MIEN TRUNG VA TAY NGUYEN TREN DUONG CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA
Do lirnng sir anh huong ve kinh te cua chmh sach giai toa den bu den cac ho dan tai djnh cu'tren dja ban thanh pho Da Ning
PHAM QUANG TIN*
D
a Ning trd thanh thanh phd true thudc Trung uong ttr thing 01 nim 1997 theo Nghi quye't ky hpp thti 10, Quod hdi khda IX, dupe cdng nhin la dd thi loai I tir thing 3 nim 2004. Hien nay, Da Ning dang trong qui trinh thue Men Nghi quye't 33-NQ/TU"ue xdy dung vd phdt trien thdnh phoDd Ndng trong thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt nude". Trong qui trinh xiy dung va phit trie'n. Da Ning dat dupe nhieu thanh qua to Idn ve kinh te- xi hdi, quy hoach dd thi va xay dung ca sd ha tang phit trie'n manh so vdi nhung nim trude. Da Ning trdthanh trung tam kinh te- chinh tri - xi hdi eua mien Trung..De dip ung yeu eau phit trie'n kinh te - xa hpi, Da Ning di thue Men hang loat cic du in dd'i da't li'y ha tang. Gin Hen vdi qui trinh phit trie'n dd thi dd'i dit lay ha tang, ehinh quyen cac ci'p Da Ning di ban hanh cac chinh sich giai tda den bu, dd'i di't de hd trp ngubi dan va di'y nhanh tien dp duan. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhung ehinh sieh phu hpp vdi dieu Men khieh
' Tnfdng Dal hoc Kinh te, Dal hpc Da Ning
quan thi van cbn nhiing bit cap nhi't dinh din de'n su thiet hai ve kinh te' ddi vdi eic hd din dien giai tda den bu. Vi vay, bii vie't niy tie'n hanh phin tich dinh lupng de do lubng sir anh hudng ve mat kinh te ciia mdt sd chinh sich giai tda den bu de'n cie hd tii dinh eutren dia ban thanh phd Da Ning, lam co sd de xui't cie giai phip, thio gdnhiing khd khin, giam bdt nhung thiet hai ve kinh te'cua cic hp dan tii dinh eula dieu can thie't ddi vdi Da Ning Men nay.
1. Nguon dii lieu
DuHeu phan tich ehu yeu dua vao duHeu so ci'p do tic gia cung cic cdng sir thu thap true tie'p thdng qua bang cau hdi, td'ng sdphieu sau khi kie'm tra dung de phin tich li 480 phieu. Ddi tupng dieu tra la cic hp din dien tii dinh cu d quin Son Tri va quan Cam Le thinh phdDi Ning. Ngubi tra lbi bang eiu hdi la cic chu hd, ngudi chiu anh hudng true tiep cua eic chinh sieh giai tda den bu ma Di Ning da va dang thuc Men.
2. Uffc luong di§n tich da't bi giai toa va tai dinh cu binh quan ciia cac ho dan
Dan vi tinh: rrf
Bang 1: Dien tich dat giai toa va tai dinh cubinh quan ciia cac ho dan
Chi tieu
IVlean
95% Confidence Interval for iVIean
Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum
Maximum
Dien tich dat giSi tda
1,315,98 1,086,62 1.545,34 89,00 6.450,00
Dien tich dat s i n xuat
993,92 795,40 1,192,44 20,00 6,000,00
Dien tich dat tai dinh cu'
147,27 130,52 164,01 48,00 500,00
Can cu vao bang 1 eho thi'y, theo ude lupng die'm binh quin mdi hd bi thu hdi 1.315,98 m^, cbn theo ude lupng khoang vdi dp tin cay 95% dien tich di't bi thu hdi binh quan eiia mdi hd 1.086,62 -1.545,34 m^, hd bi giai toa nhieu nhi't la 6.450 m^ va thi'p nhi't li 89 m^. Xet rieng da't ndng nghiep phuc vu san xui't cho eic hd din trung binh la 993,92 m^, hd bi thu hdi cao nhi't la 6.000 m^. Trong khi dd, dien tich dupe cap^tii dinh eu (di't dupe mua theo gii qui dinh cua eua Uy ban nhin din thanh phdDa Ning) binh quan mdi hd dtrpc 147,27 m^, hp dupe mua nhieu nhi't la 500 m^va it nha't la 48 m^, xet rieng ve mat dien tich thi eic hd dan di bi mi't di ra't Idn, binh quin mdi hd mi't di gan 1.160 m^. Tuy ring di't tii dinh eula di't di cd ha tang td't hon so vdi ban dau nhung chi giai quye't dupe vi'n de chd d cho ngubi din ma thdi, cbn van de Ipi ich Mnh te tren di't san xui't cua eic hd din thi khdng cbn vi dieu nay lam cho eichp sd'ng nhdlpi ich tirndng ngMep gap ri't nhieu khd khan, die biet la bd phin lao dpng Idn tud'i ri't khd thich nghi trong viee ehuyen dd'i nghe ngMep.
Rieng ve gii ea den bii cho cie hd din cung la van de dang quan tim. DuHeu bang 2 phan inh, binh quin moi hd nhan dupe 172,55 trieu ddng tu-viee giai tda, hd nhin dupe cao nha't la 7.720 trieu ddng va thi'p nha't la 46 trieu. Neu tinh don gii theo m^ thi chi ed 0,68 trieu ddng va diy la sdtien bao gdm ea tien di't, tien nha eua.
vat Men true nim tren di't eua ngubi din bi giai tda.
Trong khi dd binh quan mdi hd phai cM tra 104,95 trieu ddng cho viec mua di't tii dinh eu vi binh quin li 0,87 trieu ddng/m^. Gia dinh rang toan bd sdtien ngubi dan nhin dupe tir viee giai tda dung de chi tra tien mua di't tii dinh eu thi binh quan mdi hd din chi cbn lai 67,6 trieu ddng, la toan bd sdtien danh cho viec on dinh eupe sd'ng, xay dung lai nha ciia. Men tao lai vat Men true, chuye'n dd'i viec lam eua cie nhiing lao dpng bupc phai thay dd'i nganh nghe vi mi't di't san xui't. Tuy nhien, ne'u xet thue tetheo tiing hd la sdtien nhieu hd nhan dupe tugiai tda khdng du chi tra de mua da't tii dinh cu va ty le hd khdng du tien chi tra tien da't tai dinh culen den 27,2%, mdt vi'n de qui khd khin ddi vdi cic hp din tii dinh cu.
3. Phan tich su anh huong cua chinh sach cho no" tien mua dat tai dinh cu duo'c dinh gia bang vang 98% doi voi cac ho dan
De thao gd mpt phan khd khin cua ngubi dan tii dinh cu trong viec tra tien mua da't tii dinh cu. Da Ning di thue chinh sieh eho np tien mua da't tii dinh eu ddi vdi nhiing hd khd khin, khdng ed tien mua di't tai dinh eu. Cd the ndi day la mpt chinh sich phu hpp vdi dieu Men khd khin eua eic hd dan tii dinh cu. Thuc te la ed de'n 32,5% td'ng sdhp tii dinh cudupe hudng chinh sich nptien mua di't tii dinh cu, binh quan mdi hd np Bang 2: So tien nhan tii den bu va chi tra mua da't tai dinh cubinh quan ciia cac ho dan
Don vi ti'nh: trieu ddng Chi tieu
Mean
95% Confidence Mean Interval for
Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum
Maximum
Tien dat den bu
172,55 140,13 204,97 46,00 7.720,00
Ddn gia dat den bu/m^
0,68 0,62 0,74 0,28 10,90
Tien dat tai dinh CU
104,95 98,30 111,60 28,10 600,00
DPngiadat tai djnh cu'/m^
0,87 0,83 0,90 0,52 3,03
MIEN TRUNG VA TAY NGUYEN TREN DUONG CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA 59,12 trieu ddng, hd cao nhi't 400 trieu va tha'p 4,1
trieu ddng. Tuy nhien ehinh sieh no nay, cd dieu Men rang bupc la toan bd sdtien nomua di't tii dinh cudupe quy dd'i thanh vang 98% theo gii quy dinh cua SdTii chinh Da Nang tai thdi die'm cie hp dan lam thii tue nhan di't tii dinh eu va de'n khi cie hd dan tra np thi quy dd'i ngupc tuvang thanh tien de'tra. Hien tai, den tai thbi die'm nhdm nghien cuu thue Men viec dieu tra thi binh quin mdi hd np 64,12 chi theo ude lupng die'm cbn theo ude lupng khoan vdi dp tin eiy 95% thi sdvang npcua mdi hd la 57,46 - 70,78 chi, hd npcao nhi't 310,26 chi va thi'p nha't 7,30 chi. Viee quy dd'i tien da't sang vang 98% ngubi dan dupe hudng loi ich la khdng phai tra lii trong sud't thbi gian np, nhung trong nhiing nim qua gii vang bien dpng ting lien tie'p lam eho sd np binh quan quy dd'i tuvang thanh tien ting them 121,31 trieu ddng. Hd chiu thiet hai nhieu nhi't la 468,73 trieu ddng va thi'p nhi't 10,44 trieu ddng. Ca biet ed nhiing hd khi nhin di't tii dinh eugii vang chi ed 500 (ngan/
chi) thi de'n nay di len den 2.800 (ngan ddng/chi) muo ting len de'n 460% lam eho cac hd dan khd khin cang khd khin hon khi sdnpngay cang ting cao.
De giam bdt thiet hai do sir bien ddng gii ving, Ngay 31 -12 - 2009, Uy ban nhan dan thanh phdDa Ning ban hanh Quyet dinh sd 9878/QD-UBND ve viee giam 40% sdvang np eho ta't ca nhirng hp quy dd'i tien
ra vang trude ngay 31 -12 - 2005 va giam 10% eho ta't ca nhirng hd np tu ngiy 01 - 01 - 2006 den nay. Theo quye't dinh nay, ta't ea eic hp sau khi dupe giam tru thi sd no binh quin mdi hd vin tang them 73,06 trieu ddng, hd cao nha't 396,16 trieu dong va thi'p nha't 8,40 trieu ddng. Vay vi'n de dit ra la vi sao phai quy ddi tien np mua di't tii dinh cura vang? Viec quy ddi tien thanh vang cung gid'ng nhumpt khoan dau tuvang, ve mat ly thuye't ca hai ben deu ed ea hdi va rui ro nhu nhau. Ne'u gii vang giam cac hp din se dupe Ipi vi chu dau tu (Ngan sieh Da Ning) bi td'n thi't, ngupc lai gii ving ting thi cic Hd din bi td'n that va chu dau tu dupe Ipi, tdng Ipi ich xi hdi cua viee quy dd'i tien thanh vang la bing khdng. Tuy nhien, thuc te d Viet Nam gia vang ludn ludn ting qua cic nim va kha ning chiu td'n thi't se roi vao ngubi np ving. Ne'u muc tieu cua viec quy dd'i tien thanh vang de giam rui ro cho chii dau tukhi lam phit thi giai phip quy dd'i tien thanh vang chua phai la duy nha't va cbn nhieu giai phip khac de lua chpn.
Trong pham vi bai viet nay, tic gia su dung chi sd lam phit la phan gia tri ting them sdtien np ma cac hp din phai ginh chiu thi binh quin mdi hd din chi ting them 55,50 trieu ddng, tha'p hon nhieu so vdi phuong in quy dd'i tien np ra vang sau khi dupe giam tru vi cic chii dau tuvin khdng thiet hai do lam phit.
Bang 3: Tinh hinh no tien mua dat tai dinh cu ciia cac ho dan Chi tieu
Mean
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum
Maximum
Nd tien mua dat tai dinh cu'(trieu ddng)
59,12 51,50 66,74 4,10 400,00
Nd vang mua dat taidinhcu'(chI-98%)
64,12 57,46 70,78 7,30 310,26
No vang mua dat tai djnh cu' sau khi du'dc glim tru'(chi - 98%)
46,98 41,36 52,61 4,92 279,23
Bang 4: Ud'c luong sd ti^n tang them do bien dong gia vang
Chi tieu
Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum
Maximum
Theo sd vang chua giam tni (trieu ddng)
121,31 109,43 133,20 10,44 468,73
Theo sd vang sau khi giSm tru' (trieu ddng)
73,06 64,03 82,09 8,40 396,16
Theo lam phat (trieu ddng)
55,50 45,98 65,02 3,2 323
• Gia vang 2.800 (1.000 ddng/ehi) theo cong bdcua Sd Tai chfnh Da Nang ngay 02-7-2010.
• Lam phat duac tfnh binh quan nam 2003-2009 theo edng bdcda Tong cue Thdng ke.
4. Anh hudng ciia qua trinh giai toa den viec lam va thu nhap ciia ngubi lao dong trong cac ho tai dinh cu
Sd lieu bang 5 phan anh, sdngubi ed du viec lam (tuan lam viee 40h trd len) chi 34,2%, nhung ding lo ngai la ty le thi't nghiep eiia nhirng ngubi lao ddng trong eichp tii dinh culen de'n 18,3%. Ne'u tinh chung ca thieu viec lam vi thi't nghiep 65,7%, trong khi dd ty le thi't nghiep chung thanh phd Da Ning chi 4,92%.
hd trp chuye'n dd'i nganh nghe, tao viee lam Da Ning di va dang lam chua cao. Nghien cuu sir tic ddng ciia gidi ti'nh de'n kha ning tim viee cua ngudi lao ddng cho tha'y, ty le du viec lam ciia nam cao Hon so vdi nii. Die biet sdngubi thi't nghiep dniichie'm ri't cao 29%, nen cic ehinh sich hd trp chuye'n dd'i nganh nghe, tao viee lam can phai ed xem xet de'n yeu tdgidi tinh cua ngubi lao ddng de tao ca hdi eho lao ddng nu cd viee lim nhieu hon.
Bang 5: Moi lien he giua tinh trang viec lam voi tinh trang thay doi cong viec va gidi tinh ciia ngu'di lao dong
Tinh trang viee lam
Dij viec lam Thieu viec lam That nghiep Total
Tinh trang thay ddi cdng viec Khdng
63,1%
29,6%
7,3%
100,0%
Cd 6,9%
64,4%
28,7%
100,0%
Gidi tinh Nam 39,8%
48,6%
11,6%
100,0%
m
25,3%
45,7%
29,0%
100,0%
Total
34,2%
47,5%
18,3%
100,0%
Chl-Square Tests
Pearson Chl-Square 1 Pearson Chi-Square II
Value 171,45 18983
df 2 2
Asymp, Sig. (2-s ided) ,000
,000
Ghi chd Pearson Chi-Square I: Kiem dinh mdi lien he giua trinh trang thay viee lam va trinh trang thay doi edng viec cua ngudi lao dpng.
Pearson Chi-Square II: Kiem dinh mdi lien he glOa tnnh trang thay viec lam va gidl tfnh cQa ngudi lao dpng.
Cin cuvao gii tri Sig. (2-tailed) trong bang 6, vdi mire y nghia 5% cho phep ke't luin: "Thu nhap tuhoat ddng sdn xudt cua nguai lao ddng hien nay thdp han so vdi trude luc bigidi tda". Ne'u nhutrudc khi bi giai tda thu nhip binh quin mdi thing eua ngubi lao ddng la
1.536,78 (1.000 ddng), thi sau khi giai tda chi cbn 1.343,54 (1.000 ddng). Vdi dp tin eiy 95% mtie thu Cin cutheo eic gia tri Asymp. Sig trong Mem dinh
Chi-Square Tests deu nhd hon 0,05 cd the ke't Man:
"tinh trang viec Idm cd moi lien he vdi tinh trang thay doi cdng viec vd gidi tinh cua ngudi lao dong". Nhiing ngubi lao ddng trong eae hd tai dinh eu trude khi bi giai tda chii yeu lim viec trong nhdm nganh ndng nghiep, khi bi giai tda di't tulieu san xua't chu yeu bi
thu hdi, cdng viec eua ngudi lao ddng bude phai cd su nhap binh quin ttr boat ddng san xui't eua ngudi lao thay dd'i. Theo ke't qua dieu tra ed 51,5% ngubi lao <i9ng hien nay tha'p Hon so vdi^ trude khi giai tda tu dpng chiu anh hudng true tie'p cua qui trinh giai tda 109.83 - 276,65 (1.000 ddng), ne'u xet them yeu tdlam lam cho cdng viee bi thay dd'i, dieu ding lo ngai la ty le phat thi mire chenh lech thu nhip thue te ebn cao han.
thi't nghiep trong sdnhung ngubi bupc phai dd'i cdng Dieu nay eho tha'y, qui trinh giai tda di lam eho thu viec la ri't cao 28,7%, chi ed 6,9% ngudi du viec lam. nhap danh nghia cua ngudi lao ddng giam di, trong Dieu nay cho thi'y, tinh Meu qua cua eic chuong trinh khi dd hp chinh la nhung ngudi hy sinh nMeu nhi't cho
Bang 6: Kiem dinh miic do chenh lech thu nhap hien nay so vdi trude khi bi giai toa cua ngudi lao dong
Sau khi giai tda (I.OOOd) 1.343,54 Paired
Differences
TrUdckhi giai tda (I.OOOd) Mean
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference T
-4,552
Df 479
Lower Upper
1.536,78 -193.24 -276,65 -109,83 Sig. (2-tailed)
,000
MIEN TRUNG VA TAY NGUYEN TREN DUONG CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA
qua trinh phit trien cdng nghiep hda. Men dai hda cua thanh phdDa Ning. Nghien cuu suphin hda thu nhap eho thi'y, cd de'n 61,5% ngubi ed mtre thu nhip thi'p han mire luong tdi thie'u 1.080 (l.OOOddng) [Mac quy dinh cho vung II) theo Quy dinh 111/2008/ND - CP cua Chinh phu ban hanh ngay 10 -10 - 2008 v i chi ed 5,8% ngudi thu nhip tu 4.000 (1.000 ddng) trd len.
5. Ket luan
Ke't qua ngMen cuu eho thay, viec giai tda dDa Ning di anh hudng ri't Idn de'n dbi sd'ng, viee lam va thu nhip cua hd dan tii dinh eu. Chi rieng cMnh sieh quy dd'i tien mua di't tii dinh eu thanh vang 98% da tao them ganh ning kha ning tra np eiia cie hp din binh quin len den 73,06 trieu ddng sau khi dupe giam trir, da't san xua't bi giai tda lim cho bd phin lao ddng trong cic hp din tii dinh curoi vao thi't ngMep va thu nhip cua ngubi lao ddng thi bi giam siit. Thu nhip danh nghia binh quin thing eiia ngubi lao dpng sau khi giai tda tha'p hon tu 109,83 - 276,65 (1.000 ddng) so vdi trude Me giai tda.
Dieu nay lam cho phan Idn cie hd dan roi vao hoan canh cd cude sdng khd khin, die biet dang quan tim ed 59,6%
hd tii dinh curoi vao hoan canh sd'ng khd khin hon so vdi trude liic giai tda.
De' giam nhiing ton thi't ve kinh te do anh hudng eua eic ehinh sich giai tda, giai quye't vi'n de viec lam, nang cao thu nhap, thio gd nhiing khd khan ve cude sd'ng cho ngubi lao ddng trong cie hp din tai dinh cundi rieng va Da Nang ndi chung, can nghien cuu thue Men mdt sdgiai phip:
- Nhdmgidiphdp khde phuc khd khdn vd ton thdt ve kinh tedd'i vdi cdc ho ddn
+ Da Ning can xem xet lai cMnh sach cho cic hp dan tii dinh cu np tien mua da't tii dinh eu quy dd'i thanh vang 98%, vi cMnh sach nay tao ra ginh ning ve np cho cac hd din. Theo ngMen cuu ciia tie gia. Da Nang cd the dung miic lam phit hang nim theo edng bdcua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke Viet Nam, hoac lay lii suit cua Ngan hang Chinh sich xa hdi lam muc lii suat ddi vdi cac khoan np cua cac hp din mua di't tii dinh cu. Cin dd'i Ipi ich td'ng the tu eae duin giai tda eho phep cic hd dan npbing tien VND khdng ti'nh lii sui't vi nhirng hd roi vao dien eho np tien mua da't tii dinh eula nhirng hd ngheo, nhung hd thudc dien cM'nh sieh x i hdi can hudng de'n.
+ Da Ning can chi ngin sach hd trp chi phi dao tao cho ngubi lao ddng, lam td't hon niia edng tie tuyen truyen tam quan trpng ciia viee dao tao va tii dao tao
de'n ngudi lao ddng, vi muc dieh liu dai de ngudi lao dpng tham gia vao cic chuong trinh dao tao nghe. Ben canh viec dao tao tai eae trudng, tiling tam hudng ngMep day nghe can ehii trpng phit trien cac Mnh thuc dao tao phi cM'nh quy tai eic lang nghe truyen thdng, xiy dung eic tieu chuan, dinh ky to chuc eho ngubi lao ddng cahpi sit bach cap chung cM ngMep vu, de tang cahpi tim viee eho ngubi lao ddng.
+ Hd trp, eho vay vd'n uu dai ve lii suat, dieu khoan ti'n dung ve tai san cam cd, keo dii thbi han ti'n dung de ngubi lao ddng ed vd'n san xui't, tu tao viec lam, ehuyen doi nganh nghe. Xay dung cac chuong trinh hd trpxuat khau lao ddng, cho vay hd trp ddi vdi ngubi lao ddng dupe tuye'n dung xui't khi'u lao dpng ve cic khoan pM ed Hen quan.
+ Tie dpng de'n cic doanh ngMep trong viee tuye'n dung va tham gia dao tao lao dpng. Die biet uu tien eho ngubi lao ddng trong cac hd bi thu hdi dat san xui't la dieu Men de hudng cic ehinh sach uu dai dau tu eua Da Ning,
- Nhdmgidiphdp hq,n che khd khan ddi vdi ho ddn tdi dinh cu trong cdc du dn gidi tda Dd Ndng se trien khai trong tuang lai
+ Nghien cuu tinh toin chi tiet, cu the sir tic dpng ciia qui trinh giai tda thu hdi di't san xui't v i cd ke hoach giai quyet viec lam, chuye'n dd'i nganh nghe dam bao thu nhip cho ngubi lao ddng trude khi thue Men du in. Vi cd nhirng du an chua tinh day du cac yeu td nen cd hieu qua mang tinh cue bd tung du i n eho ehii dau tu, nhung tinh td'ng the thi loi ich tu du in khdng bu dip dupe td'n thi't x i hdi do du i n giy ra.
+ Nghien eiru thay dd'i chinh sach hd trp den bit giai tda mdt lan nhu Men nay bing each hd trp dai ban dd'i vdi nhirng ngubi lao ddng khdng cd nghiep vu chuyen mdn va Idn tud'i khd khin trong viec chuye'n dd'i nganh nghe, tim viee mdi de hp cd ngudn thu nhip thudng xuyen, on dinh ddi sd'ng.
Tai lieu tham khio:
1. Pham Quang Tin: Thuc trang viec lam cua ngudi lao dpng trong cac hp dan dien thu hdi dat tinh Ouing Nam, Tap chi Khoa hpc& Cdng nghe, sd 19,02- 2007.
2. Uy ban nhan dan thanh phd Da Ning, Quyet dinh sd3483/
OD;UBND.
3. Uy ban nhan dan thanh phdDa Ning, Quyet dinh sd 9878/
QD-UBND.
4. Quy dinh 111/2008/ND- CP, H, 10-10- 2008.
5. Ban Chi dao diiu tra lao dpng - viec lam thanh phdDa Ning, Bao cao Kit qua diiu tra lao dpng - viec lam thanh phd Da Ning nam 2007,2009.
6. Hoang Trpng - Chu Nguyin Mpng Ngpc: Phan tfeh dUlieu nghien cdu vdl SPSS, Nxb Thdng ke, 2005.
