• NGHIEN CUU lY LUAN (THEORETICAL STUDY)
Thuqn Idi, kho khdn vd gidi phdp khi dp dung phifdng phdp phdn tich ndng Itftfng vong ddi (LCEA) de ddnh gid vong ddi tgi cong trinh nhd cf tai Viet Nam
ThS. LE DiniH LINH & PCS. T5. NGUYEN THE QUAN
KHOA KINH TE VA QUAN LYXAY DUNG, TRUONG DAI HOC XAY DUNG (Bdinhgn ngay 12/03/2018, hoan chinh sCfa chCta ngay 26/03/2018)
T 6 M TAT; Danh gia vong deft cong trinh (Life cycle assessment - LCA) la cdng viec nham cung cap cac thdng tin cho ngQdi ra quyet dmh xac dinh daoc laong nang laong can cung cap cho cdng trinh, tCf do nhan biet cac co hdi de cai thien hieu nang mdi tradng cua cong trinh tai moi giai doan trong vong ddi cua no, giup lua chon daoc sin pham than thi^n vdi mdi tradng, giiip cdng trinh tiep can vdi xu hadng xay dong ben vQng. Danh gia vong ddi c6 th^ daoc sir dung trong suot cac giai doan cua qui trinh dau taxay dang, tQ thiet ke, thi cdng den khi van hinh cdng trinh. Phaong phap phan tich nang laong vong ddi (bfe cycle energy analysis - LCEA) la mot phaong phap kha d^ sQ dung, nen daoc dung khi ph6 bien cho hoat dong nay Bai bao nay chi ra rang trong dieu kien Viet Nam hien nay, viec ap dyng LCEA nham danh gia vong ddi cong trinh xay dung ndi chung vi nha d ndi neng cd nhOng thuan Ipi nhat dinh khi xic dinh ning laong him chQa ban dau cQa toa nha, tuy nhien, de xac djnh daqc nang lupng van hanh va nang iQong phi dd toa nha se taong ddi khd khan. Mot so giii phap de giai quyet cac khd khan da daoc chi ra, trong do cd giii phap ve ap dyng Md hinh thong tin cdng trinh
TCr kh6a: Dinh gia vong ddi cdng trinh, phin tich nang luong vdng ddi cdng trinh, ning luqng him chQa ban dau, nang ladng hoat dong, nang laong pha dd
ABSTRACT: Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important activity providing information for decision makers to estimate the amount of energy to be used for buildings, then reliasing opportunities to improve the environmental performance of the construction works at all stages of its life cycle, helping to select environmental products and approaching sustainable construction. LCA can be carried out In all of the stages of the construction project, from design, construction to operation Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) is a pppular method for this activity This paper points out that in Vietnam, the application of LCEA to assess life cycle of buildings in general and residential buildings in particular has advantages when determining the embodied energy, but difficulties to determine operating energy and demolition energy. Several solutions have been proposed, including the use of BIM.
Keywords: Life cycle assessment (LCA), Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA), embodied energy, operating energy, demolition energy.
I.Datuandi
X
ay dang la mot trong nhQng nginh sQ dung nhieu nang luong nhat- De kien tao nen mdt cdng trinh xay dang can thiet phii sQ dung mot laong rat Idn tai nguyen thien nhienB I K I N H T E XAY DUNG
vi cung thii ra mdi tradng mdt luong Idn khi thai, rac thii xiy dQng Mdt cong trinh xay dQng sQdung ning laong xuyen suot vdng ddi cua no, tinh tQ giai doan xay dang den khi pha bd cdng trinh khi het tuoi thq sQdung. Nang iQong cdng trinh xay dang sQ dung trong suot vdng ddi
bao gom ci nang luong sQdung true tiep vi sQ dung gian tiep Nang laong daoc sQ dung true tiep trong cac giai doan xay dang, van hanh, cai tao va pha dd trong khi nang laong gian tiep duoc tieu thu qua viec sCfdung vit lieu xay dung va cac vat ta, thiet bi I3p dat vao cong trinh [11.
(THEORETICAL STUDY) NGHlgN ClftJ LY LUAN |
Phat tnen cdng trinh xanh la hoat dong dinh hudng phat tnen ben vQng cua nganh xiy dang, Tiet kiem nang luong la mdt trong nhQng tieu chi quan trong trong viec danh gia cdng trinh xanh hien nay tai Viet Nam va tren the gidi Theo LEED {Leadership in Energy and Environment Design), tieu chi ve nang laong chiem so diem Idn nhat trong bd tieu chi danh gii cdng trinh xanh (35 tren tong sd 110 diem); theo bd cdng cu LOTUS, mdt trong mudi nhdm chi tieu cdng trinh xanh la "Giam thieu tieu thy nang laong nhan tao. tan dyng nang luong tQ nhien, nang luong tai tao", Vi the, cd nhieu phuong phap 6ucjc phat tnen de phan tich, tinh toan nang laong cdng trinhxay dang
Phaong phip phin tich nang laong vdng ddi (LCEA) la mot trong nhQng phaong phap danh gia vong ddi cdng trinh de tiep can nh^t Daa tren vi^c tinh toan nang laong tieu thu cho toan bd cdng trinh trong suot vdng ddi cua no khong chi giup danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh ma con cung cap dQ lieu de thac hien viec danh gia cdng trinh xanh. Hien nay tren the gidi, cd rat nhieu cdng trinh nghien cQu ap dung LCEA, tQ nhQng khai niem tong quan, hadng dan thac hien vi nhQng danh gia ve viec ip dung phQong phap [1,2], hay phuong phap va ip dung tinh tpan cho cdng trinh la nha d tai Hong Kong [3]. Tai Viet Nam, trong dd an tot nghiep nganh Ky sQ kinh te va quan ly dd thi, tac gia Tran Tuan Vu da ap dung LCEA de tinh toan nang laong ham chQa cho mdt cdng trinh cu the va cung da chi ra daoc mdt sd van de khd khan trong viec nay, mac du chua day du [4], Tuy nhien, chaa cd mdt cdng trinh nghien cdu nao chi rd duoc day du nhUng thuan loi va khd khan khi ap dung phuong phap LCEA de danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh nha d tai Viet Nam, Bai bao nay sCf dung cac phaong phap phan tich vi tong hop ly thuyet, phin loai va he thong hda ly thuyet, suy luan logic va phaong phap chuyen gia nhim tong hop vi trinh biy
each van dung LCEA de dinh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh, tong hop dQ lieu dau vao phyc vu viec danh gia cdng trinh xanh va chi rd nhQng thuan loi, khd khan khi ip dung tai Viet Nam
2. Ap dung LCEA de danh gia uong dot cong trinh nhav
LCEA la mdt each tiep cin de dinh gia sQ tic dong tdi mdi trudng thong qua viec tinh toan tat ca nang luqng cung cap cho toa nhi trong suot vdng ddi cua nd (nang laong vdng ddi) Gidi han cua phQOng phap phan tich nay bao gom viec sQ dung nang luong trong cac giai doan sin xuat, sQdung va phidd[1].
Ning luong vdng ddi (don vi tinh la MJ) bao gom [1]-
- Nang laong him chQa (Embodied energy), bao gom nang iQPng ham chQa cua tat ca eic vat lieu duoc sQdung trong xay dang va lap dit ky thuat, ning iQOng sQ dung cho cac loai miy mdc vi thiet bl thi cdng trong giai doan xiy dang, vi nang laong phat sinh tai thdi diem sQa chQa va cai tao cua toa nhi - Ning iQOng hoat dong (Operating energy) bao gom nang lUong can thiet de phuc vy cho viec sCf dung cac he thdng. sudi im, thong gid va dieu hda khong khi (HVAC), nQdc ndng cho cac hd gia d'inh (DHW), cac thiet bl gia dyng va thiet bichieu sang
- Ning luqng pha dd (Demolition energy):
la nang luong can thiet de phyc vu viec phi buy tda nha va van chuyen cac vat lieu d i duoc thao dd den bai chon lap va/
hoac cac nha may tai che.
Nhu vay, nang luong vdng ddi cua mdt cdng trinh xiy dyng cd the daoc xac dinh theo cdng thQc 1 [2,4]:
LCE = EE,+ EE,+ OE + DE Trong dd
(1)
LCE lanangluqng vdng ddi cua mdt tda nha (MJ);
EE, la nang laong ham chQa ban dau cua tda nha (MJ);
EE, la nang luong ham chQa tai phat dinh ky (do viec sQa chUa, bao tri tda nha) (MJ);
OE la nang laong hoat ddng trong suot tuoi thq cua tda nha (MJ);
DE la nang laong pha dd (MJ), 2.1. Nang liTcfng ham chdra ban dau cua toa nha
Ning iQOng ham chQa ban dau cua tda nha (EE, - tinh bang MJ) la nang iQong phit sinh do viec xay dUng toa nhi, bao gom nang laong gian tiep do sQ dung cic loai nguyen vat lieu, thiet bi va nang luong true tiep sQ dung trong giai doan tnen khai xay dUng, daoc xac dinh theo cdng thQc 2 [2],
-.-Ir
Trong do mi la khdi laong vat lieu xay dung, thiet bi loai i sQ dung cho tda nha (tan), M, li ning iQOng ham chQa cua vat lieu >i.a)/ dang, thiet bi loai i tinh den chan cong trinh (MJ/tan], Ec li nang laong sQ dung tai cdng tradng xay dung (IVIJ) a. Xdc djnh khoi lUOng cac loai vdt lieu xdy di/ng, thiet bi sCfdung Khdi laong va chung loai vat lieu xay dung, thiet bi loai i duqc xac dinh theo cdng thQc (3) [5]:
- I '
Vdi Q, la khdi iQong cdng viec loai j cd sQ dung vat lieu xay dung, thiet bi loai i, daoc xac dinh daa theo ban ve thiet ke KINHTExAVDl/NGjB
INGHIEN Cini LV LUAN (THEORETICAL STUDY)
vi giai phap thi cdng, OM,, la dinh mQc hao phi vit lieu loai xay dang, thiet bi loai i cho mdt don vi khdi laong cdng viec j b. Xac dinh nang lupng ham chUa cua mot dun vi khoi luang vdt lieu loai xdy dung, thiet bi loai i
Nang laong ham chQa trong mdt don v| khdi laong vat lieu xay dUng, thiet bl loai i tinh tai chan cdng trinh (MJ/
tan) gom nang luong can thiet cho viec khai thic vi van chuyen nguyen lieu thd tQ md ve nha miy sin xuat, nang laong sQ dung trong khiu sin xuat va nang luqng de van chuyen vat lieu tQ nha miy tdi chin cdng trinh, dQOc xic dinh theo cdng thQc (4)-
M , = EPI+ETI (4) Trong dd'
- tpi la nang iQong can dung de sin xuat mdt don vi khdi iQong vat lieu xay dung, thiet bi loai I tinh tQ giai doan khai thac nguyen lieu thd tai md va van chuyen ve nha miy che bien den giai doan sin xuat, ddng gdi (neu cd) (MJ/tan). xac dinh theo cdng thQc (5)'
^ERIJ+E'P, (5) Vdr ERM, li ning iQpng can thiet de khai thac nguyen lieu thd (MJ/tan); Rm 1^
nang laong sQ dung de van chuyen nguyen lieu thd tQ noi khai thac ve nha miy (MJ/tan); EV, la ning laong sQ dung trong nha may de sin xuat, ddng gdi (MJ/
tin).
De xac dmh daoc Ep, can phai cd day du ca sd dQ lieu ve quy trinh khai thac, van chuyen nguyen lieu thd, day chuyen san xuat, ddng gdi vi thong ke ve hao phi nhien lieu (ning laong) cho tQng qua trinh
- ET, li nang laong can dung de vin chuyen mdt don vi khoi luong vat lieu xiy dang, thiet bi loai i den chan cdng trinh (MJ/tan) Oe xac dinh daoc ning iQong niy can cd dQ lieu ve loai phaong tien van chuyen sQ dung, tieu
hao nhien lieu tinh cho mdt ca lam viec, khoi ladng hang van chuyen daoc trong ca hoac dQ lieu ve nang lUdng trung binh de van chuyen hang tinh trung binh cho ITKm.
c. Xdc djnh nang lUong sd dung tgl cdng tri/dngxdy dung Nang luong sQdung tai cdng tradng xay dQng trong giai doan thi cdng xay lap gom nang luong phyc vu hoat ddng cua cac may mdc, thiet bi thi cdng true tiep nhQ can true thap, may dao, miy han..., nang laong phuc vu cac thiet bi phuc vu hoat ddng quan ly, sinh hoat cua can bd, cdng nhin tren cdng tradng vi nang laong cho he thong chieu sing.
E c = ^ E „ T o + ^ E „ O L . + Ec.
Vdi. EMTCI la ning laong can cung cap cua may mdc, thiet bi thi cdng loai z trong suot giai doan thi cdng cdng trinh, EMQUIS nang luong can dung cua may mdc loai t phuc vu hoat ddng quan ly san xuat, sinh hoat tren cdng trUdng, E^ la nang laong sQ dung cho viec chieu sang trong van phdng lam viec, khu sinh hoat va tren cdng tradng
Nha viy de xac djnh duoc loai nang laong nay can cd thong ke ehi tiet ve sd iQong, chung loai cua tQng loai miy mdc, thiet bl ke tren vi dinh mQc hao phi nhien li^u (nang laong) trong mdt ca hoic cdng suit cua thiet bi
2.2. Nang laong ham chCira tai phat djnh ky cua toa nha
Do tuoi thq cua vit lieu xay dung, thiet bl lap dat thadng thap hon tuoi thp cua tda nha nen can thiet phai cd hoat ddng bao tri, sQa chQa, thay the Tong cua cac loai nang laong niy daoc goi la nang laong ham chQa tai phat dinh ky cua tda nha (tinh bang MJ) va daoc xac dinh theo cdng thUc (7) [2]
E E , ^ ^ m , x M , x ( - ^ - 1 )
Vdi, EE, la nang luong ham chUa tii phit dinh ky cua tda nha (MJ); m, la khoi luong vit lieu, thiet bi thay the duqc sQ dung khi bao tri, sQa chQa (tan), daoc xac dinh theo cdng thQc (3); M, la ning luong ham chQa cua mdt don vi khdi laong vit lieu xay dUng, thiet bi loai i (MJ/tan), daoc xac dinh theo cdng thQc (4), Lb l i tuoi tho cua tda nha (nam); L™
la tuoi tho cua vat lieu xiy dung, thiet bl loai i (nam).
2.3. Nang luong hoat dpng La nang laong can thiet de duy tri cac dieu kien tot nhat va thuc hien viec bio tri hing ngay cua tda nha Nang laong hoat ddng phan Idn thay doi theo mifc dd tien nghi yeu cau, dieu kien khf hau va thdi gian van hanh. Nang laong hoat ddng trong sudt tudi tho cua tda nha (MJ) daoc xac dinh theo cdng thQc (8) [2].
OE = EOAXL, (8) Trong do. U li tudi tho cQa tda nha (nam);
EQ;, la nang laong hoat ddng trung binh hang nam (MJ/nam) daoc xac dinh theo cdng thQc (9)
.^IT,
Vdi: IB, la sd laong thiet bi loai 1; NL, la mdc tieu dung nang laong cua thiet bi loaii
2.4. Nang luang pha dd Khi ket thuc vdng ddi cija cac toa nha, nang luong can cung cap de pha huy tda nha va van chuyen chat thai den cac bai chon lap va/hoac cac nha may tai che.
Od chinh la nang luong phi dd (tinh bang MJ) va daqc xic dinh theo cdng thQc (10) [2]'
( T H E O R E T I C A L S T U D Y ) NGHIEN CUU LV LUAN |
D E - E D + E T (10) ED la ning laong can dung de pha dd tda nha, bao gdm nang iQong phuc vu may mdc thiet bi phuc vu phi dd, nang laong phuc vu cho hoat ddng quin ly, sinh hoat tren cdng tradng (MJ) De xac dinh nang laong nay cung can phai cd day du so lieu ve hao phi ca may cua cac loai may moc thiet bl sQ dung va dinh mQc tieu hao nhien lieu, nang iQong cua tQng loai, ET la nang iQong cho viec vin chuyen phe thii (MJ), daoc xac dinh daa tren nhu cau ve phQOng tien van chuyen va dinh mQc tieu hao nhien lieu, nang luong cQa tQng phaong tien hoac so lieu ve nang laong tieu hao trung binh tinh cho ITKm van chuyen
3. Nhung thuan loi va hhb khan cua viec sit dung LCEA nham danh gia vong doi cong trinh nha a tai Viet Nam
NhQ da phan tich 6 Muc 2, de xic dinh daoc nang luong vdng ddi iim can cQ danh gia vdng ddi tda nha can day du cac CO sd dQ lieu dau vio Can cQ vao dieu kien tai Viet Nam hien nay, viec xac dinh nang iQong vdng ddi cua tda nha se cd nhQng mat thuan Iqi vi khd khan nhat dinh
3.1.Thuan Ipi
Trong dieu kien Viet Nam hidn nay, khi ip dung phuong phap phan tich nang iQOng vdng ddi (LCEA) de danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh nha d se taong ddi thuan loi trong vi^c xac dinh cac yeu to m, vi Ec trong cdng thQc (2)'
- Khdi luong hao phi va chung loai cua nguyen vat lieu sQ dung ban dau cho tda nhi cd the de ding xac dinh dua tren khdi laong cdng viec vi dinh mQc hao phi vat ta daoc Bd Xay dang ban hanh [6,7]
Viec tinh toin cd the thac hien don giin nhd sQdung cac phan mem da toan;
- Cd the xic dinh daoc nhu cau ve phaong tien van chuyen nguyen vat lieu tQ ngudn cung cap (cd the la tai nha miy san xuat hoac cac dai ly trung gian) den chin cdng trinh thdng qua cic dQ lieu ve loai phQOng tien huy ddng, cQ ly van chuyen, khdi laong can van chuyen, - De ding xic dinh dUdc dmh mQc tieu hao nhien lieu, nang iQong cua cac loai may mdc, thiet bi thi cdng nham phuc vu viec xac dmh dai iQong Ec daa theo hadng dan cua Bd Xiy dang [8,9], Ben canh do, hien tai Chinh phu Viet Nam cung da ban hanh nhQng van bin phip luat hadng dan, tao hanh lang cho viec dinh gii vdng ddi cdng trinh [10-12]
3.2. Kho khan
Ngoai cic thuan loi neu tren, viec dinh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh xay dUng ndi chung va cdng trinh nha d ndi neng dViet Nam gap rat nhieu khd khan,vadng mac- - Do cdng trinh xiy dQng sQ dung rat nhieu chung loai vat lieu, thiet bi nen viec thu thap dQ lieu v6 quy trinh san xuat, day chuyen cdng nghd, lam can cQde xac dmh nang iQOng ham chQa cua vat lieu xay dQng la rat khd khan do cic don vi san xuat khong cdng khai cic thdng tin nay vi chung la bi mat sin xuat cua tQng doanh nghiep,
- Khd xac dmh ning iQOng him chQa tai phat dinh ky do chQa cd thdng ke cu the ve tudi tho trung binh cua cac loai nguyen vat lieu, thiet bi sQ dung cho cdng trinh, - Kho xic dmh daoc ning luong ham chQa ci!ia tda nha trong giai doan thi cdng xiy dang bdi vl loai may mdc thiet b\, cdng suit may phaong in bd tri cic thiet bl chieu sang, phuc vu hoat ddng sinh hoat va quin ly tren cdng tradng xay dQng phu thudc vao dieu kien cu the cua tQng nha thau thi cdng. Do vay ning luong nay chi cd the xac dmh taong ddi chinh xac sau khi nha thau da lap xong hd sothiet ketochQcthicdng hoac thi cdng xong cdng trinh;
- Khd khan trong viec xac dmh nang iQPng hoat ddng do da phan cic cdng trinh nha d tai Viet Nam phan thiet bi gia dung, chieu sang, dieu hda khong khi va cac thiet bi cung cap nadc ndng trong tQng hd gia dinh se daoc lap dat sau khi chu dau ta bin giao nha Do vay, viec thdng ke day du cic thiet bi niy phuc vu cho viec xac dinh nang laong hoat dong chi cd the thac hien daoc sau khi da day du cU dan Tuy nhien, ngay ci khi tat ca cic thiet bl da duoc lap dat hoin chinh, viec thdng ke cung ton rat nhieu thdi gian vacdngsQc,
-Taong ta, viec xic dmh ning laong pha dd cung chi cd the thac hien daoc sau khinhathaudalapxonghosothiet keto chQc thi cdng, cd du kien het nhu cau sQ dung cac loai may mdc thiet bi sQ dung, nhu cau ve phuong tien vin tii de chd phe pham ra khdi cdng tradng.
Nha vay, neu xet tren muc dich cua viec danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh li nham giup laa chon daoc san pham thin thi&n vdi mdi trUdng thi vdi nhQng khd khan neu tren, viec dinh gii vdng ddi cdng trinh trong dieu kien Viet Nam hien nay se rat khd thac hien, hoac lam mat y nghla cua nd.
Ngoai nhQng khd khan neu tren, viec danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh nha d tai Viet Nam con gap nhQng rao can ve mat nhin thQc cQa chu dau tQ va cac don vi CO lien quan trong linh vUc xiy dang v#
y nghla vatim quan trong danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh
4. Giai phap khac phuc nhimg kho khan khi ap dung LCEA danh gia vong doi cong trinh nha v tai Viet Mam
De kh^c phuc nhQng khd khan ke tren, cd the ap dung cac bien phap sau - Nham tao dieu kien don gian trong viec tinh toin ning laong trong khau van chuyen, thay vl cin cQ vao tieu hao
J H T f X A Y D Q N G l l l
• N G H I E N CUU LY LUAN (THEORETICAL STUDY)
n h i e n lieu, n a n g l u o n g d e t i n h t o a n , quy d d i t h i n h d o n vi MJ ( v i d u tQ d o n vi l i t x a n g phai can cQ vao nang suat tda n h i ^ t de d d i t h i n h MJ), Nha nude nen c d nhUng n g h i e n cQu va ban h a n h d m h mQc hao p h i n a n g lUPng t i n h b a n g MJ de van c h u y e n 1 t a n (hoac kg) h a n g hda t r o n g cQ ly 1 km c h o tQng loai p h a o n g t i e n van chuyen dien h i n h n h a tau hda, xe d t d t a i , t a u t h u y n h a k i n h n g h i e m cua m d t sd q u d c gia V i d u , t a i M y n a m 1995 d i c d c d n g t r i n h dQa ra cac con sd ve mQc tieu hao n a n g l a o n g t i n h b i n g MJ de v i n chuyen 1 kg v a t l i e u t r e n l Km [3,13];
- Can cd nhQng t h d n g ke ve tuoi t h o cua cac loai vat lieu, thiet bi t h a d n g xuyen phai thay the trong cdng trinh nha d lam can cQxac dmh nang iQong ham chQa t i l phat dinh ky,
- N h i nudc can cd nhQng nghien cQu va cdng bd cac sd lieu ve nang iQong h a m chQa trung binh tren m d t d o n vi tinh cua tQng loai vat lieu xay d a n g xet tai nha
m i y san xuat sau khi da duoc che bien va d d n g gdi n h u kinh n g h i e m cua m d t sd qudc gia t r ^ n t h e gidi [3], tao tien de cho viec x i c d m h nang iQong ham chQa ban dau va tai p h i t d i n h ky cua c d n g trinh daoc de dang, t h u a n loi;
- SQ d u n g sd lieu t a o n g d a o n g ve nang iQong ham chQa cua vat lieu da xac dinh duoc c h p cac loai vat lieu khac c d t i n h chat t u o n g d u o n g Vi du, cd t h e sir d y n g sd lieu ve nang luong ham chUa cua t h e p t r d n t r o n c h o t h e p g a i [4],
- Cd t h e ap d u n g each tinh gan d u n g nang iQong sQ d u n g c h o giai d o a n t h i c d n g va giai doan p h i d d b i n g each i p d u n g d m h mQc d a toan de xac d i n h hao p h i ca may, thiet bi t h i cdng Cu the.
+ Ooi vdi giai doan thi cdng xay dUng c d the xac dinh hao phi cac loai may mdc t h i c d n g dUa tren khdi l a o n g cua tUng cdng viec v i d m h mQc hao p h i ca may trong d i n h mQc dU t o i n . Khi d i xac d m h daoc hao p h i cac loai ca may, viec xac dinh
nang iQong h a m chQa trong giai doan nay d u o c thuc hien d o n gian dQa tren hao p h i nhien lieu, nang laong trong ca
+ Ddi vdi giai doan p h i d d tda n h i cd the sQ d u n g sd lieu lich sQ tQ cdng trinh t a o n g t u d e lam can cQ xac dmh nang l a o n g pha d d
- T i c h h o p M d hinh t h d n g t i n cdng trinh (BIM) n h a m h d t r o viec t i n h t o i n , phan tich nang lUOng v d n g ddi ciJa cdng trinh xay d a n g N h u da phan tich, khi ap dung LCEA can sQ d y n g r3t nhieu t h d n g tin co lien quan d e n viec s Q d y n g nang iQOngd tat ca cac giai doan trong sudt vdng ddi cua tda nha. Khi thQc hien xac dinh nang luong v d n g d d i , cac t h d n g t i n nay se phai nhap bang t h u cdng g i y l i n g p h i thai gian va anh h u d n g den d d chinh x i c cua sd lieu v i ket qua phan tich Cac sd lieu n i y cd t h e se phai nhap lai nhieu Ian khi tien hanh phan t i c h d cac thdi d i e m khic khau trong sudt t u o i t h o cua tda nha.
Ben canh d o , vdi cac c d n g trinh da ton tai, danh g i i v d n g ddi cua nd se phai ddi
HIKH THONG TIN CONG TRiNH (BIM)
Khaithac cacloai nguyen lieu t h o khac
vat Ii4u loai khac
C^c t h i e t bl cong I r i n h , cong n g h e
Khatthac
BTTP
Khai t h a i ; n g h i e n da tai mo r J h ^ m ^ y x i m J n g
;,
Khai thac d a t s e t N h ^ m a y g a c h
,
Khaithac quang Nha may t h ^ p
^
Giai d o a n sin xuat vat lieu xay dung
- HVAC. DHW, Cac t h i e t bi gia d u n g va chieu sSng
• Vat l i e u , l h i l t b i thay t h e - May moc, ( b i e l bl t h i cong sijldung (rong viec sC(a chiTa, b5o tri
Giai doan van hanh - Nang lUong van hanh, - Nang l u o n g ham chifa t a i p h ^ t d i n h kji
ai doan s i n xuat VIXD 3i doan I h i cong xay dUng
a i d o a n p h a d c l
Pha dct May moc t h t e t bl t h i c o n g cong t r i n h siJIdung phuc v u p h a d d
inlgp I [ N h i m ^ y t a ^
Hinh 1. Tich hop BIM-LCEA deddnh gid vong ddi cdng trinh nhd b
( T H E O R E T I C A L S T U D Y ) NGHIEN CUU LY LUAN |
mat vdi viec thieu hut phan Idn cic thdng tin do each thQc iQu trQ thdng tin truyen thdng hien nay anh hadng den tinh khi thi va dd tin ciy cua ket qui phan tich Do vay, viec sd hda va iQu trO cac thdng tin cua cdng trinh trd nen rat quan trong Khi tich hop BIM v i LCEA, cac thdng tin hoan chinh trong sudt vdng ddi cdng trinh se daoc the hien day du, chi tiet tren md hinh 3D daoc tao bdi cac phan mem BIM, vi du nhu Autodesk Revit Ti't ca cac thdng tin niy ton tai dadi dang ky thuat sd, cd the iQu trQ va trich xuat phuc vu phan tich LCEA bat ky thdi diem nio trong sudt thdi gian khai thac tda nhi NhQ vay, vdi sQ au the cua minh, BIM se giai quyet dQoc nhQng han che ve thieu hut so lieu khi thQc hien LCEA, giup ta ddng hda trong qua trinh phan tich, tiet kiem thdi gian vi chi phi SQtich hop BiM- LCEA daoc the hien nha Hinh 1
5. Ket luan
Cung vdi sa phit tnen cua xu the xiy dang ben vQng, dinh gii vdng ddi cdng trinh da va se trd thanh phaong phap daoc sQ dung de dinh gia tic ddng mdi trudng cua nganh xay dang va cac cdng trinh xay dang. Trong so cac phaong phap danh gia vdng ddi, LCEA li phaong phap cd cich tiep can don giin, sQ dung it dQ lieu dau vio vi trQc tiep phan anh sQ tic ddng tdi mdi trudng cua cdng trinh xiy dung thdng qua viec tinh toan nang laong can cung cap trong sudt vdng ddi cua nd Bai bio nay da daa ra nhQng goi y cho viec ap dung phUong phip nay nham danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh nha d tai Viet Nam va chi rd mdt sd thuan loi va khd khan khi ap dung trong dieu kien hien nay, tQ dd dUa ra mdt sd giii phap khac phucCacketqui cua bai bao nay cd the COI la tien de de thac hien cic nghien cQu sau hon ve viec danh gia vdng ddi cdng trinh xay dang ndi chung vi cdng trinh nha d ndi neng dViet Nam, tao di^u kien cho viec dinh gia cdng trmh xanh, hadng tdi muc tieu xiy dang ben vQng daoc thuan loi,/
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] Lfdia R., Luisa F.C., Virginia V.,Gabnel P., Albert C (2013), "Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.
[2] Ravi P., Ramesh T., Shukia K.K. (2010), "Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview". Energy and Buildings, 2010;10:1592-600.
[3] Burnett J., Chen T.Y., Chau C.K. (2000), "Analysis of embodied energy use in the residential building of Hong Kong" Energy, 26 (2001):323-340.
[4]TrdnTudnVu(2015), Van dung cac phUOng phdp tinh toan phii hop de xdc djnh ndng luong cong trinh xdy dvtng phuc vu viec danh gia "cong trinh xanh" tgi Viet Nam, Khoa Kinh te va Qudn tyxdy di/ng, Dai hoc Xay di/ng, HdNpl
[5] Bp Xay dUng (2016), Thong tUso 06/2016/TT-BXD ngay W thdng 03 nam 2016 Hudng dan xac djnh va quan ly chi phi dau tu xdy dung.
[6] Bp Xdy dung (2007), "Cong van 1776 /BXD-VP, ngay 16 thdng 08 nam 2007 cdng bo Djnh mdc du todn xay dung cong trinh - Phdn xay dUng".
17] Bp Xdy dung (2007), "Cong van 1777/BXD-VP, ngay 16 thang 08 nam 2007 cong bo dinh mdc du todn xay dung cong trinh - Phdn lap dat he thong dien trong cong trinh; ong vd phu tung ong bao on dudng ong, phu titng vd thiet bi; khai thac nUdc ngdm".
[8] Bp Xdy dung (2010), Thong tUso 06/2010/TT-BXD ngay 26/05/2010 cua Bp Xdy dung hudng ddn phuung phdp xdc dinh gid ca may va thiet bi thi cong xdy dUng cong trinh.
19] Bp Xay dung (2015), Quyit dinh so lUA/QD-BXDngdy 08/10/2015 cua Bp Xdy dUng ve viec cong bo dinh mdc cdc hao phi xdc dinh gid ca may vd thiit bi thi cong xdy dung.
[10] Bp Khoa hoc va Cong nghe (2009), TCVN ISO 14040:2009 Quan lymdi trudng - Ddnh gid vong ddi cua san pham - Nguyen tdc vd khuon kho.
[II] BpXdy dung (2013), QCVN 09:2013/8X0 Quy chudn ky thuat qudc gia ve cdc cong trinh xdy dUng si^ dung ndng luang hieu qud.
[12] Quyit djnh 1469/QD-TTg Theo Quyet Dinh so 1469/QD-TTg ban hanh ngay 22/08/2014-"Quyet dinh phe duyet quy hoqch tong the phdt trien vdt lieu xay dUng Viet Nam den nam 2020 vd dinh hUdng den nam 2030".
[13] Shaheen SA Sperling D (1995), "Transportation and energy: Strategies for a sustainable transportation system", Washington, DC: The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
