Tap chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn
T H O N G B A O K H O A H O C
KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VE THU'C TRANG NGHE KHAI THAC CA BIEN TINH QUANG NAM
RESEARCH RESULTS STATUS OF MARINE FISHING QUANG NAM PROVINCE
Hoang Van Tinh', NguySn Huynh Nam', Nguyen NhirSan' Nojy nhan bai 26')20l.'i Ngay phan tucn thiing qua 1 i/11/2015, Ngiy duyel Jang; 15'.V2016 TOM TAT
Ket qua nghiin ciru cho thdy. Nghi khai ilidc ed hien tinh Quang Nam co 5 nghi' ItrdI ri. Iirai keo. luai viiv. cau, iigfii khdc
.So lau kfiu, ihac giam dim lir ndm 2009 - 2012. sau do tang dan den ndm 2014 Cong siidl mdv Idu Idng ddn lir ndm 2009 - 2014 Binh qiidn cdng .suat 1 tdu ndm 2014 tdng Iian 2 lan ndm 2009 Tuy nhien. dpi idu cdnq siiiii dual 20CVchiim ty le cao (68,5%)
Nghe khiu ihdc cd hin dd lao viec Idm cho han !5.000 nguai vd cd thu nhdp on dmh Sdn luemg cd biin khai ihiic duirc ndm 2013 tdng han 1,3 Idn ndm 2009. nhtrng gidm 15% .so vai ndm 2012.
Tu khini Nghi khai thdc ea hen. tmh Quang Nam AB,STR2\CT
The lesuh of the siiuh shows that marine fisheries in Quang Nam province can be clas.sified inio 5 eaiegoi i,-s gillnel. mm I, purse seme, longline and others
The iiumbei of fishing vessel deceased gradually m the period between 2009 and 2012. then increaied giadmdh m the vear 2014 The ax erage c apaeilv of a ves.scl in 2014 increa.sed more than tsyiee m comparison to il,,u of die ye,u 2009 Howexei vessels wnh capacity of less than 2(ICV account for a high proporlion
Ihc marine fishing industn' has ceaied p,bs wuh stable income for ovet 15 000people The eapiiire iii 2013 im leased more than 1 3 limes m comparison niih that oj the year 2009. howevei it decrea.sed by 15%
I ompcaiiK'io the vem 2012 ng mdusiiy has ceaied pibs with .stable income for over 15 000 people The capiun in Jl 13 me, eased moi e them I 3 limes m companson with llial oj ifie veat 2009, ho->\'ever U decreased In ly'., compaimg lo the \ear 2012
Kci 11 Olds .Manne Pishmg. Quang Nam P,o\ nice
I. DAT VAN DE r^-^ .• . . .
, t)pi tau ca cua ttnh Quang Nam khoSng Uuang Nam la tmh duyen hai mi^n Trung, 4226 chiic danh hk bang nhiiu nghi- ludi r§, CO chieu dai bd bien hon 125km [3] Biin ludi vay, lud, keo, cau. b i y v,v. San luong h^i Quang Nam co ngudn loi ha, san phong phd, san khai thac hang nam du^^c hang chgc nghin , h . h ' T T ' " ' " ' • " ' ' " " '" ' ' ' ' " ' ^^"' '^°"9 ^ ° ^ ° "t^i^^ l°^i gia tn x u i l khiu tha, bien khu bao ,on Cu Lao Cham [3] cao nhu muc, ghe Nghi khai th^c hai sin da
62 . TRUONG OAI HOC NHA TRANG
tao viec lam va thu nhap on djnh cho ban 15.000 lao ddng (6/2014) [2]
Tong hep, phan tich danh gia thuc trang nghe khai thac hai san tinh Quang Nam se gdp them ca sd khoa hoc 6e 6\nh hudng phat tnen cho nghi khai thac cija tinh trong thdi gian tdi va la ndi dung se dugc trinh bay trong bai bao.
II. PHtJ'aNG PHAP NGHIEN CLCU - Thu thap sd lieu thii' cap ti> tai lieu quan ly nghi khai thac hai san tinh Quang Nam cua Chi cue Khai thac va Bao ve nguon io-i thtjy san
- Tong ho-p, trich xuat va phan tich tai lieu theo ti>ng v i n d i nghien cuu.
- Tiip can lai lieu v i dinh hudng phat tnen nghi ca cua tinh, trong dd cd nghi khai thac thuy san d i phan fich danh gia
- Tiip can tai lieu quan ly hoat ddng khai thac thiJy san trong viing nudc tu nhien cua
4400 4350 430O 4250 4200 4150 4100 4050 4000
ra!i(Ciuec) 4354 4349
II 1 1 4150 " ^ ' ^ • 4226
Mil
Hint! I So liroTig lau ca tinh Quiing Nam giai doan 2009 - 6/2014 Binh quan cdng suit ciJa mdt tau tang 213% Su bien ddng nay phij hp-p vdi dmh hudng phat tnen nghe khai thac hai san ciJa tinh thdi ky 2010 - 2020 la phat trien ddi tau cdng suat Idn khai thac xa bd, giam dan tau cdng suat nhd khai thac vung bien ven bd d i bao ve nguon lo'i hai san va he smh thai viing bien ven bd [3j Theo quy hoach ciia Tinh den nam 2020. so luong tau may ia 3010 chiic vdi ting cdng suat la 117,000 CV. Nhu vay, sd lugng tau may tinh d i n 6/2014 gap 1.4 lin so vdi quy hoach va tdng cong suit gap 1,69 l i n , binh quan cdng suat mdt tau gap 1,2 l i n
Sd 1 2016 Chinh phu d i phan tich, danh gia thuc trang gdp phin bo sung them ca sd khoa hoc ve hudng phat tnen nghe khai thac hai san tinh Quang Nam phu hop quy dinh phap luat, III. K I T Q U A NGHIEN CUU 1. Biin ddng do! tau ca tinh Quang Nam
Phan tfch biin ddng dpi tau ca tinh Quang Nam giai doan 2009 - 6/2014. duac the hien tren bieu do hinh 1, hinh 2 [2]
Hinh 1, hinh 2 cho thiy So luo'ng tau ca ttnh Quang Nam giam d i n tij' 4354 tau (nam 2009) xuing 4150 tau (nam 2012), sau dd tang dan len 4226 tau (nam 2014) Cdng suit may tau tang din tif nam 2009 - 2014 So vdi nam 2009, so luong tau ca Quang Nam giam 2,94%, cdng suit may tau tang ho'n 2 l i n .
Cong suat (CV) 250000
2035 20'0 201: 2012 2013 6/201'I Hinli 2. Cong suit tku ca linh Quang .Nam giai doan 2 0 0 9 - 6 / 2 0 1 4 2. Co cau dpi tau ca tinh Quang Nam 2 1 Co cau dot tau theo nhom cong suit
Phan tich co cau doi tau khai thac ca bien tinh Quang Nam giai doan tu nam 2009 - 6/2014 theo nhdm cdng suit the hien tren hinh 3
Hinh 3 cho thay So vdi nam 2009, nam 2014 nhom tau cong suit tif 20 - <50 CV giam 32,4%, nhdm tau cdng suit du-di 20 CV tuy giam 2,1 %, nhung vin chiem ty le cao (68,5%), nhieu hon 16,02% so vdi dmh hudng phat tnen nghe khai (hac ciia Tinh thoi ky 2010 - 2015 Van de c i n duoc quan tam cho dmh hudng phat tnen nghe khai fhac trong thdi gian toi
Ti?UONG OAl HOC NHA TRANG . 6.1
Tap chi Khoa hoc - Cdng nghe Thuy sdn
3SD0 3000 2500 zooo 1500 lOOO
S 6 l u o n g ( T a u ) • 2 0 0 9 • 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 1 B 2 0 1 2 . 2 0 1 3 •TT.96-14
<3Qcv 20-<50cv 50-OOcv 90-=250cv 250-<400cv40D-<600i:v >=60Dc:v
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Hinti i . So liromg tau c;
Nhdm tau cong suit tren 90 CV tang, nhat la nhom tau tren 250 CV Diiu nay da tao da phat tnin cho nghi khai thac hai san tinh Quang Nam, md rdng danh bat d viing biin khoi trong thdi gian tdi.
2 2 Co cau doi tau theo ngh§
Nghe ca tinh Quang Nam co 5 ho nghe.
theo cong suat m i y chinh
Ludi re, ludi keo, ludi vay, cau, nghe khac (nghe manh, nghe biy, chup mi/c). Ngoai ra, cdn cd dpi tau dich vi^ hau can chu yeu Ihu mua san pham cua dpi tau khai thac. Ph§n tich CO c i u doi tau ca tinh Quang Nam theo nghe dupe the hien tren hinh 4, hinh 5
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ang (Tau)
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Bieu do tren hinh 4, hmh 5 cho thay Nghe khai thac hai san linh Quang Nam chu yeu danh bat 6 vung bien ven bo'. the hien doi tau cong suat du6i 20 CV chiim 68,5% lau ca toan linh Neu thuc hien dung guy dmh ve quan ly hoat dong khai thac thuy san cua aa Nong nghiep va Phat tnin ndng thon thi doi lau nay chi duoc khai thac tai vung bien ven bd cua tinh Quang Nam, khong du'dc hoal dong khai Ihac ngu truong ngoai tinh Day la v i n de can duoc quan lam trong quy hoach nghj khai thac [1, 4J Cac nghi luoi re,
04 . TRUONG OAI HOC NHA TRANG
Hinh 5. Cff cau dpi tau cong sua!
d u o , 20 CV nam 2014 theo nghe cau, It^oi keo, luai vay co so lu'gng lau cS nhieu nhal trong co cau n g h i khai IhSc cua tirih Quiang Nam S6 tau nhom nghe manh, bay, chup muc chi6m ty le rat il so vol die nghe lu'di vay, re, keo, cau Co the thay ro han qua phan lich sau
- Ho nghe ludi re S6 lau nhieu nhal, chiem ty le l i j 43 - 45% lau ca cua linh. Giai doan til nam 2009 - 6/2014, so lu'ang tau nghe lu-Ai rS bien dong khong diSng ke (nam 2014 giim 9 lau so vai nam 2009) Trong do, nhom tiSu c6ng suat du*i 20 CV chiem 87,0% (nam 2014).
Imshil^hfiahoc^Cimgnghd TInn san
- Ho nghe cau Co 3 nghe chinh ia cau fay cau vang, cau muc xa Giat doan fu nam 2009 - 6/2014, so iuong tang dan tir 460 tau (nam 2009} len 515 lau {6,/2014) Nhom tau cau tay cdng suat dudi 20 CV chiim 53.2% sd luong lau cau CU3 toan tinh (iang them 12%)
Nghe cau myc xa sd luong khdng nhiiu (62 tau, nam 2014), nhung cdng suit may Idn, chil yeu tren 400 CV chiim 87.1% dpi tau cau muc xa cua tinh Day la mdt trong 2 nghi cd sd tau cdng suit tren 400 CV nhieu va cd vi tri quan trong trong nghe khai thac hai san tinh Quang Nam hien nay
- Ho nghi ludi keo Cd ludi keo do'n va keo ddi, khai thac tdm va cac ioai ca sdng lang day va g i n day Giai doan tL>- nam 2009 - 6/2014. sd lugng tau ludi keo giam dan tu 512 tau (nam 2009) xudng 430 tau (6/2014). giam 10% Doi tau ludi keo chiim ty le 10, 17% tau ca cua tinh, trong do nhdm tau cdng suit dudi 20 CV chiim 30,5% Kit qua nghien CLJU cho thay hoat ddng khai thac cua nhdm tau cdng suit tir 20 d i n duoi 90 CV la d vung bien ven bo, anh huong den nguon loi va cac he smh thai viing bien ven bo nhieu nhat
- Ho nghe iudi vay Cd vay anh sang va vay ngay Giai doan Id'nam 2009-6/2014, s6 luo-ng tau ludi vay giam 10% Day la nghe co doi tau cdng suit may chinh tren 250 CV nhieu nhat tinh va la nghi duy nhit ciia tinh Quang Nam khdng cd tau cdng suit dudi 20 CV 2.3 Co cau tau ca theo dia phuvng
Tinh Quang Nam cd 6 huyen/thanh phd lam nghe khai thac hai san Nui Thanh, Hdi An, Thang Binh, Xuyen Moc, Dien Ban, Tam Ky. Co- cau ddi tau theo dia phuong duoc t h i hien tren hmh 6
Biiu do tren hinh 6 cho thay Bin huyen/thanh phd la Nui Thanh, Hdi An, Thang Binh Duy Xuyen cd nghi khai thac hai san phat tnen ciia tinh
NUI Thanh la huyen cd nghi khai thac hai san manh nhal tinh (chiem ty le 35,1%), trong dd tau cdng suit > 20 CV chiem 46.5% Thanh pho HOI An chilm ty le 27,2% tau ca tinh va 25,5°/o nhom tau cdng sua! > 20 CV. Huyen
Sd J 2016 Thang Binh chiem ty le 14 4% tau ca toan iinh va 11 1% s6 tau cdng suat > 20 CV Huyen Duy Xuyen chiem ty ie 10% tau ca cua tinh va 11 1 % nhom tau cong suat > 20 CV
Hinh 6. Co cau 36] tau tht-o dia phiroTig (njni 20I3|
Cac nghi khai thac duoc sir dyng 6 cac dia phuong co su khac nhau Dieu nay the hien qua phan tich sau
Huyen Nui Thanh' su' dung chu yeu cac nghe luoi keo luoivay cau muc cau lay ludi re tang mat So tau khai thac bing 5 loai ngu cu nay chiem 89 6"-: nhdm tau cong suat > 20 CV Thanh pho Hoi An luoi keo, cau vang.
luoi re tang day luai re tang mat la cac loai ngu cu chinh duoc su dung chu y i u cda nhom lau cdng suat > 20 CV (chiem87,1%| Huyen Thang Bmh su dung chd yeu nghe luoi vay anh sang, cau muc, chup muc, chiem 90 1%
nhom tau cdng suat > 20 CV Huyen Duy Xuyen long biy ludi re tang day, cau vang ludi vay anh sang la cac loai ngu cu chinh duoc sir dung chu yeu chiem 95 1% nhom tau cdng suat > 20
3. Lao ddng nghe khai thac
Phan tich !ao dong nghi khai ihac hai san tfnh Quang Nam giai doan iL>- nam 2009 - 6/2014 i h i hien d biiu dd Iren hmh 7
Hinh 1. l.au dons khai (tijc hji san tinh Qujng Nam
"?L'0\G -DA: -ICC NHA T(?ANG • f>-
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn
Od thi tren hinh 7 cho thay: Lao ddng khai thac hai san tinh Quang Nam giai doan tip nam 2009 - 6/2014 tang. So vdi nam 2009, lao dpng nam 2004 tang 20,9%.
v i mat xa hdi, day la mpt tin hieu dang mii'ng vi da giai quyit them 2694 lao ddng cd viec lam va thu nhap on dmh. Tuy s6 lupng tau thuyin giam, nhung lao ddng tang Binh quan sd lao ddng cua mdt tau tang tif 2,96 ngudi/tau (nam 2009) len 3,69 ngudi/tau (6/2014), tang g i p 1,25 lin.
4. San lu'ang khai thac 4.1 San luvng trung binh cua mot tau
Trong quan ly nghi khai thac hai san d nudc ta, san lugng la mdt trong nhirng tieu chi quan trpng danh gia hieu qua san xuit va su phat trien cua mdt nghi San lupng cCia nghi khai thac tinh Quang Nam giai doan 2009 - 2013 duo'c t h i hien tren do thi hinh 8.
Tan/Tau
Hinti 8. .Sjn liro-nj; khai Ihae gim doan nm ~ 2013 linh Quan^ Nam Bieu ad Iren hinh 8 cho thiy Giai doan tii' nam 2009 - 2012, san luong hai san khai thac duoc ciia tinh Quang Nam lang hang nam San lupng nam 2012 tang them 57% so vdi nam 2009
San luong nam 2013 giam so vdi nam 2012 la 14,8% San luong binh quan tren mdt tau tang d i n tu nam 2009 - 2012 So VOI nam 2009, san luong bmh quan nam ciia mdi tau tang them 64,68%, trung bmh tang
h(> . TRUONG DAI HOC NHA TRANG
Phan tfch tren cho thay: S6 lau cdng suit Idn tang thi kha nang khai thac d vung biin khci tang, san lu-gng khai thac tang. Hay ndi each khac nhd tang dpi tau cdng suit Idn ma san luang hai san khai thac dupe tang, nen san lupng binh quan cua mdt tau tang.
4.2. San luv-ng trung binh tinh theo cong suat may tau
Phan tich san lupng theo cdng suit mSy tau k i t qua dupe the hien tren hinh 9.
2009 2010 2011 !0\2 2013 Hinh 9. San lirong khai thac binh quan cua ICV
Bieu do tren hinh 9 cho thay: San lupng binh quan (Tan/CV) giai doan 2009 - 2013 bien doi khdng theo quy luat, giam tu nam 2009 - 2010, sau dd tang dan d i n nam 2012 va giam vao nam 2013.
San luo'ng binh quan (Tan/CV) ciia nam 2013 bing 71,1% nam 2009. Nhu vay, c6 the hliu ring mac dii san lucng ciia dpi tau cdng suat Idn khai thac d viing bien khoi tang, nhung san lupng cua cac tau cdng suit nti6 khai thac d viing bien ven bd thap. Dieu nay anh hudng den nang suit khai thac tinh theo cong suit chung cua dpi tau
4 3. San luvng khai thac theo nghi Phan tich san lupng khai thac cua c^c nghe giai doan tic nam 2009 - 2013 cua tinh Quang Nam dupe the hien tren bang 1,
Nghe Li/ai Vay Ngh§ Cau
! Luai Keo Lisiyi Re 1 Manh, Chup
Nghe Biy Nghe t<hac
Bang 1. San Nam 2009
23.175 8.975 4 327 11 081
1.838 Y 132
887
luwig khat thac theo nghe Nam 2010
18.183 11.567 6.775 13.323 1268
315 1.132
Nam 2011 22.508 11 306 7.635 12.817
2.774 472 1.390
(OVT: Tan) Nam 2012
35 078 15.954 7 308 14 140
4 637 615 1 412
Nam 2013 20 444 18 768 5 568 16 662 3.643
785 1.547 Tu bang 1 cho thiy: Trong giaj doan
nam 2009 - 2013, san lupng hai san khai thac duac ciia cac nghi cau, re, biy, nghi khac tang hang nam Nghi manh chup san lupng lis nam 2010 - 2013 tang nhanh do ngu dan ung dung them nghe chup muc San luo'ng cua nghe biy nam 2012 - 2013 tang nhiiu hon do duoc ung dung them nghe b i y ghe. Viec ung dung them cac nghi nay tao them thu nhap cho ngu dan Tuy san luong khai thac duac ciia nghi bay khong nhiiu, nhung san pham khai thac duac cua nghe cd gia tn kinh t i cao, thi trudng tieu thu rdng k i ca xuit khau va ndi dia. Nghe biy chii y i u khai thac viing biin ven bd, nhung cd tinh chon loc va khdng gay tac
ddng xau d i n nguon lot va mdi trudng sdng cua cac loai thuy san.
San lupng cua nghi ludi vay, ludi keo bien ddng khdng theo quy luat Ludi vay cd san lupng cao nhat. chiim ty trong tif 30 - 46%
tong san luong hai san khai thac duac hang nam Nghe cau chiim ty trpng 17,8 - 27,8%
Nghi ludi re chiim ty trong 17,9 - 24,0%
Nghe luai keo chiem ty trong 8,26 - 12,96%
Cac nghi manh, chup. nghi bay, nghi khac san lupng khai thac duac thip nhat Cd t h i thay rd ban hieu qua khai thac ciia cac nghi qua phan tich san Iuang khai thac binh quan ciia mdt tau the hien tren biiu dd hinh 10.
Biiu do tren hinh 10 cho thay - • : ? - Xahe cau
62,177
32.1D! ,.3W' . . . 23,Si3 23,505 •**
20 i>---- •-••I i s s r I3.K7 15,M 0 • u ^ " ~ --^^- - - 2T^^_ - - i L - Q ^ - _ • - ; ; ';'Z
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Hinh 10. San lirema bmh quan cua 1 tau
San iuang bmh quan cue mot ,au ,Tan; tang d i n tu 43 3 tin/tau/nam (nam 2010) Tau/Naml cua nghe luoi .ay cao nhat va thip ien 102 868 tan/tau/nam (nam 2012) va nhat,a san,.ong binh ouan cua nghS Khac g,am xuong 58,245 ,in,,au/nam x4 xi
San luong bmh guan cua mot tau cua bing san luong nam 2009 (57 793 , i „ , nghe liroi vay bien dong khong theo quy iuat, tau/nam)
Tf<UONG DAI HOC NHA IRANG • 67
Tap chi Klioa hoc - Cdng nghe Thuv sdn
So 1.2016 San luong binh quan cua mdt tau cua
nghi cau va ludi re tang d i n td nam 2009 - 2013, So vdi nam 2009, san luong binh quan mdt tau cLia nghi cau tang them 90,1 %, binh quan tang them 18,02%/nam va nghi ludi re tang them 50,1%. binh quan tang them 10.4%/nam
San luang binh quan tau cua nghi ludi keo va nghi khac tang d i n tii^ nam 2009-2012, va giam xudng trong nam 2013
iV. KET LUAN
Giai doan 2009 - 2014, nghe khai thac hai san tinh Quang Nam phat tnen phii hpp quy hoach nghi ca cua tinh thai ky 2010 - 2020;
phai tnen ddi tau cdng suit Idn de khai thac xa bd, tang dan ty trong san luang khai thac xa bd, giam din ty trong san lupng khai thac ven bd. Tuy nhien, ddi tau cdng suit nhd dudi 20 CVvan nhiiu (chiim 68,5%)
Huyen Niii Thanh cd nghe khai thac ca blin phat tnen nhat tinh Quang Nam, chiim ty le 44 - 45% tau ca cua tinh
Ca cau ddi tau khac nhau giiua cac nghi.
Dpi tau nghe ludi re nhieu nhit, chiem ty Ip 44 - 45% tau ca cua tinh.
Lao dpng khai thac hai san tang hang nam Giai doan 2009 - 6/2014, binh quan lao dong cua mdt tau tang 1.25 lan (liy 2,96 ngudi/iau len 3,69 ngudi/tau). Diiu nay cd y nghTa ve mat xa hdi rat idn vi da tao duac viec lam va thu nhap on dmh cho ngu dan trong tinh,
Tong san Iuang hai san khai thac tang ti>
50.416 t i n (nam 2009) len 79 144 tin (nam 2012) va giam xudng 67.435 tan (nam 2013) San lupng khai thac tinh theo cdng suat may tau giam tiu 0,52 tin/CV (nam 2009) xudng 0,37 tan/CV (nam 2013),
N g h i ludi vay san luang khai thac cao nhat, binh quan t h i p nhit la 43,5 tan/lau/
nam, cao nhit la 102, 87 tin/tau/nam. San luang cua n g h i khac t h i p nhat, binh quan thap nhit la 1,5 tin/tau/nam, cao nhat la 2,06 tan/tau/nam.
f Vi i 11.1 r n \ M k i K o
u!!::;:,^;;:; . x ; ; ' ; M ^ ^ ; : ; ! : ; J : ; :;;'-^^'-^ ^-'' -^^ •-> -- -- Zedong khai mac, san i..n,
pnuL m u i n^ut.n It,, ilmy s.n ircn dia h.m iinh Quan^. Nam. Qu.ng Nam
TRUONG D A i H O C N H A TRANG
