I NgMen CUM & Trao ddi
NGUON NUOC MU'A VA KHA NANG KHAI THAC SU' DUNG TAI HUYEN DAO PHU QUY TJNH BINH THUAN
ThS. Nguyen Hong Thai, ThS. Nguyin Hu'u Hudng Dai KTTV khu vuc Nam Trung Bp
D
ao Phil Qui la mdt huyen dao thudc tinh Binh Thuan, nim a Biin Ddng, Lach thanh pho Phan Thiit 120km ve phia Ddng, dan sd toan huyen khoang 2S nghin nguai, bao gdm dan tdc kinh (chiim 90%), dan tdc cham va mdt so dan tdc khac (chiim 10% ).Dao Phil Quy cd tiem nang ngu tru&ng l&n, kinh ti phat triin chii yiu tren dao la danh bit, nudi trdng ihuy hai san va trdng trot.
La mdt huyen dao nam giCra dai duang menh mdng, Phii Quy tuang chirng duac sa hiru ngudn tai nguyen nu&c phong phii va ddi dao, cd the dap il'ng moi nhu cau cho su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ciia huyen. Trai lai, gidng nhu mdt sd viing mien niii, Phii Quy dang phai ddi mat vai tinh trang khan hiem va can kiet ngudn nuac ngot dc nhu ciu sir dung ngay cang tang.
Qua chuyin khao sat thuc dia tai dao, can cir va si lieu thing ke tir nam 1990 -2008, trong bai bao nay tac gia dua ra mdt sd dac diim ngudn nuac mua, nu&c mat va kha nang khai thac chiing, tir dd giiip cho cac nha quan ly nam bit di^ac nhu ciu khai thac va dua ra nhO'ng bien phap bd tri cac cdng trinh hap ly nhim bao ve va khai thac hop .y ngudn tai nguyen nuac tren aiio.
1. Dac diem nguon nu'dc mat
Tren dao khdng cd ddng chay mat thudng xuyen, ddng chay mat ehi t i n tai khoang 1 d i n 2 gid sau nhirng tran mua Idn.
Ddng chay mat khdng thudng xuyen tap trung d khu vuc phia bae dao, nai cd dja hinh die, dien tich luu vuc thu nude chi khoang Skm^, tinh thim eiia Idp d i t da b l mat nhd ting chira nude bazan chira nude kem han nhilu so vdi khu vue phia nam dao.
- Ting chira nude trong khu vue nay chii y l u la tang chira nude bazan chira nude kem, dan cu khu vuc nay h i u nhu khdng ed.
Tir nhirng dac dilm tren cho t h i y phan phii nguin nude mat d khu vue phia bac dao khd ed t h i dam bao trong viee cung e l p nude cho muc dich san xult va sinh hoat. Do dd viec nghien cuu xay dung cdng trinh giCr nude mua de b l sung nhan tao cho nude dudi d i t d khu vue nay c l n phai dugc luan chirng chi tilt trude khi xay dung.
2. Dac diem nguon nu'dc mu'a
a. Phan bo lwang mwa theo miia:
Vdi vj tri dja ly n i m trong vung khi hau Nam Biln Ddng, ehju anh hudng eiia gid mua Tay Nam va gid miia Ddng Blc, mdt nam duac chia lam hai miia nhu sau:
Miia mua keo dai 7 thang (thang 5 - 1 1 ) . Tuy nhien, cd nam mua sdm (thang 9) hoae mua k i t thuc mudn han (thang 12).
Miia khd keo dai 5 thang, bat d i u tir thang XII va k i t thiic vao thang 4 nam sau.
Theo so lieu thing ke mua tai Tram Khi tugng Phu Quy cho thiy:
Lugng mua trung binh nhilu nam la: 1314mm Lugng mua miia mua trung binh nhilu nam:
1137mm; chiem 87% lugng mua ca nam. Lugng mua miia khd trung binh nhilu nam: 177mm, chilm 13% lugng mua ca nam.
b. Phan bo mwa theo thang
Lugng mua trung binh thang Idn nhit nhilu nam biln doi tir 15mm (thang 1) d i n 539mm (thang 10)
Tap cM KM Wdng Thu^ vde * Thdng 7/2009 35
Ngbidn CtJu & Trao ddi ^
Lugng mua trung binh thang nho nhat nhieu lugng mua tang d i n tir d i u nam va dat cue trj thu nam biln doi tir 0.0mm (thang 1 - 4) den 74mm nhit vao thang 6, sau dd lugng mua giam d i n vao (thang 9). cae thang 7 va 8, r i i tang len dat cue trj thir hai vao thang 10, sau do lugng mua tilp tuc giam d i n den Theo s l lieu tong lugng mua miia mua eho thay
mua khd.
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Hinh 1. Do thi dac trwng lwang mwa thang tren dao
biln d i i 10,1mm (ngay 20/01/1984) d i n 1S9,6mm (ngay 03/11/1982).
c. Lwang mwa ngay
Theo k i t qua quan trac lugng mua tir trude tdi nay cho thiy lugng mua ngay Idn nhat nhieu nam
Bang 1. Lwang mwa ngay l&n nhat theo cac thang tai Tram Khi twang Phu Quy Chi tieu
Lttdngmvla Max (mm)
Ngay xuat hi$n
Nfim xuat hien
Thang 1
10,1 20 1984
2 12,4
26 1985
3 91,8
25 1982
4 44,9
29 1985
5 66,7
27 1985
6 106,6
13 1985
7 29,8
6 1983
8 66,8
6 1983
9 61,5
25 1985
10 117,3
17 1983
11 139,6
3 1982
12 50,3
20 1985
Nam 139,6
6 1982
d. So ngay mwa dd miia mua la 109 ngay.
Theo tong hgp so lieu quan trac mua eho thay, S l ngay mua trung binh thang miia mua bien dii tong s l ngay mua hang nam tai dao la 126 ngay, tir 12,2 ngay (thang 5) d i n 19 ngay (thang 10), trung keo dai trong 7 thang (thang 5 d i n thang 11), trong binh thang miia mua cd 15 ngay. - v.r;:;,
Bang 2. Tong hap so ngay mwa trung binh thing
rr 1 2
So' ngay mu'a Trung binh LiTcJng miTa ng&y ldn nhat
(mm)
1 1,8 10,1
2 1,5 12,4
3 L8 91,8
4 5,5 44,9
5 12,2 66,7
6 16,2 106,6
7 14,2 29,8
8 17,5 66,8
9 17,5 6L5
10 19,0 117,3
11 13,0 139,6
12 5,8 50,3
Nam 126,0 1.39,6
36 Tap cM KM Wdng Thuy vdn * Thdng 7/2009
^ ^ ^ g M g n cvta & Trao doi
3. Kha nang khai thac sir dung nguon nu'dc mu'a
a. Sy hinh thanh cac nguon nw&c tCr mwa Nude mua khi rai xuong mat d i t tao thanh ngudn cung elp cho ddng chay mat (tuy nhien ddng chay mat ehi t i n tai khoang 1 d i n 2 gid sau nhO-ng tran mua Idn, cdn lai tren dao khdng ed ddng chay mat thudng xuyen), blc hai trd lai khi quyln, (ngudi dan hirng true tilp e l p nude sinh hoat (ngudi
dan...), nude dudi dit: (lugng nude mua bo sung cho tru' lugng ddng nude dudi d i t trung binh khoang 30,4 nghin mVngay). Lugng nude mua cung d p cho nude dudi d i t (recharge) dugc tinh bang md hinh toan khoang 67,3 nghin mVngay (vao thang 9) d i n khoang 1,1 nghin m^/ngay (vao thang S. Tuy nhien, lugng nude bo e l p nay mdt phin duge khai thae, edn lai thoat ra biln la ehu y l u [2].
80 60 40 20 0
iTrO iLTtjng ijpng trung binh ( Rec harge ) tmh theo thang, nghin rrS/ngay
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Hinh 2. Do thj bieu diin lwang nw&c mwa cung cip cho trw lwang dpng b. Kha nang eung cip cua nw&c mwa theo thang
trong nam
- Lugng mua trung binh thang mua mua ed the cung cap eho cac nguin khac nhau biln d i i tir 1,9 trieu m^ (thang 8) d i n 3,9 trieu m^ (thang 5 ), ea nam la 18,2 trieu m^, tuang duang vdi 49,8 nghin m^/ngay.
cung d p cho cac nguin biln d i i tir 0,4 trieu m^
(thang 5) d i n 1,2 trieu m^ (thang 9), ea nam la 5,2 trieu m^ tuang duang vdi 14,3 nghin m^/ngay.
- Lugng mua thang eao nhit miia mua ed the eung e l p eho eae ngudn biln d i i tir 3,2 trieu m^
(thang 7) den 8,6 trieu m^ (thang (9), ca nam la 39,7 trieu mVngay, tuang duang vdi 108,7 m^/ngay.
- Lugng mua thang tha
^n n -, 40.0 ' 30.0 - lanrt K ^i^^ c:Vi:'. : 20.0 -
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Hinh 3. Lwang mwa CO the cung cap cho eae nguon khac nhau trung binh theo can thang mua mwa
Tap cM KM Wdng Thuy vdn * Thdng 7/2009
37NgMgn cl?u & Trao doi
c. Kha nang cung cap cua nw&c mwa theo nam - Lugng mua thang miia mua theo nam cd - Lugng mua thang miia mua theo nam cd lugng mua Idn nhit ( nam 2003 ) cd the khai thac biln doi tir 1,7 trieu m^ (thang 8) d i n 5,8 trieu m^ (thang 10), ea nam la 27.2 trieu m^, tuang duang vdi 74,5 nghin
m^/ngay.
- Lugng mua thang miia mua theo nam ed lugng mua Idn nhit ( nam 2003 ) cd the khai thac biln doi tir 1,7 trieu m^ (thang 8) d i n 5,8 trieu m^
(thang 10 ), ca nam la 27,2 trieu m^ tuang duang vdi 74,5 nghin m^/ngay.
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Hinh 4. Lwang mwa co the cung cip cho cac nguon khae trung binh nam
d. Kha nang khai thac, su' dung nguon nw&c mwa
Kha nang khai thac, sir dung nguon nude mua tren dao Phu Quy phu thupc vao cac y l u t l nhu sau dac dilm dia hinh, qui md cdng trinh thu nude mua, cudng dp mua, he s l t h i m eiia Idp dat da b l mat, lu'u vuc thu nude mua, khdng ed xa nude thai hoae nude thai phai duge xiy ly dat tieu chuan.
Lugng mua tren dao Phu Quy cd t h i khai thac
d l phue vu sinh hoat va san xult chi tap trung vao 7 thang mua mua ( t i r thang 5 d i n thang 11 ). Vdi dien tich dao la 16 km^ lugng mua trung binh nhilu nam miia mua la 1137mm.
Ting hgp so lieu va k i t qua tinh toan cho thiy, lugng mua trung binh miia mua bien d i i tir 12,9 trieu m=' (nam 2004) d i n 27,2 trieu m^ (nam 2003), trung binh nhilu nam khoang 18,2 trieu m^ tuang duang 49,8 nghin mVngay.
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Luwng mua lrung binh nhilu nam
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Bang 5. Lwang mwa khai thac trong miia mwa theo thang, nam l&n nhit, nho nhit
38 Tap cM KM Wcfng Tt)u^ vdn * Thdng 7/2009
msi^^.m>liaimi>/ ^
NgMen ciiu & Trao ddi I
Tuy nhien, hien tai tren dao d l khai thac dugc h i t lugng mua tren la h i t sire khd khan ma chi khai thac duge mot phin bing cac cdng trinh khai thae true tilp nhu: dung lu, b l chira nhd trong hp gia dinh, h i chira,... cdn lai phin Idn la cung d p eho nguon nude dudi dat va thoat ra biln.
Sa bp ed t h i tinh toan lugng mua cd the khai thac theo s l ngay mua, elp ngay mua ed lugng mua s 5,0mm nhu sau:
vdi dien tich thu nude khoang 20m2 thi cd t h i sa bd tinh toan lugng nude khai thae tir mdi hp la 5,41m^/nam. Trong cac thang miia mua m l i hd sir dung khoang 0,41m3/thang, thi cd 2 thang (thang 5 va thang 7) d i u mua mua khdng dii nhu elu 0,41m'/thang va moi hp gia dinh phai cd b l chira it nhit la 2,03m='. Nhu vay, n l u 50% s l hp gia dinh cd b l chira va dien tich thu nude nhu tren thi lugng nude mua ed the khai thae nhd le qui md hd gia dinh khoang 13,53 nghin m^ va n l u ed 75% s l hd cd cdng trinh thu nude thi khai thac dugc khoang 16,23 nghin m^, tuang duang vdi 44m'/ngay.
* Kha nang khai thae bing cac cdng trinh nhd le d cae hd gia dinh:
Neu m l i hp gia dinh cd cdng trinh thu nude mua
Bang 3. Lwang mwa co the khai thac theo qui mo hp gia dinh
STT 1 2 3 4 ,5 6
7
Thong s6'
Lu'dng mu'a trung binh, mm
Ngay mrfag 5,0mm Ty lp ngay mu'a so vdi thang, (%)
Dien ticli thu, (m^Aio)
Lu'dng ktiai Ihac, (m^/lio)
Sir dung thang miia mu'a (vdi mu'c 3 lit/
ngay ngu'di), m^/hp Du", m^
Thang thcM) miia mu'a 5
128 5,6 18,7
20 0,48 0,41
(0,72) 6 156 9,5 31,7
20 0,99 0,41
(0,14) 7 137 8,1 27,0
20 0,74 0,41
0,20 8 117 9,4 31,3
20 0,73 0,41
0,52 9 182
8 26,7
20 0,97 0,41
1,09 10 243
8,3 27,7
20 1,34 0,41
2,03 11 175
1,4 4,7 20 0,16 0,41
1,78
Co ng 11.17 50,3
5,41
* Kha nang khai thae bing cdng trinh thu nude tap trung:
Theo tai lieu ban d l dja hinh ty le 1:2.000 dao Phil Quy, phin dien tich cd t h i thu nude ude chirng khoang 2,3km2.
Sa bd tinh toan lugng nude khai thae tir cdng
trinh thu nude tap trung khoang 1,07 trieu m'/nam, tuang duang vdi khoang 2,9 nghin mVngay. Trong cac thang miia mua ciing khai thac, sir dung khoang 4,07 nghin m^/ thi ngay lugng khai thac khdng du dap irng nhu e l u . Lugng nude thilu ldn nhat trong eae thang miia mua khoang 2,3 nghin m^'ngay (thang 11 ).
Bang 4. Lwang mwa co the khai thac tap trung
STT 1 2 3
ThCng s6'
Lifdng mUa trung binh, mm
Ngay mifa . ^ m m Ty le ngay mifa so vdi thang, (%)
Thang theo mua mifa 5
128 5,6 18,7
6 156 9,5 31,7
7 137 8,1 27,0
8
•117 9,4 31,3
9 182
8 26,7
10 243
8,3 27,7
11 175
1,4 4,7
Nam 1137 50,3
Tap cM KM Wdng Thu^ vdn * Thdng 7/2009 39
NgM6n ciJu & Trao d6i
STT
4 5 a
b 6
Thong so'
Lu'dng ktiai Ihac, (mVngay)
Tong lu'dng SD (inVngay)
Sii' dung tliang miia niifa ( vdi mu'c 90 Hi/
ngay ngifcfi), (niVngay)
San xuat, (mV ngay)
Dif, (m^)
Thang theo mOa mifa 5
1,825 4,072 2,072
2,000 -2,247
6 I 7 3,787
4,072 2,072
2,000
2,829 4,072 2,072
2,000 -0,285
1 1,243 8 2,807 4,072 2,072
2,000 -1,265
9 3,716 4,072 2,072
2,000 -0,356
10 5,153 4,072 2,072
2,000 1,081
11 1,708 4,072 2,072
2,000
2,365 Nam
2,9
4. Ket luan va de xuat
Nguon nude mua tren dao khoang 21 trieu mVnam, tuang duang vdi khoang 58 nghin m^l ngay.
Ngudi dan hirng true t i l p d l cung d p cho an uing va sinh hoat. Hien tai lugng nude nay mdi chiem khoang 0,1%.
Do do, d l khai thac duge t i i da va ed hieu qua nguin nude mua can cd bien phap cdng trinh de giam lugng thoat ra biln.
D I khai thae sir dung nguin nude mua ed hieu qua can tap trung nghien ciru viing cd kha nang tru"
nude mua de xay dung cac cdng trinh ngan nude mua d l bo cap cho nude dudi dit. Dac biet chii y d i n cae khu vue phia nam dao. ,
D I khai thac nguin nude mua can sir dung 2 dang cdng trinh khai thac chinh la xay dung lu, b l chira ed the tich 2m3 vdi dien tich thu nude khoang 20m2.d cac hp gia dinh va xay dung cac cdng trinh thu nude mua vdi dien tich thu nude khoang 2.3km^
Phai cd hudng xet nghiem cae mau nude mua de cd hudng xu ly trude khi sir dung, nham tranh dpc hai gay nen tir nude mua. • '
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyin Van Cuang- Nguyen Ngoc Huan, 2006. Dac diim khi hau - hai van Phii Quy, tinh Binh Thuan - Trung tam du bao KTTV tinh Binh Thuan.
2. Nguyin HO'u Huang, 2007. Danh gia tai nguyen nuac Huyen dao Phu Quy Binh Thuan trong ki hoach phat triin kinh ti - xa hpi din nam 2020. Luan van Thac si.
