Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thiiy sdn Sd4^^
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU DAO TAO SAU DAI HOC
HIEN TRANG NGHE SAN XUAT GIONG TOM HE CHAN T R A N G (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) TAI NINH THUAN
THE STATUS OF WHITE-LEG SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 193 i>
SEED PRODUCTION IN NINH THUAN PROVINCE
Nguyen Thdnh Hao', LeAnh Tuin' Ngiy nh?nb^: 26/3/2013, Ngay phan bien thong qua. 16/5/2013; Ngiy duyet dang: 10/12/2013
T O M TAT
Nghi sdn xudt giong tdm he ehdn trdng a Ninh Thugn phdt triin nhanh trong nhimg ndm gdn ddy vd giu mpt vat tri rdt quan trQng trong chien luftc phdt trien thuy sdn cua dnh. Bieu tra hien trgng nghe sdn xuat giong torn he chan Irang duffc thuc hi4n trong khodng thai ^antu thdng 06/2011 den Ihdng 12/2011 tgi 64 ca sa sdn xudt giong torn he chan Irang a Ninh Thugn bang phtrong phdp dieu tra thu mdu pho bien. Ket qud nghien cuu cho thdy, todn tinh Ninh Thugn hifnc686 ca sd sdn xudt gidng torn he ehdn trdng, sdn luang nam 2012 dgi 5,8 ty con post-larvae; gid tri kinh ti dgt 250 ty ddng; jo lao dgng tham gia sdn xudt 1.290 nguai. Hoat dong sdn xudt gidng tom he chan trdng theo mo hinh Cong ty THch nhipii hiiu hgn chiem 55,5%; quy mo ca sd til 300-500m^ be uang chiem 35,8% so ca sd hi^ CO. Ngudn torn bomfsudyngiM yeu nhgp khdu tic Singapore (40%). Trong qua trinh sdn xudt cdc ca sa ca bdn dp dung dung quy trinh iy thugt vdi ty If song binh qudn den giai dogn Post-larvae xuat bdn dgi 34,9%; ndng suat dgt 4,7 vgn Post-larvae/m' be ucmg, cho l(ri nhugn binh qudn dat 17%/d0 sdn xuat. ldi sudt dau hi 4,25%/thdng Nghien cuu cGng dexuat mot so gidi phdp lien quan den kytkugl, quy hogch vd chinh sdch nham phdt trien ben viing nghe sdn xuat giong lom he chan trdng ciia tinh.
Tu khoa tdm he ehdn trdng. ky thugt sdn xudt giong, Ninh Thugn ABSTRACT
White-leg shrimp seed production in Ninh Thuan province hadfastly developed in recent years and played a vay important role in the provincial fishenes development policies. The survey of white-leg shrimp seed production wert realized fivm June to December m 2011 with sixty-four hatcheries through the currently common methods. The result showed in 2011, Ninh Thuan provine had 86 hatcheries; total amount 5.8 billion Post-larvae, valued at about VND 250 billion; number of employees were 1.290. With 55,5% of total hatcheries are limited liability responsibility companies.
scale prodution of hatcheries had fivm 300 to 500 m' tank for feeding, that held 35,8% total hatcheries In general, almost shnmp farmers followed the technical process, white-leg shrimp brood-stocks were imparied essential fivm Singapore (40%). rate living oflanare was 34,9%, average post-larvae productivity and profit were 47 thousands post-larvae/n^/cmp and 17%/crop The study also put forward a large number of solutions related to techniques, plans and policies In orderto develop substainably the whileleg shnmp industry in Ninh Thuan province
Keywords white-leg shrimp, technical for seed production, Ninh Thuan
l.DATVANOe ddi sing cua nhieu ndng ngy ddn [1]. Ninh
^ Nghe nudi tdm he ehdn trang d nude ta phdt Thudn Id dja phyang cung d p gilng tim t»
triln nhanh trong nhirng nam g i n ddy va ddng ehdn trang ldn nhit d . sdn lygng tim gilng vai trd quan trpng trong kim nggch xult khau cua nam 2011 dat 5,8 ty eon; ehat lygng gilng tSm nganh thuy sdn. Dong thdi, cung giup gidi quyet he chan trang cua tinh luin dyge ngydi nufii cdng dn vide Idm. tdng thu nhdp vd cdi thi^n tdm ddnh gia cao.
' Nguyen Thdnh Hdo: Cao hpe Nufii trfing IhOy san 2009 - Tnrdng Ogi hoc Nha Trang TS. Le /\nh Tudn. Vi^n Nufli Irlng thOy san - Tnrdng Dgi hpe Nha Trang
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thity sdn So 4/2013
Tom he chan trdng ta doi tugng nhap ngi vdonude ta tir nam 2001 [5]. co nhieu yu diem nil bdt:
sinh trydng nhanh, thdi gian nudi ngan, nang suit cao vd thich dng t i t vdi edc yeu to mdi trydng {6].
Do vay, day Id doi tygng dang dyge nudi rong rai va phi biln d nhilu dia phyong, cOng nhy d Ninh Thudn, thay t h i cho cae d i i tygng nudi khing bleu qua va cdc dien tich hoang hda [4]. Ciing vdi sy tang tnjdng nhanh chdng, dien tich nudi tdm chan tring trSn loan quoc, cac ca sd, he thing san x u l l tdm giing ehdn trang tr&n dja ban tinh phat trien manh me Tuy nhien ciing vdi sy gia tang md ring quy md san xult giong t i m he chan trang; hidn tyang phat triln Iran lan, trinh dp nhdn lyc, ky thuat, ea sd ha tang chya dau ty ding bo, khdng ddp irng yeu c l u ky thuat, nguon ldm giing b l me khdng on djnh Idm cho hogt dgng sdn x u l l giong tdm he ehdn Irlng d Ninh Thuan thilu ben virng,
Bdi bao dilu tra hi#n trang nghe san xult giong torn he Chan tring (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) tgi Ninh Thugn, trdn e a s d dd dexuat edc giai phdp d l phdt tnen ben virng nghi sdn xult giong torn he chan trang tgi dja phaang.
11.D6I TU'O'NG VA PHU'aNG PHAP NGHIEN Cl>U 1. Dii tirgng nghien ciJu
Nghe san xult giing t i m he chan tring tai tinh Ninh Thudn
2. Phirang phap nghien cii'u
Nghien cyu dyge thye hl^n thing qua phyang phdp dieu tra thu mSu trong nam 2012. So tieu thy cap v l tinh hinh san xuat giong tdm he ehdn trang dyge thu thdp tir cdc ca quan lidn quan ciia linh Ninh Thudn. S i lieu sa d p dyge thu thap thdng qua
cdc phieu dieu tra vd phdng v i n trye tiep 64 ca sd sdn xult tren todn tinh.
Sir dung cong thde xdc djnh ca mau dan gian eua Yamane,.T (1967) d l tinh ed mau dieu tra tai 3 vung san xuat giong tdp trung d Ninh Thugn Id:
Ninh Hdi (30/43 hd), Ninh Phydc (25/33) vd Thu|n Nam (9/10). S i ligu thu thdp dyge xir ly bang d c ham thing ke cLJa phan mIm Microsoft Excel 2003 vd d c phyang phap thong ke kinh t l thdng dung;
dong thdi ed d i i ehieu vdi Bd chi thj ddnh gia phat triln nudi tring thuy san ben viing ciia chau Au va Lien hiep quic.
Cac thong tin chinh dyge thu thdp gom: hien Irang sdn x u l l giong tdm he chan trang, cac thdng tin ve ca sd san xuat giing, hien trgng ky thual, ha tang vung nudi, hd thing cdng trinh, quy trinh ky thugt san xult giong nhan lao tdm he ehdn trdng, cde bidn phap phdng trj benh, hieu qua kinh t l vd kho khan va cac gidi phdp phat trien ben vyng nghi sdn xult giing tdm he chan tring Ninh Thugn. S i ligu trinh bay la gia trj tmng binh ± do lech ehuan.
111. K t T QUA NGHIEN CtKU VA T H A O L U A N 1. Hi|n trang kinh te - xa hot ciia n g h i x u l t g i i n g torn he chan trang tgl Ninh Thuan
Nghe san xult giong t i m he chan Irlng linh Nmh Thuan ehi mdi bat dau xuat hien tir nam 2006 vdi 01 ca sd san lyang dat 20 trieu con Post-larvaelarvae nhyng den nam 2010 loan tinh ed 60 ea sd, san lygng dai 4,5 ty eon; tinh den euii nam 2011 todn tinh da ed 86 ca sd vdi san lygng dat 5,8 ly con Ngydi san x u l l giong tdm he chan tring thu hut hau hit ta lao dpng nam chilm 90,8%. Da s i ngydi nudi ldm d trinh dd van hda d p 3 Id chu y l u (53,8%), tilp theo Id d p 2 (31,6%) vd d p 1 (14,6%).
lllill
NO >2S 25-45 >45 cip 1 Cap 2 Cfip 3n °--
• Giaitfnh • Q ^ t u S i rnvsabiia DChuyEnmon Hioh 1, Thong tin vl lao fl§ng san xuSt giSng t6in HCT & Ninh ThuSn
TRUONG OAI HOC NHA TRANG • 101
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn So 4/20U
Ve trinh dg ehuyen mdn, da d eac hg nudikhing d trinh dg chuyen ndn ve nudi trong thCiy sdn (68,4%). Tuy nhidn, so ngirdi d trinh dp tmng d p vd dgi hge chilm ty Ig kha cao Iln lygt id 20,8%
vd 10%, cd biet ed 0.8% trinh dp Thgc sT. Dieu ndy cho thiy.nghl xuat giing t i m he d a n trdng thu hut dyge mgt tyc lirgng lao ddng d trinh do van hda Bdng 1. Kinh nghifm cOa la
nhit djnh. d khd nang tiep thu khoa hpe ky ttuM d l phdt trien i n ^ n h d n xult. Lyc Iugng tao d^m trong do t u i i 1 7 - 5 5 , trong dd lao ding d tu6i to 25 - 45 tja chiem ty If cao nhit (44.6%). Ddy Id nhdn tuoi ed nhilu kinh nghiem. si>c khde ^ d l nim bit Ben b i ky thugl So ngirdi trin 45 tuli chi chilm 26.2\
trong khi s i ngudi dydi 25 tuii d i l m 29.2%.
> dong s i n xuat g i i n g torn HCT Khuvin:
Ninh Hdi (n = 60) Nmh Phydc (n = 50) Thudn Nam (n = 20) Tong(n= 130)
S& nam kinh nghidm Tmng binh 6.2 ± 4.2 5.4 ± 3.2 5.9 ± 2.2 5.9 ± 3,6
T y l f ( % ) Dmlrj 05 n i m
23,8 18,5 2,3 44,6
T ^ a s a 6 n 1 S n a m 23,1 20.0 9,2 52,3
l i A n l S n a m 2,3
•
2,3 Cdn b i ky thudt vd d n g nhdn cOa eae ca sd
d n xult tim gilng tir 5-15 ndm kinh nghifm chilm 52,3%, dilu nay cho thiy cdc chii ca sd sdn xuat giing r i t quan tdm tuyin dgng nhOng ngydi cd kinh nghifm vdo lam vifc. Nhtrng cdn bd, edng nhdn ky thuft d kinh nghiem Kr 5 - 15 nam deu ed d f tu6l it nhit tir 25 din 40, day cung Id dp tuoi phdt huy dyge su'c tao dfng r i t tit. So cAn bQ ky thuat vd cdng nhdn cd d nam kinh nghifm trdn 15 nam chilm 2,3%, ddy Id lyc lygng cd b l ddy kmh nghifm sing, ed thdm nlSn nghe nghigp tuy nhien hgn c h l d a nhimg ngydi ndy Id tuoi tde vd sde khde, khd ndng tiep thu, dii mdi edng nghf. d i tien ky thugt.
Do vf y nhtrng ngydi nay thydng Idm cdng tdc quan
\'jl hay can bd ky thugt eho d c ca sd sdn xult tdm gilng...Trong dd khu vye Ninh Hdi tjf If ngydi sdn xult giing tdm d s i ndm kmh nghifm san xult t i m gilng Id cao nhit (binh quan 6,2 ± 4,2 ndm kinh nghifm); thip nhit Id khu vyc Ninh Phydc (5.4 ± 3,2 ndm kinh nghifm). Vdi lyc lygng tao ding hign dang san xult tdm giing ed tay nghi kmh nghifm tir 5-15 nam {chiem 52.3%) se giup nghe sdn xult giing tdm he ehdn tring phdt tnen i n djnh. V l quy m i difn tieh dlt d a cde ca sd blnb qudn 0,3ha.
trang dd difn tich ldn nhit Id lOha. Mo hinh hogt dfng dydi dang Cdng ty Trdch nhifm hiru hgn chilm ty If cao nhit (55.5%), tilp din Id Hf cd t h i (22,2%), Doanh nghifp ly nhdn (14,5%) vd thip nhit Cdng ty d phan (8%).
2. Hifn trang ky thuft nghe san x u l t giong torn he ehdn trang tgi Ninh Thuan
2.1. Hg ting co s& sin xuat
Kit qud dilu tra cho thiy, quy md eCia ea sd sdn xult giing cd t h i tich b l yang tir 300-500m^ chiem
ijf If cao nhat (35,8%). quy m i dudi 300m'(33,1%^
vd tren SOOm^cdt^lf thip nhit (31.1%). .
lUDSOOm^ _ D u i n ) l » i i i } |
Hinh 2. Quy mS cor sor sin xuat giSng torn he chin trinE tai Ninh T h u ^
Hf thing XLP I^ nydc chu y l u sy dgng hinh thirc Igc ca hgc vd si> dung loc sinh hge vdi ty tf ttii t i d be c^ira tdng chda ling xy ly nirdc chilm binh qudn 46,1% so vdi tong t h i tich b l yang null aj tnjng. T h i tich b l yang nudi tdm b i mg dao dOng tir 6-50m*, binh quan la 26,2m^ Hf thong b l ucmg chij yeu dyge td be xi mdng (95,3%) vd composite (4,7%) vdi the tich binh qudn 6,7n\^ thilt ke flieo dgnh hinh trdn. chir nhat va hinh vudng.
Ket qua khdo sat 64 ea sd sdn xuat xult gilng chi ed 07 ca sd (chilm 11.5%) cd nha null sinh ktii tdo; tdo dyge si> dung trong yong nu^ l u tnJng t i m he ehdn trdng td tao sgeh Chaetoceros ho$c Skeletonema. V l he thing b l thu gom xir tj/ niffic thdi ciia cdc ca sd tmng binh qudn eao nhit 6 khu vyc Ninh Phydc (43.9m3) vd thip nhit id Thujn Nam (26,8m^). Vdi ty le 30.8% s l ea sd d ph6ng xdt nghifm t)fnh t i m . trong dd mit d d d c cfing ty Idn (CP Minh Phu. Uni-President) dyge trang in thilt bj hifn dgi d l xdt nghifm bfnh tim vl vfy ctiil lygng tom giing d Ninh Thufn dyge kilm tra tiwng d i i ky trong todn bO quy trinh sdn xult.
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn So 4/2013
2.2. Quy trinh sin xuit gidng tdm he chin tdng t^i mihThu$n
Z2.1. T6m b6 m^
T i m he chan tring b i mg chu y l u dirge nhf p tir My (20,0%). Singapore (40.0%), Thdi Lan (33.3%), cacnydekhdc(fnd6nexia,Md-ddm-bid,TmngQuic)
la 6,7%; trong do t i m b i me cd nguon g i c tir Hawai (My) cd kich thydc tdn nhat (binh quan tir 50-55g/con), thugc ddng s g d bfnh (ddng SPF) hoac ddng khdng bfnh (ddng SPR), cd t i c do tang tardng nhanh ban so vdi nhyng ddn tdm bo mg cd nguon goc tir Singapore, Thai Lan vd Inddnexia.
Bdng 2. Ngu6n goc x u l t XLP vd k h i i Itpgng tom HCT bo me
K h u v ^
Ninh HSI (n = 60) Nmh Phu6c (n = 50) Thuin Nam (n = 20) T6ng(n = 130)
Ngudn goc xuat xir MJ
37,5 26,7 20,0
-
smgip"
12,5 20,0 100 40,0
Tiiii l ^ 40 40 33,3
Cacnuec khacdi)
-
6,7
6,7
KhoihiTng torn due (g) Tmng binh 4 1 i ± 4 , 9 41.7±4,2 42,7 ±4,5 41,7 ±4,3
Kh6jlif?ng torn cai (g) TiiBiglxnh 48,5 ±4,1 48,1 ±6,0 45,7±1,2 46,7 ±4,3 Qua khdo sdt cho thiy khii lygng taing binh t i m
dye Id 41,7g vd tdm cdi Id 45,7g, trong dd tdm mg cd nguin g i c nhf p tir M9 d khil iugng binh qudn cao hon so vdi tdm b i mg ed nguIn gic tir d c nydc khdc vd d o lygng trdng tmng binh cao nhit (tir 150-200.000 trtmg/tdm mg) so vdi tCr 100.000 tnlng/tim mg dii vdi t i m nhf p khiu tir Thdi Lan vd d e node khdc. Mft dg nudi v6 thdnh thi.ie tdm he ehdn trang b l mg binh qudn khodng 9 con/m^, thi>e dn si> dgng cho tim he ehdn tring b i mg d d y l u Id 4 logi thde dn tuai, gom: mye, hdu vd ryai bien (giun nhieu ta).
Bdng 3. Mgt d$ thd irang Naupllus
Ty If sCr dgng cac loai thirc an Id (2:1:1).
2.2.2. Wang nuoi au trung
Mat dg thd Nauplius irang nudi binh qudn Id 170 con/lit cd sy khac nhau giira d e ea sd sdn xult; trong dd khu vyc Thufn Nam d mft dg thd Nauplius cao nhat 193±12 con/lit vd thip nhit la khu vyc Ninh Phydc 150±17 con/lit. Theo k i t qua nghiin CLPU ciJa Dao Van Tri va Nguyen Thdnh Vu (2005) d mgt dp yang Nauplius tir 100-150 con/I thi t i e dp tang tnrdng vd ty le song eua l u triing t i m he ehdn trang cho k i t qud cao n h i t
o cac co> sir san xuat giong torn HCT
Khu v^FC
Ninh H i i (n=30) Ninh Phi«>c (n=25) Thulin Nam (n=9) Tong{n=64)
M$td$thANau- (conJIit) 179±20 150±17 193±12 170±24
Chl d$ cho i n (%) Taotuwf+TinTH +
15,4 23,1
38,6
Tao kh&* T.an TH+Artemia
34,6 16,4 11,6 61,6 Cdc ca sd sy dgng c h l d f d o dn Id tdo tyai
+ thde dn ting hgp ehilm 38,5%, sir dgng thi>c dn Id tdo khd + thdc dn ting hgp 61,5%, khdng d CO sd ndo sir dgng hodn todn bing thde an long hgp. Chung logi thde dn ting hgp sir dgng ehu y l u Id: Frippack, Lansy. tdo Spilurina, Top ASM. No.
Nl Japonicus. Flake vd tn>ng Artemia. 6" giai dogn Zoea: Sir dgng tdo tirai hofc tdo k h i k i t hgp vdi thire dn t i n g hgp (Lansy. Frippak...) d lygng 0.4 - 0.6 g/m'. Giai dogn Mysis: Thdc dn Id tdo tircri kit hgp vdi thirc dn ting hgp (Lansy. Frippak...)
* hfgrjg 0.6 - 0.8 g/m^ vd Naupli d a Artemia. Thirc dn giai dogn Post-larvae-larvae sd dgng Id Nauplii d a Artemia k i t hgp vdi thCrc dn t i n g hgp. Tuy theo
quy trinh ky thuat cua tirng ca sd md d d thirc phii hgp thdc an ed sy khac nhau ve ty If, chCing togi thdc an tuy nhien v l s i tan eho an qua khao sat cac ca sd d i u d o an 8 lln/ngdy (Oh. 3h. 6h, 9h, 12h, 15h, 18h,21h).
2.2.3. Che d i chSm soc va quan ly'
Siphon, thay nirdc Id cac bien phap ky thuft khdng t h i thilu d i i vdi hogt ddng san xuat gilng t i m he chan trdng, ddng vai trd r i t quan trong nham dam bao mdi tardng b l yang trong sach, hgn ehi d nhiem gdy nen djch bfnh eho l u frung. Tdy theo tirng glal doan md vige ap dung d l d f siphon thay ntrdc d sy khdc, k i t qua dieu ba cho thay cdc ca sd c h l d i siphon thay nydc d d c ca sd tirang d i i
TRUONG OAI HOC NHATRANG • 103
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn 564/2013^
giing nhau, cy t h i : d giai dogn Zoea chi tien hdnh siphon 01 Iln, khdng thay nude md chi bo sung mdt lygng nydc hao hgt do siphon; d giai doan Mysis siphon 01 lan/ngdy va thay 20% lygng nydc d cuii giai doan Mysis; d giai doan Postlarvae lien hdnh siphon 02 ngdy/lan vd thay nydc tip 20-30%/lan vd m i l lan thay nirdc d e h nhau 02 ngay Hau bet CO sd khao sdt deu rat quan tdm viec quan ly m i l tnrdng be nudi, theo ddi chat che ede y l u to mdi tnrdng trong suit qua tinh yang nuii (nhiet dp, do man, pH, oxy,...). Dieu nay nham hgn ehe t i i da rui ra v l ylu t i mdi trydng trong be yang nudi anh hirdng tdi kha nang sinh tnrdng cua l u triing.
2.2.4. B0nh vd cac bi$n phap phdng tn benh Trong thdi gian dilu tra eho thiy au toing tdm nudi thydng bj nhiem mot s i benh phi biln nhy: do than do vi khuan, nim, dydng rugt va nguyen sinh dpng vgt vdi ti If bit gap khdc nhau tiiy thdi dilm vd khu vyc. Trong dd, dd than (38%), nguyen smh ding vft (42%), dudng mdt (46%), benh nim xult hifn vdi t? If eao (62%).
- B^nh dd thSn: Ket qua khdo sat cho thay 38%
cdc eo sd gfp logi benh nay trong qua trinh sdn xull. Bilu hifn eua loai bgnh nay la tren thdnh b l , ddy b l , ddy sgc khi xult hifn nhu'ng tap hap ehim d l Tim dn kdm, nhilu ed the khong cd dudi phdn, tfl xde khing duge, mdu sae hoi nhgt. Xde djnh nguydn nhdn chO y l u Id do nhdm vi khuin gdy bfnh Bifn phdp phdng tq chd y l u Id sir dung mft s l khdng sinh d l In bgnh cho l u trimg. K i t qua khdo sdt cho thiy bifn phap phdng tri benh d ede CO sd khdc nhau hodn todn.
- B$nh 6tr6ng rugt: Ty le gap benh ndy trong qud trinh sdn xult Id 46% vdi bleu hifn eua bfnh la l u trimg boi Ifi vfn ddng kem; d giai doan Zoea ed dudi phdn mdnh, dai hoac khong cd. Nguyen nhdn cd t h i do thuc an kem ehit lugng, hoac l u tnjng nhiem khuin dudng mgt Bifn phap tri bfnh cd the su dyng mft s i hda c h i t khang sinh de tri benh (nhu: Gentamicin....) d l dilu tri.
Bang 4. San lirgng, gid thanh,
Kit qua dilu tra cho thiy khu vye Ninh Phydc d ndng suit cao nhit 5,5±1,84 (vgn PL/m^ be uang) vd thap nhat la khu vyc Ninh Hdi 4,0±0,6
- B^nh nam: Ty Ig xuat hifn bgnh nim trong qu^
trinh sdn xult giing t i m HCT cao nhit trong c4c loai bfnh (62%); bleu hifn Id nude dgc, ntidt. IM khi nhd tgp tmng thdnh ddm, khd tan. Bifn phdp trj bfnh sir dyng hda d l t khdng sinh d l trj.
- B^nh do nguyen sinh d0ng v4it bdm: T]/ If c4c d sd b i t ggp la 42%. bilu hifn bfnh Id l u trdng bai y l u , soi tren kinh hiln vi thiy d xult hifn tAt NSDV bdm trin d c phg b f cda tim Idm cho tfim khd Igt xac de chuyin giai dogn. Bign phdp trj t)$nh chu y l u Id sy dgng hda chit (Treplan, A30...) dl irj benh k i t hgp qudn 1;/ mii trudng b l nuii phii hgp.
Tiiy tirng loai bfnh cg the md ky thuft vien aia eac ca sd d bifn phdp trj bfnh khdc nhau, kit qud khao sdt cho t h i y 100% d n bf ky thugt d cdc co s&
diu am hieu ca sd khoa hge cOa dilu trj bfnh trong san xult t i m giing. Tuy nhiln v l su dgng khdng sinh, hda chit d l trj bfnh d cdc ca sd d sy tttiac nhau ve lieu lygng vd chung logi; phg thufc kinh nghifm thye tien eda tirng edn b f ky thuft.
D l phdng trj bfnh, d c ca sd sdn xult thyirng dp dung ede bign phap ting hgp nhy; vf sinh, khit- tmng nghiem nggt, kiem sodt mdi tardng uang nufii, sir dyng d c hda chit sdt khuin d l tiiu dift mIm bfnti, xu ly vd qudn \^ l i t chit lugng nude, sip dyng de loai ehe phim sinh hge, bo sung ede ehit dinh du^n^
vd kich thieh mien djeh vdo thiPC dn. Khi xdy ra lifnh thi sd dyng mft s i logi hda chit, khdng sinh dl di^u In bfnh eho l u triing tdm nudi. Tuy nhidn, thye t l cho thiy, vifc phdt hifn vd dieu trj bfnh ggp r l i nhilu khd khan vd trong nhilu trydng hgp t i ra khing hif u qui 2.2.5. Thu ho$ch vi xuit bin
Ty If song tir giai dogn Nauplius din Post-lan/ae xult ban (P.J tnjng binh Id 34,9 %, trong dd cao nhit d Ninh Phudc (36,6%) vd thip nhll Id Thufn Nam (32,71%). Nang suit binh qudn Id 4,7 vgn PUm' be uang vdi gid thdnh binh qudn Id 23,7 ding/con (dao dgng ttr 21 -^27 ding/con vd gid bdn Post-larvae t i m he ehan tring d Ninh Thufn binh qudn \k 42.8d/eon (dao dpng tir 30 - 73d/con).
gia ban t i m Postlarvae nam 2011
^
(vgn Post/m' b l uang). Nguyen nhdn Id do cdo CO sd d Ninh Phudc cd nhilu Cing ty c6 vin d i u tu tn/c tilp nude ngodi cd tilm tyc kinh te.
Khuvtfc
Nmh Hai (n=30) Nmh Phiroc {n=26) Thuan Nam (n=9) Tong(n=64)
San lu^^g (tr. con)
636 2.881 66,6 3.684
Nang su^t BQ (Van/m'}
4,0±0,63 5,5±1,84 4,3±1,2 4,7±1,6
Gid Uidnh (Ding/con) 23,2±1,3 24.2±1,5 24,0±1,0 23.7±1.4
G i i ban (D&ng/con) 39,8±5,2 48,3±12,3
37,7±2,4 42,8±9.5
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn So 4/2013
]uy trinh cdng nghf lidn tiln, ea sd vft chit hienJgi, dfi ngu cdn b i ky thuft cd trinh dp ehuyen mdn i t , nen nang s u i t thudng cao hon rat nhieu so vdi :dc ca sd khac trong eiing khu vyc.
Gid thanh san xult cOa cdc ea sd d khu vyc Ninh Phydc tmng blnb (24,2±1,5 d/con) eao ban 50 vdi khu vyc Ninh Hdi (23,2±1,3) vd Thudn Nam [24.0±1,0). Gid thanh Post xult bdn tgi d c dja bdn khdo sat phu thugc chii yeu vdo gid tdm bo me, thire an, tien thue nhan eing vd quy trinh ky thuft ciia cde ca sd. Tgi Ninh Phudc, ket qud khao sdt a cdc CO sd CO yeu to d i u ty nude ngodi. quy m i nang lyc sdn xuat Idn, lye lugng cdn bg ky thugt, cing nhan lao ddng tuang doi ddng han so vdi cae ea sd d cdc khu vyc d n lai vi vgy gid thdnh t i m giing cao hon d c so vdi cdc ca sd khdc trong cimg khu vuc vd khdc khu vyc. Tuy nhiin gid bdn tdm giong d cac ca sd nay eung cao ban r i t nhilu so vdi eae ea sd khdc. chinh tfch tir 15-30 d/con. Trong 03 dia ban nghien etru thi cdc ca sd d Ninh Phudc d gid ban tom giing eao nhat (trung binh 48.3±12,3 d/con), vd Ihip nhll la Thuan Nam (37,7±2.4 d/con). Gia ban lim gilng phg thuic r i t nhieu vdo thuong hieu ciJa cd sd vd mire dp chlnh If ch gid bdn khd eao: Cdng ty CP (73 d/con), Uni-President (65 d/con) nhung gid bdn cCia d c ca sd nhd thi chi tir 30-35 d/con
T7 suit Igi nhufn trung binh Id 17,0%/vy nudi, tuang duang vdl lai suit d i u ty Id 4,25%/thdng, Irong do cao nhit Id khu vye Ninh Phudc (18,3±1,6%) vd thip nhit Id Ninh Hdi (16,3±2,1%).
Hif u qud san xult ciJa tirng ea sd d quy md khde nhau se khdc nhau rat nhieu, dieu ndy phu thude vdo qui md d i u tu. quy trinh eing nghf vi vfy ti If lai rdng glu>a ede d n g ty ed sy khde nhau ddng kl. Vdi nhung cdng ty nhd su dgng edng nghe dan gidn, ton it nhdn cdng... nin chi phi thap nhyng san lugng dgt thap vi vfy Igi nhufn khdng eao. Nguge Igi, vdi nhu'ng eing ty Idn ed quy trinh eing nghf sdn xult lien tien d n nhieu nhdn d n g van hanh, chi phi vfn hanh d e thilt bj edng nghf..., mgc dD It suit lgi nhufn khdng cao, tuy nhien vdi quy mo ldn Idm ra san tugng hdng ndm r i t cao (khodng 1-2 tJ Postlarvae/nam) do vfy tgi nhuan thu dugc aia nhung cdng ty ndy Id r i t ldn. So vdi lai suit ngdn ldng tgi thdi diem dieu tra (nam 2012) Id 15%/ndm irang duang 1,25%/thdng thi khi d i u tu vdo sdn x u l l Sling t i m he ehdn trang ta se thu lai dyge 3%/lhang;
ilu so vdi lai suit tilt kif m 9%/ndm tuang duong
0,75%./thdng cao ban so vdi dau ty edc finh vye, ngdnh nghi khdc. Tuy nhien hoat dgng san xult giong tdm he chan trang rui ro cao, yeu d u v l kinh nghifm sdn xult vd trinh do chuyen mdn phCi hgp, do dd de san xult phdt triln on djnh la mft yeu d u h i t sue khd khdn d i i vdi ea sd.
Hif u qua ve mgt xa hpi ciia nghe sdn xult giing tdm he ehdn trang dem lai cung r i t Idn vdo vifc chuyen dich ea d u kinh t l tai edc vimg ndng thdn ven bien, gial quyet cdng dn vifc ldm cho hdng ngdn lao dfng trong vd ngoai ttnh (1.290 ngudi Idm vifc tn/e tilp) vd tang thu nhap eho nhilu ngudi dan;
ding thdi, nd ciing giup khai hoang nhilu difn tfch d l t cdt ven bien d l dua vao san xult giing torn He ehdn tring. khai thde tgn dung nguon tye tdi nguyin d l t dai ciia tinh
2.3. Mdt sd glal phap phat triin ben vung nghi sin xuat gidng tdm he chin tring a Ninh Thuin
Ninh Thugn td dja phuang ed nhieu dilu kign thugn Igi d l phdt trien nghe san xult giing tdm he chan Irlng [4], tuy nhidn, v i n edn nhieu khd khan d n phdi dirge thao gd lien quan din t i m b i mg (84.61%), kiem sodt d j d bfnh, vin diu tu (76.92%), hg ting ca sd thii tyc hanh ehinh (57,69%), dlt dai, ky thugt. De phdt trien ben vyng nghe nghe sdn xult giing tim he cOa tinh, d n tiln hanh ding bp cde giai phdp Quy hoach chinh trang edc khu sdn xult giing tdp trung, ehd trgng dau tu dong bg ha ting ea sd cho ede khu san xuat giing thuy san. V l ky thuat, d n hodn d i n h quy trinh cdng nghf sdn xult giong, ehu trpng khau di truyen va chgn giong khang dugc nhilu logi bgnh vd sinh trudng tit; T l chdc ddo tgo nang cao trinh do cho ngudi san xult giing.
Tap tmng nghien euu eae giai phdp ve edng nghf d l hodn thign t i t d d c khdu ky thuft trang nuii v6, gia hda va chgn lgc torn bo me de chii ddng vd ndng eao chit lygng trong sinh san. Nghidn cO'u edc bifn phdp ky thuat yang nuoi au triing de nang cao nang suit san xult vd chit lugng tim Post-larvaelarvae, ding thdi giam gid thdnh san x u l t Cd ehinh sach ho trg, uu dai v l von dau tu. tilp d " v i n tin dgng lai suit thip (100% ea sd kiln nghj); Giam phien ha trong thii hjc nhdp khau tdm bo me (88,46%), thul vd sir dgng difn tich d l t dai. Kilm sodt d nhiem mdi trudng cde vimg san xult giing tap tmng thdng qua eae hogt dgng kilm tra ^nh ky, thudng xuyen v l dilu kif n v f sinh thu y thiiy san, dilu kien ea sd san xult cOa cde ca sd sdn xult giing tom he chan tring.
TRUONG DAI HOC NHA TRANG • 105
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn Sd4/2m
IV. K £ T LUAN VA Kl^N NGHjNmh Thudn ed dieu kifn ty nhien thufn lgi de phdt trien d n xuat giong tdm he d d n tring vdi sdn lugng la 5,8 ty con, ty le sing binh qudn din giai doan post xult dgt 34,9%, nang suit binh qudn dgt 4,7 vgn con/m*; ft' suit Igi nhufn Id 17,0%/dgt nudi.
Nghe sdn xult giing t i m he ehdn trang d Ninh Thufn da giai quyet cho 1.290 lao dgng trye tiep vd hdng tram lao dong gidn tiep gdp phan phat then
kinh te d <^a phuang.
C i n tien hdnh ding b f cde gidi phap vl |j thugt. quy hogch, chfnh sach uu dai v l v&i vd thul eho ngudi san xuat giing t i m he ehdn t i n g va tang cudng cing t^c dao tgo chuyin mdn. tf p huin Iri thuat vd nghien cuu hodn thif n quy trinh san xult null v i gia hda tdm giing bo mg phgc vy cho s4i xult nham phdt triln ben virng nghi sdn xult gi6ng tdm he ehdn tring ciia ttnh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 BQ Nong nghiep va Phat tnen nong thon, 2008. Quylt dinli s6: 456/(^-BNN-NTTS, Mpt s6 quy djnh vk dilu ki^ san mat giong v^ nuoi torn chin tring.
2 Chl cue Nuoi tr6ng ihiiy san Ninh Thuan, 2011. Bao cao kit qua NTTS giai doan 2006-2010 va kl hoach din nam 2015 cm tinh Ninh Thuan NinhThu|in.
3. Chi cue Thii y Ninh Thu^n, 2011. Bao cao linh hinh san xult torn gi6ng tgi Ninh Thuan nam 2011. Ninh Thu^n 4. Chinh phu, 2010. Quylt djnh s6 1960/QD-Trg ngay 16 thang 9 nam 2010 phe duyet Chien luge phit triln kinh tl tbuvsdii
din nam 2020.
5. Hoang Thanh, 2011 ChS dung cua torn chan tring o Vi^ Nam TgpehiThucngmgithuy sinsi 134.
6. Sd Nong nghiep vi Phat triln Nong thon Tp, H6 Chl Minh, Trung tam Khuyin nong, 2009. Cam nang nuoi t6m chan trSM (Penaeus vannamei Boone. 1931).
7 Tong cue Thiiy san, 2011 Bdo cao lom tSt tinh hinh nufli lom nir6c Ig nam 2010, kl hoach nam 2011 \k mot sl dii ntiii)
thue h i ^ , tr. 2-6, Hi Noi ^ ^ ^
