sif LIEU LIEN QUAN DEN BIEU TU^QfNG R 6 N G (XET TRONG KHONG GIAN CAC "CUNG" VA "DIEN"
CUA HOANG THANH T H A N G LONG) T H d l LY- T R A N - L E
NGUYSN QUANG HA'*>
1. Khai ni^m " c u n g " va " d i | n "
T
heo thoi quen, ngirdi ta thudng ndi din tiJr ghdp "Cung dien" de chi noi vua d hodc thiet trieu.Ve n^iTa cua tii nay cung rat kho phan bi?t. Theo each gidi thich cila Hdn Vi4t tic diin thi "Cung" la n h i Idn cdn tCr "Cung di?n" la ch§ vua d (palais royal/''.Myc tCr "Di?n" dugfc gidi thich nhir sau:
"Di?n la cdi nha cao Idn. Hay gidi th(ch tir
"Di$n - gdc" la: Ong Jh tudng xua goi la di?n gac*^\ Nhu vay cdch gidi thich tren gi&a "cung" va "dien" cung chua dupc ro.
D$c bift each gidi thich ten gpi dng xk tirong Id "di?n gdc" thi cd le da rat xa vdi thirc te trong cdch hilu cua Ijch sur nude ta.
Nhung trfin thuc te, trir mot s6 trudng hpp cd s^r trCing l?ip "cung" va "di^n" h^ng ten nhau *^* cdn hau het giiia cdc ten ndy khdng trung nhau trong suot chieu ddi lich silr may trSm ndm ciia trieu dai Ly- Trdn.
Cho dii cd nhiing di^n xdc djnh dugc ten goi khdc nhau nhung dia diem Id cCing mpt vi tri
nhu dien Kinh Thien. Mdc dii da dupc nhieu nhd nghien curu dong thuan rdng chinh tai vi tri di?n Kinh Thien thdi L6, thdi Ly la di?n Can Nguyen, thdi Trdn Id di?n Tliien An. Thuc ra khdng phdi nhu v^y:
Trong cac bd chinh sCr, di$n Can Nguyfin dupc de cap din trong cac ndm: 1010, 1017, 1028, 1030. Tir nam 1030, ten gpi di^n Cdn Nguyen khdng dupc nhdc den niJa bdi vi ngdi di$n nay dd dupc d6i tfin thdnh difin Thifin An ngay tir ndm 1030 dien Thifin An dupc de cap din tiJr do cho dfin sudt thdi L^- Tran vdo cdc ndm:
1030*'*', 1032, 1035, 1044, 1072, 1214, 1237, 1256, 1263, 1289, 1293, 1351, 1371*^'. Nhu vay la ngay tu dau thdi Ly, tfin gpi "di?n Cdn Nguyfin" dd dupc thay bdng tfin gpi "di?n Thien An"*^'. Tnrdng hpp cd s^f trijng lap ve ten gpi giiia "cung"
va "dien" chung tdi cho la do cac nguyen nhdn sau:
***ThS. Trung tam bio ton di san Thdng Long -Ha Npi.
TvJiP CHI HAN N 6 M SO 4 (131) - 2015 NGUYiN QUANG HA Khi vilt Sir, cdc nha chep sijr iS
khdng phan biet ten gpi giSa "cung" vd
"dien", va sir nhdm ldn nay la do thdi quen.
- Cd khd ndng mdt sd cung dien d gan nhau nen cd khi ngudi ta quen gpi ten mdt
"cung" hodc mdt "dien" nao dd lam dai di?n. Cd khi nhimg cdng trinh khac nhu ao, h6...gdn dd chdng ban cung dupc mang tfin gpi triing ten cua "cung" hodc
"di?n" do*''...Tuy nhifin trudng hop triing I^p nay chl co vdi cung, dien chilm ty le khdng nhieu.
Khi thdng ke, trir mot sd trudng hpp ddc bi?t cd su triing tfin gpi giiia "cung"
va "difn" ra, chung tdi da thdng kfi dupc tfin ciia cac "cung" va "dien" ciing nhung ndm xdy dvmg, triing tu, qua do cd the biet dupc qua trinh triing tu, sira chiia kinh thanh Thdng Long. Dong thdi, qua bang thong ke(Xem phu luc 1,11) dupc sdp xip theo Ijch dai cung co thfi giup cho ngudi dpc hinh dung dupc qud trinh md rpng kinh thanh hoac nhiing su cd dien ra trong thdi Ly - Tran nhu: thien tai, lu lut, ddng dat, set ddnh, hda hoan, thdm chi ca nhirng su kien ly ky nhu rdng vang hien Ifin d dau, nhu thl nao...Ddc biet bdng nhiing hoat dpng thudng xuyfin dien ra d cdc cung hoac dien nao do cua cdc vua, quan vd hodng tdc tir do cd the giiip cho chung ta phdn doan dupc chuc nang, tinh chat cua cdc cung va dien dd la gi. Chiing toi nhan thuc rdng, cong vice kho khan nhat cua cdng tdc nghifin cuu tilp theo la
viec ap dung, gdn kit nhung neu6n sur lieu tfin gpi nay tuong img vdi di tich, di chi trfin thirc dia nhir thl nao, quy md, kich thudc ra sao, trang tri hoa vdn mang phong each gi, tac dung, cdng ndng cua tung cung, dien dd trong cac sinh ho^t trifiu dinh bifiu hien nhu t h l ndo...D6 la bay nhieu nhQng van dfi cdn quan tam va phai dupc gidi ddp trong tuong lai(cho du chi la nhiing gid thuyet khoa hpc d§t ra).
2. Cdc "dien" thdi L^- Tr^n Ngay nay, trfin manh dat Thdng Long lich sir, ngudi ta chi cd the chi ra dupc mdt each tuong doi chinh xdc vj trf dien Kinh Thien va mpt so cdng trinh kiln tnic cung, difn, lau, gdc khdc thdi Lfi(TKXV) thdng qua bdn phdc hpa cOa Hdng Due bdn do *^', di vat cdn lai thdi do la Doan Mdn vd dien Kinh thien vdi hai con rong da t^o tac ndm 1467. Doan Mdn dupc nhdc din sdm nhat tren tam bia: Long Dgi san. Sung Thi4n Dien Linh thdp bi nifin dai 1122... Doan Mdn thdi L^ khdng c6n nhung da dupc nhieu nhd nghifin ciiu x k djnh d vi tri Doan Mon hifn nay. Ngodi di tich tren, ta cung cd the xac dinh dupc khoang vj tri cua cdc di tich khdc thdng qua doan md td sau day: "Canh Tuat, Thu^n Thifin ndm thir 1(1010), thang 7, miia thu (...), Lai xay dung cdc cung difn trong kinh thanh, phia trudc dung dien Can Nguyfin Idm chd coi chau, hfin td h&u lam difn T|ip Hifin, ben biru dung difn Gidng V6, l?i m6 ciia Phi Long thdng vdi cung Ngenh Xuan, cua Dan Phupng thdng vdi cung Uy Vien,
S C L I E U LIEN QUAN DEN BIEU TU'QNG RONG...
h u d n g c h i n h nam d u n g dien Cao Mlnh, dfiu cd thfim rdng, trong thlm rdng cd hanh lang dan ra xung quanh bon phia.
Sau dien Cdn Nguyen dung hai dien Long An, Long Thuy lam noi vua nghi. Ben td xay dien Nhat Quang, ben hiiu xay dien Nguyet Minh, phia sau dung hai cung Thuy Hoa, Long Phung lam cho cho cung nir d. Dung cura Tudng Phii, phia tay gpi Id cua Qudng Phuc, phia nam gpi la
Bang thong ke cac sy kien lien quan den viec xay dung, trung tu, thien tai trijc tiep d i n cac cung va dien thdi Ly- Trdn
cira Dai Hung, phia bac gpi la cua Difu Dire"'*''... Doan md ta tren, da cho chung ta bilt tdi 8 dien dupc xay nam 1010 vdi vi tri gdn vdi nhau, ngoai ra cdn CO cdc cira, cac cung khdc. Cung theo dd, ddi theo su kien cua cac nam, chiing tdi lift ke su kien nhiing nam xay dung, triing tu vd cac su kien lien quan den "cung" va
"difn" difin ra cdc nam nhu sau:
Loai hinh Dien
Cung
The ky XI
XII XIII XIV XI XII XIII XIV
Du-ffc de cap flen vao cac nam
1010,1011,1012,1017,1020,1029,1030,1032,1035,1036,1037,1040, 1043,1044,1054,1055,1058,1065,1068,1070,1072,1074,1079,1081, 1098
1112,1118,1121,1125,1127,1130,1132,1134,1135,1136,1138,1140, 1143,1155,1156,1169,1175,11791180,1192,1198 1203,1204,1205,1211,1214,1215,1217,1237,1238,1256,1264,1281, 1284,1285,1288,1289,1293
1337,1351,1363,1371,1391
1010,1011,1012,1014,1021,1023,1028,1031,1046,1054,1058,1065, 1066,1073,1083,1088,1090
1109,1124,1128,1137,1148,1149,1155,1192,1197,1199 1206,1209,1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1225,1226,1230,1234,1236, 1248,1256,1258,1277,1290,1294
1330,1331,1332,1341,1344,1356,1371 Qua bdng thdng kfi tren cho thay, vao
giai doan dau mdi trieu dai, cong viec xay dyng, trung tu va cdc hoat ddng, su kien lien quan din cdc cung va difn difin ra
nhieu hon giai do^n cuoi trifiu dai: Dau trieu Ly (TKXI) nhieu su kifn hon TKXII;
dau trieu dai Tran (TKXIII) dupc nhdc din nhilu hon the ky XIV. Bdi moi trifiu dai
T,^P CHI HAN NOM SO 4 (131) - 2015 NGUYiN QUANG HA len ngdi, tren thuc t l ddi hdi cdn phdi sua
sang, xdy dung, mpt phan la do thuc luc kinh tfi manh hon, mpt phan Id do tu tudng mudn khdng dinh dau an vuong trieu, the hifn qua nhiing quyit sach bdng nhiing cong trinh quy mo hodnh trdng.
Theo thdng ke rieng ve loai hinh "difn"
dudi thdi Ly- Trdn cd it nhat 69 nam d l C9p trong do: the ky XI cd din 25 ldn nhdc den cdc sy kifn xdy dung, trung tu va cdc su kifn khdc, TK XII cd 22 ldn, TKXIII cd 17 lan, TK XIV chi cd 5 lan; Vfi "cungf' thdi Ly- Tran, TK XI cd 17 ldn, TK Xn cd 10 lan, TK Xlll cd 18 iJin, TK XIV chi cd 7 lan.
- Khi tirn hiai vfi cdc "cung" vd "dien"
thin Ly- Tran, chung tdi dac bift quan tdm den cdc Idn xay dung, xin kfi nhu sau:
- Ndm 1010 cd 8 difn: dien Tap Hifin, Gidng Vd, Cao Minh, Cdn Nguyfin, Long An, Long Thuy, Nhdt Quang, Nguyft Minh.
-Ndm lOIl cd I difin: dien Ham Quang - Ndm 1029 cd 6: dien Tuyen Due, Difu Phil, Vdn Minh, Giang Vd, Phyng Thien, Tmdng Xudn.
- Ndm 1030 cd 6: dien Thien Khdnh, Thien An, Tuyen Due, Dien Phuc, Vdn Minh, Qudng Vu.
- Ndm 1054 cd I: difn VTnh Thp.
• Ndm 1058 cd 4: difn Linh Quang, Ke Ll, Siing Nghi, Ho Thifin Bat Gidc.
Ndm 1072 cd 1: difn Tii Than.
Ndm 1156 cd I: difn Thuy Quang.
Ndm 1169 cd I: difn Hda Kinh.
Ndm 1211 cd 1: difn Thai Hdu.
- Ndm 1391 cd 1: difin Tliyy Chuang.
Tuy khdng dupc nhdc din vdo nam 1010 vdi sy kien xdy dung, kiln thiet nhung lai dupc nhac den trong vifc triing tu vao nam 1012 nhu: difn Thien An, Long Thyy, hodc khong de cgp den sy kifn khdi cdng nhung su kifn cdc difn dupc d l cap ve vifc khdnh thanh vdo cdc nam: dien Triing Minh (1021), Siing Duong (1025), Canh Linh (1132), Dien Sinh(l 135), Thien Thuy (1204).
Theo thong ke budc ddu ciia chiing tdi trong 3 tdc pham Viet su luge, Dgi Vi^i su ky todn thu, Dgi Vift sir Ay tiin bien co den 69 ndm trong bien nien sir c6 de c|ip den dien, 52 nam dfi cap den cung, trong do chi ti'nh den cac cung va difn cd ten khac nhau Id: 58 dien vd 36 cung. Nhung ngdy nay chiing ta khd co thfi hilu dupc nhiing cung va dien ndy cd chOrc nang nhu thfi ndo, no cd cdng ndng nhu thl ndo, hay ndi khdc dl nd cd dupc phdn cdng chitc ndng chuyen bift khdng ?. Rat cd thl nd dd dupc phdn cdng chirc ndng rieng cho timg difn, nhung ddi khi trir nhtmg trudng hpp hodn cdnh ddc biet thi nd cd thfi dupc sir dyng mpt each linh ddng, linh boat chung quanh cdc boat dpng ciia nha vua vd trifiu dinh.
3. Chfrc nang cua cac "dien"
Chung tdi tam chia ra lam hai loai ho^t dpng chfnh.
Nhirng hoat ddng mang tinh chat nghi thuc trifiu chinh nhu: dang quang, Thilt trifiu, xix kifn, bang ha.
Nhimg boat dpng mang tinh chdt
su LIEU LIEN QUAN DEN BIEUTUQNG RONG..
gidi tri, vui choi nhu: ban yfin, ngu tifc, xem dua thuyfin.
- Cdc hoat ddng len ngdi, duyft binh, bang ha thudng difin ra d cdc difin:
+ Sy kifn len ngdi: d difn Thifin An (1214), vua ngu dien Thien An duyft cdm quan o x Long Tri (1351).
+ Sy kifn vua bang d difn: Can Nguyfin, Long An (1020), Trudng Xudn (1053),VTnh Quang, Hdi Tien (1072), difn Hd Thien'''', difn Thyy Quang (1138,1175).
Theo thdng ke cac boat dpng ngu md tiec cita cac vua Ly- Trdn thudng difin ra d cdc difn: dien Thien Khanh (1043,1044), difn Thifin An (1237), Difin Hifin (1264);
Ban yfin; dien Thifin An (1237, 1271), difn bdt Gidc (1238), Difin Hdng (1264).
Vua xet xOr kifn: dien Gidng Vo (1040), dien Thien Khdnh (1065,1198)...
Sy kien vua tham du cac le hpi, gidi tri: dua thuyen: d dien Ham Quang (1036), difn Linh Quang (1079), Hpi Quapg (1079), Linh Quang '1030; vua xem ddu voi d Long Tri (1293). Ngoai ra cdn cd cdc hogt ddng khac d cac difin nhu: Vua ngu difn Thuy Tinh ban mu Phdc dau(1058), vua ngy dien Kinh Difin nghe giang hpc (1127), vua ngu difn Siing Chung xem thi Tam Giao (1179)... Ngodi ra cdn rat nhieu tfin gpi khdc ciia cdc difn thdi Ly - Trdn ma cho den nay chung tdi chua thfi xdc djnh duoc chiic nang cua chung. Khong biet rang, chuc ndng ciia nd CO lien quan gi din ten gpi khdng? Trong rdt nhilu tfin gpi cua cac difn dd, cd nhieu dien da the hien khdt vpng trudng ton, vTnh ciiu cua vuong trifiu vd su trudng thp ciia nha vua nhu: difn Van Thp, dien Trudng Xudn, difn Difin Phuc, dien Difin Thp,...
- Viec ddi ten cdc difn cung Id mdt vifc lam binh thudng cua cdc vuong trifiu trong lich siJr. Cd nhiing ngdi difn duy tri ten gpi sudt cd trieu dai, sudt may the ky, nhung cung cd ngdi dien dupc thay ddi ten gpi nhifiu lan. Difn Cdn Nguyfin dupc xay dung ndm 1010 nhung den nam 1030 duac doi tfin la difn Thien An. Nhu chung ta da bifit, dudi thdi Ly vdo cdc nam 1079, 1122, 1130, vua thudng den dien Linh Quang (cdn cd tfin gpi la dien Phong Thuy) de xem dua thuyen. Su cdn ghi: Moi khi nha vua xa gia, nghi chdn dan dang cau va tra cho nen tuc gpi la dien Tra''"'. Hay difn Song Quoc den nam 1363 dupc ddt tfin la difn Lac Thanh.
Cdc van de : Thiiy, hda, dgo, tac cung la nhiing nguy co thudng true tac dpng den kinh thdnh Thang Long thdi Ly - Tran. Trong chinh sir, khdng it ldn d l cap den nhiing sy cd nhu cung that bi ddt chay do cac nguyen nhan khac nhau nhung phan Idn la do ndi bp cac thfi lyc phong kifin khi soan doat nhau gay Ifin hodc do giac ngoai xdm gdy ra nhieu nhdt Id vdo cudi Ly, dau Tran. Sach Viet su lupc chep: niim 1214, vua cimg Thai hdu vfi Kinh, cung that bi chdy hfit, ben di ra cau Thai Hda dfi d canh den Chuc Thdnh, xdy can nhd tranh de d''^'.
Cung tu lieu ndy, nam 1215 nha vua phai dyng thdo dien d nhd Dd An, ngd ngach kinh thanh biln thanh tro bui "'". Hau nhu trong sudt ca ndm 1214, trifiu dinh nhd Ly khdng dupc yen on, dac bift cdc thdng 4,6,7,8,9 thudng xuyfin ndi len cdc tran chdng trd cua Trdn Ty Khdnh vd hdnh dpng ddt pha cung difin "^*.
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T ^ P CHI HAN NOM SO 4 (131) - 2015 NGUYiN QUANG HA Mot nguyen nhdn tan phd cdc cung
difn trong kinh thanh Thdng Long khdng thl khdng de cap den dd Id gidc ngoai xdm. Vdo cudi ddi Tran, kinh thdnh Thang Long bi gidc Mdng - Nguyfin tan phd nang ne nam 1285, 1288, va gidc Chiem Thanh dit pha nam 1371. Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu ghi: Toa D6 vdo dot phd cung difn, giet hai nhdn ddn"^'. Cupc khdng chifin chong qudn Mdng- Nguyen todn thdng, nhd vua trd v l Kinh dd, cung difn bi ddt phd khong cdn gi, nhd vua phdi ngy nhd Thj vf *'". Cuoi ddi Tran, gidc Chifim Thdnh cung thudng xuyen tan cdng Dgi Vift, Kinh thdnh Thang Long nhifiu lan bi thdt thO. Trong nhiing Idn dd, trieu dinh nha Tran phdi tam thai rut lui v l ben bd Bdc sdng Hong, vua nhd Tran tiing phdi tam thdi ddt cung difn d chiia Phgt Tich 7- 8 ndm. Sir ghi rd, ndm 1371: gidc Chiem Thdnh vao dot phd cung difn, cudp l^y con gdi, lua ngpc dem ve''*'.
4. Sijr kifn ly ky: Rong hien len d cdc d i | n :
Nhu chiing ta dd biet, trifiu Ly khi chuyen dd cd sur kifn Iy ky: Khi thuyfin ciia nha vua vira cgp bin thi xuat hifn rong hien Ifin. Nha vua cho dd Id diem Idnh, ben doi tfin Dgi La thanh Thdng Long. Hai hifiu dai Ly- Tdin, cd it nhdt 12 lan de « ^ din sy kien rong hifn Ifin trfin cdc cung difin: Ndm 1065, 1068 (difin Dieu Linh), 1068,1083 (dien Hpi Tien), 1074 (difn Tir Than, Hpi Long), 1012, 1134 (difn VTnh Quang), 1136 (dien Sung Uyfin), 1143 (difn Thien Thp), 1204 (difn Thifin Thp, Thifin Thuy), 1205 (difn Thdng
Thp). Dilu dgc bift la, hau hfit cdc sy kifn ly ky nay deu dupc sach Viet sir luge chep lai.
Dilu dd mdt ldn niia chung td rdng, tdc gia ciia sdch ndy chang nhiing chii y dfin nhimg sy kifn chinh sir ma cdn rat chii -^ din nh&ng sy kifn ly ky mang tinh chdt dan gian truyin mieng phan nao dd gdn gui vdi tu lifu cua sdch Linh Nam chich qudi.
Viet di?n u linh cimg thdi.
5. Y nghta ciia cac tfin gpi ciia
"cung" va "difin" vd tfin gpi gan voi tir
"Long" (HI) - R6ng
Ve tfin gpi cdc cung dupc dfi cap trong cdc ndm sau: Cung Nghfinh Xudn (iOlO, Thuy Hoa (1010, Khdnh thanh ndm 1021, Long Phyng (1010), Dgi Tiianh (1011,1014, Long An (1012), Long Due (1028,1053,1054,1058), TbdiTbanh (1031,1128, 1137,1256), Dam Ddm (1054,1065), Dong Tien (1054, 1066), Ngoai Xuan; 1065, Thupng Duong (1073, 1225), Van Difim: ( 1083, 1109) Thanh Thp (120IOX Lam Quang (1211), Thanh Nghi (1212,1 213,1214, Van Thp (1225,1277), Thanh Tir (1230,1236,1258,1 294,1344,1356) Quan Trifiu (1230,1232, 1344), Phupng Hoang (1236), Thudng Xudn (12360), Nhdn Tho (1258, 1290) Dong Cung Thdi Tii (Thod Trai) (1330), Thupng Ueu (1330) Triing Quang (1331), Kiln Xuong(134l).
Tir xudt phdt dilm tfin gpi dfi xdc dinh chiirc nang cua cdc cung la mpt vifc lam cdn thilt. Tuy nhifin nlu chi cdn ciir vao tfin gpi thi chung ta rat de dan den }f kiln chii quan, dp dat. Trong khi chiing ta chua tim dupc cdc tu lifu d l nghien ciiu, tim hieu thi chiing tdi vin cd thl nfiu mpt so
SC LlIU LIEN QUAN »EN BIEU TU'CfNG R 6 N G . . . t&i gpi ciia cac "cung" nhu mpt gjd thuylt d l
tifip tyc tim hilu.
Tren ddy Id nhiing phan tich cOa chung tdi trfin gidc dO sir lifu. Tir nhiing phan tich vd thong kfi (Qua bang phu luc) chiing tdi tam thdi chia thdnh 5 kifiu each ddt ten gpi:
a.Tfin gpi t h l hifn khdt vpng; b.Tfin gpi mang tinh chat chuc nang; cTen gpi chi ddc diem; d. Tfin gpi mang yeu to gidi; e. Tfin gpi mang tinh chat duy tdm vd phong thiiy.
a. Tfin goi the hifn khdt vong + Cdc cung; Van Difin (keo ddi van ndm), Thdnh Thp (mong udc nhd vua tnrdng thp).
+ Cac difn: Difin Phii (dupc phii hd keo ddi); Trudng Xudn (tnrdng tdn nhilu nam), VTnh Thp (thp mai mai); Ke Le (kl tifip diin le); VTnh Xuong (mai mai tot d?p); VTnh Sinh (sing mdi), VTnh Ninh (mai mai yen on), Thdng Thp (tiip vupt Ifin hon hit), Difin Hiin (hien tdi tilp nhau, ddi mdi).
b. Tfin gpi mang tinh chat chuc ndng:
+ Cdc cung: Ngogn Xuan (thudng n^ian mua xudn); Ngjgn Thiem (n^m trdng);
+ Cdc difn: Gidng Vo (noi day vd);
difn Tra (difn gpi/ hd Tra); difn Song Quic (diing de ddn /hpi ddm ciia cac quan hai nude- (chii ylu la Trung Hoa, Dai Viet).
c. Tfin gpi chi d^c diem:
+ Cac difn: H 6 Thien bdt giac (difin cd tdm gdc); Bdt Giac (tdm gdc);
Thdo difn (difn Igp bdng tranh).
d. Tfin gpi mang yeu to gitri tinh + Cdc cung: Cdc "cung" d l cap din loai tfin gpi mang ylu to gidi nhilu hon cdc "difn". Cung Thiiy Hoa (cd khd nang
Id ten ciia cdng chiia?), dpng Tifin cung (cung Ddng Tifin- noi sinh Thai Tii Can Dlic (ndm 1066); cung Thupng Duong (cdng chiia Thuang Ducng); cung nii Vgn Dien; cung Qudng Tir (Thdi hau d (nam 1143,1148,1149); Hgu cung (1199).
+Dien: Thai hdu (nam 1211).
e. Tfin gpi mang tinh chat duy tdm va phong thuy va ten ggi gdn vdi bieu tu^g
"Rong" the hien ti'nh vmmg quyetu - Ten gpi mang tinh chat duy tam:
+ Cdc cung: Phung Thifin (Phung theo menh trdi)
+Cac difn; Kinh Thien (Kinh mfnh trdi); Phung Thifin (Phung theo mfnh trdi); Cdm LTng (Tat cdm hiiu iing/ Thien nhan cdm img); Thifin Thuy (Diem tot ciia trdi ban cho)
Cac cung va dien gan vdi tur
"Long" nhu:
DIEN: Long An dien ( i t i ^ S ) : 1010, 1020; Long Thp dien ( f | # ^ ) ; 1012; Long Thyy dien (iil,^ia): 1012; Long Do gdc ( ^ @ ^ ) : 1029; trudc sdn difn Kinh Thien Id sdn Long Tri ( ^ # ) , Phia dong them dong difin Hdi U n g (-t-^^):1030. 1074; cung Long Phupng {MMS) cho cung nii d, difn Long Khanh (ili^JK); 1155;
CUNG: Long Phupng: 1010; cung Long Dire: 1028, 1054, 1058; cung Long Khanh: 1155;
- Ten gpi mang yeu to phong thuy difn Can Nguyen (Cdn- Nguyen: Khdi dau ciia trdi dat- Cdn : Trdi); Nhgt Quang (Anh sdng ciia mdt trdi); Nguyft Minh
25
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 4 (131) - 2015 NGUYiN QUANG HA (Anh sang cua vang trang; "Nhat" dai difn
cho "duong", "Nguyft" 6a\ dien cho "am", dm duong ddl ddi; ngodi ra cdn cd cdc ten gpi khac nhu: Phucmg Minh, Phupng Hodng...
Kinh dd Thang Long thdi Ly- Tran thyc sy Id kinh do be thl, hodnh trdng. Trong sudt 10(X) nam qua, trdi bifit bao thang trdm, chien tranh, hda hoan, thien nhien tdn pha nen ngay nay chiing ta khdng cdn luu giii dupc nhiing cdng trinh do, nhung qua cdc nguon sir lieu cho chiing ta bilt trong sudt hai trifiu dai Ly - Tran gdn 400 nam, trifiu dinh lien tuc liln hdnh xdy dyng, triing tu hang trdm cdng trinh kien tnic trong dd chi tinh rieng cdc cung vd difn da gan 100 nai. Qua bdng thong kfi vd phdn tich d tren, chiing ta cd the chia Idm 3 thdi ky Idn tdc dfng dfin difn mao, cdnh quan ciia Kinh thdnh Thdng Long tiidi Ly - Tran:
- Giai doan thii nhdt: Ddy Id giai dogn chuyfin do tir Hoa Lu vfi Thdng Long- Buoi ddu nha Ly da cho xdy dung nhifiu cung, dien trfin ddt Thang Long. Cdng vifc xdy dyng triing tu tiep tuc dien ra rdi rdc suot thl k^ XI, XII
- Ddu thfi ky XIII(cu6i Ly- dau Trdn), Trdn Ty Khdnh lam loan, nhieu cung, difn bj dot phd, kinh thanh Thdng Long hoang tan, sau dd nha Trdn tilp ndi nhd Ly, kinh dd Thang Long tilp tuc dupc xdy dyng, triing tu.
- Niia cuoi thdi Trdn (cuoi thl ky XIII, XIV), khodng tir nam: 1285, 1287, 1288 gidc Mdng- Nguyfin vdo cudp pha Thdng Long, kinh thdnh mpt lan niia bi tdn pha ndng nfi, cdc cung difn bj gidc dot. Cac ndm 1385, 1396, 1397, giac
Chiem Thanh tien hdnh xdm lupc va dit phd Thang Long ldn nu-a. Tiep sau dd Id su kifn Ho Quy Ly quyet dinh chuyin do vfi Thanh Hda khodng 4 nam thi hodn thdnh (1397- 1400) va tiln hanh soan ngoi nha Tran, lap Ifin nha H6(1400- 1407).
Nha Hd chuyen dd vfi Tay Dd(VTnh Lgc- Thanh Hoa), kinh thdnh Thang Long trd thanh tieu dilu, dd ndt. Trong suot 20 ndm thupc Minh la 20 nam dau thuang cua dk nude, cua kinh thdnh Thdng Long, cdc di san con xdt lai cho dfin thdi diem do hku nhu da vTnh viln ra di. Bang chimg la nhiing ten gpi cua nhifiu cung, difn thai Ly- Trdn trong cdc bp sii nhd Le khong cdn nhdc dfin niia.
Qua nguon su lifu ten gpi, dja danh, bai viet da phan logi sa luac dupc cac tfin gpi dfi tir do cd ca sd phdn dinh chii'c nang, tac dung ciia cdc cung difn trong Hoang thanh Thdng Long. Tir tfin gpi cdc "cung" va
"difn", chiing tdi da thdng ke ten gpi lien quan din tir "Long" (H) - (Rdng) the hien dupc tinh vuong quyin ciia trung tdm quyen lyc chinh trj Hoang Thanh Thang Long./.
N.Q.H Chii thich;
(*) Bai vilt dupc hodn thanh trong khuon kho cua quy khoa hpc vd Cong nghe Nafoted (Bf Khoa hpc va Cong nghf - Nhan day, chung toi xin tran trpng cdm on).
(l)Dao Duy Anh: Hdn Vi^t tu diin, Nxb.
KHXH, H.1996, quyin Thupng, tr.274. Doi chifiu bang thing ke tfin gpi ciia cdc cung vi difn sg thay dupc su triing nhau ciia mfl so ten gpi nay.
su' LIEU LIEN QUAN BEN BIEU TU^JNG RONG..
(2) Dao Duy Anh/ Hdn Viet tu diin, Nxb.KHXH, H. 1996, quyin Thupng tr. i 32.
(3) Chdng han nhu ten ciia cac dien kem theo nam dupc dl c^p din trong cac bg sii nhu: Dien Ung An (1010), Cam Linh (1132X Van Thp (1143), Phuang Minh(] 179), Thanh Thp (1204), Chuc Thanh (1214) vdi tfin cua cac "Cung" trung ten ^ i dupc dl cgp din trong cac ndm: Long An (1012), Cdm Linh (1088,1128,1248), Van Tho (1225, 1277), Phupng Hoang (1236) (Chung ta lien tudng den co ten gpi gan vdi ten gpi ciia difn Phupng Minh).
(4) Dgi Viet sit ky toan thu, Bdn ky, Q II, 19b,20a,bdtr254.
(5) Chung toi sfi khdo cim rifing vl difn Kinh Thifin nay trong mpt djp khac.
(6) Dgi Vi^t su ky loan thu: Thang sdu nam YSf Ty, Thien Thanh nam thir 3(1030), rong hifn d difn Can Nguyen, vua noi san phdn nfin dien rli "Trdm pha difn dy, san phang nen roi md rong vin hien a chl d6. C6 le d6 Id ddt tot, da ldn hung thinh, ch6 chinh giua trdi dat chdng?. Ben sai hiiu ty md rfng quy mo, nhdm Igi phuong huong ma lam lai, dli ten la difn Thien An"(Bdn Ky, Qll, 19b, 20a, Bd tr 254).
(7) d day, chung tdi chi dl cap din nhirng vdn bdn Hdn Nom glc, loai trir trudng hpp khi bien djch, theo thoi quen ngucfi djch thucmg khong phan bift giua "cung"va "difn"
tham chi thuong gpi chung la "cung difn".
(8) Xem Hdng Diic bdn dd. Ban €)6ng Duong Van khi TooKyo ky hifu 100891, td 5a,b.
(9) Thdc bdn vdn bia luu tai Vifn Nghien cim Hdn Nom, No: 32724,32725; Cong bl trong Van khac Hdn Ndm Vi^t Nam. t§p 1, Tir
Bdc thupc din thdi Ly (Ecole Francaise Extrem Orient - Vifn nghien cuu Han Nom, Paris- Ha Npi, 1998; cung co the tham khao Tha van Ly- Trdn, Nxb. KHXH, H .1977.
(10) Dgi Viet sd ky toan thu. Ban ky, quyin II, td 3b, Ban dich, tap 1, tr 241; ciing xem Dai Viet sir ky tiin bien.Bkn ky, 3b, Bd, Nxb. KHXH. H. 1997,trl94.
(11) Viet su luoc ^y. nam 1127, mai tang vua Nhan Tong d dien Hd Thien (sdd, tr 139). Sach f)a/
Viet sir i^ todn Ihu lai vifit: "Quan quan tdi d dien H6 Thifin (BK, Qin, 26a, BD, TI, tr 295). Sach Dgi Vi^t su ky tiin bien, BK, QHl, 32b, Bd tr 260 261 lai ghi: vua bdng ddien VTnh Quang
(12) Dai Viet sic ky todn thu, BK, Q5, l l a , TII, 17;TB, BK, 0 5 , 17a,331
(13) K^5I?/MOC, ddtrl91 (14) Vielsiclugc ddtrl93
(15) Xem Viet sir luac, dd tr 190, 191. Tu lieu nay con ghi kha cy thl: Gidp Tudt Kifin Gia thir4(1214), mua ha, thang 4 (...), ndy h6m d6, T\r Khanh phat binh cirdp lay vang bac hoa vat ciia kho vua, roi don Nguyen Vuong xulng hanh cung Ly Nhan (Hd Nam) sa Lgi Linh dot cac cung thSt 6 kinh do dfin 19 noi" (dd, tr 190). Tuy nhien su kifn cung VTnh Tho bi chay (nam 1217) {Vi$t sic luge, dd, 195) l^i khong cho bilt nguyen nh^?.
(16) Dgi Vi$t sic ky torn thu, Ban ky, Quyen V,66a,b,Bd,tr369
(17) E>gi Viet sic ky tien bien. Ban ky, QuyenV,tcr77a,Bd,tr377
(18). Dgi Viet sic ky loan thu. Ban ky, Quyfin VII,td39a,Bdtrl54
9
IF"
II 12
Phv Ivc
I. CAC "BigN" min LY - TRAN CAN V6I TEN GOI "LONG- ^i - R6NG THE mtN QuvfeN LVC
Long An Long Tho Nh^t Quang Nguyft Minh Thif n An LongThyy
1020
Ten epi Ch& H6n Trong vSn ciinh(Sir ligu, vSn lieu)
i l l * » ilt.»!a
*.*«
itittK
C^n Nguyen Thien An 1029 Trucmg Xuan
Long Do 1030 Can Nguyen
Rong vang hifn a dign Long Khanh ( ^ ^ g £ )
ajtse
^itm.
* * »
•fe*fS 4iBBSq
!£«,»
Xay dign Long An (l!l,*«), LongTho (ill.*K )
Thiiy, Nhat Quang ( a >tjtt), Nguyft Minh (fl ifl jil) deu co them rong, trong thfm dfu co hanh lang dan ra xung quanh bon phia- Thuyen
Sua chiJa dien Thifn An (:^ jc5£).
Long Thuy ( ^ t a a )
h'B,BK,QIV,13b,288 TT,BK,Qll,3b,Bd,TI,241 TB, BK, Qll, 3b, Bd, tr 194
Ngay Mau Tuat, thing 3 vua bang cf difn Can Nguyen Long An VSL...;TT, BK, Qll, 1 Ob,
(ltA«!t**»)
Phia duoi lam difn Truong Xuan (-^4-^), phia tren dung gac LoogBo(-H.BM)
I ]
Nguon tir lifu
©•
3
TT, BK, Qll,, 5a, Bd, Tl, 243
Bd.TI, tr 248 TT, BK, QII,26a, tr213
Sai huu ty met rpng quy mo, nham lai Phuong hucmg mi lam lai, do' \ tfn difn Can Nguyfn ( 4 AK) lam difn Thifn An (\i:U\ bfn ta dung lifn Tuyfn Diic ( S f t K ) , ben hOu d\mg difn Difm Phiic, ( i i S K ) them tnmc goi la Long Tri ( j l # ) , Phia dong them
TT, BK,Q1L 19b,20a,Bd,tr
n.
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 C A C Nam 1010
1010
1012 1020 1020 1029 1030 1074
1155
'DIEN" THCri LY - TRAN GAN V 6 l TEN GQI "LONG" * - RONG THE HI$N QUYEN LlTC Ten goi
Long An Long Thp Nh^t Quang Nguyft Minh Thifn An Long Thuy Can Nguyen Thifn An Tnrdng XuSn Long Do Can Nguyen Hoi Long
Long Khanh
CM Han
iii*«t MtSi B * « t
nmn
^ * « i
nmm.
itAm.
tiitm
ft*ja
Effina st^m tiin
n.itK
Trong vSn canh(Sir lieu, van lifu) Xay difn Long A n ( - t * J a ) , LongThp (iil,#sa)
Thuy, Nhjt Quang (H A K ) , Nguyft Minh (fl iflJS) dfu co them rong, trong thfm deu co hanh lang dan ta xung quanh bon phia.
Thuyfn
Siia chfta difn Thifn An (:S.4r JS), Long Tliuy ( i f t t t l i )
Nguon tir lieu TT, BK,QI1, 3b, Bd,TL24l TB, BK, Qll, 3b, Bd,trl94
FT, BK, Qll,, 5a, Bd, Tl, 243 Ngay Mau Tuat, thang 3 vua bang cr difn Can Nguyfn Long An
( l t ; t K i i * i a ) VSL...;TT,BK,QlI,10b,Bd, Phiadudi \kmdien Trudng Xudn {^Jl[.^), phia trfn
dimggicLongBSCillaiig) Sai hftu ty mcr rpng quy mo, nhSm l^i
TT,BK,Qll,26a,tr213 TT, BK, Qll, 19b, 20a, Bd, tr Phuong huong ma lam lai, d6i ten difn Can Nguyfn (ft A » ) lim 254
lifn Thifn An (X.$fa), bfn ta dimg difn Tuyen Dire (S<S<tt),242 bfn hftu d^mg difn Difm Phiic, (i^TfelS) thfm tnrcrc gpi li Long Tri i&W), Phia dong thfm Hdi Long f.t^K.)
Lam cung Lf Thifn cr dien Long Khanh ( - ^ ^ U ) Rong ving hifn a difn Long Khanh (1|I,4*S)
TT,BK,Q1V, 12a, Bd,TI,tr TB,BK,QIV,13b,288
ra. CAC CUNG THdl LY- TRAN C 6 T^N GQI GAN Vdl TlT "LONG"( « ) TT
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
»
N i m 1010
1023 1028 1054 1054 1054 1058
Tfn gpi Long Phirgmg Thiiy Hoa Long Dlic Long Due DSmDim Dim Dam Long Dure 1155 [Long Khanh
Chu H i n ttJUt
Il6.«f
^Itt a i ¥ t mv>t iimt i l i « K
Sv ldpn(Siir lifu, viln ll$u) Xay cung Long Phyng (Phupng) (i|6J9,t) cho cung nft o Vua sinh fr cung Long Diic ngiy 25 thing 2 nSm Quy Hpi, Thujn Thifn thft 14 (1023)
Ngay Mfu TuaL.. be toi diu den cung Long Dftc ( j f t f t t ) xii Thii tir ving di chieu Lf n ngoi
Vua sinh acung Long Dftc (iHft^X--
Vuakheo lfc... nhpc siic din lim cung Dam Dim (it'^t) Cung Dpng Tien m-Hit o phia Dong Dai Npi
Rong vang tft cung Long Dftc (^IMt) hifn ra...
Lim cung Lf Thifn d dien Long Khanh ( * * K )
NguSn t u li$u TT, BK,QII, 3b, Bd,Tl, tr.241 TT.BK.QIll, la,Bd,TI,tr.27l TT, BK, Qll, lOb, bd, TI, tr.248 TT, BK, QUI, la, Bd, TI, tr.271 TT,BK,QI1, la,BD,TI,tr.271
VSL, tr.91
TT,BK,QIV, 12a,Bd,TI,tr
