Tap chi Khoa hpc Truong Dgi hpc Can Tha Tgp 54 So 6B (2018): 9S~i^ i
Tap chi Khoa hoc TriTdng Dai hoc Can Th<J
Phan B: Nong nghiep, Thiiy san v& C6ng nghS Sinh h9c website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
DOL }0.22I44/ctu.jvn.20I8.m S O S A N H K H I A C ^ N H K Y T H U A T V A T A I C H I N H C U A N G H E LU^Ol K E O VA LU^Ofl R E V E N B6'6 T I N H B A C L I E U
Le V a n C h i ' va N g u y e n Thanh Long^' 'Chi cue Thiiy sdn Bac Lieu
^Khoa Thuy Sdn, Truong Dgi hoc Can Tho
'Nguoi chju trdch nhiem ve bdi viel: Nguyin Thanh Long (email: ntlone0iclu.edu.vn) ABSTRACT
Thong tin chung:
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 08/12/2017 Ngdy nhdn bdi sira- 22/12/2017 Ngdy duyet ddng: 30/08/2018 Title:
Comparison of technical and financial aspects of inshore trawlers and gill nets in Bac Lieu province Tit- khoa:
Bac Lieu, ky thuat, luoi keo, luoi re, tdi chinh, thuan loi vd kho khan
Keywords:
Advantages and disadvantages, Bac Lieu, finance, gill net, trawler, technique
The study on the fishing activities of inshore trawlers and inshore gill nets was conducted from March to December 2017 in Bac Lieu province The results showed that the inshore trawlers and inshore gill nets had highest number oj fishing boats and yields. Trawlers and gill nets can capture whole year round, and the mam fishing season was from November to coming April The scale oj gill net boats was (41.3±14.2 CV). larger than that (36.!±15 1 CV) of trawl boats The yield and ratio of trash fish of gill nets were (13 5±3.9 tons/year;
16.8%) lower than those (18.7±2.4 tons/year: 41.2%) of trawlers, bulprojils and benefit ratios of gill nets (429±311 million VND, !.05±l 03 times, respectively) were higher than those of trawlers (162±162 million VND, 0.68±0 64 limes, respectively) Therefore, in the future, government should promote developing gill nets and restrict development of trawlers. For the sustainable development of trawl nets and gill nets, the development and management of fisheries resources should be promoted, supporting fishermen to access low interest rates to invest in production, and training fishermen lo use fishing equipment lo increase their fishing efficiency.
TOM TAT
Nghien ciru hoat dong khai Ihdc cua nghi ludi keo ven bo vd luoi re ven bd duoc thuc hien tu thdng 3 din thdng 12/2017 d tinh Bac Lieu Kit qud cho thdy nghe luoi keo vd nghe luoi re la hai nghe cd so luong tdu vd sdn luang nhieu nhdt so vdi cdc nghe khai thdc thuy sdn con lgi Nghe ludi keo vd luin re CO the khai thdc quanh nam, mua vu khai thdc thdy sdn chinh tdp trung lis thdng 11 din thdng 4 nam sau. Qui mo tdu luoi re (41,3±14.2 CV) Idn han lau luoi keo (36,1±15.} CV). Sdn lucmg vd ti le cd lap ciia nghe luoi re (I3,5i3,9 idn/ndm; 16,8%) thdp hon nghi luoi keo (18,7±2,4 tdn/ndm; 41,2%), nhmg loi nhuan vd tisudt lai nhuan cda nghi luoi re (429±311 triiudong. I,05±},0i tdn) cao hon nghi luoi keo (I62±162 trieu dong, 0,68±0,64 idn). Vi vay trong luong lai, co quan qudn ly nen uu lien phdt tnen nghe ludi ri vd han che phat trien nghe ludi keo. De nghe khai thdc thdy sdn ven bo phdt trien on dmh can day mgnh cdng tdc qudn ly vdphdt trien nguon lgi thuy sdn. tgo dieu kien cho nguddn tiepcgn vdn vol lai sudt thdp di ddu tu sdn xudt, vd tdp huan nguddn biet su dicing cdc thiet bi khai thdc nhdm tdng hieu qud khai thdc ciia hp.
Trich dan. Le Van Chi va Nguydn Thanh Long, 2018. So sanh khia canh ky thuat va tai chinh ciia nghe ludi keo va ludi re ven bd d tinh B^c Lieu, Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dai hpc Can Tho. 54(6B):
98-107,
Tap chi Khoa hpc TruangDai hpc C&n Tha Tap 54 So 6B (2018): 98-107
1 GlCfl THIEU 1.1 H^t vdn de
Viet Nam co bd bien dai 3.260 km, la vung giau tiem nang ve thuy san, vung dac quy6n kinh tfi khoang 1 tri?u km^ va co ban 4.000 dao Idn nho, 12 vinh va dam pha vdi tong dien tich 1,160 km^ dupe che chan de tni dau tau thuyen. Bien Viet Nam cd khoang 11.000 loai sinh vat da dupe phat hien, trong do CO khoang 6.000 loai dpng vat day, 2 038 loai ca bien, 225 loai torn, 25 loai muc,... (Nguyin Duy Chinh, 2008). Tdng san lupng thuy san ca nude nam 2016 dat hon 6,7 trieu tan, trong do, san lupng khai thac gan 3,1 trieu tan. Kim ngach xuat khdu thuy san dat khoang 7 ty USD (Tdng cue Thiiy san, 2016),
Bac Lieu la mpt tinh ven bien, co tiem nang phat trien ve kinh le bien. Vdi chi^u dai bd biSn dai 56 km, tiep giap bien Dong, dien tich ngu trudng bi^n gan 5.000 km^thich hpp cho viec nuoi trong va khai thac thiiy san. Nam 2016, san lupng khai thac thiiy san dat 107.276 tSn, chiem 10,3% tong san luong khai thac thuy san ciia Dong bang Song Cuu Long (DBSCL) theo Chi cue Thiiy san tinh Bac Lieu (CCTSBL) nam 2017.
Nghe khai thac thuy san d Viet Nam noi chung va d Bac Lieu noi rieng dang phai doi mat vdi nhimg kh6 khan va thach thuc nhu nguon lai thiiy san viing bien ven bd ngay cang can kiet, nang suat khai thac tren mpt don vi cudng luc tau giam, ky thuat khai thac lac hau, chu yeu khai thac theo kinh nghiem va phuang tien khai thac mang tinh hiiy diet... nhung day lai la sinh ke chii yeu ciia cong dong ngu dan ven bien. Tuy nhien, den nay van chua cd cong trinh nghien ciiu danh gia ve ky thuat va tai chinh ciia nghe khai thac thiiy san ven bd d Bac Lieu de ho trp cho cong tac quan ly va phat triSn cac nghe khai thiiy san ven bd (CCTSBL, 2017). Vi vay, nghien ciiu nay da dupe thuc hien nham danh gia hien trang cac nghe ludi keo va ludi re ven bd nham cung cap thong tin co ban cho viec quan ly va phat tnen cac nghe khai thac nay theo hudng ben vimg.
2 PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN Ciru
2.1 Thdi gian va dia diem nghien ciiuNghien cuu dupe thuc hien tii thang 03 den
Bang 1: S6 lirpng tau va san lumig khai thac thuy santhang 12/2017 tai huyen Dong Hai, huyen Hoa Binh va thanh pho BEIC Lieu thuoc tinh Bac Lieu.
2.2 Thu thSp so lilu So li^u thir cap
S6 lieu thii cap chmh nhu so lupng tau thuyin, san luong khai thac thuy san va hinh thiic quan ly khai thac thiiy san dupe tong hpp tir cac bao cao cua Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Nong thon tinh Bac Lieu, CCTSBL. Cac nghien ciiu c6 lien quan, tap chi chuyen nganh, luan van tdt nghiep sau dai hpc va cac website chuyen nganh cung dupe tham khao.
So lieu so* cap
Nam muoi hp lam nghe ludi keo va 95 hp lam nghe ludi re ven bd dupe phdng van true tiep theo bang can hoi soan s5n de tim hieu nhirng thong tin ve khia canh ky thuat (trpng tai tau, cong sudt tau, luc lupng lao dpng, kich thudc ngu cu, ngir tnrdng, miia vu khai thac, san lupng khai thac), khia canh tai chinh (chi phi co dinh, chi phi bien ddi, tdng doanh thu, Ipi nhuan, hinh thiic tieu thu san pham khai thac) va nhiing thu^n Ipi va kho khan ciia nghS khai thac thuy san.
2.3 Xu- ly va phan tich so lieu
Cac sd lieu ve khia canh ky thuat va tai chinh dupe the hien qua tan so xuat hien, gia tri trung binh, dp lech chuan, gia tri Idn nhat, gia tri nho nhat. Cac so heu dupe kiem dinh thdng ke t-test de so sanh su khac biet giira nghe ludi keo ven bd va ludi re ven bd bang phan mSm SPSS (16 0) (p<0,05),
3 KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1 Tinh hinh khai thdc thuy san d tinh Bac LieuSo lupng tau va san luong khai thac thiiy san d tinh Bac Lieu tang tu nam 2005 den nam 2015, lan lupt 47% va 72% (Bang 1). Tuy nhien, nhiing nam gan day (2013-2016), tong so lupng tau khai thac co xu hudng giam (Bang 2), tong so tau khai thac nam 2013 la 1.234 chiec, giam con 1.147 chiic d nam 2016. Mat khac, so lupng tau dong mdi ciing giam di tir nam 1999 den nay (Hinh I). Di^u nay cho thdy tinh hinh khai thac ngay cang kho khan nen viec dong mdi tau khai thac cang it di, nhdt la cac tau khai thac ven bd,
d tinh Bac Lieu giai doan 2005 -2015
NamSo lutmg tau (chiec) San luong khai thac bien (tan/niiin) Niing suat Ichai thac bien (tan/CV/nam)
2005
832 62.034 0,59
2007
759 68.776 0,74
2009 2011
1.097 1.185 82.000 99.310
0,74 0,84
20131.234 100.449 0,87
2015
1.223
106.916
0,88
Ngudn: CCTSBL (2016) vd Tong cue 7 gki (2011 vd 2016)Tgp chi Khoa hoc Truong Dai hoc Can Tha Tap 54. So 6B (2018): 98-107
7 5 - 7 9 8 0 - 8 4 8S~89 9 0 - 3 4 9 5 - 9 9 0 0 - 0 4 0 5 - 0 9 l O - n a y
• Ludi re o Luoi k i o Hinhl
NghS khai thac san d tinh Bac Lieu chii yeu la nghi ludi re (57,6%) va ludi keo don (22,4%)) va ludi keo ddi (13,0%) Dac biet, d tinh Bac Lieu khong CO nghe ludi vay nhu d Kien Giang, Ca Mau va S6c Trang vi nghe ludi vay la loai nghe can co von dau tu Idn va doi hoi ky thuat khai thac cao
Thdi gian dong moi tau Ivr&i re va lirdi keo
(Nguygn Thanh Long, 2014). Ben canh do, nghS khai thac thuy san d tinh Bac Lieu c6n co cac ngh^
cau muc, cau kieu, nghe te va xigp, nhung vdi s6 lupng tau khong nhieu (Bang 2). Doi vdi n ^ e luoi re va ludi keo, ti le tau khai thac ven bd chiem ti 1^
Idn va idn l u 0 la 78%i tong tau ludi re va 64% ting tau ludi keo don.
Biing 2: So luong tau ciia c^c nghi N g h i khai thac
1. Luoi re
iifoi re ven bi (<90 CV) 2. Luoi keo don
Ltiai keo dan ven bo (<90 CV) 3. Luoi keo doi
4. Thu mua, van chuyen 5. Nghe c3u muc, cau kieu 6. Nghe te, xiep Tong
Ithai thac thiiy san it 2013
731
282 164 30 20 7 1.234
tinh Bac Lieu 2014
747
276 164 31 29 7 1.254
giai doan 2013-2016 (chiic) 2015
739
266 153 25 34 6 1.223
2016 661 516 257 165 150 38 35 6 1.147
Tile(%l 57,6 (7S%) (64%) 13,0 3,30 3,00 0,50 100 Ghi chil- CV la ma tuc
Nguon CCTSBL (2017)
San lutyng khai thac ciia tinh Bac Lieu dat 107 ngan tan nam 2016, chu yeu la san lu^ng tit nghe
Bang 3: San Iirong khai thac cQa tiing loai nghe trong giai doan 2013-2016 (tan)
lum keo don (37,4%), luoi keo doi (28,0%) va nghe luoi re (21,3%).
Nghe khai thac 2013 2014 2015 2016 Tile(%)
1 .Nghe luoi re 2. Luoi keo don 3. Luoi keo doi 4 Nghe te, xiep 5. Nghe ciiu muc, cau kieu
25.000 22.100 45.000 42.350 20.314 25.060 9.815 10.452 320 390
23.760 22.867 40.250 40.100 27.860 30 000 14.596 13.781
450 528 21,3 37,4 28,0 12,8 0,50
Tong 100.449 100 352 106.916 107.276
(Nguon: CCTSBL. 2016)
Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hoc Can Tha
3.2 Thong tin chung ve hp khai thac thuy Dp tuoi trung binh cua thuyen trudng cua nghe ludi keo va ludi re lan lurot la 45,8 tuoi va 47,8 tu6i, day la tuoi trung nien c6 nhieu kinh nghiem trong khai thac thiiy san, so nam kinh nghiem trung binh cua thuyen trudng tau ludi keo la 23,5 nam va tau ludi ludi re la 27,6 nam. Tuy nhien, trinh dp hpc van chi tap trung vao tieu hpc (48% ddi vdi ludi keo va 63,2%i doi vdi ludi re) va trung hpc ca sd (30% d6i vdi ludi keo va 22,1% doi vdi ludi re) nen viec tiep thu nhirng tien bp ky thuat gap nhieu kho khan nhu tiep nhan kien thiic hang hai de khai thac xa bd hon, kien thiic su dung may do ca de khai thac hieu qua han va kien thiic bao quan san pham khai thac con ban che.
So lao dpng tren tau ludi re (6,3 ngudi) nhieu hon so lao dpng tren tau ludi keo (3,2 ngudi) la do tau ludi re co chieu dai Idn (8.004 m) nen can nhieu
Tap 54 So 6B (2018) 98-107
lao dpng de keo ludi. Ben canh viec su dyng lao ddng trong gia dinh cho san xuat, nghe ludi keo va ludi re con thue mudn them lao dpng. Trong do nhu cdu thue mudn lao dpng cua nghe ludi re (72%) nhiiu hon tau ludi keo (46%). Qua day cho thay viec phat triin ngh6 ludi keo dan va ludi re khong nhirng tao viec lam cho gia dinh ma con tao viec lam cho ngudi dan song vung ven bien Bac Lieu Tuy nhien, thdi gian qua do gia nhien lieu tang cao, thu nhap khong 6n dinh va thdp nen nhieu lao ddng viing ven bien da tim nhung viec lam khac co thu nhap cao hon, do do viec thue mudn nhan cong de khai thac thuy san hien nay ciing gap nhieu kho khan.
Bang 4: Tuoi va kinh nghiem khai thac nghe ludi keo va ludi re
Noi dung Ludi keo Lu'di re
Tuoi Tuoi Kinh nghiem
khai thac
45,8±8,5 47,8±8,4 Nam 23,5±8,9 27,6±8,7 Bang 5: Trinh dp hpc van cua ngu dan
Trinh do
Ti le (%) Tng(%)
Mil chii Tieu hpc Tmng hpc co sd Trung hpc Pho thong Dai hpc Sau dai hpc
5 24 15 5 1
10 48 30 10 2
11 60 21 1 1
1,6 63,2 22,1 1,1 1,1 Bang 6: Luc luung lao dong ciia nghe lir^ keo va ItriH re
Noi dung
Lir6i keo TB4,8±1,2- 2,2±0,8' 1,7±0,7' 1,5±0,9' 3,2±0,8'
(%)
54 46 100
LinVi re TB 5,0±1,0- 2,3±0,9"
1,8±0,9"
4,6±1,4' 6,3±1,4'
(%)
28 72 100
Tong so ngudi trong gia dinh (ngudi)
Tong so lao dpng trong gia dinh (ngudi) So lao dpng trong gia dinh (ngudi) So lao dpng thue mudn (ngudi) Tong so lao dpng tren tau (ngudi)
Cdc gid tri ciing mdt hdng co ciing chu cdi thi khdc nhau khdng cdy nghia thdng ke (p>0,05)
Ly do ngu dan ven bien lira chpn khai thac bang
nghe ludi keo va ludi re la do ngu dan khong co kinh nghiem trong san xuat nong nghiep, nghe ngay mang lai thu nhap cao cho ngu dan ven bien. Hon Bang 7: Ly do ho chpn thuc hien loai nghe khai thac
niia ngudi dan viing nay da quen vdi nghe bien, cha truyen con noi, co san tau khai thac ciing nhu co nhieu kmh nghiem khai thac va song gan bien nen thuan tien cho danh bat thuy san (Bang 7)
L y d o
Khong CO kinh nghiem trong san xuat nong nghiep Cha truyen con noi
Co kinh nghiem Nha gan bien Dam bao cuoc song Tong
Ludi keo n 34 27 11 9 6 87
Ti 11 (%) 39,1 31,0 12,6 10,3 6,9 100
Luoi n 58 66 23 7 154
re Ti le (%)
37,7 42,9 14,9 4,5 100
Tgp chi Khoa hpc Trudng Dai hpc Cdn Tha
Theo k^t qua khao sat, tau ludi re phat triin trudc ngh§ ludi keo va bdt ddu tu nam 1975 ddi vdi nghe ludi re va nam 1980 d6i vdi nghi ludi keo. Nghe ludi re va ludi keo ven bd phat triin cao nhdt vao giai doan 1995-1999, sau do s6 tau ludi re va ludi keo dong mdi giam dan den nay. Su giam dan nay la do chinh sach uu nen phat triin tau khai thac xa bd, ban chi tau khai thac ven bd d dia phuong, dong thdi CO mpt ly do quan trpng niia ta san lupng khai thac ven bd suy giam, Ipi nhu|n khong cao nen so lupng tau khai thac ven bd dong mdi rdt it d nhung nam gan day,
3.3 Khia canh ky thuat ciia nghe ludi r£ va Iiroi ven bd
3.3.1 Cdc thong so tdu thuyen khai thdc Tau ludi keo ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu co tai trong (6,5 tan) va cong sudt (36,1 CV) nho hon ket qua khao sat ciia Nguyin Thanh Long (2014) doi vdi tau ludi keo ven bd d DBSCL co tai trpng va cong suat trung binh idn lupt la 8,92 tdn va 51,5 CV, Tau co tai trpng va cong sudt cang nho thi cd xu hudng khai thac cang gan bd, khai thac cang gan bd se anh hudng den moi trudng sinh san va noi tni an cua ca con, nen anh hudng rat Idn den su phat trien nguon Ipi thuy san. Tuong tu doi vdi tau ludi re ven bd co tai trong va cong suit tmng binh Idn hon tau ludi keo ven bd lan lupt la 8,6 tan va 41,3 CV. Ket qua nay Idn hon ket qua khao sat d DBSCL, co tai trpng va cong suat trung binh lan lupt la 6,11 tan va 39,9 CV (Nguyen Thanh Long, 2014). Dieu nay c6 nghia Bang 9: Cdc thong s6 ciia ngu- cu
Tgp 54 So 6B (2018) 98-107 tau ludi re ven bd d Bac Lieu c6 qui mo Idn, co kha nang khai thac xa b d hon va ^iam ap lire khai thac thac ven bd lam anh hudng den su phat tnen nguon Ipi thuy san.
Bang 8: Thong tin chung v i thu ciia nghe ludi k£o va ludi re
N^i dung Trpng tai (tan) C6ng sudt (CV)
6,5±2,9' 8,6±3,2^
36,1^15,1° 41,3±14,2^
Cdc gid tri ciing mdt hdng cd ciing chir cdi thi khdc nhau khdng cd y nghia thdng ke (p>0,05)
3.3.2 Cdc thong so ngu cu khai thdc Nghe ludi keo ven bd d tinh BEIC Lieu co kich thudc m^t ludi trung binh 2a d canh va dut ludi ISn lupt la 40,8 mm va 22,0 mm. Theo qui dinh cua Thong tu s6 02/2006/TT-BTS ngay 20 thang 3 nam 2006 cua Bp Thiiy san (Bp Thiiy san, 2006) thi kich thudc mat ludi toi thieu d dut ludi cho tau ludi keo ven bd la 28 mm, Nhu vay phan Idn ngu cu tau luai keo ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu vi pham qui dinh nay.
Mat khac, kich thudc mat ludi nho se anh hudng rat Idn din ngufin Ipi thuy san d khu vyrc khai thac. Vi vay can tuyen truyen va kiem tra nghiem viec th\rc hien kich thudc mat ludi theo qui dinh cua nghe luoi keo ven bd d tinh Bac lieu. Ludi re ven ho 6 tinh Bac lieu co qui mo Idn vdi chi6u dai va chieu cao ludi trung binh lan lupt la 8.044 m va 6,2 m. Luai re thi CO kich thudc mdt ludi Idn (80,6 mm) phu hpp vdi qui dinh cua Thong tu s i 02/2006/TT-BTS.
Lu-di keo
Kich thudc mat ludi d canh ludi 2a (mm) Kich thudc mat ludi d dut ludi 2a (mm)
40,8±11,3
22,0±3,6 Kich thudc mdt ludi 2a 80,6±24,7 Chiiu dai ludi (m) 8 044±3.873
Chieu cao ludi (m) 6,2±5,4 3.3.3 Ngu trudng vd mua vu khai thdc cua
nghe luoi keo vd luoi re
Ngu trudng khai thac ciia nghe ludi keo va ludi re ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu chii yeu la vimg bien Dong Nam Bp. Trung binh mpt chuyin biin ciia nghi ludi keo la 4,52 ngay va ludi re la 6,55 ngay. Neu so vdi ket qua chung ciia DBSCL la 1,24 ngay ngay doi vdi Bang 10: Thdi gian Ichai thac cua nghe iirdi keo va ludi r l
ludi re va 6,11 ngay doi vdi ludi keo (Nguyen Thanh Long, 2014) thi thdi gian chuyen bien cua nghe luoi re d Bac Lieu dai ngay ban, do qui mo tau ludi re a Bac Lieu Idn, co the di xa ban va bam d ngu trudng lau ngay han. Qui mo tau ludi keo nho, nen thdi gian chuyen bien ngan hon trung binh d DBSCL (Bang 10).
N6i dung L u d i keo Lirdire
Thdi gian khai thac mot me ludi (gid) So me ludi khai thac trong ngay (me) Sd ngay trong mpt chuyen bien (ngay) So me ludi trong mpt chuyen bien (me) So chuyen bien trong thang (chuyin) So thang khai thac trong nam (thang)
3,58±0,50^
3,22±0,42=
4,52±1,76=
12,52 ±4,95^
3,00 ±1,87^
8,52 ±2,52^
8,15±3,61^
1,21*0,46"
6,55±2,68'' 7,36*2,30"
3,03±1,75' 8.93±1,36'_
Cdc gid tri cimg mdt hdng cd cimg chit cai thi khdc nhau khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke (p>0,05)
Tgp chi Khoa hpc Trudng Dgi hoc Can Tha Tdp 54 So 6B (2018). 98-107 Ngu trudng khai thac ciia nghe ludi keo va ludi
re ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu tap trung vung ven biin tii tinh Soc Trang den miii Ca Mau. Vung bien nay tdm ca xuat hi?n quanh nam nSn nghi ludi keo va ludi re CO the khai thac quanh nam, trir thdi gian biin dpng.
tau khong the ra khoi danh ca. Trung binh so thang khai thac trong nam ciia nghe ludi keo va nghe ludi re Idn lupt la 8,52 thang va 8,93 thang (Bang 10).
Nhirng thang co sd hp khai thac dat san lupng cao d nghi ludi keo va ludi re t£Lp trung hi thang 11 den thang 4 nan sau (Hinh 2 va 3),
^ 60
"1 ""
. 5 20 0
1 1
1
I 1 1
1 .11
1 Ill
^ 80
1 w 4 0
"EI 20
1
1 1 1,
1 1 Mill
. 1
.11 11
5 6 7 8 9 10 1112
Thang
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112
Thang
Hinh 2: Ti le so ho khai thac co san lugng cao Hinh 3 : T i If so hd khai thac co san luwng cao cua nghe Ivdi keo
3.3.4 Sdn lugng khai thdc cua nghe lu&i keo vd ludi re ven bo
San lupng cua nghe ludi keo cao hon san lupng ciia nghe ludi re va khac biet co y nghTa thdng ke (P<0,05), Cu the, san lupng trung binh mot chuySn cua ludi keo la 850 kg, trong khi san lupng mpt chuyen ciia ludi re la 590 kg, tuong tu san lupng ca nam ciia nghe ludi keo (18,7 tan/nam), cao hon c6 y nghia thdng ke so vdi nghe ludi re (13,5 tan/nara) (P<0,05). Mac du, nghe ludi keo cd qui md nho hon nghe ludi re, nhung do nghe ludi keo la nghe khai thac khong chpn Ipc, trong khi nghe ludi re chi duoc bat ca CO kich thudc phii hpp vdi mat ludi ciia no nen san luong cua ludi re thap han ludi keo va do cung la ly do ti le ca tap cua nghe ludi keo (41,2%) cao ban ti le ca tap cua nghe ludi re (16,8%). So vdi Bang 11; S^n l u p n g va nang suat khai thac ciia nghe
ciia nghe Ivdi r£
ke qua nghien ciiu d DBSCL, san lupng khai thac ca nam ciia nghe ludi keo (25,4 tan) cao hon d Bac Lieu (18,7 tdn/nam), cdn san lupng ludi re thi khong khac nhau (13,5 tan/nam) (Nguyin Thanh Long, 2014).
Theo ket qua nghien ciiu ctia Hong Van Thudng vd ctv (2014), san lupng ludi keo va ludi re ven bd lan lupt la 33,9 tan/nam va 1,3 tan/nam Dieu nay cho thdy san lupng khai thac cua nghe ludi keo dang suy giam. Ket qua triing vdi nhan dinh cua ngu dan, san lugng khai thac giam lien tuc trong 5 nam qua, trong do, san lupng nghe ludi keo giam dan nhanh han nghe ludi re (Hinh 4), Chinh vi vay, d6 nghe ludi keo phat trien on dinh, can co giai phap quan ly, giam thieu tac dpng cua nghe nay den nguon Ipi thiiy san, gdp phan cho cac nghe khai thac ven bd phat tnen on dinh.
ludi keo Danh muc
San lupng (kg/chuyen) San lupng (tan/nam) Nang suat (kg/CV/nam) Nang suat/nam (kg/km ludi/nara) Ti le ca tap (%)
850*181- 18,7±2,4"
616±190' 41,2±8,0'
590±154'
13,5±3,9'
364±125'
1.940±651'
16,8*3,9'
Cdc gid tri ciing mot hdng cd cimg cha cdi thi khdc nhau khdng cd y nghia Ihdng ke (p>0,05)Tgp chi Khoa hoc Tntdng Bai hoc Cdn Tha Tgp 54 So 6B (2018): 9i
•~ 35.00
ilLkJiJi
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
• Ludilceo QLudire
Hinh 4: San l u ^ g khai thac cua tau Iirdi keo va ludi re giai doan 2012 -2016 3.4 Khia canh tai chinh ciia n g h i ludi re va
lu«i keo ven b d
3.4 1 Cdc chi phi ciia tdu hroi keo vd luoi re K i t qua khao sat cho thay de dau tu trung binh cho mpt tau ludi keo dan ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu can 248 trieu d i n g (Bang 12),_trong do tau va may tau chiim 86,7%, ngu cu chiem 7,13%. Trong khi so von ddu tu cho mot tau ludi re ven bd trung binh la 447 trieu dong, trong do, tau va may tau chi chiem 50,5%, ngu cu chiim din 49,5%. Nhu da phan tich d tren, nghe ludi re d Bac Lieu co qui mo Idn hon nen chi phi dau tu mpt tau ludi re cao hon tau ludi keo (P<0,05), hon niia, nghe ludi re ton nhieu chi phi cho viec trang bi ngu cu (221 trieu ddng) cao han chi phi ngu cu cua tau ludi keo (17,7 tri^u dong) (P<0,05), Chi phi khau hao cho mpt chuyen bien cua Bang 12: Cac chi phi ciia tau lirdi keo va lirdi re
nghi ludi keo va ludi re ven bd lin lupt la 1,62 tn?u ddng va 4,65 tneu dong (Bang 12)
Chi phi mpt chuyen bien cho tau ludi keo don gdn bd trung binh 10,18 trieu dong/chuj'en, chu yeu la tiin nhien lieu 49,39%, chi phi cho tien nhan c6ng chiim 17,92% (Bang 12). D6i vdi tau ludi re thi ngupc lai, chi phi Idn nhat la tien nhan cong (82,08%) vi tau ludi re cdn nhiSu lao dpng de keo ludi, chi phi nhien lieu thap ban (15,69%) va chi pM trung binh cho mpt chuyen bien la 17,46 tngu ding/chuyin bien. Tau ludi re co qui mo Idn nen chi phi cho mpt chuyin biin cao hon co y nghia thong ke so vdi chi phi mpt chuyen bien cua nghe ludi k6o ven bd (P<0,05), trong do nghi ludi keo ton nhieu chi phi cho viec mua nhien lieu thi doi vdi tau ludi re thi ton nhieu chi phi cho viec chi tra tien nhan cong.
Chi pill CO dinh Vo tau May tau N g u c u Chi phi khac Chi phi khau hao (trieu don Tong chi phi bien doi (trieu
g/chuyen) dong/chuyen)
Luoi keo T B 248*60- 168±29"
48,1*10,3"
17,7*6,2"
15,0*7,9 1,62*0,90' 10,18*2,14"
T i l e ( % ) 100 67,44 19,38 7,13 6,04 100
Lirorire TB T i l H % ) 447*98' 100 175*94" 39,14 51,0*15,9" 11,43 221*82' 49,44 4,65*1,40'
17,46*4,32' 100 Nhien lieu
Tien nhan cong Luang thuc Nude da Chi phi sira chira Chi phi khac Tien lai ngan hang
5.36*2,20' 1,82*0,31"
1,69*0,65' 0,82*0,25"
0,47*0,14"
0,02*0,01 49,39 17,92 16,58 8,02 4,62 0,20
3,57*1,09' 9,96*2,93' 1,92*0,89' 1,21*0,69' 0,65*0,26' 0,15*0,07' gcoyngkm thongke (p>0.05)
CO led nhuiin trung binh mgt chuyen 15,69 82,08 6,70 12,69 4,99 2,77
biSn la 7,33 tneu dong, ti suat loi nhuan la 0,68 liin (Bang 13).
Cdc gid tri cimg mot hdng cd cdng chir cdi thi khdc nhau khdng co y nghia 3.4.2 Hieu qud tdi chinh
Doi vdi tau ludi keo dan ven bd, trung binh mot chuyen bien, chu tau thu dupe 19,03 trieu dong va
Tgp chi Khoa hpc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tlia Tdp 54 Sd 6B (2018): 98-107
Bang 13: Hifu q u a tai chinh ciia nghe lirdi keo va lirdi re
N6i d u n g L i r o i k ^ o L i f d i r e
Doanh thu (Trieu dong/chuyen) Tong chi phi (Trieu dong/chuyin) Lpi nhuan (Tneu dong/chuyen) Lpi nhuan (Trieu dong/nam) Ti suat lpi nhuan (lan)
19,03±9,71"
11,70±5,70^
7,33±7,16^
162±162=
0,68±0,64"
4I,99±29,69'' 22,10*14,91"
]9,89±18,71"
429±311^
1,05*1,03"
Cdc gid tn ciing mdt hdng cd cung chir cat thi khdc nhau khdng co y nghia thdng ke (p>0,05) Doi vdi tau ludi re ven bd trung binh mdt chuyen
chil tau thu dupe 41,99 trieu dong va Ipi nhuan dat thu dupe la 19,89 trieu dong/chuyin, ti sudt lpi nhuan cua nghe ludi re ven bd la 1,05 lan (Bang 14), Trong khi do ti suat lpi nhuan cua nghi ludi re ven bd d tmh Sdc Trang 0,46 lan (Nguyen Thanh Long, 2012).
Tong chi phi trung binh ciia nghe ludi keo don ven bd (11,7 trieu dong/chuyen) thap hon tong chi phi trung binh cua nghe ludi re ven bd (22,1 trieu dong/chuyen) va co y nghia t h i n g ke (P<0,05), do tau ludi keo ven bd c6 qui mo nhd han tau ludi re ven bd Tuong tu, lpi nhuan ciia nghe ludi keo ven bd (162 trieu dong/nam) ciing thap hon co y nghTa thong ke vdi lpi nhuan ciia tau ludi re ven b d (429 trifu dong/nam) (P<0,05), dieu nay chiing to nghS ludi re ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu khai thac con hieu qua do san pham khai thac co gia tri Idn va c6 ti le ca tap thap. Mat khac, xet tir ket qua khao sat, nghe ludi re ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu khai thac hieu qua Bang 14: Hinh thirc tieu thu san p h a m khai thac
han tau ludi keo ven bd vi ti suat lai nhuan ciia tau ludi re dat 1,05 lan, trong khi tau ludi keo chi dat 0,68 idn CP<0,05).
Phan Idn san pham khai thac ban chii yeu cho thuong lai (vira), 98,4% doi vdi san pham khai thac ciia ludi keo va 98,2% ddi vdi san pham khai thac ciia ludi re. Ket qua nghien ciju ciia Nguyen Tmng Ven (2012) cung cho thay phan Idn hai san danh bat deu dupe ban san pham khai thac dupe cho thuong lai, nau vua (81,6%), chi c6 4 % san lupng ban cho nha may che bien, so cdn lai ban cho tau thu mua tren bien (9,7%) va tieu thu nho le khac 4,7%. Viec ban cho thuong lai co thuan lpi la ban dupe so lupng Idn va ban het m6t idn. Tuy nhien, so lupng thuong lai cd gidi han nen phan Idn gia ban phu thupc vao thuong lai va bi ep gia Mat khac, nhiing hp thieu von san xuat, thudng vay von d thuang lai vdi lai suat cao, lam cho lpi nhu|n cua chu hO khai thac cang giam hon.
Noi dung Ban cho thuong lai Tieu thu trong gia dinh
Luffi keo T B ( K g ) 717*468 11,9*4,3
Ti le (%) 98,4 1,6
L i r o i r g T B ( K g ) 562*342 10,3*3,4
Ti le (%) 98,2 1,8 3.5 T h u a n lpi va kho Idian cua nghe ludi re v
Nghe ludi keo va ludi re ven bd d tinh Bac Lieu con ton tai vdi nhieu tau la do hai nghe nay con mang lai thu nhap i n dinh cho ngu dan. Ngu dan co nhieu kinh nghiem danh bat tir hai nghe nay nen ho Bang 15: N h u n g t h u a n Ipi cua nghe lirdi keo va ludi re
ludi keo
CO giii nghe, khong chuyen ddi sang nghe khac. Ludi re va ludi keo khai thac ven bd nen thdi gian mot chuyen bien ngan, chi phi san xuat thap n^n phii hpp vdi kha nang diu tu cua ngu dan.
Ndi dung
Ti le (%) Ti le (%)
Thu nhap dn djnh Co kmh nghiem Thdi gian di bien ngan Lao dpng cd san trong gia dinh Chi phi thap
Tong
28 16 15 25 8 92
30,43 17,39 16,30 27,17 8,70 100
73 58 17 7 6 161
45,34 36,02 10,56 4,35 3,73 100 Ben canh nhirng thuan lpi, nghe ludi keo va hrdi
re ven bd tinh Bac Lieu cung gap khong it khd khan.
Co 74% hp ludi keo va 80% hp ludi re nhan dinh la
san lupng suy giam 5 nam gan day (Bang 16 va 17).
Thieu von san xuat la kho khan thii hai. Nhieu hp dan phai vay vdi lai suat cao de san xuat, nen dieu nay lam giam lpi nhuan ciia ngu dan, Thdi tiet that
Tap chi Khoa hoc TnrdngDai hoc Cdn Ttia thudng anh hudng den miia vu khai thac, san luong khai thac khong dn dinh nen anh hudng den thu nhap cua ngu dan. Ben canh do, viec lan tuyen khai thac
Tgp 54 Sd 6B (2018): 98-107 ciia cac nghe khai thac khac, hi ep gia, khong co noi neo dau tau va nhan cong ngay cang kho thue miroii Cling la kho khan ciia hai nghe nay.
Bang 16: Nhan djnh ve san luoTig khai thac so vdi S nam t r u d c day ciia nhu dan r^.x .,. Ludi keo
D u n g i a i g . | ^ g Tang 3 Khong doi 10 Giam 37
Ty le (%) 6 20 74
S 6 h 8 7 12 95
Luoi re TyleC/.)
7,37 12,6 80.0 Bang 17: Nhirng kho Idian ctia nghe luoi keo va ludi re
N " d
.1 u g n
LuiVi keo
Ti 16 (%) n L u o i r?
Tiiec/.)
San luong khai thac giam Thieu von dau tu san xuat Thdi tiet that thudng
Khai tac trai tuyen ciia cac nghe khac Bi ep gia
Khong c6 noi neo dau Kho kiem nhan cong
32 28 22 8 11 7
29,6 25,9 20,4 7,4 10,2 6,5 100
58 53 25 66 12 18 29 261
22,2 20,3 9,6 25,3 4,6 6,9 11,1 100 4 K E T LUAN VA DE XUAT
4.1 K i t luan
Nghe ludi keo va nghe ludi re la hai nghi chii luc, chiem so lupng tau va san lupng cao nhdt d viing ven biin tinh Bac Lieu. Ca hai nghi co thi khai thac quanh nam d viing bien Dong Nam Bp, nhung miia vu khai thac tap trung tir thang 11 din tliang 4 nan sau. Tau ludi re co qui mo Idn hon tau ludi keo nhirng san luong mpt nam ciia tau ludi keo iai cao hon so vdi tau ludi re. Do ludi re la ngu cu khai thac ca chpn Ipc, nen ti le ca tap thdp hon so vdi ludi keo.
Nghi ludi re khai thac co hieu qua, ipi nhuan va ti suat ipi nhuan cao hon so vdi nghi ludi keo. Nhin chung, d Bac Lieu nghe ludi re khai thac hieu qua hon nghe ludi keo ven bd,
4.2 De xudt
De tao dieu kien cho hai nghi nay phat t n i n 6n dinh trudc tien la (i) ddy manh cong tac quan ly va phat tnen nguon Im thiiy san nhu khdng phat t n i n tau khai thac ven bd, kiem tra thudng xuyen tau thuyin khai thac trong khu vuc v i khai thac dung tuyen, thuc hien kich thudc mdt ludi theo qui dinh, thuc hien cam khai thac vao miia ca smh s a n . . . , ( n ) tao dieu kien cho ngu^ dan tiip can vdn ngan hang vdi lai sudt thdp d i ddu tu san xudt, (iii) tap hudn ngu dan biet su dung cac thiit bj khai thac nhu may do ca de tim kiim ngu trudng nhanh chong, khai thac CO hieu qua trong diiu kien thdi tiit va ngu trudng khong dn dinh nhu hien nay.
LOI C A M TA
Nhdm nghien ciiu xin chan thanh cam on s\r tai trp ciia Du an nang cap Trudng Dai hpc Can Thu VN14-P6 bang nguon von vay ODA tir chinh phii Nhat Ban.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
Bo Thuy san, 2006. Thong tu s6 02/2006/rT-BTS ngay 20 thang 3 nam 2006 ciia Bp Thiiy san;
Hudng dan thuc hien Nghi dinh ciia Chinh phii si 59/2005/ND-CP ngay 4 thang 5 nam 2005 vg dieu kien san xuat, kinh doanh mpt so nganh thiiy san.
CCTSBL, Chi cue Thiiy san tinh Bac Lieu, 2016 Bao cao kSt qua thuc hien nhiem vy cong tac nam 2015, ki hoach nam 2016, 11 trang.
CCTSBL, Chi cue Thiiy san tinh Bac Lieu, 2017 Ket qua thuc hien nam 2016 va giai phap tlnrc hien nam 2017, 5 (rang
Hong Van Thuong, Ha Phudc Hiing va Hfing Thi Hai Yen, 2014. Hien trang khai thac va quan ly nguin lai hai san tinh Bac Lieu. Tap chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dai hoc Cdn Tha. Phdn B: Nong nghiep, Thuy san va Cong nghe Sinh hoc: 30 (2014)'37-44
Nguyin Duy Chinh, 2008. Tfing quan nguon lpi thiiy san, chien luac va chinh sach phat tnin nguon lpi thily san Viet Nam, 23 trang.
Nguyan Thanh Long, 2012. Nghien ciiu cac giai phap quan ly boat dpng nuoi tring va khai thac thuy san ven biln tinh Soc Trang, NXB Nong Nghiep, 147 trang,
Nguyen Thanh Long, 2014 Khia canh ky thuat vaiai chinh cua nghe luoi re, ludi keo va ludi vay CT
T(fp chi Khoa li^c Trucmg Dai hoc Can I hff Tap 54. So 68 (2018) 98-107 D6ng bang song Cuu Long. Tap chi Khoa hoc T6ng eye Thong ke, 2011. Nien giam thong ke 2010.
Truemg Dai hoc C k Tho. Phin B: Nong nghiep, Nha Xuat ban Thfing ke, 879 trang.
Thuy san va Cong nghe Stah hoc. 35' 97-103. j j „ g , „ , TtS„g Re, 2016 Nien giam thdng ke Nguyin Tnmg Ven, 2012. Phan tich hieu qua san 2015. Nha Xu5t ban Thong ke, 947 trang.
xult trong khai thac hai san 6 vitag D6ng bing T>„g ^ X^iy san, 2016. Bao cao tinh hinh thuc song Cuu Long. Lu,n van tot nghiep cao hgc lj£„ KJ hoach nam 2016, phuong huong nhiem nganh Quan ly nguon loi thuy san, D,i hoc CSn „ Hj ^ j . ^ j =„ , j „ , ti^„ K4 hoach nSm Tho, 105 trang 2017, 28 nang.
