Phan Thj Thu Hiin. Hinh tugng Gandhi qua lieu Ihuyet...
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Hinh tiro-ng Gandhi qua tiin thuyet Ch& dm Mahatma cua R.K. Narayan
Phan Thi Thu Hien*
Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hgc xS hoi va Nhdn van Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh Ngdy nhdn bdi: 18/6/2019. ngdy gid phan bien: 01/7/2019. ngdy duyil dang: 17/7/2019
T^di viet ndy tim hiiu hinh tugng Gandhi qua tiiu thuyet "Ch& dgi Mahatma " (Wailing for the X - / Mahatma) cua RKNarayan, mgt trong nhiing tdc phdm ndi bdt nhdt ciia "nen vdn hgc vi Gandhi" & An Dg. Hu cdu dua chdc tren su that lich sir, thi hiin Gandhi true tiep nhu mdt nhdn vat a tiin cdnh ddng th&i gian tiip qua dnh hu&ng cua dng & hgu cdnh, R.K Narayan da nd luc khdng chi phdn dnh chdn thuc md con suy tu ve Gandhi vai tu cdch mdt biiu tugng cua tdm hon ddn tdc, phong trdo ddc lap vd bdn sdc ciing nhu van menh An Do.
Tir khda: Mahatma Gandhi, Van hpc hien dai An Dp, tieu thuyet Ch& dgi Mahatma, R.K. Narayan
Md^dau
De hieu biet sau sac va toan dien nhan each, su nghiep, nhiing ddng gdp cua mdt nhan vat lich sii' vT dai, rat can thi6t nghien ciiu nhirng tac phdm van hpc ve nhan vat ay. Bdi le neu cac cdng trinh Ijch sir ed gang gin giii sir that khach quan ve nhan vat lich su thi eae tae pham van hpc, bang hinh tugng nghe thuat, tu duy nghe thuat, cd the khdng chi phan anh chan that ma con the hien mdt each sinh ddng nhiing cam nhan, danh gia eiia nhan dan, cua thdi dgi doi vdi sir kien, nhan vat lich sir. Diiu nay eang diing vdi Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), nha tu tudng, nha each mang ndi tieng trong thai can dai cua An Dp ndi rieng, eua the gidi ndi chung, ngudi truyen cam hiing va trd thanh dS tai cho rit nhi6u tac pham van chuong nghe thuat ve dng, d trong nude ciing nhu qudc te.
Bai viet nay tim hieu mdt so dgc diem quan trpng trong nghe thuat the hien va cae chieu kieh cua hinh tugng Gandhi qua tieu thuySt Ch& dgi Mahatma (Waiting for the Mahatma) eiia R.K. Narayan, mpt trong nhiing tae pham ndi bgt nhSt trong nen van hpc v6 Gandhi d An Dp.
1. Nen van hgc ve Gandhi va tieu fhuySt Ch& dgi Mahatma ciia R.K. Narayan Cd le rat it nha tu tudng, nha each mang trong Ijch sii hi?n dai thu hiit manh me cac nha van den nhu Mahatma Gandhi. Trong van ehuang the gidi, Gandhi da trd thanh nhan vat eiia Rolland Romain (Phap), Ellen Horrup (Dan Mach), George Orwell (My) va Edmud Jone (Anh) (Indian Link, 2017).
Rieng d An Dp, khdng ngoa khi ndi rSng cd ca mot "nen van hpc ve Gandhi" (Gandhian literature).
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A. S6 8 - 2019, tr.34-45 34
Phan Thj Thu Hign. Hinh lugng Gandhi qua tieu thuyet...
Nen vdn hpc vi Gandhi &An Dp
Nen van hpc ve Gandhi d An Dp, phong phu so lugng tac gia, tac pham va da dang cac the loai, da khdi dau tir khoang nam 1890. Theo Ruchi Chakorverty, Sandhya Saxena (Ruchi Chakorverty, Sandhya Saxena, 2012), cd the chia nen van hpc nay theo ba giai doan.
Giai doan trudc dpc lap tir 1890 den 1949. An Dp gianh dugc dpc lap tir thue dan Anh ngay 15 thang 8 nam 1947 va thanh lap Nha nude Cong hda ngay 26 thang 1 nam 1950. Tuy nhien, nhirng tac pham ve Gandhi thuc sir dang chu y bat dau xuat hien tii nhirng nam 1930. Giai doan nay ndi bat xu hudng chiem nguong Gandhi nhu mdt vi thanh, chu y tdi phucmg dien nhiing gia tri va anh hudng tam linh nai dng.
Giai doan sau ddc lap tir khoang 1950 den 1990 the hien Gandhi nhu mdt nhan each lich sii, vdi nhung uu diem va cd the ca nhugc diem ciia con ngudi.
Giai doan cudi ciing tir sau nam 1990 va van edn tiep tuc den ngay nay tap trung phan tich nhieu han tu tudng chinh tri Gandhi, vdi eac gde nhin khac biet sau sac: ngudi ea nggi nhiet thanh, ngudi cdng kieh gay gat.
Nen van hpc Gandhi d An Dp trong khoang mot the ky qua, nhin chung, da quan tam nhieu nhat den ehii nghTa dan tpc ciia Gandhi va do dd, da anh hudng sau rpng xiae tien chu nghTa dan tpc trong nhan dan An Dp.
1.1. Tieu thuyet Ch& dpi Mahatma cua R.K.Narayan
Ci pham vi eae tae pham tu s\r cd tinh hu cau nghe thuat, tieu bieu nhat trong nen van hpc Gandhi d An Dp, khdng the khong ke den bd ba tieu thuyet: Ke bdn thiu, khdng the dung cham den {Untouchable, 1935) cita Mulk Raj Anand, Lang Kanthapura {Kanthapura, 1938) eua Raja Rao va Ch& dgi Mahatma (Waiting for the Mahatma, 1955) cua R.K. Narayan, trong dd, Ch& dgi Mahatma dugc xem nhu noi tieng nhat ddng thdi gay tranh cai nhieu nhat.
R.K. Narayan (1906-2001), t^n that laRasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Narayanaswami, da theo ldi khuyen eua ngudi bgn va ngudi co van - nha van Graham Greene, sii dung cai ten rut ngan cua minh de de dang tiep can ddc gia tieng Anh han. Ong la mpt trong nhirng tac gia vT dgi nhat cua van hpc An Dp th8 ky XX, nhan dugc nhieu giai thudng danh gia cua An Dp va nhigu ISn dugc de cii giai Nobel.
Tilu thuyet Cha dgi Mahatma cua dng ke ve chang thanh nien Sriram phai long Bharati, mdt ed gai trong ddi ngu nhirng ehien binh Chan ly ciia Gandhi, nhd do, dan da tin yeu va dugc dan dat theo ly tudng Gandhi. Sriram tdi eae lang que vgn ddng eho phong trao bat hgp tac chdng thuc dan Anh, va ciing cd khi lam lac hi ldi cudn vao mdt to chirc bao ddng. Ket thuc tac pham, Sriram ra khdi tii, gap Igi Bharata va cap ddi dugc Gandhi cho phep dinh hdn dung vao cai ngay dinh menh ma Gandhi bi am sat.
Khac vdi hai tae pham ciia M.R. Anand va R. Rao dugc xuat ban trudc khi An Dp doe lap tren dudi mudi nam, Cha dai Mahatma (\955) ciia Narayan dugc xuat ban 7 nam sau khi Gandhi mat va 8 nam sau khi An Dp gianh dpc lap. Ch& dgi Mahatma thudng dugc phan ddng cac nha phe binh xep ve giai dogn thir nhSt trong nSn van hpc ve Gandhi, nhung diing ban, theo tae gia bai viet, nd vat qua giai doan mdt va giai dogn hai, va giao thoa dac diem ciia ca hai giai dogn: tac pham the hipn Gandhi nhu mdt hinh tugng tam linh cao ca dong thdi nhu mpt con ngudi gan giii, giQa nhUng nhan vat binh thudng trong eupc ddi hang ngay.
Nghien cihi An Dp va Chau A. Sd 8 - 2019, tr.34-45 35
Phan Thj Thu Hign. Hinh luang Gandhi qua tieu thuyet...
V8 d6 tai li8n quan den Gandhi, ben canh Ch& dgi Mahatma, Narayan edn cd tilu thuyet Ngu&i bdn keo (The vendor of sweets) xuat ban nam 1967, trong do xay dung mpt nhan vat td ve theo mlu hinh Gandhi nhung thuc ra la mdt ke dgo diic gia.
Khac vdi hiu h8t cac tac gia ciia nen van hpc Gandhi d An Dp, R.K. Narayan kien tri nhan mgnh quan diem sang tac phi chinh trj cua minh. Trong tieu luan Cudc d&i nhd vdn, dng viet:
"Ngu&i thuc su ldm tdi thdt vgng Id mgt hoc gid khdng the dgc mgt cudn sach vi niem vui (neu co) hodc ndi dau (trong tru&ng hgp dy, anh ta tu do nem nd ra khdi cita sd). Hgc gid ndy khdng the doc cudn sach md khdng nhdm nhdm edn vdo nd. Tdi thich han nhirng ddc gid cdm cudn sach lin mdt cdch tV nhien. Tdi viit mdt cdu chuyen hoac mgt bdn thao chu yiu vi nd Id thdi quen vd nghe nghiep cua tdi vd vi tdi thich ldm diiu dd. Tdi khdng bu&c ra de gidc ngd hoac cdi thien the gi&i Nhung nhiing hgc gid hdn ldm lai chi xem cudn sach nhu nguyen lieu cho ludn dn hoac tdi lieu hdi thdo, sdn tim nhiingy nghia dn gidu, y nghia xd hdi, nhirng "camkit, candu"vd "mdi quan tdm" ciia "tinh thdn qudc gia" (Na.Ta.ya.n, 2002,p.5I7).
Narayan timg bi khdng it nha nghien ciiu phe binh ve quan diem phi chinh tri nay, xem nhu khdng day dii trach rdiiem xa hdi. Tuy nhien, thuc sir thi, Narayan khdng he thd a, bang quan vdi ehinh trj - tat ea eae van de quan trpng ve dpc lap, tu do eiia dat nude; dan chii, binh dang trong xS hpi deu hien dien sau sac trong tac pham ciia dng. Chi cd dieu nha van ludn phan anh, suy tu ve ehiing bang hinh tupng nghe thuat, ong mudn hudng tdi nhiing van de cua cupc ddi, ciia sd phan con ngudi han la chi ddng chay cua nhiing van dpng, nhiing bien cd chinh trj cd tinh thdi sir, phii du. Ong mudn len tieng va dugc lang nghe, ddng cam, khdng phai vdi tu each ngudi viet ehinh tri ma vdi tu each mdt nha van, ngudi sang tgo nghe thuat, mpt ngudi ke chuyen (story teller) theo truyen thdng nhirng cau chuyen Mahabharata, Ramayana hang ngan nam tuoi eiia An Dp.
2. Nghe thu^t the hien hinh tirong Gandhi trong tieu thuyit Chat dffi Mahatma Net dpc dao dem lai siic mgnh cho Ch& dgi Mahatma chinh la sy: ket hgp kheo leo, sac sao nhffng yeu to tudng chiing bet siic doi lap nhau khi tac gia viing tay xay dung tae pham hu eau ciia minh dua chac tren su that Ijch sir; the hien hinh tupng vT nhan ca true tiep nhu mpt nhan vat d ti8n eanh ISn gian ti8p qua anh hudng ciia dng 6 hau canh; cho thay Gandhi sinh ddng qua eae chi tilt cu thfe, cam tinh dong thdi nhu mpt bieu tugng dan tdc khoi ggi nhieu suy tu.
2.1. Hu cdu vd sue that lich sir
Ti8u thuyet Ch& dgi Mahatma md ra vdi cau ehuy?n eua hai ngudi tre tudi Sriram va Bharati d thj tran Malgudi, mpt thj trdn hoan toan chi cd trong tri tudng tugng ciia Narayan. Ngay tu tac phSm diu tay, Swami and Friends (1930), Narayan da xay dung Malgudi cho cac nhSn vat, va Malgudi tiep tuc trd di trd lai nhu khdng gian nghe thuSt chCi yeu trong rat nhieu tac pham sudt cupe ddi sang tac eiia dng.
Khdng hh ed dja di6m thyc te nao d An Dp la nguySn mau cho Malgudi, tuy nhien, vdi tu each mpt thj trin xa xdi d phia Nam d4t nude, nai edn tri dpng bao nhieu nep sdng, phong tyc truySn thdng co xua dong thdi bat dSu mang dang dap ban do thj trong qua trinh hien dai hda di ciing ach thdng trj thyc dan Anh dau the ky XX, Malgudi Igi cd the dugc xem nhu mdt An Do thu nhd. "Nhiing gi xdy ra a Malgudi vd CO dgc tinh Malgudi diu cd thi xay ra &An Dp vd mang ddc tinh An Dg" (Faiz Ahmed Saleh Al- Gobali,20I5).
Nghien ciiu An Dp va ChSu A. S6 8 - 2019, tr.34-45 36
Phan Thi Thu Hign. Hinh tugng Gandhi qua tieu thuyet...
Tac pham ket thiic khi hai ngudi tre tudi do chua kip vui sudng vi hdn nhan ciia hp dugc Gandhi dong y va ban phiic da phai dau long chiing kien cai chet ciia dng bdi mot ke am sat tgi phdng cau nguyen d Biria Mandir, New Delhi. Su kien dinh hdn trong cau chuyen hu cdu dugc dan cai vdi sir kien lich su cudi eiing trong cupc ddi Gandhi ngay 30/I/I948.
Cau chuyen tinh yeu giiia Sriram va Bharati chi trong khoang vai nam, nhung thdi gian Ijch sii dugc tran thuat eiia Cha dpi Mahatma thi dm triim Idn rpng sudt tu khi k6t thiic ChiSn tranh Thi gidi Mn thii nhit eho den khi Gandhi mdt. Cha eua Bharati hy sinh trong cupe bieu tinh chong thue mudi (Salt Satyagraha) nam 1931; chinh Bharati va Sriram tham gia trong Phong trao Bat hgp tae da dugc Gandhi phat dpng tir nam 1921 va phong trao ddi thue dan Anh rdi khdi An Dp (Quit India) bat dau nam 1942;
hg cung chiing kien nhung nd luc ciia Gandhi gin giir thdng nhat, chdng lai mpi muu do chia cat dit nude sau ngay giai phdng cudi nam 1947... Cac su kien lich sii Idn gin bd Gandhi vdi cudc dau tranh gianh ddc lap ciia An Dp deu tim thay sir phan anh, bang each nay hay each khac, trung thue, sac net trong tae pham.
Dua chac tren su that Ijch sii ddng thdi tung hoanh phdng khoang trong the gidi nghe thuat ciia mpt tac pham tieu thuyet, Narayan thue sir la ngudi thu ky ciia thdi dgi minh, khdng chi ghi chep lich sii ma edn eho thay each thiic Ijch su iy dugc nhan dan tiep nhan, danh gia va tham gia.
2.2. Triec tiep vd gian tiep
Gandhi khdng xuat hien true tiep nhu mpt nhan vat trong ca hai tieu thuyet ndi tieng trudc Ch& dgi Gandhi - bao gdm Ke bdn thiu, khdng the dung chgm den eda Mulk Raj Anand va Lang Kanthapura ciia Raja Rao. Ke bdn thiu, khdng the dyng chgm den chi ke ve cudc song ciing khd cua cau be quet rac Bakha; bai phat bieu ciia Gandhi v6 tuang lai An Dp va Hindu giao phai cham diit chi dp phan biet dang cap ma cau nghe dugc luc cudi ngay da nhu lieu thudc nhiem mau khien Bakha tim thay hy vpng cho than phan nhiing ngudi ngoai dang cap nhu minh. Trong Lang Kanthapura cung khdng xuat hien Gandhi ma chi cd Moorthy, chang thanh nien dugc truyen cam hiing mgnh me da trd thanh ngudi thue hien tu tudng Gandhi lam bien chuyen toan bd lang que cua anh ta. Mulk Raj Anand va Raja Rao chu </ chgn chi the hien Gandhi d hau canh, eho thay anh hudng Idn lao eiia bac thanh, bac vT nhan.
Trong Cha dgi Mahatma cua R.K. Narayan, Gandhi cung duge thg hien d hau canh tii giiia phan hai cho den het phan bdn, nhung ben canh dd, dng xuat hien nhu mot nhan vat trong phan mpt, dau phan hai va phin nam. Vi cha Bharati mat trong cudc bieu tinh muoi, sau khi me ed cung mit, Gandhi da cham sdc, day dd Bharati nhu eon gai nudi ciia minh. Con Sriram vi say me Bharati ma dan da cung diing trong dpi ngii chiln binh Chan ly nhu ed. Tac pham sii dung gipng ke ngdi thir ba, dat tieu cu tren di8m nhin ciia nhan vgt nam chinh Sriram, da khdng chi dung nen nhiing biic toan canh (panorama) eho thiy anh hudng eiia Gandhi ddi vdi quin chiing nhan dan ma edn ky hga dng trong khoang each gin ggn vdi cac de tii, vdi nhiing diia con than thifit. Hinh tugng Gandhi nhu mdt vj thanh hien ra giira hao quang sang chdi ddng thdi trong anh sang rat ddi dju dang eua tinh yeu thuong giira ngudi va ngudi, thudng nhat, chdn nhan gian.
2.3. Hiin thuc vd biiu twang
Mulk Raj Anand va Raja Rao xay dimg hinh anh Gandhi chii y6u nhu mdt bieu tugng. 6 tac pham Ke bdn thiu, khong thi dung chgm den, Gandhi trd thanh dang ciiu the trong trai tim dau khd eua cau be
Nghien ciru An Dp va Chau A. Sd 8 - 2019, tr.34-45' 37
Phan Thi Thu Hi5n. Hinh tuang Gandhi qua tieu thuyet...
ngoai dang cap Bakha. C) tae pham Ldng Kanthapura, Gandhi vdi Moorthy, chinh la avatar (hda than) ciia than Pha hiiy Shiva, mpt trong ba vj than toi cao cua Hindu giao, dugc sinh ra de tieu diet con ran ddc la thue dan Anh dang cai tri An Dp. Nhan vat ehinh trong ca hai tae pham, duy nhat mpt lan, ehi thay than tugng vT dai ciia minh qua ao tugng (vision) xa xdi.
Ch& dgi Mahatma ciia R.K. Narayan, mpt mat, mieu ta Gandhi bang xuong bang thjt vdi rat nhieu chi tiet chan thue, cu the: dng dien thuyet, di chan trin den nhirng can leu rach nat eiia nhung ngudi ciing kho, budi toi ngii tren divan dan so, thiie day bach bd chao mat trdi budi sang trudc khi quay xa det vai va ciu nguyen, dng cd phan giii khoang each vdi nhirng quan chiic chinh quyen, chi hoan toan hanh phiic giira bay con tre...
Mat khac, Ch& dai Mahatma tran tre sire khai ggi nhiing tang y nghTa sau xa cua bieu tugng Gandhi.
Ten hai nhan vgt chinh va quan he giiia hp vdi Gandhi da phan nao tiet Id tinh each tugng trung ay.
Nhan vat nam ehinh ten Sriram, vdi "Sri" cd nghTa eao quy, "Ram" la ten gpi tat eua Rama, chang hoang tir anh hiing trong sii thi vT dai Ramayana ciing ehinh la hda than (avatar) thii sau eua than Vishnu, chien dau bao ve nang cdng chiia Sita, bao ve trat tu vii try trudc su tan cdng eua yeu quy Raksasa.
Tuang tu nhu Bhagavad Gila (Chiton ca), tac pham ma Gandhi yeu thich, thg hien su trudng thanh tinh than eua anh hung Arjuna dudi su khai ngp cua thin Krishna, Ch& dgi Mahalma ciing the hien qua trinh Sriram trd thanh ngudi ygu nude dau tranh vi dan tdc theo ly tudng Gandhi, vdi anh hudng dan dat true tiep cua Gandhi ciing nhu anh hudng gian tiep qua Bharati - con gai nudi, de tu va dai dien tinh than cua Gandhi. Vi bac Dgi su Gandhi nhu ngudi danh xe con Sriram nhu ngudi ngdi tren cd xe nen khi ca Gandhi lan Bharati dgu phai vao tii, thieu su dan dat ciia hp, ed xe ciia Sriram cd liic da lac dudng vao phong trao bao ddng.
Nhan vat nir ehinh la eon gai eiia ngudi ehien binh da nga xudng trong chien djch Mudi dugc Gandhi ddn ve nudi va dat ten Bharati, xuat phat tii "Bharata" la mpt ten khac ciia An Dp dugc cdng nhan chinh thiic tir nam 1950 va ed ea Ijch sir lau dai trong tniygn thuygt, lich sir. Mdt cau ndi tieng trong Vishnu Purana (2,1,32) quen thupc vdi vdi mpi ngudi dan An Dp khang djnh rang: "Ddt nu&c ndm &phia Bdc dgi duang vd phia nam ddy nui tuyet phd dugc ggi la Bhdratam; can chdu cua Bharata sdng a dd"
(Srini Kalyanaraman, 1/7/2019). Bharati, ten cd gai, nhu vay, cd nghia la "ngudi con gai ciia To quoc An Dp". Cd gpi Gandhi la Bapu, khdng chi nhu cha nudi ciia cd, ma mpt tir Cha vigt hoa, each gpi ton kinh cua dan chiing An Dp ddi vdi ngudi Cha dan tpc.
Nhan de tae pham Ch& dgi Mahalma cung mang tinh each tugng trung. Trong dogn kgt tae pham, ciing d Birla Mandir, cd ddi ngudi yeu ehd dgi dg dupe cha chap thuan hon Ig eua hp va cd ke thij giau kin khau sung luc xoay ndng ehd dgi am sat vi thanh cua phong trao bat bgo ddng. An Dp dang buoc din nha nude cdng hda, vdi vinh quang, hanh phiic, niem hy vpng Idn lao ddng thdi vdi mit mat, hat hanh, ndi that vgng dang cay. Cd le khdng ngau nhign tieu thuygt Waiting for the Mahalma (Ch&dgi Mahatma) ciia R.K.Narayan rit ggi nhd kieh Waiting for Godot {Ch& dgi Godot) eua Samuel Beckett da ndi tieng trong van hpc phuang Tay hai nam trudc dd (1953).
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.34-45
Phan Thi Thu Hien. Hinh lugng Gandhi qua lieu thiQ^el...
3. Cac chieu kieh hinh tu-ffng Gandhi qua tiiu thuyet Ch& 4oi Mahatma
Phiic dieu trong ngh6 thuat, Ch& dpi Mahatma cung phiic dieu nhu thg trong ndi dung the hien hinh tugng Gandhi tu nhieu chigu kieh khdc nhau: ca chieu eao, chieu rpng lan chieu sau. La bac thanh eua tam hdn vT dgi, la ngudi anh hiing thiic tinh dan tdc minh ddng thdi eiing la mpt ngpn cd phong bi trang, Gandhi trd thanh mdt hien than, mdt bieu tugng cua tam hon dan tdc, phong trao dpc lap va ban sac ciing nhu van menh An Do.
3.2. Gandhi- Torn hon vidai
Trong tac phim ciia Narayan, nhiing nam thang Gandhi bj tii day, nhiing lin tuyet thue chi dugc nhac den mpt cdch gian tiep. Sir hy sinh hanh phiic gia dinh, tan hien tinh than va siic luc cho To quoc cung ehi dugc de cap thoang qua nhan ndi viec dng dugc tha ra khdi nha lao do siic khde suy yeu va ba vg da qua ddi. Cupc ddi boat ddng each mang kien cudng, bit khuat cua Gandhi, r6t cudc, khdng phai digm nhan ehii yeu eua tac pham nham soi sang ve dep cao qu;? ciia vi thanh tam hon vT dgi, nhu duge neu bat trong nhan d6 Ch& dgi Mahatma.
Lan xuat hien true tiep diu tien cua Gandhi trong tac pham la khi dng ghe tham thj trin Malgudi, hieu trieu phong trao "Quit India", ddi thuc dan Anh riit khdi An Dp. Tuy nhien, trong dign thuyet vdi cdng chiing, Gandhi ngay lap tiic chuyen van de eupc dau tranh vdi ke thii ngoai xam qua gde re he trpng eua nd la vun boi ky luat tinh thin va nang lugng tinh yeu trong mdi ngudi dan Bharata.
"Tdi dang thdy tru&c tdi mgt dgi qudn vd ciing ddng ddo. Mdi ngu&i trong cdc ban cd nhiing diim tdt vd nhiing diem hgn chi, tdt cd cdc bgn phdi nd luc hit sue de che ngu bdn than tru&c khi chiing ta cd the hy vgng gidnh lai tu do cho ddt nu&c chiing td" [WFM, p.28]'.
"Tdi mong mudn cdc bgn thanh tdy trdi tim cimg tdm tri cua minh, hay chdc chdn rdng nai dd chi tinh yeu ngu tri, khdng cd ehd cho cay ddng ve lich sir qud khir. Chi khi dy bgn co the ndi nhiing ngu&i Anh hay rai khdi ddt nu&c ndy" [WFM, p.31].
Ky lugt tinh thin va nang lugng tinh yeu chinh la sire manh chan ly ma theo Gandhi, cd thg doan ket toan thg dSn tpc, chien thang bao tan. Hinh tugng Gandhi dugc Narayan xay dyng xoay quanh nhiing try cpt nay, dac bipt ngdi sang vdi tam long nhan ai, yeu thuang con ngudi, eang nhiJng ngudi ngheo hen, bj khinh re, yeu dudi, dng eang xdt xa, thuang cam, ehd che.
Trong xa hpi An Dp trpng nam khinh nii tham can ed dg, Gandhi keu gpi nhirng ngudi dan dng
"xem tdt cd phu nH nhu chj gai hay m^ cua minh" [WFM, p.29], Gandhi dgy cho chang trai Sriram yeu thucmg, tdn trpng cd gai Bharati nhu mot ngudi dan dat tinh than. Budi tiep ddn long trpng danh cho Gandhi tai nha vien Chii tjch thi tran Malgudi dugc Gandhi biln thanh bira tiec cho ddng dao tre con. Gandhi tir chdi dinh thu sang trpng de d6n nghi ngai trong nhu'ng can leu d chupt ciia ngudi ngoai ding cap.
Lan xuat hien thii hai ciia Gandhi d phan cudi ciing eiia tae pham la khi An Dp duge giai phdng nhung diing trudc nguy ca chia eit. Ngay 15/8/1947, Gandhi khdng cd mat d nhirng noi ea nude vui mimg dpc lap, ma dng d Calcutta, nai bat dau nhiing eupc bao loan mdi. "Chd cua Ngu&i Id nai con
1 Tit ca cac trich dan trong tac phim Cha dgi Mahatma a bai viet nay la tir Waiting for the Mahatma. Indian Thought Publication, Chennai, India (25* reprint), 2011 [tir day xin vik tat la WFM].
Nghien cim An Do va Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.34-45 39
Phan Thi Thu Hi€n. Hinh tugng Gandhi qua lieu thuyet...
nguai khd dau chii khdngphdi nai li hdi chao mimg..." [WFM, p. 235]. Qua Idi ke ciia Bharati cho Sriram, ta nhan thay tinh yeu thuang ciia Gandhi khdng phan biet phe phai, eo thg bao dung ea nhimg ngudi lam dudng lac ldi, mong mudn Idn nhat ciia dng la hda giai thii hgn trong ndi bd dan tpc:
"Ong an ui nhiing ngu&i ddn dd mdt nhd cira, tdi sdn, vg vd con cdi V&i nhung ke da gay ra tdi dc, dng ndi chuyen mgt cdch hiin hdu. Ong khdc vi hg, vd hp dd the se khdng bao gi& ldm nhirng hdnh dgng sai trdi dy niia. Em da tan mdt nhin thdy nhiing ngu&i ddn dng hung hdng dy the se khong bgo l\rc vd the se bdo ve phe ddi lap" [WFM, p.235].
Nhiing diia tre cd cha me bj gilt trong bgo loan d cac dia phuang, Gandhi giao cho Bharati trach nhiem gom lai, nudi dudng, ciing diing nhu trudc kia dng da nhan lam cha nudi Bharati. Xung dot ton giao dang tan pha dan tpc, nen dng yeu eau tat ea nhirng ehien binh Chan ly "khdng duac phdn bi^l giua cdc tin dd dgo Islam, dgo Hindu hay dgo Sikh, chi xem tdt cd hp nhu la nhung con ngu&C [WFM, p.
235]. Va vi ngay trong ten gpi ciia ngudi An Dp da tiet Id ehi dau vg tdn giao, Gandhi dat Igi ten cho cac em be md cdi bang ten eua nhiing loai hoa trai, chim chdc xinh dep, lanh hien.
Cupc dau tranh chdng thue dan ciia Gandhi kgt hgp chat che lam mpt vdi cudc diu tranh trong npi bd An Dd dl chim diit mpi bat cdng xa hdi. Tinh yeu thuang va nd lire ciia Gandhi xay dip mot thi gidi binh yen, hda hgp vugt qua mpi ngan each (v6 gidi tinh, giau ngheo, dang cap, tdn giao) giua ngudi va ngudi nhu vgy thuc su la khao khat ngan ddi ciia An Dp. Hinh tugng Mahatma Gandhi trong tac phim ciia Narayan nhu vgy da ket tinh nhiing diem cot ldi nhat ve dng, diing nhu Rabindranath Tagore timg xung tung:
"Ong ngimg Igi a ngir&ng cira cdc edn nhd tdi tdn cua hdng ngdn ngu&i cung khdn, yphuc cua dng yh^typhuc cua hg. Ong ndi v&i hg bdng ngdn ngir ciia hg. Dd mdi thuc la mpt chdn ly sinh dpng chir khdngphdi chi la nhirng l&i sudng trong sdch v&. Vi vay md tiing tdn xung Mahatma md ddn An tgng dng dd thdnh ten thuc cita dng. Ai Id ngu&i cdm thdy nhu dng rdng tdt cd mgi nguai An chinh Id da thit cua minh, mdu mil cua minh? Khi tinh thucmg t&i go cita An Dp thi cira da m& toang cha sdn rdi.. Nghe tiing ggi ciia Gandhi, An Dp xdng ngay t&i mgt cdnh vinh quang cao quy m&i, nhu hdi xua, rat xa xdm, khi Phgt Td tuyen bd dgo tu hi thuang yeu cd mgi sinh vgt" (Will Durant, 2006).
3.2. Gandhi - Ngu&i thuc tinh ddn tpc
Anh hudng Idn lao ciia Gandhi la chii de quan trpng trong ea ba tiiu thuyit ciia M.R. Anand, R.
Rao va R.K. Narayan. Tuy nhien, sir khac biet giiia ehiing rat ro rang. Trong tae phim Ke bdn thiu, khdng thi dung chgm den, thuyet giang ciia Gandhi vg chim diit phan biet ding cip gidng nhu anh sang hy vpng va tin tudng biing Ign nai tam hdn dau khd ciia chii be quet rac dai dien eho ting lap khon eiing nhit trong xa hdi An Dp. Trong tac pham Ldng Kanthapura, dudi tac dpng manh me cua tu tudng trilt hpc Gandhi, Moorthy, mpt thanh nien thudc dang cip Ba La Mdn rdi bd trudng dai hoe de lanh dgo dan chung lang que anh thuc hanh xda bd phan biet dang cip, dimg hang npi dja, bat hgp tac theo diing tam guang Gandhi. Moorthy duge dan lang coi nhu ngudi anh hiing dja phuong, mdt "Tieu Gandhi", mpt ngpn nui nhd theo vdc dang ngpn nui Idn Gandhi, mpt hda than ciia hda than ciia thin Shiva.
Nhan vgt chinh trong Ch& dgi Mahatma khdng phai ke ngoai ding cap, cung khdng phai ding cip eao nhit trong xa hpi; song cupc song cua tang Idp trung luu khdng giau sang tuy cung ching khdn ciing;
khdng mil chii nhung ciing chua bao gid bude chan tdi giang dudng dgi hpc. N I U Moorthy la nhan vgt
Nghign ciiu An Do va Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.34-45 40
Phan Thi Thu Hiin. Hinh luang Gandhi qua tiiu thuyit...
ly tudng thi Sriram chi la nhan vat ngudi An Dp trung binh ve nhieu phuang dien. Trong khi nhan vgt Moorthy la hinh tugng hoai bSo cua chinh nha van R. Rao thi nhan vat Sriram cd le day dd Igi phang phat dang dap tu truyen cua tac gia R.K. Narayan (ngudi eiing Idn len ciing ba, ciing tiing tham gia bieu tinh iing hp nen dgc l§p va b j mpi ngudi trong gia dinh phan doi...). Vdi Sriram, Ch& dpi Mahatma ciia Narayan cho thay each ma Gandhi cd the thu hiit quan chung binh thudng, sd lupng ddng dao trong xa hdi, vdn khdng he cd thien hudng doi vdi bit cii chu nghTa nao.
Cha dpi Mahatma thudng dugc tdm tit nhu eau chuyen Sriram vi muon chinh phye Bharati da di theo roi dan trd thanh de tu Gandhi. Khdng it nha phe binh (nhu Satish C. Aikant...) cho rang nd khdng ban la tiiu thuyit vg Gandhi, ma diing hem la mdt tiiu thuyet tinh yeu. Tuy nhien, that ra, lan gap gd chdng vanh diu tien giiia hai ngudi tre tuoi ehi la cai cd de khi di hdi han ve ed thi Sriram biet dugc tin Gandhi sip ghe qua thi tran: "Sriram dot nhien ra khdi trgng thdi ma mdng cd hau, tinh thuc tru&c thiec ti rdng Malgudi sap dugc vinh hanh ddn tiep vi thdnh vidgi" [WFM, p.24]. Chinh danh tieng Mahatma ma Sriram hang kham phuc da dat anh den eupc mitting. Anh nghe nhu nuot timg ldi cua Gandhi dii khdng phai da higu hit. Nhu bj thdi mign, anh theo dng tii dinh thu sang trpng eua Chii tjch thi trin den nhiing can Igu rach nat ciia ngudi ngoai dang cap. Ba gid sang, Sriram den dgi trudc leu Gandhi: "77a sdng Igt qua cira m& he. Sriram bu&c ve phia dd nhu con bu&m dim bi ddn du" [WFM, p.64]. Sriram ngoi nhin Gandhi quay xa det vai rdi di dao eiing dng va Bharati giira trdi dem ma nhihig tia sang dau ngay bat dau chdm tmg hong d phuang Ddng: "Sriram cdm thdy minh dang bu&c qua mdt the gi&i mgng do. Mahatma a giiia anh vd Bharati' [WFM, p.65]. KJii Gandhi hdi Sriram: "Chinh xdc thi anhbgn muon gi?", Sriram trd nen khong mach lac vi co nam bat qua nhilu y tudng, cuoi cung anh da tra ldi nhu tir tiem thiic: "Con muon & nai Bharati a" [WFM, p.69]. Gandhi, nhu chinh Sriram ludn tam niem la vi thanh cd nang lytc di$u k^' hieu thau tam can eon ngudi, da yeu cau Bharati dan dat Sriram, nhu mpt guru (su phy). Cho din ngay Mahatma chia tay hp, Sriram vd eiing budn khd: "Y nghi phdi sdng md khdng cd Mahatmaji khien Sriram chenh chodng. Thgm chisugdn gUi cua Bharati duang nhu cung khdng the gidm nh? ndi khd cua anh" [WFM, p. 90].
Trudc eupc gap Gandhi, Sriram la mpt thanh nien siing md phuang Tay den miic that vpng vi biic hinh ngudi me de ra minh khdng dep nhu tam anh mot nu hoang Au chau nao dd. Anh ciing sung md vat chit, thiy minh trd thanh mpt con ngudi ty^ tin, tran day nang ly:c, khac biet hin nhiing ke ngheo hen khi chinh thiic lam chii cudn so ngan hang dugc ba ndi trao Igi. Sriram da thiic tinh va chuyen hda sau sic thanh ngudi yeu nude nhi|t thanh, tran day tinh thin trach nhiem, dudi tac ddng ciia Gandhi. Sriram da diing vao dpi ngii ddng dao nhiing chien binh vi Chan ly, nhimg de tii cua Gandhi, nhu Gorpad, Bharati. Khi lin diu tien mac bp Khaddar bing vai thd dan gian ma ehinh anh tu tay keo sgi tii cai xa quay do Gandhi tang, Sriram cham liia ddt au phuc cua minh giiia phd trudc su td md thieh thu ciia bao ngudi, anh "tu hao ", "nhu vira thdy vd dgt den mgt binh dien m&i cua tdn tgi' [WFM, p.96]. Chang trai chua timg ra khdi cupc sdng van minh ciia thj tran da di bd den nhihig lang que heo lanh, lac hau de thuyit giang, van dpng ngudi dan kho ngheo, that hpe doan ket chdng lai su bdc lot kinh tg cuf thuc dan Anh, diu tranh cho dgc lap. Dan chiing ma Sriram gap khap nai, tuy khdng phai tat ca dgu hieu biet chan ly Gandhi nhung da so hudng ve dng nhu linh hdn dan tpc. Ngay din ea nhung ngudi tii gilt ngudi cudp ciia khi nhic den Gandhi cung chip ddi tay vdi tat ca long siing kinh.
Nghign ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 8 - 2019, tr.34-45 41
Phan Thj Thu Hien. Hinh tupng Gandhi qua tieu thuyet...
Trong gan 2/3 cuon tieu thuyit, Gandhi khdng xuat hipn true tilp, tuy nhien, cd the thay su hi^n dien todn khap, d chieu sau ciia dng, thap sang quan chiing, khoi dgy nai hp y thiic vdi giang san, ldi euon hg vao nhiing phong trao ciiu qude. Gandhi da dSn dat An Dp den nen dpc lap.
^^Trong Nghi quyet ndi tieng dugc thdng qua thdng Tdm ndm 1942, Mahatma ddi hdi: "Anh quoc phdi rut khdi An Dp!". Khdu lenh ngdn gpn dd mang tiem ndng cua mpt thdn chd, mpt cdng thiic ma
thuat. Khdp chieu ddi vd chieu rpng cua ddt nu&c, ddu ddu nhdn ddn cung hd vang: "Rut khdi An Dp!".
Chinh quyin lo sp, cdm doan. Mahatma bi bdt giam. Nhung khdu l^nh ciia dng da cd susdng, tiep tyc biing bimg lan tda, vd cudi ciing tgo ra da sice mgnh dudi cd th{tc ddn Anh " [WFM, p.99].
3.3. Gandhi - Ngpn co phong bi trang
Hai tigu thuygt ciia M.R. Anand va R. Rao gidng nhau trong gipng dipu su thi thuin khilt khi xay dung hinh tugng Gandhi. Ch& dai Mahatma eiia R.K.Narayan thi gan nhu chua cd day dii gipng sii thi hao himg ay trong khi khdng thigu sic thai hai hudc va ca nigm bi cam.
Tam vdc ly tudng eiia Gandhi khdng dl dang tilp can doi vdi phin ddng con ngudi binh thudng thien hudng ve chii nghTa vgt chat va ban tinh vj ky, ham Igi danh. Trong tac pham ciia minh, Narayan nhieu ISn dung cac cung bac khde nhau ciia hai hudc, tham chi, cd cham bilm, trao long de do ludng do xa chech giiia thdng diep cua bgc dai su vdi each thiic ngudi ta tiep nhgn, higu va van dung chiing.
Ching hgn, canh dng Chii tjch Malgudi ddn Gandhi ghe tu dinh trong ehuyin tham thj trin. Ong Chii tjch da rat can than tgm thay nhung tam rem ciia ngoai qudc sang trpng bang vdi thd trong nude;
treo chdn dung cac chinh khdch An Dp thay cho hinh hdn le cua Goerge V, Nha vua Anh Quoc va Hoang dl An Dp; tim bing dugc biic tranh thin Krishna thuyit giang cho Arjuna vi biet Gandhi say mg Bhagavad Gita; trung bay mau vat nhiing cdi xa quay sgi trgn cac bgu ciia sd; eit tat ca dd trang sue kim euong xa hoa eua bdn than va vg con... [WFM, p. 43]. Trong khi co ging gpt rua, son phii nhftng cdi be ngoai de cham dgn vinh du dugc ddn tilp bgc thanh thi bdn chat ben trong ciia dng khong dugc chuan bj vd gan nhu tuypt vpng trudc tam hdn vT dai Mahatma. Mdu dng sdi len khi Gandhi bl mgt em nhd ngoai ding cip len divan trong phdng khach nhu "cung dipn Birmingham" nhd dng: "O/, Thupng di ai, Tdt cd nhirng vdi xdi nuac cua cd the gian nay cUng khdng du gpt bd, cdi thdng be bdn thiu kia se mdi mdi ldm nha nh&p l&p lifa bgc Kashmir ciia ta''' [WFM, p-47].
Viec Sriram gap Gandhi nhan chuyin tham thj tran khien bd npi anh hoang hot. "7%eo bd, Gandhi Id ngu&i thuyit gidng todn nhiing diiu nguy hiem, ngu&i ddi cho bgn ngodi ddng cdp cung dupe quyin bu&c vdo din th&, ngu&i lien quan tai nhiing ki gap rdc rdi v&i cdnh sdl" [WFM, p. 61]. Ba hoai nghi siic mgnh Chdn ly Satyagraha va cho rang vi?c tuyet thi^e eiia Gandhi ching cd gi ddng ngudng mp.
Dao hilu cua Sriram vdi gia dinh quan trpng ban nhieu va bd lo ring Gandhi dang co ging "cai sOd"
Sriram, cudp mit diia chdu trai duy nhat eua ba.
Mpt ngay khdc, khi Sriram dang son khau hieu "Riit khdi An Dp!" trgn tudng nha Mathieson, mpt doanh nhan ngudi Anh thi dng ndy xuat hien, mdi anh ly nude cam. Sriram biit minh phai ndi: "Toi khdng cin thii nay" nhung sir quyen ru ciia ly nude khiln anh dang kiet siic sau lao ddng met nhpc, khdng thi tir choi.
'Sriram chi co thi ldm bdm, 'Cam an ", vd udng cgn ly. Nuac ep chay qua c6 hpng dichju din ndi anh cdm thdy minh khdng the ngung udng dii bdt cir tinh the ndo. Anh nhdm mdt ngdy ngdi. Trong mpt
Nghien cuu An Do va Chdu A. Sd 8 - 2019, tr.34-45
Phan Thj Thu Hien. Hinh tupng Gandhi qua tieu thuyet...
khoanh khdc, anh quen tdt cd chinh tri, Bharati xung dpt, vd thgm chi Mahatmaji Niim khodi Igc dy chi keo ddi mdt giay. Anh ddt ly xuong vd tha ddi' [WFM, p. 112].
Trong dau tranh giira hudng thu vat chit va ky luat tinh thin, may min la Sriram ehi that bai giay lat. Sau nay, d mpt lang que khdc, Sriram gap ngudi chu hieu tgp hda ham Igi nhuan vdn ban cae loai bdnh keo Anh qudc vi van cd nhieu ngudi siing hang ngoai. "Chi Id cudc trao ddi bdn mua giiia bgn thuang nhdn vd luang tdm vd dam ddng ddn chiing da qud day". Sriram dot ngpt cam thay vd ciing met mdi:
"Thoang chdc, luat qua trong tdm tri anh hinh dnh Gandhi cdi xa quay ciia dng, suy tu vd hdnh xdc, nhiing ngdy thdng ngvc tu... vd tdt cd bdng Ira nen vd ich, khi nhin nhirng logi ngu&i md vi hp, dng ddphdn ddu, hiin ddng, phyng su. Anh bdng tham thia ndi bdt hgnh, thdy tdt cd nhirng hogt dgng cita anh cUng trd nen vd nghia" [WFM, p. 121].
Tu tudng Gandhi ve xda bd bdt cdng xa hdi, bit hgp tac vdi ngudi Anh, diing hang qudc npi khdng phai da dugc nhieu ngudi ddng tinh, thuc hien. Tu tudng vg chdng thue dan bang phucmg each bit bao lue eua dng edn bj nghi ngd, phdn ddi nhilu han.
Trong thdi gian Gandhi va Bharati bi giam cam, Sriram mat phuang hudng va nhanh chdng bi Jagadish ldi keo vao eae boat dpng khiing bd. Gan gidng nhu da ton siing Gandhi trudc day, Sriram quay qua cam dpng vdi hinh anh Subhas Chandra Bose "Ha bd qui huong, lang thang litnoi ndy den nai khdc di timphuang ciiu nu&c" [WFM, p.l44]. Om cai ddi ban dan, Sriram lang nghe va toe ky tiing ldi ciia Bose. Rdi anh try:c tiep "ddi cdc hd sa trong nira td tda dn & cdc ldng que; ldm trat bdnh mgt vdi chuyin tdu vd ldm ti Hit cdng vi^c a ddm ba tru&ng hgc; phdt nd qud bom thd sa ldm va lung cdnh ciia chinh cua mdt trgm nghien ciiu vdn hda ndng nghiep..." [WFM, p. 162], ham hd vdi cac thuc hanh bgo lye khdng khac nhiet tinh tirng tham gia cdc phong trao bat bao luc eiia Gandhi. Hon the, anh con cam thay
"su quan trgng lang man" bign anh thanh "nhdn vgt ciia mdt thien anh himg ca" "tgo dung hch sir tuang laf [WFM, p.163], cdm gidc ma anh chua cd trudc ddy. Sriram ludn duge Jagadish cd vu rang, dii Gandhi vd Bose theo nhirng nga dudng khdc nhau nhung chung muc dich va Gandhi ciing se hai ldng khi bigt nhiing ehien cdng cua anh. Sau nay, bj bat giam, rdi duge ra tii khi dat nude gianh dugc ddc lap dudi sir lanh dgo ciia Gandhi, Sriram nhanh chdng nhan ra sai lam nghiem trpng cua minh va lai trd ve trong ddi ngii Gandhi. Rd rang, higu biet sau sac va kien dinh con dudng bat bao luc hoan toan khdng deddng. Khdngphdi chi cabieted Sriram nhat thdi bi Idi keo ma lac loi. Tac giaNarayan da giii nguyen ten that va dua vao tac pham cua minh cdc su kien lich sir ve Subhas Chandra Bose, ngudi vdn la mdt de tii nhung bit ddng vdi tu tudng bat bao lire ciia Gandhi, trd thanh lanh dao ndi tigng eiia phai cap tiin, tim kilm hgp tac vdi cdc lue lugng phat xit (Diic, Nhat...), td chiic cac boat ddng quan su, khung bo, xem do la con dudng huu hieu duy nhdt chdng thue dan.
Tuy nhien, khdng d dau khac Gandhi da bj higu ldm va trd nen cd ddc te hgi den nhu trong cupc diu tranh gin giir thong nhit An Dp chong lai am muu chia cit do xung dot gay gdt giira Hindu giao vd Islam giao. Bdng mpi cdch, Gandhi no luc hit siic minh de hda giai dan tpc. Nigm tin eua dng Id tdn gido chan chinh phdi mang con ngudi xich Igi gan nhau chii khdng phdi la chia re hp, Nhung nhung thuyit giang thudng vipn din eac kinh diln Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, cac vi thdn Rama, Krishna ciia Gandhi khien cac tin do Islam giao xem dng la "cha de ciia chii nghTa dan tdc Hindu giao"; trong khi su ddng cam ciia Gandhi vdi ban chat Chdn-Thien-My trong kinh Kuran Igi lam eho eac tin dd Hindu
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chdu A. Sd 8 - 2019, tr.34-45 "^ 43
Phan Thj Thu Hiin. Hinh tugng Gandhi qua tiiu thuyit...
giao coi dng nhu "ke phan bdi". Gandhi gdn nhu trd thdnh ke thii ciia ca hai phe. Bat chap Mem nguy, Gandhi da cung nhiing chign binh Chdn ly tdi cdc dja phuang dang bao loan de thu xep tinh hinh.
"O mdt sd dia phuang, ngu&i ta biiu Id su tire gign chdng Igi Mahatmaji Hp gia cao nhiing tdm bdng de dpa se giet Bapu niu dng khdng quay lung, de yen cho hg. Nhung nai nhu vgy Mahatma luu lai lau han nhiing nai khdc. Ong kien cuang bdo ve lap tru&ng An Dp thdng nhdt" [WFM, p.236].
Nghe ldi Gandhi tuyen bd "Neu mudn chia cat ddt nuac, Qudc hgi phdi bu&c qua xdc tdi', ngudi ta ed the hieu ndi cd dpc va dm dnh bat lire cua dng. Khdng ngdu nhien md trong tdc pham, nha van Narayan khdng dl cap bat cii chinh khdch nao khac sat canh cung dng phdn doi kieh ban "hai quoc gia".
Doan cuoi tdc phdm ed chi tilt sau khi ddng y va ban phude lanh cho hdn le cua Sriram va Bharati, Gandhi vdi va dgn du budi ciu nguyen.
"Mahatmaji dpi nhien dimg bu&c, quay Igi vd ndi: Bharati, ta co cdm gidc rdng ta khdng the tham du hdn le ciia hai con vdo sdng mai
- Vi sao, VI sao a, thua Bapu?
- Ta khdng biit. Gipng dng nhu lac di Ta du&ng nhu da qud vdi vdng khi hira se xudt hien, ldm vi tu SI trong ngdy vui ciia cdc con" [WFM, p. 244].
Hai phdt dan tir khau siing eiia ke dm sdt d cu li ke can. Vj thdnh tii vi dao nga xudng buc vd lia bo coi the chi vdi giay sau dd.
Narayan hinh dung ring Gandhi tien li?u dugc djnh menh cua chinh minh va cua An Dp. Gipng vdn tdc gid van giii khach quan, tigt ehg nhu thudng le, nhung chinh vi vay md cam thiic bi trang trd ngn se sdt, nhiic nhdi.
Ldi dan do cudi ciing, Gandhi da ndi vdi Sriram va Bharati "trong gipng menh lenh thiic": "Cdc con se khdng tir bd cudc hdn nhdn vi bdt cir ly do ndo, hay nh& day" [WFM, p. 245-246]. Gui gdm cho Sriram vd Bharati hem ba muai diia tre md cdi sau nhirng cupc bao logn, nhiing diia tre dugc dgt ten hoa cd, chim chdc, Gandhi mong mudn chung Idn len trong yeu thuang, hda hgp, vugt tren mpi ngdn cdch dia phuang, tdn giao... Dd phdi chdng cung chinh la di chiic tinh than Gandhi dl Igi cho An Dp trudc lue di xa?
Ket lu^n
Ra ddi sau khi Gandhi mat ehua ddy mdt thap nien, tieu thuyit Ch& dpi Mahatma ciia R.K. Narayan vg ea ban van d trong khi quygn tam linh ciia thdi dai siing md Gandhi, song, mat khac, cung da c6 dp liii thdi gian nhat djnh de suy ngam sdu xa, da dien, am dnh han ve lich sir. Tac phim khdng chi la vl cupe ddi vd di san cua mot vj thdnh, mpt anh hiing, mpt eon ngudi nhdn ai ma edn Id vl gucmg mat An Dp, hao quang va bdng toi, cd nhung vinh quang Idn nhiing van hpi bj ddnh mit, qua khii - hien tgi - va tuang lai.
Tai lieu tham Idiao
l.Harveen Mann 2000: "The Magic Idyll of Antiquated India". Patriarchal Nationalism in R.K.Narayana's Fiction. A Review of International English Literature, October.
2. K.V.Dominic: "The Theme of East-West Conflict in R.K.Narayan's Waiting for the Mahatma".
http://www.pro fkvdominic.com/?page_id=404
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Phan Thi Thu Hiin. Hinh tuang Gandhi qua lieu thuyet..
3. Nedal Al-Mousa 2017: "Overiapping of Feminisim and Postcoloniatism in Raja Rao's Kanthapura and R.K. Narayan's Waiting for the Mahalma ". International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS), Vol 3, March, Issue 4.
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