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BAN VE "HANH TRINH XUC DONG CUA NGlTifi Vtf SINH CON TlT TINH TRUNG CUA NGIfOll CHONG DA M A F DlTflll GOC DO PHAP LY
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rong xa hpi hipn nay, vipc sinh con theo phuong phdp khoa hpc Id mdt trong rihihig bi$n phdp dupe dp dung cd hidu qud nham bdo dam quydn ldm cha me ddi vdi nhidu cap vp chdng vd sinh vd nhiing ngudi m? dom thdn. Tren thye te phuang phdp ndy eung dupc thuc hien trong nhieu tmdng hpp khdc nhau. Thdi gian qua^ "vide ngudi vp liy tinh trung ciia ngudi chdng da mdt de tien hdnh thuc hidn ky^ thuat hd trp sinh sdn"' da dat ra nhiiu vdn dd tranh luan nhu:Hdnh dpng nay lieu cd phu hop vdi quy djnh cua phdp ludt hien hanh ve hien, lay, ghep md, bd phdn eo the ngudi? nhimg diia tre dupc sinh ra lieu ed the xdc dinh ngudi chdng da mit cua ngudi me Id eha hpp phap cua minh vd nbiing van de phdp ly khdc lien quan den nhiing diia tre dupc sinh bang phuang phdp d^c bipt nay.
1. Vi|c liy tinh trixng cua ngudi da chet tilr sy dieu chinh cua phdp ludt
Vi$c hidn, liy, ghdp md, bp phan eo the ngudi da dupe quy dinh khd chat che trong cde vdn bdn quy pham phdp luat md dien hinh Id Bp lu^t Ddn su 2005'' vd dupc cy thd boa tai Luat Hien, lay, ghep md, bp phdn eo the ngudi vd hien, lay xdc nam 2006. Ddy Id van ban ludt ddu tien dieu chinh ehuyen biet mpt ITnh vuc rat mdi me vd phiic tap vd ehua thuc su phd bien d Vipt Nam. Trong trudng hop vide Idy tinh trung cua ngudi chdng qud cd sinh con theo phuong phdp khoa hpc thyc tien van cdn ton t^i nhieu luong du ludn trdi ehidu. Trong dd, ndi b^t Id hai hudng quan didm:
TS. Hodng Thi Hdi Yen' Ths. Nguyen Thi Le Huyen^
Quan diem thii nhdt cho rdng: Viec lay tinh tning cua ngudi chdng sau khi tu nan Id khdng phu hap vdi quy dinh eua phap ludt hien hdnh do vi pham vd quyen nhdn thdn eua ca nhdn.
Quan diem thu hai ung hd vide lay tinh trung dd thy tinh cho ngudi vp. Hdnh vi ndy hodn todn phu hpp vdi quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam hien hanh, day la mpt nghTa cu cao dep thd hien su chung thuy trong tiiih yeu hdn nhdn - mdt gid tri nhan van dupe de eao trong xa hdi tu xua den nay.
Ludt Hien, liy, ghep md, bd phdn eo the ngudi vd hien, Idy xdc nam 2006 ra ddi da tao khung hdnh lang phdp ly rdt quan trpng trong mdt ITnh vue khd nhay cdm vd cdn mdi me d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, khi xem xet van de ndi tren dudi gdc dp phdp ly, tdc gid cho rang, viec lay tinh trung cua ngudi chdng de luu tru va tien hdnh thuc hien ky thuat hd trp sinh sdn cho ngudi vp Id hodn toan phu hpp vdi quy dinh hien hanh eua phdp ludt Viet Narn^ bdi cdc ly do sau:^
1.1. Nguyen tdc lay bg phan cff the theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt hien hdnh
Viec lay tinh tning ciia ngudi chdng da chet de cay vdo ca thd ngudi vp hodn todn phu hop vdi nguyen tdc chung trong viec lay bo phdn CO the ngudi theo quy dinh cua Ludt Hien, Idy, ghep md, bd phan co the ngudi vd hien, Idy xde nam 2006 vd cde van ban phdp ly cd lien quan khdc. Tai khodn 1 Dieu 4 Luat hien, lay, ghep md, bd phan co the ngudi vd hien, lay xde nam 2006 quy dinh viec lay md, bd phan co the ngudi phdi dam bao nguyen tae "ty nguyen ddi vdi ngudi hien, ngudi dupe ghep". Nhu vay.
' Giang vien b? mon Lu^t Dan si^ Khoa Luat - Dai hoc Hue ' Giang vien b^ mon Lu^t Dan si^ Khoa Luat - Dai hpc Hue
^Xem them Xuan NgQC - Ha Trang, (2006), Chuydn tinh co tich cua nguoi va sinh doi v&i chong dd khudt http://dantri.com.vn/xa-hQi/ghuyen-tinh-co-tich-cua-npuoi-vo-5inh-dQi-voi-chonR-da-khuat-821865.hlm truy cap ngiy 31/12/2013.
' Xem c4c Dieu 33; Dieu 34; Di6u 35 Bp lu|t Dan sy nam 2005.
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^BBSMESSS^
trong tradng hpp ndi trdn, vide ngudi chdng mat do tai nan giao thdng ro rdng khdng xde dinh dupc y chi eua ngudi hidn hay ridi cdeh khac la khdng xde dinh duac ngudi hien cd ty nguyen hay khdng theo nguyen tde trdn. Tuy nhien, dieu nay khdng ed nghTa vide lay tinh trung tu ngudi chdng qua cd de lim tru trong ngdn hdng tinh triing Id vi pham phdp luat vd hien va Idy bd phan ca the. Bdi quy trinh nay van ddm bdo cdc quy dinh khdc theo phdp luat hien hanh cd Hen quan den (phan tich tai muc 1.3). Trong khi do, bdn than ngudi vp (ngudi duoc ghep) yeu cdu viec lay tinh tning cua chdng dd luu trii nham myc dich tien hdnh thy tinh nhan tao cho minh sau nay, nghTa la ngudi nhdn eiing hodn todn tu nguydn.
1.2. Dieu kien ve chu the.
Dieu 6 Ludt Hidn, Idy, ghep md, bd phdn co the ngudi yd hien, lay xdc nam 2006 quy dinh vd chu the cd quydn hidn, nhan tinh trung, noan, phdi trong thu tinh nhdn tao khi dam bdo dieu kien sau:
"I.Nam tic du hai muai tudi trd len, nic tic dd muai tdm tudi trd len, co ndng luc hdnh vi ddn su day du co quyen hien, nhdn tinh triing, noan, phdi trong thu tinh nhdn tgo theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt. "^
Rd rang ddi ehieu theo quy dinh cua phdp luat ve chu the, ngudi hien vd ngudi nhdn diu ddp ling day du edc dieu kien ve nang luc phap ly theo quy dinh trdn cua phap ludt: dam bdo vd dp tudi, khdng bi mae benh ve thi chdt hoac tinh than dan den khdng the nhan thue vd diiu khiln hanh vi cua minh**. Nhu vay, ddi vdi tmdng hpp ngudi vp lay tinh tning cua ngudi chdng qud ed cua rninh dd sinh con theo phuang phdp khoa hpe deu ddm bdo cdc quy dinh cua phdp ludt vl ndng luc ehu the theo quy dinh eua phdp luat dan su ndi chung va Ludt Hiln ndi rien§.
1.3. Ve dieu kien lay bgphgn ca the ngudi Tai khodn 2 Didu 3 Ludt HieUj liy, ghep md, bd phan eo the ngudi vd biin, lay xdc ndm
2006 ^uy dinh: "Bd phan ca thd ngudi la mpt phdn cua eo thd dupe hmh thanh tir nhieu lo^
md khdc nhau dd thuc hien cdc chiic ndng sinh ly nhat dinh"'. Theo dinh nghTa nay thi tinh triing dupc hieu la mdt trong nhiing bp phan ca the ngudi. Mat khdc, khodn 2 Dieu 21 LuSt Hien, lay, ghep md, bp phdn co the ngudi va hidn, lay xdc nam 2006 ve dieu kien Idy mo, bp phan ca the d ngudi sau khi chet dd quy dinh nhu sau:
"2. Viec lay mo, bp phan ca the d nguoi sau khi chet duac thicc hien trong cdc truong hpp sau ddy:
a) Co the dang ky hien mo, bpphgn eathe ngudi sau khi chet;
b) Co the ddng ky hien mo, bpphgn eathe ngudi sau khi chet vd dd dupfc cong bo Id chet ndo theo quy dinh tgi khodn 5 Dieu 27 cua Ludt ndy;
c) Trudng hap khong co the hien mo, bo phdn ca the ngudi sau khi chet thi viec lay phdi duac su dong y bdng vdn bdn cua cha, me hodc ngudi gidm hp cua ngudi do ho^c vp', chong hope dai dien cdc con dd thdnh nien cua ngudi do. "^
Nhu vay, vide liy tinh tning cua nguoi ehdng sau tu nan mac du khdng cd van ban th^
hidn y chi cua ngudi chdng ve viec cho phep lay tinh triing cua minh nhung theo diem c khoan 2 Dieu 21 Ludt Hidn, liy, ghep md, bo phdn CO thd ngudi vd hien, liy xde nam 2006 thi viee Idy tinh hung ndy la hodn todn phii hap vdi quy dinh eua phdp luat ndu c6 "su dSngy bdng vdn bdn cua eha, me hodc ngudi gidm hg cua ngudi do hoac va, chong hodc dgi dien cdc con da thdnh nien cua nguoi do. " Bh dap dng yeu cau ndy vl mat phdp ly, viee liy tinh triing tir mpt ngudi da chet do tai nan (hie dude do ngudi chdng khdng thd hipn y ehi vl vipc liy tinh hning eua minh dl ciy vdo co thd ngudi V9 thuc hien ky thuat hd tro sinh sdn) cin cd van ban ddng y viec liy bd phdn ca thi ndy cua
' Dieu 6 Lu9t Hien, lay, ghep mo, bp phan ca the nguoi va hifin. \ky xae nam 2006
* Dieu 22 Bp lu|t Dan sy nam 2005.
' Dieu 3 Luat Hien, liy, ghep mo, bp phan ca thi nguoi va hiln, \ky xae nam 2006.
»Dieu 21 Lull Hien, liy, ghep mo, bp phan ca W\h ngucn va hifin, ISy xic nam 2006.
^
So4thang 7/2014-Nam thtf Chin
nhun^ ngudi cd quyen va nghTa vu lidn quan bao gdm mpt trong cdc ehii thi sau: bd, me, ngudi gidm hp hpp phdp hodc vp/chdng cua bdn than ngudi do. Day la mdt quy dinh md cua phdp lu|t vi tren diue tl ed nhimg tradng hpp bdn thdn ngudi hien xdc hodc hidn cdc bp phan ca the khdc tmdc dd khdng thd du lieu rui ro trudc ve tinh mang cua minh, nen neu phdp luat quy dinh m^t each eung nhae rang viec Idy xdc hodc bp phdn co the bdt bude phdi ed sy ddng y bang van ban cua ngudi hidn ro rang khdng ddm bdo dupe mye dieh ciia viec hien, lay xdc hodc bd phdn co the. Noi cdeh khdc, trong nhiing tradng hop nhu the, vide lay xdc hoac bd phdn co the phue vy mye dich ehiia benh, nghien eiiu khoa hpc hoac cdc myc dich mang tinh nhdn van khae se khdng thd ndo thyc hien dupc m^e du nhimg ngudi thdn cua ngudi da mdt hodn todn ddng y vd ty nguydn.
Tu sy phdn tieh tren, ehiing tdi eho rang, viec lay tinh trung cua ngudi chdng khi tii nan dl luu trii nharn muc dich dp dung ky thuat hd trp sinh sdn ddi vdi minh sau ndy Id hdnh vi hodn todn phu hop vdi quy dinh cua phap luat Vipt Nam hipn haiib.
2. Xdc djnh quan h^ cha me con cho nhihig tre em sinh ra bdng ky thuat ho trp sinh sdn tir quy trinh lay tinh trung ngudi ch6ng da mit d§ thu tinh cho ngudi m^
Vide xde dinh quan he cha me eon theo quy dinh eiia phdp ludt hidn hdnh khdng phy thupe vdo quan h§ hdn nhdn cua eha me dua tre dupe sinh ra ed hpp phap hay khdng hpp phdp. Bdi le, su ki$n lam phdt sinh quan h§ cha, me, eon chi dya vdo sy kidn sinh de va sy kien nhdn nudi con nudi. Trong tradng hpp quan he cha, m?, con phdt sinh dya tren su kidn sinh de, hien nay phdp luat quy dinh nhu sau:
+ Thic nhdt, neu quan hp hdn nhdn cua cha mp hpp phdp (eon trong gid thu) thi dp dyng Dieu 63 Lu?t Hon nhdn va gia dinh ndm 2000 de xdc djnh quan he cha mp con, tue Id dua tre dupc sinh ra Id con ehung eiia vp ehdng neu:
"1. Con sinh ra trong thdi ky hon nhdn hodc do ngudi va co thai trong thdi ky do id con chung cda va chong.
Con sinh ra trudc ngdy ddng ky kit hdn vd duac eha me thira nhdn cdng Id con chung eua va chong."
Ngodi ra, Nghj dinh 70/2001/ND-CP ngdy 3 flidng 10 nam 2001 eiia Chinh phu quy dinh chi tidt thi hdnh Luat Hdn nhdn vd gia dinh nam 2000 eiing quy dinh them tradng hpp ndu dua tre dupc sinh ra trong vdng 300 ngdy ke tu ngdy quan he hdn nhdn cham diit vdn dupc xdc dinh la eon ehung cua vp chdng.^
+ Thu hai, neu quan he hdn nhdn cua cha me diia tre dupe sinh ra khdng hpp phdp (eon ngodi gia thu) thi vide xae dinh cha me con neu khdng ed tranh chdp tudn thu theo quy djnh dupe hudng ddn tai Nghj dinh 158/2005/ND- CP ngdy 27 thdng 12 nam 2005 ciia Chinh phu quy dinh ve dang ky vd qudn ly hp tieh"*.
Didu dang luu y Id trong tmdng hpp lay tinh triing cua ngudi ehdng da chet de thu tinh nhan tao thi nhiing diia tre dupe sinh ra cd the dupe xde dinh quan he cha me con cho ehung theo n^yen tae ndo?
Ddi chidu theo quy dinh tai Dieu 63 Ludt hdn nhdn vd gia dinh nam 2000, nguyen tac nay dupe dp dung trong tmdng hop quan he hdn nhan cua vp ehdng phai hop phdp vd cdn tdn tai tai thdi diem dua tre dupe sinh ra hoae neu quan b$ hdn nhdn da eham dut thi thdi han tdi da dl dp dyng nguyen tac nay eiing chi la 300 ngdy ke tir ngdy quan he hdn nhan cham dut. Mat khdc, quy dinh tai Dieu nay eiing chi dieu chinh trong tradng hop quan he cha me eon phdt sinh khdng dp dung cdc phuang phdp khoa hpe. Didu do ed nghTa Id, trong trudng hpp lay tinh triing cua ngudi chdng dd chdt de thy tinh nhdn tao cho ngudi vp thi khdng the dp dung nguyen tac theo Dieu 63 Ludt Hdn nhdn va gia dinh nam 2000 de xdc dinh ngudi chdng dd Id eha cho nhirng diia tre dupe sinh ra. Bdi quan he hdn nhdn eua eha me chung vdo thdi
» Diiu 21 Chuang IV Nghj djnh 70/2001/ND-CP ngay 3 thang 10 nam 2001 ciia Chinh phii quy dinh chi tiet thi hSnh Luat Hon nhan vft gia dinh nam 2000
'" Xem Dieu 32. Dieu 32. Difiu 34 Nghj djnh 158/2005/ND - CP ngay 27 thang 12 nam 2005 ciia Chinh phii ve dSng ky vft quftn ly hp t)ch
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didm sinh ra nhimg diia tre ndy da hodn todn ehim diit. Mat khac, day ciing la tradng hpp ngudi me dp dung ky thuat hd trp smh san ndn khdng tiiupc ddi tupng dp dung nguydn tae suy dodn phap ly neu tren.
Ben canh dd, Nghi dinh 158/2005/ND-CP ngdy 27 thang 12 ndm 2005 cua Chinh phii vd dang ky vd qudn ly hp tieh ciing quy dinh ve vdn dd ddng ky nhdn cha, me, eon. Theo do, Dieu 32 Nghi dinh ndy quy dinh nhu sau:
"7. Viec nhdn cha, me, con theo quy dinh tgi Muc ndy duac thuc hien, neu ben nhdn, ben duac nhdn Id cha, me, con con song vdo thdi diem ddng ky nhdn eha, me. eon vd viec nhdn cha, me, eon Id tu nguyen vd khong co tranh chdp.
2. Ngudi con dd thdnh nien hoac ngudi gidm hp cda ngudi eon chua thdnh nien hodc da thdnh nien nhung mdt ndng luc hdnh vi ddn su cdng duac ldm thu tue nhdn eha, me theo quy dinh tgi Mue ndy, trong trudng hap cha, me da chit; neu viec nhan eha, me la tu nguyen vd khong co tranh chdp "".
Tuy nhien, can phai chu y the ndo la "co tranh chdp " va "khong co tranh chap". Theo quy dinh cua phdp luat hien hdnh thi cdc tmdng hpp xae dinh quan he cha, me, con ma cae ben hoan todn ty nguydn vd khdng cd tranh chdp thi thudc thdm quydn gidi quydt cua Uy ban nhdn ddn. Cac vy an xae dinh quan he cha, me, eon md duong sy cd tranh chdp se thupe thdm quyen gidi quyet cua Tda dn iihdn dan. Theo quy dinh tai khodn 2 Didu 32 Nghi dinh 158/2005 ND-CP ngdy 27 thdng 12 nam 2005 cua Chinh phu thi Uy ban nhan dan cap xa cd thdm quyen gidi quyet cac yeu cau xdc dinh quan he cha, me, con "trong trudng hap cha, me da chit, neu viee nhan cha, me Id tu nguyin vd khong co tranh chdp". Tuy nhien, "co tranh chdp" hay
"khong CO tranh chdp" nghTa la phdi cd sy bieu hidn y chi eua chu the. Nhung trong trudng hap cha, me da chit thi khdng thd xdc
dinh dupc y chi eua chit thd la thd ndo, co ty nguydn hay khdng t u nguydn? Khi ngudi cha hoac ngudi me da chit, trong tradng hpp niy, bdn duoe nhdn khdjng thd hidn y ehi cd nhSo.
Vi vdy, ydu to t u nguydn khdng dupc dam bdq'^. M i u vdy, vide xdc dinh Id "co tranh chdp" hay "khong co tranh chdp" can phai dupe hieu mpt edeh bao qudt toan dien. Tuy nhien, xudt phdt tu thuc tidn gidi quyet cac tmdng hpp yeu cdu xdc dinh quan he eha, m?, eon hidn nay ndn Nghi dinh 158/2005/ND-CP ngay 27/12/2005 eua Chinh phu quy dinh giao tham quydn xdc dinh quan he cha m^ con trong trudng hpp eon nhan eha me da chet cho U y ban nhan dan nhu phdn tieh tren nhu la mdt gidi phdp tinh the, nhdm gidm tdi cong vidCj trdnh tinh trang deh tac trong viec giai quydt dn tai Tda dn nhan ddn.
N h u vdy, dp dyng theo quy dinh cua phap ludt hien hdnh, nhimg diia tre dupc sinh ra sau khi ngudi me ap dyng ky thuat hd trp sinh san nhu t m d n g hpp cua ehi Dung van ed the xae dinh ngudi ehdng dd mdt cua ngudi me la cha cua chung neu dp dung Khodn 2 Didu 32 Mpc 6 Nghi dinh 158/2d05/ND-CP ngay 27 thang 12 nam 2005 cua Chinh phii. Theo do, nguiri me cd the lam cdc thu tye dang ky nhan cha da mdt eho con tai Uy ban nhan dan c i p xa. I
Viec lay tinh trung cua ngudi ehdng da ch^t nhdm muc dieh thue hien ky thuat hd h p sinl}
sdn cua ngudi v p sau nay Id mot trong rihii(|
t m d n g hpp hi hiiu x u i t hidn d Viet Nam $ trudc tdi nay. Tuy nhidn, dudi gdc dp tiip c ^ v i n dS d phuang dien phdp ly vdn edn ton ^ nhieu quan diem hdi chidu bdn ve viec liy tiii tning cd duac xem la hpp phap, gidi quyet ck bau qud phdp ly khac nliu thd nao? Tren day A quan didm cd nhan cua tde gia, rit mong nh^
dupe nhiing y kidn khae cua ban dpc vdi hi vpng gdp phdn hodn thien ban niia quy dinh cua phdp ludt hien hdnh vd v i n d l liy bd ^W CO the ngudi - mdt frong nhimg vdn d l kW nhay cam vd phirc tap hong xa hdi hidn nay/
" Khoan 2 Di§u 32 Myc 6 Nghi dinh 158/2005/ND-CP quy djnh vk dang ky va quan ly hp tjch k 1= Xem them Hoang Thj Hai YSn, (2006) Mgt sdykiin vS thdm quyin eua Uy ban nhdn dan trong viec xae n)*'
cha. mp, con, Tap chi Toa an nhan dan thang 12-2006, tr.26 - 28. t'
