TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Pham Hoii Phmmg
PHlTONG N G C NAIM BQ TRONG CA KHtlC VA DAN CA NAIVI BQ
LOCAL LANGUAGE IN SONGS AND FOLKSONGS OF THE SOUTHERN RIGION PHAM HOAI PHU'ONGC}
TOM TAT: Ca khuc vd ddn ea Nam Bp ludn ed mat h-ong d&i sdng sinh hoat vdn hda eua cu ddn vimg sdng nuac Nam Bd tie bao d&i. Vdn tie ngU mang sac thdi dia phuang Nam Bp hay edn gpi Id phuang ngir Nam Bp da ldm phong phu them ea tie eho ddn ea vd ca khuc Nam Bp. Ca khuc vd ddn ca Nam Bp la tdi sdn vdn hda, no khdng ngimg dugc hinh thdnh vd phdl triin tie cupc sdng cua ngu&i ddn Nam Bp.
Tu khoa: ca khuc; ddn ca; phuang ngieNam Bd.
ABSTRACT: Songs md folk songs of the Southern region have alwgys beenpresent in the cultural activities of the people of the Southern region. The vocabulary has local charecterislics of the Southern region or it is also called Southern local Imguage which has enriched the lyrics fir Southern folk songs and songs. Southern songs and folk songs are cultwal assets, they are constmllyformed md developed jrom the lives of the people in the Southern rigion.
Key words: song; folk song; local language of the Southern region.
1. DAT VAN DE
Phuang ngu Nam Bd hay cdn ggi la tidng dia phuang Nam Bd la kho vdn tir giiu cd ciia cac luu din tii nhung thi ky tmdc. Vdn tir ngu mang sic thai dia phuang thim dim chit Nam Bg ludn dugc cic nhgc sT sti dyng va dua vao tie phim cua minh mgt each kheo Ieo, lam ndi b$t hinh tugng am nhgc ma tic pham didn ta.
Ngdn ngu vin hgc din gian Nam Bg da lam phong phu thdm ca tii eho dan ea va.ca khiic Nam Bd. Phuang ngu Nam Bd l i tii sin van hda Nam Bg, nd khdng ngirng duge hinh thanh va phat fridn tir cuge sdng cua ngudi din Nam Bg vdi nhung die tiung rieng ciia mdt vimg dat, mgt ngdn ngu rit ning dgng, phong phii va rat tre. De tic phim thim dim bin sie dan tde, khic hga dugc tinh each, dgc tiung viing miln.
Cac nhgc sT da lya chgn nhung phuang ngu cCia viing midn d& dua vio tie pham mi ndi bat nhat la nhung ea khue va din ca Nam Bg.
2. NQI DUNG
Qua nhimg chuyen cdng tic didn da vl Nam Bd tir cac nam 1987, 2008, 2015 va nhung dip gin day, chung tdi cim nhin dugc tinh ngudi v i dit Nam Bg nhu duge gan ket, tudi mit tim hdn eho nhftng ai da tiing ddn manh dit nay, mdt viing dat phii sa trii phii, kdnh rgch ching chit... la nguon cam hiing vd tin cho cic nhgc sT sing tic nhihig ca khue mang am hudng dan ea va phuang ngu Nam Bg.
2.1. Khai quit dia Iy vting phirong ngir Nam Bo Viing phuang ngft Nam bd gin nhu triing vdi vimg van hda Nam bg, bao gdm 19 tinh thanh va dugc chia lira 3 khu vye la: Ddng Nam Bd, Sai Gdn va Tay Nam Bg.
Pham vi: Viing phuong ngft Nam bg dugc xac djnh trimg vdi vung dia ly ty nhien hie la hi E)dng Nai, Bmh Duong, Buih Phudc ddn Ci Mau.
v l vi tri dia Iy: Phia tay giap Vjnh Thai Lan, phia ddng v i phi'a ddng nam giip Bidn
• ThS. Tmdng D?i hgc Vin Lang, phamhoaiphuong@vanlanguni.
- . ; ^. 137
i.edu.vn. MSsS: TCKH22'09-2020
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG Ddng, phia bie va tiy bie giap Campuehia vi mdt phan phia tiy bie giap Nam Tmng Bg.
Vi dia hinh: Mdt die diem ndi bgt eua phuang ngft Nam Bg la tinh thong nhit cao fren mdt viing lanh tho rdng Idn (gdm 19 tinh thinh). Viing ddng bang sdng nude, kenh rgch
^ ^ ^ • c h i t , dia hinh tuang doi bing phing.
^^^Vi cdch thuc sinh sdng cua ngu&i ddn Nam Bp: Nhi d da phin khdng cau ky do phii sdng chung vdi Iu. Thiic in chu ylu la thuy hii sin.
Cdeh thuc hogt dpng sdn xudt: Phit fridn ndng nghiep liia nude, frdng tigt cay an trai, ntidi trdng v i danh bit thuy hii sin.
Giao thuang di lgi: Chii yeu Ii ghe,
^ ^ ^ H xudng miy. Ngay nay, dudng bd phit friln ndn Nam Bd Ii nai cd dilu kien giao thdng thuin lgi. Ddng thdi cung l i nai phat fridn kinh te hang hda sdm hon eae viing khie, phuang ngft Nam Bd da ed anh hudng sang eie vimg midn trdn phgm vi rdng.
2.2. Ngft am
Bit eii mdt phuang ngft nio eung ed nhung net dac trung vd ngft am, tu vung, ngu nghTa, ngft phip. Phuang ngft Nam Bg ciing khdng nim ngoii quy luat frdn. Mgt so dge didm chinh eua phuang ngft Nam Bd.
2.2.1. Thanh ^eu
Phucmg ngu Nam Bd ehi su dung nam thanh dieu: ngang, huydn, hdi, sic, nang (khdng phan bidt thanh hdi vi thanh n ^ ) .
2.2.2. Ve phdt dm
Phuong ngft Nam Bg frong Idi ca khdng chi li tft va ngft ma cdn li ngu im, cich phit am, gigng digu, thanh dieu eiia ngudi din Nam Bg. Phuang ngft Nam Bd ehi tdn tai trong chu vidt, khdng tdn tgi trong phit im. Vi dy: bii Em di trin cd non (sing tie Bae Son) cd ciu "em chua qua may khuc sdng chra dugc nhn voi vin chiiu hdm " dugc phat am Ii: "em chua gua mdy khuc song chua dye nhin zoi zfn chieu hdm*'.
Hay bii dan ca Ly do vd qudng ndi la Ly do zd guang. Ndi la tinh roi tht phit am li tinh goi.
2.2.3. Phu am dau
Nhftng hidn ttigng bien doi phy am dau.
Trong phuong ngft Nam Bg, am ddm hogc bj luge bd (vi dy: luydn - liln) hoge dugc nhin mgnh thanh am chinh (loan - Ion; tidm - tim);
Am chinh *'ay"- ai (vi du: tay dgc thinh - tai, may io - mai io).
Nhftng phu im kep; Su tie dgng eua im dem; Phuong ngu Nam Bg van chua ed sy phan bidt giua cic am "bet Iudi" vdi "cong Iudi" giua "am diu Iudi" vdi "gdc Iudi" tiong giao tiep hang ngiy. Mgt sd dia phuang d Tay Nam Bg (Bdn Tre) ed hidn tugng phat am "tr"
tiianh "t".
Cd sir khac nhau gifta ndi va vidt. Vi dy:
vd vd- dd dd, vdi vang — ddi ding, nhu bai Chiie khdn tay cua nhgc sT Xuan Hdng ed cau
"sdng nay em di chg sdm, tim mua mpt vuong vdi trang" - ea sT hat theo phong cieh Nara Bg Ii "lim mua mpl dudng ddi trdng" hay mgt sd phu am bi tie ddng eua im ddm nhu tiong bai Ly chm quyin: "chim quyen quay... ehim guying gudy "; huy hoing - guy going; khoai chi - phii ehi.
Trong phuong ngft Nam Bg, im d&n h<^ bj luge bd Quy&i - lim) h c ^ dugc nhin mgnh thanh am chmh (loan - ton; ti&n - tim); Am cMih ' ^ - ai ( b ^ - bai); (day diit - ^ gjuc hoge Zai zuc)...
Sy bidn ddi eie phu im trong phuang ngft Nam Bg la do chiu tie dgng tu nhidu mgt nhu ydu td lich su (luu din di khai khin, cac tge ngudi giao tilp tilng Viet), do bin tinh ehit phic gian di, phdng khoing eua ngudi dan lao dgng tren vimg dit phu sa, dd tiiich nghi vdi mdi tiardng mdi va ludn cd nhung thay ddi tiieo hudng dan gian phii hgp vdi ddi sdng sinh hogt va lao dgng hing ngay.
Vl ngft im, hidn tugng chuyin tir am cong Iudi sang diu luai la kit qua cua su dan gian hda cich phat am frong ngdn ngft cua nhftng luu din tir midn Bic va miln Tmng din vung dit mdi nen tidng ndi vln anh hudng ddn phucmg ngft Nam Bg.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HQC V A N LANG 2.3. Tir vung trong phuang ngir Nam Bo
Ngoii nhung sy khic bigt vd ngft im, viing Nam Bd edn rit nhllu tir ngft mang sac thii dja phuong diing dl djnh danh eay cd, cam thu {Ly con chupt. Ly con trdu, Ly eon kien), ehim mudng {Con ehim mmh manh), hoa li {Ly edy bong), cay tiii, cdng eu {Ly edi phang), phuang ti?n sinh hogt va lao ddng, dja hinh, tft xung hd (bau, qua), dn (em). Trong bai Ao m&i Cd Mau CO cau "em dieng minh en mpt hu&ng. duyen ddng m&i khdeh lg ngdn phuang". Tix ehi khong gian, thdi gian, tu ngft lien quan ddn song nude.
Phuang ngu Nam Bd la mgt dgng tir ngu dja phucmg cua Nam Bd, nd thi hien each ndi, each su dyng tu ngu, kidu phit am ridng eiia ngudi dan Nam Bd- Phuang ngft Nam Bg ehua dyng cic yeu td van hda, tip quan, ddi sdng sinh hoat ciia con ngudi Nam Bd [5]. Tinh giiu hinh tugng cu thd la ragt dge trung ciia phuang ngir Nam bd nhu bai ca dao: "Tua rua chin cai nam chong, thuang em tir thud me bdng tren tay. Tua rua chin edi ndm ngang, thuang em tie ihua me mang trong long. Tua rua chin edi ndm ki, thuang em tie thud me vi v&i eha". Bii ea dao sii dyng tu tu dl ndi vl tinh ydu ciia chang trai vdi cd gai nhu la ydu em tir lau lim rdi.
2.3.1. Tu ehi rieng cd& Nam Bp Tft rieng cd d Nam Bd mang sac thii dia phircmg do cd nhiiu kenh, rgch, muong, Igch, cil lao ndn cd vai chuc logi: Nude rong, nude dimg, nude kera, nude do, nude quay, nude lyt, nirdc nggp, nude len, nude xudng, nude kidt, nude rdng, nude ndi, nude ldn; rdi phuang tidn di 1^1 cd ciu dua, ciu khi, cau fre, eiu van "vi rang cdu vdn ddng dinh"... cd nhieu dgng thue, v|t phong phu nhu tep bae, tep mdng, thdi ldi, thia lia... ciy mim, ciy dude, bdng tiim, bdng difin dien, eiy mii u... dugc nhie din nhiiu trong mgt sd ca khue vi din ea Nam Bd nhu bai Ly qua cdu cua tic gia Cao Van Liu: "cdu fre ai bac Idc lay ggp ghinh ggi nha..."
^ Phgm Hoai Phnong 2.3.2. Tie dia danh chi ^a hinh
Tu dia danh chi dia hinh nhu: cii lao, ganh, cdn, bau, gd, bung bien frong bii hit Vi Cu lao Rieng cua nhgc sT Phan Nhin hay ten bai hat Dim Gdnh Hdo nghe diiu ed Ly hodi lang diu ehi tdn dja danh, dia hinh ciia vimg dat hogc dia phuang mang tdn cay edi nhu: thdn vuon friu, Cai Nude, Dim Dai, U Minh, Nam Can...
2.3.3. Mot so tie khac chi cdc con vat sinh song & dia phuang
Con cdng cde, con sam, eon cum nura frong bai Ly eon cum nam, Ly con cdc ("cdc chit ndng nhdi md edi, chdng hu di hdi Idc ddu ehdng ung. con ich ngdi & sau lung nd keu la keu cai ?o biiu ung cai ung cho rdi, bdu ch&
ai, CO ai eh& bgu. tich tinh lang... ").
2.3.4. Cdc tu di xung ho
Ba, raa, tia, bin, qua, tui; Tu xung hd ndi tit: anh (anh iy), ba (ba iy), ong (dng iy) d b e n ( d b d n i y ) . . .
2.4. Phuong ngft Nam Bg trong dan ca va ca khiic 2.4.1. Phucmg ngieNam Bp trong ca khuc
Phuang ngu Nam Bd thdng qua ea khiic va din ca da chuyin tii hinh tugng im nhgc ed mdt stic mgnh die bidt dl ggi md siic tudng tugng eiia ngudi nghe v i theo quy luit lidn tudng da danh thfte ngudi nghe hinh dung nen mdt hue tranh cuge sdng [1, fr.212]; mdt dia phuang (Gd Cdng, My Tho, Tri Vinh...), duge nhie ddn qua nhihig bai hat: Ao m&i Cd mau (Cai Nude, Dim Doi, Nam Can, U Minh)... hay Hanh frmh frdn dit phii sa ciia tic gia Thanh San vdi nhung dia danh duge nhic den "Chim tung bay hot vang trong binh minh, ehdn cd dem do phong suang hanh trinh. Tie Long An, Mde Hda. My Tho xudi vi Go Cdng. Tiin Giang ngdt ngdn nhe mpt tdm thdm lua vdng...
Quyt Cai Be ndi tiing ngpt ngdy, ai dn rdi nh&
mai miin Tdy. Ngd ngp ghi, gdi miin Tdy md hay hay, ehdt phdc bao dai bao thi hi, phit sa ai dam tinh que huang. Qua Long Xuyen din VTnh Long, Tra Vinh. Sdng qui tdi thdm trong tim dgm tinh. Phii sa ai, ngdy ngdt bu&c chdn
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN LANG ldi vi khdng na, a eUng chdng ddnh que miin ddl ngpt an lanh. Qui huang toi vdn con sdng ben Ciru Long. Ddn que toi sdng quanh nam bin rudng ddng. Tie ngdn xua cay Ida dd nudi ddn minh no dm, phii sa mdt ngpt nhu ddng siia m? mudn dai. Dim trang thanh chiiu trin sdng Cdn Tha... vi Tdy Dd nh& ghe Sde Trdng nghe diiu ldm thdn. Dii ki (nghd thuit bidu didn kich hat ciia ngudi Khmer) hdt lugn nhu tinh cdm gdn gui minh. Ndng s&m ve trdi chin that mau, can mua chiiu tuai mdt rupng sdu. Phit sa ai.
bdn miia edy trdi dam bong, gdi bin trai linh que thdm nong. Dieu ddn ca ngpt ngao menh mdng... vi Bgc Liiu nghe hdl sdu cdu rao dan vpng cd. Cd Mau cudi tr&i chut tinh gvei lgi mdy l&i". Mgt birc franh qud huong tuyet dgp, ragt tinh cim yeu thuang gin bd da diet ciia con ngudi tidn minh dit phu sa miu rad. Mdt ldng bidt on nhirng thi he di tmdc da md mang viing dat trii phu, lam sinh sdi nay nd tinh ydu ciia ngudi v i dit mi nhgc sT da ndi hd tim ldng ciia nhung ngudi din sinh song tidn viing dit phuang Nam niy.
Phii la ngudi cd tudi tha sdng vdi rugng ddng, sdng nude mdi ed cam nhin mgt khung cinh ddng que frong bii Em di tren eo non ciia nhgc sT Bac Son cd ciu "em chua di trin cd non chua timg nghe mdt rugi ban chdn. em chua qua mdy khue sdng ehua dugc nhin voi vin chiu hom": voi vin chidu hdm (nghTa: ning chilu xuydn qua dam miy tao thinh nhftng dudng xidn gilng chide vdi voi dm nhftng khiic sdng, dai dit). Phii li ngudi hidu ro tinh ngudi Nam Bg rage mgc qua ca dao, din ca, nhgc sT Bac son mdi viet tiep "thua me dgi eha thucmg ldm nhu rudng dgi phit sa. Thua me dgi cha yeu ldm nhu rupng dpi phii sa ". Bai Anh a ddu sdng em cudi sdng ciia nhgc si Phan Huynh Didu tiich tho Hoii Vu ed cau "gid nh& thuang ai md lay b& Id, de bim bip kiu con nu&e l&n rdng"...) hay tic gia Tmong Quang Luc vdi bdi Vdm Cd Dong trich tho Hoai Vii ("... ta quyit giie timg chiic xudng, tdm he&i edy
dam... timg mdi nhd nep du&i rang dim. tung thiea rupng ng&i den mdu m&. tieng mdi tinh hd h?n s&m trua"). Phuong ngft Nam Bg duge su dung trong din ea nhiiu ban frong bai din ca Ly do vd qudng ed ciu: "Tinrang em do vd ch?t, vd qudng thdn he thdn". (em ngheo tdi muc ao v i milng ng dip len miing kia nhung anh vin thuang).
Bii Da cd hodi lang [3, fr.26] eiia tie gia Cao Van Liu cd eau: "du&ng dit xa ong bu&m, xin do dimg phy nghTa tdo khang. Cdn dim ludng trdng tin bm. Ngdy mdi mdn nhu dd vpng phu... ". (Mgt long thuy ehung son sat, xin diing qudn thud khd khin).
2.4.2. Phuffng ngieNam Bp trong ddn ca Dan ca cd thd chia thanh ba phin:
Dan ea nghi Id: Thi hien tiong qua trinh lao ddng, gin chgt vdi thd gidi quan nhu tam linh. Bilu thi nhirng khat vgng, ude mo cda ngudi din. Khi hit len cd kem theo cic hanh dgng nghi Id nhu bai Ly cheo dua cd dng.
"Nghi ddnh cd thanh nhdn nai sdng biin. Thdy dn ldm nh& chuyin thdnh thdn. Cdng due dy anh linh thi dy, lugng hdi hd. can sdng day, luc gid qua. Dem tdm thdn cieu khd ngu ddn. Biin phia ddng, sdng phia huu ed dnh trdng rpi chiu. Trdm (la) ndm huang khdi timg ngdy..."
(ddn ca Kiin Giang [2, tr.54]). Ca Ong hay cdn ggi li c i voi, khi cd bio, e i thudng tua vao thuyen ndn thuydn khdng bi lit v i cuu dugc ngu dan. Ngudi dan biln moi khi ra khai hogc diu nam tu Tmng Bg frd vio diu thuc hign nghi Id Cling e i Ong.
Din ca lao dgng: Nhftng bai ca dugc hd hit trong lao dgng vdi tilt tiu, nhjp digu, sic thii bilu cam gin chat vdi cdng vide cu thi nao dd. Hd lao dgng la hinh tiiirc ehu ydu ciia till loai niy nhu bii Ly keo ehdi {"Gid lin rdi edng budm cho khoai, gde cheo lin ta nuang khd khoai Hd a... nhgu cho tieu hit mdy chai khoan h&i khoan hobo ghe md nghieng nga a a Idhd...").
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phgm Hoii Phnong Dan ea trO tinh: Nhftng bii ca bge lg tam
tu tinh cim eiia nhin vat tru tinh nhu bii Ly Cai Man {"nh& nha ai, nh& ai vdng bdng.
Tieng trdng xa dua, nhu Id keu diiu chdng ta, chdn giang bien. ngu&i cd biit cd hay chdng la.
Ly tuang tu ly phdn Hang Nga, O Thu&e qua song Ngdn. Thuang ndo de cho loan phugng dim suang"), Ly do vd qudng, Ly giao duyen...
Phuong ngu trong din ea Nara Bg giiip chung ta nhgn thirc sau han ve net die trung, edi hay eii dgp eua viing dat phucmg Nam.
3. KET LUAN
Khdng chi nhung nhi van, nhi tha nhu Scm Nam, Doin Gidi, Anh Due, Nguydn Thi, Le Anh Xuan, Triie Phuang, Hoai Vii... da kd thira nhftng gia frj die tnmg ciia phuang ngu
Nam Bd ma eac nhgc sT ngiy nay da gift gin bin sie din tde li din ca va dua vao ea khiic sing tie nhihig phuang ngu Nam Bd rit sdng ddng tre tmng, binh di thin tiiuong nhu cie nhgc sT: Phan Huynh Dilu, Tmong Quang Lye bai Vdm Cd Dong {"...la quyit giie tdng ehiie xudng tdm lu&i edy iMm... timg mdi nhd nep du&i rpng dua"), Phan Nhin, Lu Nhit Vu, Trin Hoin {Tham bin Nhd Rdng), Bie Son {Em di trin cd non), Thanh Son (bai Hdnh trinh trin ddt phii sa, Ao m&i Cd Mau)... hg da kd thua nhftng gii fri die tmng cua phuang ngft Nam Bg tii dilu kidn ty nhien, van hda de tgo ra nhftng net dde dio, gdp phan lira giau dep them vdn phuang ngft Nam Bg trong ca khue v i dan ca Nam Bd.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[l]DucmgVidt A(2000), Cafti-/ro«gdmKA^c ViitNam, Nxb Vidn Am nhgc.
[2] Ld Giang (1995), 150 diiu Iy qui huang. Nxb Vin nghd Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
[3] Nhieu tic gia (2008), Ti^in l^ bdi hk trie tinh mang dm hu&ng dm ea Mem hoa bi Nxb Phuong Ddng.
[4] Dd thi K.ieu Oanh (2012), Phuang ngie Nam bd trong vdn hpc ddn gian, http/rtext.xemtailieu.com/tai-lieu/phuong-ngu-nam-bo-frong-van-hoc-dan-gian-208054.html, ngay tmy c|p: 2-8-2018.
[5] H6 TTnh Tam, Tie phuang ngfi Nam bp din sdng tpo vdn bdn r/ii3«/iva«http//www.vanhoahoc.vn, ngay tiuy c|p: 23-4-2009.
Ngay nhgn bai: 06-01-2020. Ngay bidn tip xong: 22-6-2020. Duyet ding: 24-7-2020
