, cich thuc sir dung ciia hing hda, dich vu la dfli tugng hpp dflng.
'° Tuang tu nhu van d l kilm soit tinh cdng bing trong difiu ki?n giao djch chung, cic quy djnh ciia jDhip luit bio vfi iigudi tieu dimg ciia Lifin minh chau Au cd thi li ngufln tham chifiu hQu ich cho cic nha lap phip Viet Nam. Xem them Chi thj v l quyin cua ngudi tifiu dimg (Directive 201t/83/EU) dugc ban hinh nim 2011 de hifin dai hoa v i thing nhit hoi cac quy dinh vl quyin nit lui khdi hpp ddng trong Chi thj vl mua bin hing hoi tit xa nim 1997 (Directive 97/7/EC) va Chi thi vl Ban hing tan cira nim 1985 (Directive 85/577/EEC) tai http://eur- lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri^
CELEX-3201 lL0083&rid-1. truy c^p ngiy 2/2/2016.
4. Tirffng lai phat trien cua chl djnh htfp ddng tifiu dung va phap lu^t hpp dong Viet Nam
Qua phan ti'ch ba quy dinh n i n tang ciia chl djnh hpp dflng tifiu diing d ttfin cho thay, nhung quy dinh nay la ngoai le, di ngupe lai cac nguyfin t i c ca ban ciia phAp lugt hpp dfing cfl difin. Trong do, co nhQng quy dinh da dupc phap difin hoa vao BLDS 2015, dac bifit la quy djnh vfi kiem soat dieu kien giao djch chung. Tuy nhien, nhu d3 chiing minh, khflng ban viec ghi nhgn imy da cho rang BLDS 2015 xay dyng quy djnh do dya trfin nguyfin Iy bao vfi quyen lpi bfin yfiu thi. Nd chi chiing td BLDS 2015 da phan anh xu thfi ghi nhgn tdm quan Gpng ciia cac quy djnh ve hpp dong tieu dGng ttong su phat trifin eua iuat hpp dfing hien dgi.
TG gdc nhin luat so sanh, khi nghifin ciiu vi tri cua LBVQLNTD ttong tuang quan vdi BLDS d eac quflc gia chau Au ttong 20 nam ttd lgi day, giao su Ewoud Hondius da khai quat hoa hai mfl hinh ca ban^':
Md hinh thie nhdt, tifiu bilu la Phap, tfin tai song song BLDS va Bp luat Bao vfi ngudi tifiu dung. Trong dd, Bfi luat Bao ve ngudi tifiu dung dupc xay dung nhim bao ve ngudi tieu diing vdi tu each la bfin yeu thfi trong quan he hpp ddng. BLDS ngupe lai, dupc xay dung dya ttfin If thuylt cfi difin vfi ty do hpp ddng.
Md hinh thit hai, tifiu bilu la DGc va Ha Lan, cac quy dinh e a ban v l hpp dfing tifiu dung d i u dupc phap diln hoa vao BLDS.
Tuy nhifin, viec phap difin hoa nay cd sy phan hoa. Viec phap diln hoa vao BLDS nhan manh nguyen tae bao vp ben yfiu the
^' Ewoud Hondius, Consumer law and private law—
the case for integration, in: Heusel (Ed), Neues Europiisches Vertragsrecht und Verbraucherschutz, Trier: ERA, 1999,19.
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Sif PHAT TRIEN CUA CHE DINH..
Gong quan he hap dflng. Hay ndi each khac, voi sy phat trifin nguyfin tic bao vfi bfin ylu the nhu la nguyen tic quan ttpng va ngang bang vdi nguyfin tic ty do hpp dflng, BLDS hifin dai do do, phai phan anh song song hai nguyen tic ca ban nay-*^
Trong khi dd, giao su Reinhard Zimmermaim, mac du cung nhan mgnh nhu cau dieu chinh hpp dong tifiu dGng trong BLDS, nhung da dua ra mpt ly giai hoan toan trai ngupc^^. Ong cho ring, cac quy djnh vl hop dfing tifiu dung dupc dgt ttong BLDS la hoan toan hpp ly va cd thi dupe bifin minh tu quan niem rpng vfi nguyen tic ty do hpp dong. Tu do hpp dflng phai dupc hifiu tG tu do giao kfit cua ca hai phia dfli tac, do dd cac quy djnh vfi hpp dflng tieu dung thye chat la nhim tac dpng dfi hifiu chinh sy bat can xung vfi thflng tin giGa ngudi tifiu diing va doanh nhan. Quyfin ty do hop dong suy cho cung la de dam bao quyfin tu quyfit cua ca hai ben hap dflng, va do do eac quy djnh vl hpp dflng tifiu dung chi dupc chap nhgn chGng nao khi cd tac dyng hifiu chinh quyen ty quyfit cua ngudi tifiu dung, nham dat nguoi tifiu dung vao vj tri tai can bing vdi thuang nhan^'*-
Phap lugt Viet Nam hien nay dang nghifing vl mfl hinh thG nhdt, vdi sy tach biet hoan toan giGa LBVQLNTD 2010 va BLDS 2015. Du BLDS 2015 phap difin hoa nhGng quy djnh vfln dupe coi la dac tnmg ciia LBVQLNTD nhung dudng nhu cdn qua sdm 6h nhin nhgn ring, BLDS 2015 phan anh nguyfin tac bao vfi quyen Ipi bfin yfiu thfi
'^ Ewoud Hondius, The Protection ofthe Weaker Party in Harmonized European Contract Law: A Synthesis, Journal of Consumer Policy 27, 2004,246.
" Rehihard Zimmermarm, The New German Law of Obligations: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005:171-194.
" T l d d , t r . l 7 5 .
nhu la xu thi mdi cua phap luat hpp dflng hifin dgi.
Trong tuong lai, vdi sy phat trifin cua nfin san xuat cdng nghifip hang logt, sy gia tang hoat dpng thuang mai difin tG, cac tranh chap phap ly lifin quan dfin difiu kifin giao djeh ehung, hay hpp ddng giao kfit online se ngay cang ttd nen phd bien. Difiu do mpt mat dat ra nhu cau tifip tyc danh gia lai ban chat cGa nhirng quy dinh ca ban Gong chfi djnh hop dflng tifiu dGng. Mat khac, vfi mat ly luan, se tai xuat hifin nhu cau phan loai hpp dfing, dac biet la hop dfing giGa thuong nhan vdi nhau va hpp dflng giiia thuong nhan va ngudi tifiu diing^^. Nhu vgy, mdi quan he giua BLDS, LBVQLNTD va Lugt Thuang mgi se la van de can nghien cGu sau ttong su phat trifin ciia phap luat hpp ddng Viet Nam .
'* Thuc ra, v l ly thuyfit, cdn tfln tai mfli quan he hpp dong giita nhihig ngudi tifiu diing vdi nhau. Vi du, d Viet Nam hien nay ngay cang phd bien vific mua bin hang h o i qua facebook, m i d dd r^t khd chdng minh ngudi ban cd phii l i thuang nhin hay khdng.
'^ Vdi su cai cich ciia chfi dinh hgp dong theo BLDS 2015, nhilu </ kiln dfi xuit "khai tii" \jaax Thuong mai 2005. Xem H i Chinh, Ludt Thuang mgi: Nen sua ddi hay "khai tit"? http://baochinhphu.vn/ Chinh- sach-va-cuoc-song/Luat-liiuong-mai-Nen-sua-doi- hay-khai-tu/238948.vgp (truy c | p ngiy 2/2/2016).
N I U dilu dd thinh hifin thyc, trong tuong lai, BLDS 2015 sfi dupc nhin nhin nhu l i luit co bin difiu chinh loai hpp dflng giita cic ben cd dja vi bmh ding nhu hgp dflng giiia cic thuong nhan, hay hgp dfing giiJa ngudi tifiu dimg vdi nhau, LBVQLNTD sfi i p dung d l dilu chinh hpp dflng cd tinh bit cin xiing giiJa thuang nhin v i ngudi tifiu diing. Thifit kfi nay dua tren gii djnh BLDS ludn chi dya trfin mot hfi hinh ca ban l i nguyfin t i c tu do hpp ddng. Tuy nhifin, nhu d i phin tich, khdng loai tru k h i ning, nguyen t i c bao vfi bfin yfiu thfi trd thinh he hinh thii hai cua BLDS, v i nhu the chfi djnh hgp dflng tifiu dimg cd the dugc hgp nhat vao BLDS tuong lai.
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