VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBER 3
TiN N G l f d N G NiT THAN 6 SA DEC NHIN TlT DUC TIN VA THlTC HANH NGHI Lt
Duffng Thanh Tung Truang Dgi hgc Dong Thdp duongtung. dthu(^gmail.com Ngdy nhgn bat 28/5/2018; Ngdy duyet dang: 17/12/2018
Tom t3t
Sa Dec tu xua da so-m la nai thi tir cua viing Tdy Nam Bg, nai diin ra su giao thoa vdn hoa Viet.
Hoa Khmer vai kit qud tieu biiu Id tin ngudng nu thdn. Bdng thu phdp phdn tich. tong hap lai lieu thdnh vdn kit hgp vai diin dd. quan sdt tham du. phong vdn sdu tren nen tdng^ nhorn^ ly thuyet ^iao luu - Hep bien van hoa, cu the la quan diim ddc thii ludn lich sit vd quan diem dien gidi. tdi m gidl vdn hoa gdn vai ngir cdnh cu thi chung loi nhgn thdy: (1) Vi nguon goc, co 3 yiu to: yeu to ban dia, yiu td Chdm vd yiu td Hoa. (2) Vi due tin, do Id: dire tin vi nhOng hd lien chii, bd chua xir sa;
dire tm vi nhimg vi nii thdn phii hg do tri cho mua thudn gio hoa, nguai yen vgt thinh; dire tin ha Thien Hdu vi phiic thdn luon hiin linh ban phudc Idnh vd may mdn trong cuoc song cua ngudi tidn.
(3) Vi hinh thirc thuc hdnh nghi li - mua bong rdi cdng duac biiu hiin ro net nhung ddc^ diem: h dgng, dung hgp vd thudn phdt ddn gian, tdt cd gop phdn cho tin ngudng nu than vdn con giir gin bdn sdc van hoa loc ngudi a Sa Dec.
Tie khda: Dire tin, thirc hdnh nghi li, thudn phdt ddn gian, Thdnh phd Sa Dec, Tinh Dong Thdp.
Goddess cults in Sa Dec: a view from the perspectives of faith and ceremonial practice Abstract
Sa Dec has long been one of the main centers of the Mekong River Delta region where the Vietnamese, the Chinese and the Khmer took place the cultural exchanges, in which Goddess cults is typical production. By analyzing and generalizing written materials and combining with fieldwork. observation and in-depth interviews on the basis of cultural exchanges theoretical platform such as historical particularism and the context-based interpretation, we find out that: (I) About origin, there are three elements included in the culf Viet factors. Cham factors, and Chinese factors. (2) About faith structure, the local community preserves the faith for goddesses who are the first owner of the land, the protectors of the land; blessing goddesses for good weather conditions, for peace and prosperity; Thien Hau Goddess who always gives spiritual blessings and lucks etc.
(3) About the form of ceremonial practice: traditional shamanic dances (Mua Bong Roi, for instance) also provide significant characteristics such as diversity, fusion, and folk-based wisdom, which greatly help preserve the valuable identities of the contemporary communities in Sa Dec.
Keywords: cult, ceremonial practice, folk-based, Sa Dec city, Dong Thap province
1. Dat van de Hoa ehiem 1,03% va ngudi Cham chiem 0,09%.
Tay Nam Bd la vung van hda mdi hinh thanh Ca bdn tdc ngudi deu la luu dan Pi tii xii frei hem 300 nam, xet ve chii the, vimg van hda Tay con dudng di tim mgt nai yen dn de sinh song Nam Bd, co bdn toe ngudi chinh la Viet, Khmer, va lam an da gap nhau d day, va liy ngudi Viet Hoa, Cham; trong do, ngudi Viet chilm 91,97% lam trung tam de g5n kit ehat che vdi nhau tdng dan sd, ngudi Khmer chilm 6,88%, ngudi (TrSn Ngpc Them, Nguyin Thi Le HSng, 2013:
26
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN HIEN tr. 408-422). Tat ca tao nen hue franh van hda da sac mau bdi su dung hgp, giao luu vdi nhau giiia ddng van hda tgc ngudi ehu thi - ngudi Viet va ddng van hda cac tdc ngudi Cham, Hoa, Khmer. Cdn d Sa Dee do dac thu ldi sdng md thoang, cdng cu giua cac tpc ngudi nSn viec tim hieu ngudn gdc hinh thanh va nhan dien gia tri tin nguong nft than frong ddi sdng tam linh ciia ngudi dan vin cdn md nhat va chua ro rang, dien hinh nhftng cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia Nguyin Hiiu Hieu nhu: Chua Nguyen vd cdc giai thoai md ddt phuang Nam (2003), Tim hiiu vdn hda tdm linh Tdy Nam Bg (2004), Ddng Thdp 300 ndm (Chu bien, 2004), Vdn hoa ddn gian vung Dong Thdp Muai (2010), Tue tha thdn qua am mieu Nam Bg (2015), Vdn hoa ddn gian miet Sa Dec (2016),... va nhiing cdng trinh nghien euu cua tac gia Nhat Thdng nhu: Huong que thuang nha (2009), Sa Dec vimg ddt con nguai (2009), Sa Dec linh ddt - tinh ngudi (2014),... Tat ca cdng trinh vira neu chi tap trung vao khia canh khao ta nhan vat, su kien lich sii, giai thoai dan gian ve dia danh nhung chua di vao nghien cuu chi tilt tin nguong nu than d Sa Dec, Nhu vay, frong thdi dai hgi nhap nhu hien nay, lam the nao va bang each nao tin nguong nu than d Sa Dec tdn tai va phat tnen? Due tin ciia ngudi dan va cac thue hanh nghi ll frong tin nguong nu thSn d Sa Dec da dugc bao tdn va phat huy hay chua? Bdi vi, tue thd Ba (theo each ggi dan gian) hay la tin nguong nu than tai day la mgt trong nhftng san pham dac trung ciia qua trinh dung hgp da van hda het siic phong phii va cd nhiing net gia tri dac sac rieng nhung van chua dugc nhan dien day du, Dong thdi, ngudi dan Sa Dec diing nhan quan cu dan ndng nghiep trong bdi canh da van hda dien hinh viing ven sdng Tien dl tilp nhan (hay hinh thanh) cac tue thd nft than d dia phuang, do do thuc hanh tin ngudng cung thi hien dam net tinh da dang, dnh dung hgp va tinh thuan phac dan gian.
Bai vilt nay chii yeu sii dung phuang phap dinh dnh, gdm hai nhdm thii phap quan trgng:
(1) Tdng hgp, phan rich tai lieu thanh van tu eac nguon tu lieu sach, bao, tap chi, ky yeu khoa hgc vl van hda tin nguong, tin ngudng nft than
va mlu than, ll hdi dan gian, tin ngudng nft than d Nam Bg lien quan dl tai nghien cim. (2) Dien da, quan sat tham du, phdng van thuc dia khi nghien cuu cae nghi thirc le, thanh phan tdc ngudi. Thii phap nay gdp phan lam eho de tai mang tinh xac thuc, viec di dien da giiip chiing tdi nhan dien dac diem chi tiet va quy luat van hanh ciia tin ngudng nft than. Ben canh do, chiing tdi cdn irng dung nhdm ly thuyet giao luu - tiep bien van hda, cu the la quan diem dac thii luan lich su (historical particularism) vdi hai dai dien tien phong la Franz Boas (1858 -1942) va Alfred Kroeber (1876 - 1960), va quan diem diln giai va tai dien giai van hda gan vdi ngft canh cu the (context-based reinterpretation) cua Edward Sapir (1934) va Robert P. Weller (1953 - - ) . Doi vdi thuyet dac thii lich su, theo quan dilm cua Franz Boas (1858 - 1942) va Alfred Kroeber (1876 - 1960) da khing dinh mgt each hoan toan co ly rang: "Nhung net vdn hda dan le phdi dirac nghien ciru trong bdi cdnh ciia xd hgi md nd dd xudt hien. Vdn hda cua moi mgt ddn toe duac htnh thdnh Irong qud trinh lich sir gdn liin vdi moi trudng xa hoi nhdt dinh vd trong dieu kien dia ly cu the " (Khoa Nhan hgc, 2008: tr. 24). Vi vay, ehiing tdi su dung khung ly thuylt nay de xem xet doi tugng tin ngudng nft than khi dat nd trong bdi eanh lich sir cu the vdi su tuong quan moi trudng xa hdi cua Sa Dec de nhan dien ve ngudn gdc, dac trung, gia tri va de xuat giai phap thuc thi bao tdn, phat huy gia tri tin ngudng nu than phu hgp vdi dac diem dia phucmg nham dem lai hieu qua thiet thuc trong thdi gian tdi. 0 quan diem dien giai van hda theo bdi canh, Sapir timg nhan dinh "Vdn hda khdng phdi la Ihu da sdn cd md la cdi con ngirdi khdm phd ddn dd qua thuc tien cuoc sdng"
(Sapir, 1934: fr. 200-205). Con theo Weller (1987: tr. 7), khong phat nen van hda, hien thuc van hda nao cung duge dinh hinh san he thdng cac gia tri bat bien de ed the soi chieu cho mgi ca the, nhdm ca the qua cac thdi dai. Ong ndi,
"hdu het cdc thuc hdnh vdn hda. tuy nhien, deu khong phdi la nhit-ng he thdng da duac dinh chi hoa hay ly ludng hda hodn chinh. Thay vdo do, nd ton tgi nhu Id mot qud trinh dien gidi vd ldi
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBERS diin gidi thuc ti" (Weller, 1987: fr. 7). Do dd,
d vimg dk da dan tdc, da van hda nhu Dong bang sdng Cim Long ndi chung, Sa Dec ndi rieng, dien mao, hinh hai va dac diem ciia nhieu hien thuc van hda, trong do cd tin ngudng nft thin, la san pham cua qua trinh giao luu - tiep biln van hda tren nen tang van hda cua dan tdc chii thi (ngudi Viet Nam Bg). Khi phan rich, dien giai van de, chiing tdi dac biet luu y vai trd chu chit cua ngudi Viet trong qua frinh hinh thanh, tiep thu, "nhao nan" va phat trien cac loai hinh tin nguong nu than d Sa Dec, Ngoai nhdm ngudi Viet, ngudi Hoa (va xa hon la ngudi Khmer) ddng vai fro "ngoai dien" trong mdi quan he tuong tac vdi ngudi Viet. Tren thuc te, hau het cac trudng hpp giao luu - tiep bien van hda at dan tdi bien ddi van hda. Mpi bien ddi van hda deu phai dira vao nen tang tuang tac vdi ngoai canh,
2. Dac diem vl nguon glc va khong gian thd 2.1. Bge diem ve nguon goc
Khac vdi qua trinh hinh thanh tin nguong mau than d phia Bac, do cac dieu kien lich su - xa hpi dac thu, su hinh thanh va phat trien ciia tin ngudng nu than d Nam Bd cd nhilu dilm khac biet. Khu vuc phia Bac do chiu anh hudng cua van hoa Trung Hoa vdi Nho giao, Dao giao dan din viec hinh thanh cac nu than, mau thin mang tinh cung dinh hoa ma dinh cao la mSu Tam phii, Tu phii. Nam Bd lai chiu anh hudng cua van hda An Dp vdi dao Ba-la-mdn va sir giao luu, tiep bien vdi van hda Cham, Khmer va van hoa Hoa da tao nen mdt dien mao hit sire phire tap va da dang frong loai hinh tin nguong nu than noi day.
Nin tdng vdn hda chii thi Viet (yiu to bdn dia) Trudc khi luu dan ngudi Viet (Kinh) di cu vao khai pha va cu tni tai wng 6k Nam Bg nay, ngudi Khmer da cu tni tai day tir kha lau. Cu dan Khmer tai day dudi tac ddng cua Ba-la-mdn giao va Phat giao da hinh thanh mpt loai hinh tin ngudng kha phd biln dd la thd Neak Ta.
Neak Ta cdn dugc ggi la ong Ta, la vi thin bao hg phum sdc - tuong tu Thanh hoang d cac lang ciia ngudi Viet. Trong cae milu thd, Neak Ta thudng dugc tugng trung bing vai hdn da
dang bau due nhan bdng tu nhien. Hai ben Neak Ta la hai vi than la Neang Khmau (Ba Den) va Neang Mesrar (Ba Trang). Ba Den va Ba Tring chi la hai vi hg than cua Neak Ta. Tuy nhien, khi tiep can tin ngudng nay, vdi mong uoc co mpt vi than cai quan, frong coi mgt viing dat ma ho vua mdi khai pha dugc, cdng vdi truyen thong thd nft than ngudi Viet da tiep nhan tin nguong Ba Den. Ba Den ciia ngudi Khmer frd thanh Ba Chiia Xu ciia ngudi Viet cd quyln nang rgng r5i hai ca hinh tugng nguyen mau vdi quyen nang cai quan mdt viing dat nao dd. "Theo Malleret, thi Ba Den tiic la than Burga cua Ba-la-mon giao" (Nguyin Huu Hilu, 2017: fr. 132). Dodo, tai nhijng noi thd vi nii than nay thudng thay co bd hnga-yoni dugc phdi tu nhu mgt md-tip quen thugc. Tugng linga frong dien thd Ba Chiia Xu d niii Sam (Chau Ddc, An Giang), tugng co va eau trong dien thd chua Ba Den (Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh), hay Mieu Cau tren ddc Thugng len Dien Ba (mii Ba Den, Tay Ninh) la minh chiing rd rang cho dieu nay.
Tiip bien vdn hoa Chdm (yiu lo thupc ve van hda Chdm)
Mien Trung Viet Nam (tu day Hoanh Son ra phia Bac) la khu vuc ehiu anh hudng bdi vin hda Trung Hoa, chu yeu la Nho giao, Dao giao va van hda Champa, ehu ylu la dao Ba-la-mon.
Trudc khi hoan tat cdng cudc Nam hin ciia minh, ngudi Viet da chiu anh hudng bdi Nho giao, Dao giao. Sau dd hg cdn cdng cu vdi ngudi Cham trong mgt thdi gian dai. Trong qua trinh do, ngudi Viet da tiln hanh Viet hda, Nho giao hda cac nft than ciia ngudi Cham ma hp tilp nhan trudc khi mang theo vao phuang Nam.
Po Yang Inu Nagar la nft than tao ra vuong qudc theo quan niem ciia ngudi Cham. Thirc chat, Po Yang ]nu Nagar hien than eua nft than Uma (nft thin Sakti), vg eua thin Siva. Uma la than bao tdn cua dao Ba-la-mdn. Uma dugc ngudi Cham biln ddi thanh Po Yang hru Nagar sau dd ngudi Viet biln ddi Po Yang Inu Nagar thanh chiia Ngung Man nuang hay ehii Ngung Man nuang, Chii Ngu Ma vuang. Dd la qua trinh Viet hda vi nu thin cua ngudi Cham. Po Yang Inu Nagar ve sau dugc ngudi Viet ggi la
TAP CHl KHOA HQC €>AI HOC VAN HIEN Thien Y A Na sau dd dugc cac vua sic phong la Diln Phi Chiia Nggc Thanh Phi. Thien Y A Na cd le xuit phat tu chu Phan la Devayana. Theo do, deva la Thien hay Trdi ghep vdi yana thanh Thien Y A Na. Cdn danh xung Diln Phi Chua Nggc Thanh Phi la do nam 1797 Tong frin Nguyin Van Thanh cho xay din thd Ba Chiia Nggc fren niii Diln d phia nam huyen Vinh Xuong, Khanh Hoa. Dd la qua trinh Nho giao hda vi nii than cua ngudi Cham thanh nft thin ciia ngudi Viet.
Din thd Thien Y A Na (hie Chiia Nggc) d Thap Ba, Nha Trang; ba Chiia Tien duge thd d dien Hdn Chen, Hul; chiia Thien Mu, Hul; Thai Duong phu nhan d Huong Tra - Hul; tue ciing chii Ngung Man Nuang eiia cu dan khu vuc Khanh Hda, Nmh Thuan, Ba Chiia Ddng nuong nuong duge thd phd biln d vung Long Diln, Dit Dd, Ba Ria, Can Gid; Linh Son Thanh Miu (Ba Den) d Tay Ninh; Ba Chiia Xu d niii Sam va d nhieu noi khac d Nam bg da the hien qua trinh dung hgp va chuyen bien nay.
Tiip bien vdn hda Trung Hoa (Yiu td du nhdp) Tu cudi the ky 17, mdt bg phan ngudi Hoa do khdng thuan phuc nha Thanh va nhieu ly do khac da tim den Nam Bd, trong do deu bieu la nhdm cua Duong Ngan Dich, Tran Thugng Xuyen va Mac Ciiu. Lenh denh nhieu ngay tren bien vai biet bao gian lao, nguy hiem, chinh vi vay hanh trang mang theo cd ca nhung vi nu than vdi quyen nang bao hd va giiip hg an toan tren bien, do chinh la Ba Thien Hau, vdn la than bien cd quyen nang ciiu giiip ngudi di bien, la than hg menh cho nu gidi va co khi dugc ddng nhat vdi Phat ba Quan Am, Lam Thuy phu nhan, Kim Hoa phu nhan. Ba Thien Hau cd hinh mau la Lam Mac nuong duac hinh thanh hi the ky 10. Do truyen thuyet ve Mac nuong cd lien quan den viec eiiu ngudi tren bien nen ba dugc xem la than bao hg ngudi di bien. Dan dan cac hai thuyin deu thd ba dudi dang tugng Ma Td dl cau mong binh an. Den nam 1110, nha Tdng sac phong cho ba la Thien Hau thanh mau. Khi den Nam Bg, ngudi Hoa mang theo tin ngudng nay, ddng thdi ba dugc bd sung them eac quyen nang nhu bao an, ban phat phiic ldc, thinh vugng, hd
menh fre sa sinh nen d khap cac thi tran, thanh pho tai Nam Bg cd su hien dien ciia ngudi Hoa ta deu thiy cd thd Ba Thien Hau frong cac chiia, cung hay mieu. Tin nguong nay cung dugc ngudi Viet tilp nhan mgt each tu nhien trd thanh mdt phan trong sinh hoat tin nguong.
Ben canh Ba Thien Hau thi thd Ngu Hanh hay Ngu Hanh Nuang Nuong cung dugc ngudi Hoa mang den Nam Bd. Ngu Hanh la mgt bg phan cua hgc thuyet Am Duang - Ngu Hanh ndi ve nam yeu td cau thanh vii tru la Mgc, Hda, Thd, Kim, Thuy. Khi hgc thuyet nay di vao gidi binh dan vdi truyen thdng canh tac ndng nghiep liia nudc phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td tu nhien da cho ra ddi tin nguong thd Ngu Hanh. Cac hien tugng tu nhien tac ddng den canh tac ndng nghiep da dugc nhan each hda frd thanh nam ba Ngft Hanh hay Ngu Hanh Nuong Nuong. Ngu Hanh Nuong Nuong cd khi dugc lap mieu thd rieng ciing cd khi dugc thd tai mdt ngdi mieu nhd trong khudn vien hay mdt ban thd tai dinh, chua.
2.2. Dgc diem khong gian thd tir Sau qua trinh khao sat thuc dia tai eac co sd tin ngudng, tdn giao tren toan dia ban thanh pho SaDec tunam 2015 den 2018, ket qua cho thay he thdng tin ngudng dan gian d thanh phd Sa Dec vd cung phong phii va da dang. Trong dd, cd tdng egng ban 48 co sd tin ngudng nft than vdi ddi tugng thd Ba Chiia Xir, Ba Ngii Hanh, Ba Thien Hau la phd bien. Ben canh do, viec thd Quan Cdng va thd Thd than cung la ddi tugng duoe thd phd biln nhu cac nft thin, hau nhu d lang xdm nao cung cd co sd thd. Tuy nhien, d bai viet nay chiing tdi chi de cap den tin ngudng nil than nen yeu td thd Quan Cong va thd Thd than chimg tdi se trao ddi frong cac bai viet tiep theo. Can cu vao tam anh hudng, mem tin cua dan gian the hien qua cac hoat dgng hanh huong, lap CO sd thd, nghi thirc ciing te cac ddi tugng la nft than tren cd the phan ra cac dang thd sau day:
- Trong khu vuc do thi cd ngudi Hoa cu ngu:
tin nguong thd Thien Hau vdi cung thd to Idn theo kien tnic Viet - Hoa, dugc ggi la Thit Phu Thien Hau Cung {±l^^f^'B).
- Trong pham vi xdm ap, vdi dien thd nhd be
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUME b NUMtJtKJ chi tu vai met din nam mudi met vudng, nhung
lai hien dien khip lang xa, phd biln nhat la hai loai dien thd Ba Chiia Xu va Ba Ngfl Hanh. Tiep din la milu thd cac vi Thit thanh nuang nuong, Ciru vj tien nuang.,. Dien thd vdi dd tu khi don gian, chi cd ehan den, bat nhang, ly nudc, lg bdng va bai vi vilt chft Han hoae chft qudc ngu Chiia Xft Thanh Man (±&MM) hoac Ngu Hanh Nuong Nuong ( E ^ f S I ^ I ) hoac la tranh Urgng (loai co ban sin d chg). Le ciing tl thudng diln ra vao cuoi mua thu hoach liia vao cudi nam hoae thang 2, thang 3 am lich Ufrng khdp vdi thdi gian cung Thugng diln d dinh lang, vdi tam nguyen din dap on Ba Chiia Xii va ciu nguyen mong dugc phii hd cho vu mua tdi.
- Trong khuong vien cac dinh chiia, hai nft thin Ba Chiia Xir va Ngu Hanh vdi tu each than bao hg ciia cudc dat noi dinh chua toa lac. Cdn trong chinh tim cd nhieu vi co khi co hoac khong cd sic phong tuy theo timg dia phuong dugc thd vdi tu each tiing tu hay phdi tu, pho biln la cac vi ehiia Tien, chiia Nggc, Chu Ngung Man nuang, Tii vi Dai Can thanh nuong v.v.
- Trong pham vi tung hd gia dinh: ba Nft Oa, Cuu Thien Huyin Nu, Thanh Anh La Sat, Phat mau Dieu Tri, Luc Cung thanh man, Quan am Nam Hai, Quan The Am Bd Tat, Ba Td cd, Ba Me thai sanh... tuy theo tuoi cua ngudi thd, thudng la phu nft dimg mdi vdi tu each than do mang nft gidi. Khdng gian tin nguong la mdt cai trang (khan) thd cd bai vi hoac tugng anh cua nii than, binh hoa, bat nhang, ba chung nudc.
Ngudi thd thap nhang cau nguyen vao mdi ngay CO the la mgt lan hoac hai lan, hang nam cd le cimg ta trang, ddi vdi gia chu co gia canh kha gia deu ed thue ban dong, hau bdng den frg te le.
Xuat phat tu tinh caeh phdng khoang, chan hda, khong cau ky cua ngudi Viet d vimg Sa Dec, quyen nang cua cac nft than frong tue thd khdng phan biet ro rang, ma dan xen, ching cheo nhau, thudng vi nao cflng cho la cd chirc nang bao quat la phii hp do tri cho chiing sanh, mua thuan gio hda, ngudi yen vat thmh, bao ve xom ap, san vat sung man, do mang nft gidi...
ben canh quyen nang rieng the hien qua danh
xung. Tu thdi khai hoang den nay, mieu thd don gian vin chi la mieu, vai frd, vi tri cua cac nfl thin d milu cung khdng dugc nang len, khong dua vao din, phii de khang frang, than bi hoa, h?
thdng hda. Tren thuc tl cung cd mdt sd dien thcr nft thin dugc nang len thanh phu, thanh dinh hoac cung nhu trudng hgp Thien Hau cung, mpt s6 vi nu thin dugc tneu dinh sae phong la tmng hoac thugng ding thin, nhung trong dan gian khdng cd su phan biet "ding cap" giua cac nfl thin. Tit ca diu dugc fran frgng ggi la Ba, dii la nft thin hay miu thin, cd khi tam thuc d mieu lai to Idn hon dinh, phu. Ly do dugc ton vinh thudng la do su linh ling cua than, thu hiit nhieu khach thap phuong den chiem bai, tin tudng hem la do thin dugc nang bac hay dugc xep vao he thdng cao hon.
3. Dac di§m ve due tin
Trai qua thdi gian vdi nhieu danh xung va quyln nang dugc bd sung khac nhau, tin nguong nu thin d Nam Bd thi hien su giao thoa, dung hgp manh me vl van hda gifta ngudi Viet vdi ngirdi Hoa, ngudi Cham va ngudi Khmer. Viec thd cae nft thin d day xet ve lich su nhu da trinli bay d tren dugc hinh thanh tuong ddi phiic tap va chiu su chi phdi tir nhieu phia. Tuy nhien, chung quy lai rin ngudng nft than d Nam Bp noi chung va d Sa Dec ndi rieng the hien qua ba dang thirc dac diem ve due tin nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, dire dn ve nhirng bd tien chu, ba chua xir sd
Luu dan ngudi Viet khi vao khai pha viing dit Nam Bd va dinh cu d Sa Dec, lin dau tiep xue vdi thien nhien hoang sa, rimg thieng nudc doe nhilu lam son chudng khi, "dudi song sau lgi, tren bd cgp beo". Vdi dat thii hoan canh nhu vay, con ngudi chgt ning minh sg hai trudc siic manh thien nhien, cam thay nhd be va yen duoi, Tuy nhien, vung dat nay khdng phai hoan toan vd chu, tru'dc day da timg cd cu dan Phii Nam sinh sdng, sau hg da bd di do chien franh va sy bien ddi kliac nghiet cua tu nhien. Nen trong qua trinh khan hoang thinh thoang ngudi ta tim thay dugc vat dung, phe rich den mieu ciia ngudi xua cdn xdt lai. Trong bdi canh dd, sau khi khai khan dugc mdt viing dat mdi, ngudi dan tap hgp lai
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN HIEN lap nen cae xdm lang hoac ten ggi khac la "xii", ddng thdi, hg tudng nhd vl nhftng vi riln chu ciia cudc dat ma minh dang sinh sdng nen lap mieu thd nhu mgt ldi cam on ngudi da cho phep cu dan mdi din day khai pha dugc thuan lgi va cau mong dugc tiep tue sinh song binh an. Ben canh dd, vdi niem tin d mdi gdc rung, mdi khiic sdng, mdi vat dit diu cd mgt Ba Chiia Xir, Ba Tien chii cai quan. Nen khi khai pha xong ngudi ta eung dung mieu thd Ba frude la dl ta on, sau la eau mong dugc phii hd do tri an lanh, may man frong qua frinh sinh sdng. Nhu trudng hgp tai Mieu Chiia Xu (Phudng 2), dng S.M, (dai dien ca sd tin ngudng) chia se: "Ngdi miiu ndy dirac nhieu ngudi ddn xung quanh tin tuang vd ihudng xuyin din cung via cung nine don dep sgch se khdng gian thd tu. thinh thodng cung co vdi ngudi axa din via Bd. Ngudi ddn vung ndy tin rdng Bd hidn hien linh de phit ho cho vung ddt ndy dugc binh an, ngudi ddn song tren mdnh ddt ndy dugc mgnh khde vd ldm dn thudn lgi, vi Bd Id vi thdn cai qudn coi ddt xic sd nai ndy "
(S.M.,2017). Tuong tu v^y, theo ldi chia se cua ba C.N. (ngudi dan den via Ba tai Mieu Chua Xu d Xa Tan Phii Ddng): "Nhd co thudng xuyin den miiu ndy de ddng ciing le vdt len Bd vd cdu mong Bd phii hd gia dinh ldm dn sinh sdng tren vung ddt ndy gap nhiiu thudn lgi, vu miia dirge bdi ihu vd cUng cdu mong Bd phii ho cho gia dinh mgnh khde sudt ndm" (CH., 2017).
Thu hai, dire tin ve nhu-ng vi nii- thdn phii hd do tri cho mua thudn gid hda. nguai yen vdi thinh
Nhu phan tren da trinh bay, trudc khi vao khai pha vimg dat Nam Bd, ngudi Viet da chiu anh hudng bdi van hda Trung Hoa vdi Nho giao, Dao giao cung nhu ly luan ve thuyet Am - Duong va Ngu Hanh. Ly luan nay di vao gidi binh dan ciing vdi van hda ndng nghiep lua nudc da hinh thanh rin nguong da than, tdn thd da dang cac hien tugng tu nhien. Vdi tam ly trgng tinh, tdn trgng phu nft da lam xuat hien phd bien cac nft thin. Mdt lin nua, cac nft than hi nhien dugc nhan each hda frd thanh cac vi nu than cai quan cac hien tugng tg nhien - Ngu Hanh Nuong Nuong. Ngu Hanh Nuong Nuong trong tam thiic ngudi Viet la nam vi nft than dai dien
cho nam yeu td khac nhau cua tu nhien (Kim, Mdc, Thuy, Hda, Thd) cd tac ddng den nhieu mat frong cudc sdng va nhat la frong qua frinh san xuit. Do dd, mieu thd Ba Ngfl Hanh eflng dugc dung len d nhieu nai de cau mong dugc su phu hd cua cac ba cho mua thuan gid hda, tiet trdi thuan lai muu smh, ngudi yen vat thjnli, san vat sung man. Theo ldi chia se ciia dng T.C. (dai dien co sd tin ngudng) tai Mieu Ngfl Hanh (Xa Tan Phii Ddng) cho bilt: "Bd Ngu Hdnh duac ngudi ddn khu vuc ndy tin tudng nen trong ngdy ciing cd nhieu ngudi den thdp nhang cung bdi, mang le vdt din ddng cimg Bd vd cdu mong cd duac cupc song binh an, cong viec duac lien hdnh thudn lai nen viec thd phung Bd tai miiu dugc tuam tdt" (T.C, 2017) va theo chia se ciia dng M.X. (dai dien ca sd tin ngu'ong) tai Mieu ddi Ngu Hanh - Chiia Xu (Xa Tan Quy Tay) cho biet: " Viec lap mieu vd ihaphung Bd Ngii Hdnh vdi y nghia Id cdu mong cho cdc vdn di trong tu nhien vdn hdnh yen on, mua thudn gid hda, moi trudng sinh sdng binh an vd canh tdc duac thudn lgi cho du con ngudi den sinh sdng a bdt cu ddu (ngii phuang - ngd thd - ngii hdnh) thi deu phdi biet kinh trgng vd thd ciing cho ddng hodng, nhu vdy Ihi cuoc sdng vd cdng viic mdi van hdnh thudn lgi" (M.X , 2017).
Thir ba, dire tin bd Thien Hdu vi phiic thdn ludn hien hdch dnh linh ban phudc Idnh vd may mdn irong cudc sdng ciia ngudi ddn
Cong ddng ngudi Hoa simg bai da than, hg cho rang cac vi than khac nhau cd lien quan den cac pham trii, binh dien khac nhau cua ddi sdng nhan sinh, vi du nhu Quan Cdng tni ma duoi quy va mang lai may man, Thien Hau la hai than, phue than, thanh mau tfl' bi. Cho den thai hien nay, da sd ngudi Hoa d Sa Dec van rin rang cudc song con ngudi thanh cdng hay that bai, liic thang liic tram vdn khdng the do ban than con ngudi quan ly, ma d dau dd la su hien dien cua than linh. Tuong tu nhu vay, sinh lao benh tir, nhirng doan khiic quan trgng cua cudc ddi cflng khdng do con ngudi lam ehii. Trong cac trudng hgp khac nhau, con ngudi ddi mat vdi nhirng dieu bi an cua cuoc sdng va ciia me tu' nhien nam ngoai tam hieu biet va tai nang quan ly cua hp
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBERS thi khi iy hg tim din vdi tin ngudng Thien Hau.
Tin nguong Thien Hau du nhap vao vimg dat Sa Dec hon 300 nam trudc theo ddng di dan ciia cdng ding ngudi Hoa din day cu tni va lam an.
Tren dudng di dan lenh denh bien Idn, hg thudng cau nguyen ba Thien Hau - vj hai than cua ngudi Hoa hien linh phd hg dugc binh an va song sdt vao dit liln. Khi dinh cu dugc binh an tai viing dat Sa Dec, cdng dong ngudi Hoa da lap mieu trang trong thd Ba vdi ngudng vgng va tim long biet on Ba da giiip do, cuu rli hg dugc ''thuan budm xudi gid". Khi mieu thd ba Thien Hau dugc dung len cung vdi niem xac tin ciia ngudi Hoa trong qua trinh giao luu, tiep bien vdi cdng ddng cac tdc ngudi tren viing dat Sa Dec, trong do, chiem dai da sd la tdc ngudi Viet, dan da tat ca cac cpng dong tren vung dat nay cung kinh thd phung ba vdi niem tin ngudng ba se bao an, ban phudc lanh, phiic ldc, thinh vu'gng dac biet la hd menh cho nft gidi va fre nhd de tu do ba trd thanh vi phiic than trong tam thuc tin ngudng cua ngudi dan Sa Dec.
Chinh vi, cu dan d Sa Dec da ton kinh va thd phung Ba Thien Hau mgt each binh dang, tit ca ngudi dan den via Ba deu cd ehung mgt nilm diic tin mong mudn nhan dugc su ban phiic lanh ciia Ba nhim thda man nhu can tam linh. Khi tac gia tim hdi mpt sd ngudi dan den via ba thi dudng nhu diu nhan dugc cau tra ldi giing nhau vl dai y nhu ldi cua ba B.C va chi T.T (nha d thanh pho Cao Lanh din via Ba tai Thit Phu Thien Hau Cung) cho bilt: "Nhd tdi ldm dn budn bdn cdch day khodng han hai chuc cdy so nhung ndm ndo den dip le via Bd thi tdi vd con gdi ciia ldi cQng din ddy de cung via Bd di cdu binh an cho gia dinh vd mong Bd phii hp viec budn bdn duac may mdn vd phdt ldi", va chi T.T ndi tilp
"Cdn chi thi den ddy trudc Id cimg via Bd vd sau Id cdu mong Bd phii hp cho gia dinh dugc khde mgnh. viec ldm dn ciia gta dinh dirge may mdn, thuan lai, vd cdu mong Bd ban phudc Idnh cho bdn thdn vd dng xd ciia minh" (B.C. va T.T., 2017). Tuong hJ nhu vay, chi V.A (nha d huyen Lai Vung din via Ba tai Thit Phu Thien Hau Cung). "Nhd chi thi a huyen Lai Vungnhungchi ciing Ihir&ng xuyen den day di ihdp nhang via Bd
vd cdu mong Bd se ban phuc Idnh, binh an cho bdn thdn, gia dinh " (V.A., 2017) va chi K.L (nha d huyen ChSu Thanh den via Ba Thien Hau) cho biet: "Chi d dudi huyen Chdu Thdnh len day ihudng xuyin do viec ldm dn mua bdn nen cung hay vdo ciing via Bd cdu mong Bd phii hd cho viec budn bdn dugc phdi ldi, phii hd gia dinh dirge manh khde sudt nam" {K.L.,2Q\7).
4. Dac diem thyc hanh nghi le Dac diem nghi thiic thuc hanh tin nguong t?]
cac dinh, den, mieu/mieu d Sa Dec noi chung so vdi cac dia phuang khae d Nam Bg thi hau nhu ve mat tdng the la gidng nhau r3t kho phan bi?t rach rdi cd xuat phat diem tu dia phuang nao boi vi xuat phat tu ngudn gdc hinh thanh cac loai hinh tin nguong nhu da phan tich. Tuy nhien, khi nghien eftu vl dac diem tin nguong nu thin thi van de thuc hanh tin ngudng khdng the khdng de cap den ma trong dd loai hinh bong r6i gift vai trd quan frgng d cac ky le ciing. Loai hinh bdng rdi nay cdn dugc ggi la hat bong roi hoac miia bdng rdi, la mdt loai hinh miia hat nghi thuc le vao cac dip ciing ta frang thd Ba dp mang cho nu gidi d gia dinh hoac eiing dinh, mieu d khap vung Nam Bg va rieng d Sa Dec hau nhu frong cac ky le ciing dinh, mieu hay ta trang deu cd su hien dien cua loai hinh nay. Npi dung bdng rdi xuat hien sau phan nghi thiic te le cua Ban Te tu va tiep den la eac tiet muc miia hat tudng cheo, hat bdi, cai luong. Nghe thuat diln xudng bdng rdi nay cd mdi gin kit chat che vdi tin nguong nir thin d Sa Dec va Nam Bp, nhu md ta hdi cd cua dng N.N.T. (Hdi Khoa hpc Lich Sli Thanh phd Sa Dec) vao nam 2017;
"Nghi thudl dien xudng ddn gian d Sa Dec v6 cimg phong phii nhu logi hinh miia bdng roi d Sa Dec ra ddi vd ton tgi irong moi Irudng tin ngudng ddn gian tir ldu md dgc biel Id tin ngudng nii- thdn hay con ggi Id tue thd Bd. Ngodi ra. cdn cd hai luyin nghe thudt hdt bpi vd ddn ca ldi lit cUng mpt thai noi tiing nice danh a viing Sa Dec vd cdc tinh miin Tdy Nam Bp. Miia bdng roi a Nam Bp vd a Sa Dec ra ddi vd Idn tai Irong mdi tnrdng tin ngirang ddn gian tir ldu ma ddc biit Id lin ngudng nir thdn hay cdn goi la luc ihd Bd, rieng a Sa Dec vdo khodng nhOvg
TAP CHI KHOA HQC OAI HQC VAN HIEN ndm 1950, cd dng bdng H, nhd ben bd kinh Cdi San cha Sa Dec, dng ten ddy du IdTV.H, mol dng bdng ndi tieng cd vung Sa Dec. Mdi ndm vdo dip Tit Nguyen Ddn, tir ngdy ram thdng chap tra dl, la miia di ddm cua ong. Nhieu ddm cimg mieu Bd vd cung tg Irang thd Bd cua nhieu gia dinh khd gid diu cii- ngudi den ddi dam I rude de dng bdng Hxip lich di ciing. Phu theo ong cd dng H.N dan co, go nhip song lang vd chiec trdng nhd, trdng cam. Nghi ihuc cung timg nai duac dng bdng H chudn bi theo mpt bdi bdnphii hap vdi udc mudn cua gia chu hodc yiu cdu ciia Ban cung te mieu. Ong bdng H tdm ngudi thdp vua phdi, cd nghe bdng rdi chuyen nghiep; vdi cdc bdi roi hdt kem theo ddng ldc miia nhu miia ddng huang, ddng hoa, ddn mdm vdng vd vdi nhihig ddm lan dng cdn ihuc hien nhirng bdi miia dpc ddo nhu miia den, mua dpc binh. Cdc dpng ldc mua cita bdng H rat nhudn nhuyen. drew/«ye«" (N.N.T., 2017).
Ve ngudn gdc hinh thanh cua loai hinh mua hat bdng rdi nay, chiing tdi cd ciing quan diem vdi tac gia Nguyen Hiiu Hieu cho rang day la ket qua cua qua trinh giao thoa van hda Viet - Cham ma cu the la tdc ngudi Viet da Viet hda, ban dia hda dieu miia Pajao cua tgc ngudi Cham frong eac nghi ll thd ciing nft thin. Bdi le, theo tin nguong Cham "Ba bdng Pajao cd nhiem vu nhay miia, dang le vat mdi than linh, nhap ddng tien tri mgi viec vi hang nam ba bdng van cd dip giao earn vdi than linh trong mdt giac ngu trien mien" (Nguyen Van Luan, 1974: fr,50) cho nen theo luat tue trong dieu mua Pajao thi ngudi thuc hanh dieu mua nay phai la thieu nu ddng trinh hoac ngudi phu nu dep va trai qua su ren luyen ky luong, phai thuan thuc frong cac ddng tac dl kheo leo dang vat ciing len than linh.
Nhung khi dieu miia Pajao du nhap vao viing dat Nam Bd thi loai hinh nay da cd su thay ddi d dgng tac miia ma dieu dang luu y la ngudi thuc hien dieu mua khdng cdn diing ban chat la cac nu ddng trinh nua ma dd la nhimg ngudi phu nu
Idn tudi, dac biet la su xuSt hien cua nam gidi la nhiing ngudi cho rang hg cd can co, cd sd, cd can ddng, an mac, cu xu, dieu bd nhu phu nft ma frong dan gian ggi dd la dugc ba dua, ba chgn de len hau ddng, hau bdng. Va cung theo md ta ciia Nguyen Huii Hieu, loai hinh miia bdng rdi cd hai thanh phin "hat rdi" va "mua bdng".
Ngudi thuc hanh bdng rdi phai trai qua qua frinh hgc tap va khd luyen nghiem tiic, hg phai la nhung nghe nhan that thu, cd kha nang hat va sang tac Idi ca theo yeu ciu cua gia chu, cua ngudi chu te le fren nen nhac dem cd sin va dien xuat dieu luyen cac dgng tac miia. Cd the ndi nghe nhan thuc hanh loai hinh bdng rdi nay la nhiing ngudi da tai, hg vfta la ngudi hat, vua la ngudi miia va cung la ngudi bieu diln tap ky.
Loai hinh bdng rdi nay vua mang tinh nghi thuc ciia phan le vua mang tinh giai tri cua phan hdi trong cac ky ciing dinh, cimg mieu Ba d Sa Dec.
De md dau cho budi bdng rdi thi cac nghe nhan thay phien nhau thuc hien phan nghi thftc hdt roi, tiep theo la man mua bdng, mua ddng mdm vdng rdi cudi eung la cac tiet muc tap ky giai tri (Nguyen Hiiu Hieu, 2016: fr.363).
Nguyen HGn Hieu md ta loai hinh bdng rdi trong nghe thuat dien xudng dan gian d Nam Bd kha chi tiet va tai day chiing toi trich lugc nhung ndi dung quan trgng ma theo chimg tdi dieu dd la phu hgp vdi ddi tugng nghien ciru cua bai viet, theo dd, thuc hanh bdng rdi trong tin ngudng nft than ed cae phan gdm: hat rdi, miia bdng, miia dang mam vang va miia tap ky,
Hdt rdi, la ngudi hat mac le phuc cd mau sac gan gidng vdi chiec ao dai cua cac Pajao Cham, dirng trudc ban thd nft than, tay cam trdng nhd ggi la trdng rdi, vira gd lam nhip cho hat mdi nft than ve du le. Ldi hat nghe tha thiet nham ca nggi vi nft than va trinh frgng mdi cac vi nft than ve tai noi td chirc le de ehung kieng canh thien nam tinh nu dang chiem bai va ciu mong nhan dugc phu hd, dp tri, ban phiic lanh (Hinh 1).
HIEN UNIVERSSTY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBERS
Hmh L Hat roi tai Le via Ba Ngu Hanh Tan Hiep, Phuong Tan Quy Dong - Sa Dec (Anh tac gia, 2018)
Miia bdng, la hinh thuc thdng qua nhftng ddng tac tao hinh bilu hien sir kinh dang bdng hoa va le vat len nu than. Miia bdng va miia dang mam vang la phan nghi thiic bat budc, khong the thieu.
khi chuyen sang miia dang bdng thi ngudi thuc hanh bong rdi se hat len rang: "Ciii dau dang van thg/ Ngua mat chiic vd cuang/ Mieng deu ca ham tau nhat chuong/ De lan lieu mua tieu mai vai
chap v.v.". Mua dang bdng vdi chen hoac to dupc kit bdng van thg vao va dl fren nham dang ciing bdng len nft thin nhu de md dau cude bong roi.
Ngudi nghe nhan miia xoay ngudi thanh vong trdn trudc dien thd rdi dimg lai de cho ngudi thii mieu, ngudi chii le nang chen bdng dat len ban thd nu thin. Sau 03 lin dang bdng lien tue nhu vay rdi din dang mam vang (Hinh 2).
Hinh 2. Miia dang bong tai Ll \ i Ba Ngfl Hanh Tan Hiep. Phudng Tan Quy Dong - Sa Dec (Anh tac gia, 2018)
TAP CHi KHOA HQC OAI HOC VAN HI^N TAP 6 SO 3 Mua ddng mdm vdng, vdi dao cu la cai mam
chat lieu bang ddng hoac bing nhdm cd dan mgt cai thap vang (do hang ma) va dung eac loai giiy khac mau dl frang tri cho ngdi thap vang them phan sac sd. Tiiy theo dia phuong va tiiy theo ngudi huin luyen cac nghe nhan ma hinh dang va mau sac cua mam vang cd nhflng sic thai khac nhau. Mam vang dinh hinh ngdi thap, ngoai nghia thudng ggi la dao cu nhung do la ll vat rit quan frgng mang tinh linh thieng dl dang cung len cac nft than nen phai giu gin cin than, sach se, khdng dugc lam d ul neu khdng se bi ba qud frach. Mua dang mam vang ddi hdi ngudi nghe
nhan phai ket hgp nhieu ddng tac nhu ddi mam len dirih dau, dgi mam fren tran, fren cam, di chuyen mam fren vai, fren lung, dung ban chan de miia dSng mam tham ehi cdn dimg tay mua udn lugn de dang mam (nhung ddng tac nay yeu cau phai rat kheo leo, mem mai va cd kinh nghiem vi neu khdng can than thi mam vang de bi roi xudng dat). Hinh tugng, ddng tac miia dang mam vang mang tinh than ky, cdn nghe thuat thi gan gidng vdi xiec tap ky. Khi mdt ngudi mua dang mam thi cd vai ngudi khac choi dan cd, ken, thanh la, frdng dl gdp phan tao nen khdng khi vua linh thieng vua sdi ddng (Hinh 3).
Hinh 3. Miia dang mam vang tai Le via Ba Ngu Hanh Tan Hiep, Phuong Tan Quy Ddng - Sa Dec (Anh tac gia, 2018)
Miia tgp ky, ddi vdi mdt sd nghe nhan thuc hanh bdng rdi chiu khd tap luyen nen trinh dien gdp vui nhirng dieu miia tap ky kha dieu luyen va kheo leo nhu lam xiec, khien ngudi xem Iuc nao cung hdi hop, td md chd dgi. Mua tap ky thudng cd cac dieu miia nhu: miia ldc binh, mua diu beu, miia dao, miia gay, mua ghe, mua khap, mua rdt rugu, mua hoa hue, miia Idng cdng va dien chap dia - nang.
Hat miia bdng roi la mdt dang nghe thuat dien xudng dan gian vdi nghi thuc te le phuc vu nft than d cac dinh, mieu/mieu hoac trang thd ba. Hau nhu khap xdm lang nao d vimg dat Sa Dec va ca viing Nam Bd deu cd nhieu loai mieu thd ba khac nhau ma phd bien nhat la mieu Ba Chua Xii, Ba Ngfl Hanh, Ba Thien Hau, Quan Am bd tat, Dieu Tri Kim Mau va mgt sd nft than
ban dia. Trong cac ky le ciing via nu than d dinh, rmeu/rmeu, cung thd tai Sa Dec, ben canh cac nghi thuc le va thuc hanh bdng rdi cdn cd cac hoat ddng thien nguyen khac nhu: phat qua, phat banh, phat gao va dac biet la boat ddng dai an mien phi cho tat ca ngudi dan den vieng va tham gia le hdi ma khdng phan biet Idn hay nhd, gia hay tre, giau hay ngheo, nam hay nft,... tat ca den day deu binh dang vi muc dich chung ciing via nft than can mong dugc ban phudc lanh.
Chinh vi nhiing dieu do cung vdi cac dilu kien dac thii ve lich sir, canh quan thien nhien, dieu kien ve giao dep irng xu xa hgi ma cac hoat ddng thuc hanh nghi le trong tin ngudng nft thin d Sa Dec cd nhftng dac trung rieng biet do la:
Mpi Id. tinh da dang: Vdi vi fri thuan lgi, Sa Dec la noi giao thoa van hda cua cac dan tgc anh
35
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBERS em tai vimg Nam Bd tu kha sdm. Qua trinh giao
thoa nay cimg vdi tinh thin khoan dung cua ngudi dan Nam Bd da lam cho he thdng tin nguong d day hit sue da dang, frong dd, tin nguong thd nu thin d Sa Dec cflng la mgt trudng hap diln hinh. Tpc ngudi Viet, Hoa va Khmer da cung cdng cu tai vimg dat nay tu kha sdm.
Moi tpc ngudi khi den day deu mang theo ben minh hanh trang rieng ve tin ngudng, tdn giao.
Trong dd co niem rin, nghi le, phong tue, tap quan, ll hdi ve eac vi nii than ciia tdc ngudi minh. Khi din viing dat Sa Dec, cac loai hinh tin ngudng do tiep tue dugc phat frien vira ddc lap vira dan xen thdng nhit vdi nhau dan tdi tinh trang da dang trong tin nguong thd nu than nai day, Viec nu than cua ngudi Hoa dugc ngudi Viet thd Cling, hay nu than cua ngudi Khmer dugc ngudi Viet tiep nhan la mgt dieu kha phd bien. Ngudi Viet noi day da khdng tu chdi, ky thi hay phan biet cac vi nft than dua fren ngudn gdc cua tdc ngudi nao. Ngugc lai cac nft than du nhap da dugc cu dan Sa Dec tiep nhan mgt each kha nhe nhang va don nhan mgt each nhiet thanh de lam phong phii cac loai hinh tin nguong.
Chinh dieu nay da lam cho he thong du'c tin va thuc hanh nghi le trong tin nguong nu thin d Sa Dec noi day mang dam tinh da dang, phong phii.
Hai Id. linh dung hop-. Ciing nhu cac dang tin nguong dan gian khac, tin ngudng nft thin tai day cung the hien tinh dung hgp trong van hda dan gian mdt each rd net. Vung dit Sa Dec tir xa xua da la do thi sdm theo nhu md ta cua Trinh Hoai Due "Nudc sdng trong nggt, vudn rudng rat tot, nhan dan dong diic giau cd, cd dao Ddng Khau ddng d phia Nam, chg pho liln nhau, thuyen be dong due, la chd dai do hpi cua frin nay ,, mach dat nhu cudn bd lai nguon xa cua ddng nudc, dl giu liy vugng khi" (Trinh Hoai Dire, 2004. fr. 77). Vdi dac dilm frr nhien va xa hdi thuan lgi nen noi day sdm trd thanh mgt thuang cang sdng nudc noi tu hgi bin phuang, nai hgp mat - gap gd giao luu giua cac tpc ngudi Viet - Hoa - Khmer tao nen buc tranh giao thoa da van hda, bdi thi ngudi Viet chip nhan Ba Thien Hau nhu mdt vi phitc thin mang din su am no, hanh phuc; ngudi Hoa chap nhan cac nft
than cua ngudi Viet qua nilm tin Ba Thien Hjiu kiem nhiem vai trd frdng nom ca vimg dJt (tuong tu quyen nang Ba Chiia Xii), viing ding bang noi ngudi Hoa sinh sdng vdi udc nguydn Ba mang den mua thuan gid hda, ngan chan cac thien tai de cudc sdng dugc an toan. Chi'nh qua trinh nay da tao nen su dung hgp frong dai sing van hda vat chat, tinh than va ddi sdng van hoa tin nguong cua vung dat nay. Do cd nhilu diem tuong ddng frong quan niem truyin thong nen frong Imh vuc tin nguong sir du nhap va dung hgp frong quan mem tin nguong va frong he thdng than linh frd nen de dang hon. Sir hien di?n va chap nhan phd bien ciia tue thd nu than ma cy the la tue thd Ba Thien Hau, thd Ba Ngft Hanh, tue thd Ba Chiia Xii la minh chimg dien hinh cho tinh dung hgp trong van hda tin nguong nii tiin cua dia phuang noi day. Dung nhu quan diem ciia Franz Boas dua ra frong hgc thuyet dac thu lich sir "van hda cua mdi mgt dan tgc dugc hinh thanh frong qua trinh lieh su gan lien vdi mdi trudngxa hdi nhat dinh va trong dieu kien dia ly cu the"
(Khoa Nhan hgc, 2008: fr.24).
Ba la, tinh thudn phdt ddn gian: Qua phan tich qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien cung nhu su van dgng cua tin nguong nu than tai Sa Dec thdng qua hoat dgng thd ciing cung nhu le h?i de dang nhan thay Tin ngudng nu than tai day the hien dam ehat thuan phat dan gian trong quan mem, frong due tin, cftng nhu frong thuc hanh nghi le. Tinh thuan phat dan gian d day dugc hieu la su dan gia, linh hoat, thiet thyc trong each the hien ciia ngudi dan gan lien voi boi canh dac thu dia phuang, thdi ky hch sir trong cac quan niem, diic tin, thuc hanh nghi 16 ma khdng cau ne vao hinh thiic hay mot quy dinh Cling nhic. Ngudi dan Nam Bd ndi chung, ngudi dan Sa Dec ndi rieng cd tinh thin khoan dung trong each thiic nhin nhan va tilp nhSn nhiing net van hda khac vdi minh. Dac biel ngudi dan d Sa Dec cdn cd tinh thin phong khoang, yeu tu do. Trong Imh vuc tin ngudng hg cflng het su'c linh hoat, khdng cau ne hinh thirc be ngoai, cdt sao cho don gian, dl thyc hien, chii yeu d cai tam trong sang ciia nguoi tham du va cdng ddng tin ngudng. Trong quan
TAP CHf KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN HI^N TAPS SOS ni^m, ngudi Sa Dec quan niem rang ngudn gdc
xuat than ciia cac vi thin khdng quan frgng.
Dieu quan frgng la cae vj la thin linh, la bac trudng thugng lang nghe nhiing ldi ciu nguyen cua minh va hoan thanh nd dk giiip dd dan lanh.
Chinh vi vay ma ngudi Sa Dee ching nhung khong phan biet ma cdn td ra hit sire cung kinh tit ca cac vi thin linh din tii cac tdc ngudi Hoa, Khmer. Ve thuc hanh nghi ll, ngudi d^n d day cung khdng hi cau ne hinh thuc, nghi thuc hit siic ciu ky, phuc tap. Hg quan niem thin linh la bae tdi cao khong he ehap nhit viec ciing kilng hinh thiic ma phu hd hay qud frach. Thin hnh ludn d frong tam cua hg, do dd viee ciing kilng, thd phung, ll lac cung chi la hinh thiic bl ngoai.
Hinh thirc be ngoai khdng the ndi len dugc long thanh cua ngudi chiu ll. Dieu quan trgng la su thanh tam, cdn hinh thiic ciing kilng, le nghi thi tiiy hoan eanh ma thuc hien. Mac dii vay, cac hinh thuc thuc hanh nghi le frong rin nguong nu than d Sa Dee cung the hien tinh dien che song hanh vdi tinh thuan phat dan gian tuong tir trudng hgp tai le hgi Mieu Ba Ngfl Hanh Long Thugng d huyen Cin Giude, tinh Long An theo md ta cua Nguyen Tin Qudc cho rang: "Sinh hoat nghi 18 d dinh phai dam bao nhflng quy dinh mang tinh bat huge, khudn phep thi ngugc lai ddi vdi mieu, nd trd nen de dai, phdng khoang hon. Dd chinh la su khac biet chi ra yeu td dan gian cua le hdi Milu Ba Ngfl Hanh Long Thugng khi so sanh vdi dinh" (Nguyen Tan Qudc, 2015: fr. 93). Cd thi ndi, khdng d dau than thanh mang tinh nft lai phong phu da dang nhu d Sa Dec. Su da dang phong phii ve ngudn gdc xuit than, ve vai trd cu the cua timg vi nft dugc thd phung nd phan anh nhu cau nhieu ve ciia ngudi phu nft d the gidi hien hiiu. Cd nft thin la nhien thin, cd nu than la nhan than, cd nu thin tao dung nen gidng ndi, lai cd nu than cd cdng dung nudc; cd nu than xuat hien tu huyIn thoai nhung lai cd nii thin la con ngudi lich su cu thi. Cd nu thin xuit than tir gia dinh quyln quy, cd nu thin dugc tdn vinh chi la ngudi binh dan ngheo khd, cd nu than thi lo dudi giac giiip dan, cd nft thin lai cham lo mua thuan gid hda, mua mang tuoi tdt.
5. Ket luan
Sa Dec tu xua da sdm frd thanh vung thi tii giao thuang budn ban nhdn nhip, phdn hoa d Tay Nam Bd, nai diln ra su giao thao van hda Viet, Hoa, Khmer vdi kit qua tieu bieu la sir hinh thanh tin ngudng nft than ket tinh bdi ba yeu td: yeu td Viet, yeu td Cham va yeu td Hoa cung vdi he thdng due tin ve nhung ba tien chu, ba chiia xii sd; diic tin ve nhftng vi nu than phu hg do tri cho mua thuan gid hda, ngudi yen vat thinh; diic tin ba Thien Hau vi phiic than ludn hien Hnh ban phudc lanh va may min trong cudc sdng cua ngudi dan. Ddng thdi, thdng qua cac hinh thirc thuc hanh nghi ll - nghe thuat dien xudng bdng roi eflng bieu hien rd net nhung dac tinh da dang, dung hgp va tinh thuan phat dan gian. Vdi eai loi la diic tin tam linh (eai thieng), ngudi dan Sa Dec da hinh thanh he thdng Hen ket dftc tin - thuc hanh tin nguong - sinh hoat van hda, qua do mgt phan cua cudc sdng thuc tai dugc tai hien va tham chi "len khudn" frong cac hoat ddng tin ngudng nu than d Sa Dec.
Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Dang Duy (1998). Vdn hda ldm linh. Ha
Ngi, Nxb Ha Ngi,
Trinh Hoai Due. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, quyen II. Ly Viet Dung va Huynh Van Tdi dich (2004). Ddng Nai, Nxb Tong hgp Ddng Nai.
Nguyen Hiiu Hieu (2003). Chita Nguyen vd cdc giai thoai md ddt phuong Nam. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Tre.
Nguyen Huu Hieu (2004). Tim hieu van hda ldm hnh Tdy Nam Bp. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Tre.
Nguyen Hftu Hieu (2010). Vdn hda ddn gian viing Ddng Thdp Mudi. Ha Ngi, Nxb Dan Tri.
Nguyen Hiiu Hieu (2015). Tiic thd thdn qua am mieu Nam Bp. Ha Ndi, Nxb Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi. Nguyen Him Hieu, Ngd Xuan Tu, Le Due Hda, va Nguyen Dac Hien (2004). Ddng Thdp 300 ndm. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Tre.
Nguyin Hun Hieu (2016). Vdn hda ddn gian miii Sa Dec. Ha Ndi, Nxb Hgi Nha van.
Nguyen Hiiu Hieu (2017). Mdy net phdt thdo ve luc thd bd a Nam Bp. Ky yeu hgi thao khoa
VAN HIEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES NUMBERS hoc Tin ngudng thd nu thin va thuc hanh
bdng rli - dia nang d Nam Bd, Dong Nai.
Dinh Gia Khanh(1995). Van hda ddn gian Viet Nam vdi su phdt trien ciia xd_ hdi Viet Nam. Ha Ndi, Nxb Chinh tii quoc gia.
Khoa Nhan hoc, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hgi va Nhan van (2008). Nhdn hoc dai cuang. Tp. H6 Chi Minh, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Khoa Nhan hpc, Trudng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hdi va Nhan van (2014) Nhdn hoc dai cuang. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Nguyin Van Luan (1974). N^di Chdm Hdi gido miin Tdy Nam - phdn Viet Nam. Sai Gdn, Bd Van hda Giao due va Thanh nien xuat ban.
Nguyen Tan Qudc (2015). Li hpi mieu bd Ngii Hdnh Long Thugng, huyen Cdn Guoc, tinh Long An - dudi gdc nhin qudn ly vdn hoa. Luan van Thac si chuyen nganh Quan ly van hda, Trudng Dai hpc Van hda Tp. Hd Chi Minh.
Sapir, E. (1934). The emergence of the concept of personality in a study of cuHure. In Edward Sapir (Author), David G.
Mandelbaum (editor): Culture, Language and personality. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
Trin Ngpc Them (1996). Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hda Viet Nam. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Tp.
Hi Chi Minh.
Trin Ngpc Them (2013). Van hda ngudi Viet viing Tdy Nam Bg. Tp. H6 Chi Minh, Nxb Van hda - Van nghe.
Tran Nggc Them, Nguyin Thi Le Hing (2013).
Ban sac va gia tri ciia van hda thd nft thin ciia ngudi Viet d vung Tay Nam Bd, Trong Vdn hda thd nir than - mdu a Viit Nam vd Chdu A bdn sdc vd gid iri. Ha Ndi, Nxb The gidi.
Ngo Dire Thinh (2001). Tin nguong vd vdn hda tin nguong d VietNam. Ha Npi, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hoi. Nguyin Nggc Tho (2017) Tin ngudng Thiin Hdu viing Tdy Nam Bp. Ha Npi, Nxb Chinh tn quIc gia - Su that, Nhit Thdng (2009). Huang que thuang nhd. Tp.
Ho Chi Minh, Nxb T6ng hgp Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh. Nguyin Nhit Thdng, Phan Phong Vu, Van Phudc Ba (2009). Sa Dec
vung dit con ngudi. Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh.
Nhit Thdng (2014). Sa Dec tinh ddt - tinh ngudi. Tp. Ho Chi Minh, Nxb Van hoa Van nghe.
Duong Thanh Tung (2017). Bp tdi liiu dien da ihuc hien tgi Thdnh phd Sa Dec lir nam 2015 - 2018.
B.C. vaT.T. (2017). Phdng van so 15-2 Phong vin bdi Duong Thanh Tung. [Bien ban phdng van]. That phu Thien Hau cung - Phudng 1, Thanh phd Sa Dec, tinh D6ng Thap, ngay 23 than^ 01 nam 2017.
V.A. (2017). Phdng vdn sd J5-2. Phdng vin boi Ducmg Thanh Tung. [Bien ban phong vin]. Thit phii Thien Hau eung^ - Phutmg 1, Thanh phd Sa Dec, tinh D6ng Thap, ngay 30 thang 01 nam 2017.
K.L (2017). Phdng vdn so 15-2. Phdng vin boi Duong Thanh Tung. [Bien ban phong van]. That phu Thien Hau cung - Phucmg 1, Thanh phd Sa Dec, tinh Ddng Thap, ngay 30 thang 01 nam 2017.
M.X. (2017). Phdng vdn sd 12. Phdng van bdi Duong Thanh Tung. [Bien ban phong van]. Milu ddi Ngu Hanh - Chiia Xii, Xa Tan Quy Tay, Thanh phd Sa Dec, tinh Dong Thap, ngay 10 thang 03 nam 2017.
S.M. (2017). Phdng vdn sd 09. Phdng vin boi Duong Thanh Tung. [Bien ban phong van]. Mieu Chua Xii - Phudng 2, Thanh phd Sa Dec, tinh Ddng Thap, ngay 12 thang 08 nam 2017.
T.C. (2017). Phdng vdn s6 13. Phdng vin hdi Duong Thanh Tung. [Bien ban phong van]. Mieu Ngft Hanh - Xa Tan Phii Ddng, Thanh phd Sa Dec, tinh Dong Thap, ngay 03 than§ 09 nam 2017. _ CN. (2017). Phdng van sd 15-1. Phdng van boi
Duong Thanh Tung. [Bien ban phdng vin].
Milu Chiia Xu - Xa Tan Phu Ddng, Thanh phd Sa Dec, ngay 03 thang 09 nam 2017.
N.N.T (2017), Phdng vdn so 04. Phdng vin bdi Duong Thanh Tiing. [Bien ban phong van]. Van phdng Thanh iiy - Phudng 1, Thanh phd Sa Dec, tinh Ddng Thap, ngay 14thang 12nam2017.
Weller, R. P. (1987). Unilies and Diversities in Chinese Religion. London, Macmillan/
Seattle, University of Washington Press.
