Phat trien thj triTofng sufc lao dong of thanh pho'Ha Noi:
Thu'C trang va giai phap
BQI THANH TUNG' Tom tk
Hd Ngi Id trung tdm chinh tri, kinh leva vdn hod cda cd nudc. Trong nhiing ndm qua, Thdnh phddd thu hut dugc nhiiu nhd ddu tu trong vd ngodi nUdc tham gia vdo phdt trien kinh te, tgo nhitng budc chuyen biin quan trgng tren nhieu linh vUc, trong do cd phdt trien thi trudng sdc lao dgng, Tuy nhien, phdt trien thi trudng sdc lao dong d thdnh phd Hd Noi cdn nhieu hgn che, doi hoi nhiing giaiphap cdi thiin trong thdi gian tdi.
Tff khoa: thi trudng sdc lao dgng, phdt trien, thdnh phd Hd Ndi Summary
Hanoi is the political, economic and cultural cenler of the country. Over the past years, Hanoi has attracted many domestic and foreign investors to participate in economic development, creating important changes in many fields including labor market development. However, the development of the labor markel in Hanoi stays limited, which needs solutions to address in the coming time.
Keywords: labor market, development, Hanoi city
GIOI THIEU
Phat trien, theo quan niem chung nhat la qua trinh van ddng tie'n len tff thap de'n eao, tff ddn gian de'n phtfc tap, ttt kem hoan thien de'n hoan thien hdn cua stf vat, hi6n ttfdng. Theo dd, phat trien thi trtfdng sffc lao ddng d th&nh phd' Ha Ngi la qud trinh md rgng quy md, gia tang so' Itfdng, cha't Itfdng va hoan thien ve cd ca'u cac y6'u td' ca'u thanh thi trtfdng siic lao dgng bang viec cae chii the d thanh phd'Ha Ngi sff dung cac bi6nphap phii hdp nham tac ddng vao cac quan he kinh te giffa cae chii the khi tham gia vao thi trtfdng sffc lao ddng de dap ffng yeu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua Thanh pho. Trong nhffng nam qua, td'c do tang tnii^ng kinb tg' ciia Thanh phd tang lign tuc va dn dinh, so' Itfdng cac doanh nghiep tang nhanh, gdp phan giai quye't vigc lam, nang cao ddi sd'ng cho ngtfdi lao dong, giam ty le tha't nghiep. Dieu nay lam cho quy md cau sffc lao dgng tang nhanh trong thdi gian vffa qua, gop phan phat tnen thi trtfdng sffc lao ddng d th^nhphoHa Noi.
THl/C TRANG PHAT TRtEN THI TRaONC SUC LAO DONG 6 T H A N H PHO HA N 6 |
Nhdng diem mgnh
Mdt Id, thi trUdng site lao dgng d thdnh phd Hd Ndi cd quy md ldn
Ha Ngi la mgttrong nhffng thanh phd'cd quy md life Iffdng lao dgng ldn nha't ca ntfdc (ehi sau thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh). Theo so' ligu cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, Itfc Itfdng lao ddng tff 15 tudi trdlgncuaca ntfdc nam 2018 tfdc tinh la 55,7 trieu ngtfdi, tang 530,7 nghin ngtfdi so vdi nam 2017. Trong dd, life Itfdng lao ddng thanh phd Ha Ndi la gan 3,8 trieu ngtfdi, chie'm khoang 7% tong sd' Itfc Itfdng lao ddng eua ca ntfdc. Nhin chung, lu'c Itfdng lao ddng thanh phd' Ha Ndi giai doan 2011 -2018 cd xu htfdng tang ve sd Itfdng, tff 3.572,9 nghin ngtfdi nam 2011, len 3.828,5 nghin ngtfdi nam 2018, trung binh mdi nam tang khoang 42,4 nghin ngtfdi. Nhtf vSy, quy md lu'c Itfdng lao dgng cua thanh pho Ha Ndi ra't Idn, day la ngudn cung ddi dao cho thi trtfdng sffc lao ddng Clia Thanh phd'.
Hai la, ty le tham gia luc lugng lao ddng iren tdng sd ddn dat miic lUOng dd'i cao
Giai doan 2011-2018, bang nam cd khoang 70%
dan sd' tff 15 tudi trd len ciia thanh phd Ha Ndi tham gia Itfc Itfdng lao dgng. Mac dii la mdt trong hai trung tam kinh te - xa hdi ldn nha't, nhtfng Ha Ndi (cung vdi
"ThS., Khoa Chinh trj - Hanh chinh, Dai hoc Quoc gia TP, Ho Chi Minh
^Say nhan bdi: 20/12/2019; Ngdy phdn bten: 03/01/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng. OS/01/2020
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I: TY LE THAM GIA Lg'C LCfdNG LAO DOtiG COA THAriH PHO HA NOl GIAI DOAM TCf 2011 DEtS 2018
Dan VJ tinh: % Nam
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Ca nirrtc Tgn£ s^
77.3 76.8 77.5 77.7 77.8 77.3 76.9 76.6
81.8 81.2 82.1 82.5 83.0 82.4 82.1 82.0
Nfl 73,0 7'>.5 73.^
73,3 72,9 7^.5 72.0 71.4
HaN^i Td'ns sd'
68.3 69.9 70.9 70,0 71,5 69.9 67.3 67.0
Nam 1->.1 74,7 73,9 74,5 73,1 71.C 70,2
Nir 67.3 67,4 66.4 68.8 66,9 64,0 64.1
BANG 2: THU NHAP BlIXH QUAN DAU NGCfdl/THANG COA HA NQI GIAI DOAN 2011-2018
Dan vi nghin dong Nam
Toiin thanh phd' Thanh thl NODE thon
2011 3.852 4,591 2 981
2012 4,778 5,772 3 651
2013 5,507 6.789 4.003
2014 5 603 6,590 4216
2015 5 703 6712 4 508
2016 6,533 7,633 4 970
2017 6.637 7,480 5.147
2018 6,968 7 794 5.493
thanh phd Ho Chi Minh) cd ty le tham gia life Iffdng lao ddng tha'p nha't ca ntfdc. So lieu Bang 1 cho tha'y, nam gidi cd ty le tham gia Itfc Iffdng lao ddng cao hdn so vdi nff gidi. Mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhan ciia hien tffdng nay dffdc cho la vi nff gidi v l hifu sdm hdn (ludi vd hffu cua niJ la 55 tudi so vdi 60 tudi ciia nam) va sau khi ve hifu, nff gidi thtfdng khdng tie'p tuc tham gia vao hoat ddng kinh tg'. Dang chu y, thanh phd Ha Ngi ed mtfc chenh lech ve ty le tbam gia life Itfdng lao dgng cua nam so vdi nfl tha'p hdn mtfc chung cua ca ntfdc.
Ba Id, ty li lao ddng qua ddo tgo ldng diu qua cdc ndm Hien nay, trinh do cbuyen mon ky thuat ciia lao dgng d thanh phd Ha Ndi ludn dtfdc quan tam hang dau de dap ffng dffdc yeu cau dat ra cho sff phat trien kmh te' - xa hgi cua Thanh phd, dong thdi phat huy dtfde ldi the cua Ha Ngi la trung tam kinh tg', ehinh tri, van hda, xa hdi. La ndi tap trung sd Itfdng cac trtfdng dai hgc, cao dang ldn nha't ca nffdc, nhffng nam qua. Ha Ngi da CO nhieu de an ve dao tao nghe d nhieu trinh dd khac nhau. Do do, so Iffdng va chCt Iffdng chuyen mdn ky thuat cua ngtfdi lao ddng ngay cang dtfdc nang cao, so Itfdng lao ddng khdng cd trinh do chuygn mdn ky thuat ngay mdt giam xud'ng. Sd lieu tff Tong cue Thd'ng ke cho tha'y, life Itfdng lao dgng da qua dao tao d thanh phd Ha Ndi tang ttf 30,2% nam 2010 len 39,4% nam 2015, 42,7% nam 2016 ya 46,7% nam 2018.
Bdn Id, liin cdng, tiin lucmg vd thu nhgp cua ngUdi lao dgng tuang doi on dinh vd iCtng budc dugc ndng cao Tien cdng, lien Itfdng la nguon thu nhap chu ye'u ma ngtfdi lao ddng ra't quan tam nham bao dam cuoc sd'ng ebo ban than va^ gia dinh. Trong nhffng nam qua, thu nhap binh quan dau ngffdi cua Thanh phd ngay mot tang cao, thu nhap binh quan dau ngtfdi eua Thanh pbd tff 3,8 trigu ddng/ngtfdi/thang vao nam 2011, lang ldn 6,5 trieu ddng/ngtfdi/thang vao nam 2016 va hdn 6,9 trieu ddng/ngtfdi/thang vao nam 2018 (Bang 2), dffa
Ha Ndi trd thanh mpt tfong f^'^^J^i phtfdng ed thu nhap binh quan dau h cao nha't ca ntfdc.
Ton tai, hgn che u nhd Hd (i) Quy ^ luo mng cua, ^^"Jl"
Noi kkonggn dmh. thuang men tmy Ha Noi la trung tam ""f'XlSwn?.
d khu vtrc phia BSc. n6n thu hut so M^ng Mn lao dong tif cac tinh do vc Thu do^
Hang „.m, cung lao d n g d e » J - W n so vdl nhu cau sK dung lao api g chuye-n lao dpng co xu htrong gia tang, chu veu trong ITnh vifc nong ngh j p , nong * a n ga/ra nhSng Wen dfing thie^
thtta lao ding mang tlnh c^c bo. Ben canh do. con mot so-WOng ian lao dpn a'nong thon tranh thu thO._ gian nong nhan ra Thiinh pho ' > " ' / ' ? ' : , thm vn.
ngSn han. Do la chUa ke, phan ion so sinh vien ra Iri/Sng hien nay deu thich_a lai Ha N6i lam vice, ke ca cac cong viec khong dung vdi chuyen mon ma hp dijpc dao tao. Ra't it sinh vien t6t nghiep chap nhan ve que, dSn d6'n tinh trang dtr thtra nguon cung lao dpng d Ha Npi.
Mat khac, thi tnrang siic lap dpng a thanh pho Ha Noi phat triin khong dang deu giaa cac khu viJc. trong do. thanh thi phat trien manh han khu viTc nong thon do ca cau dau nr va trinh dp to chlJc san xua't. Mac du Ha Npi da tich ctfc tap them viec lam mdi hang nam. nhirng su'c ep giai quye't viec lam do'i vdi Ha Ndi vin ra't ldn.
(ii) Quy mo cdu siic lao dong con ye'u Thai gian qua, so Itrang doanh nghiep tren dia ban thanh pho Ha Npi tuy co tang nhanh, nhu'ng quy mo ciia h^u hg't cac doanh nghiep thupc khu vtfc ngpai nha nirdc la vCra va nhp, tham chi sieu nhp. Ben canh dd. nhieu dpanh nghiep hoat dpng trong lmh virc dich vu - khu vtic khong can nhieu nguon lire lao dong Cling nhir quy mo von Hon niTa, trong xu hirdng hien nay, cac doanh nghiep khi u'ng dung khoa hpc. cong nghe, dac biet la trong tie'n tnnh tiep can vdi Cach mang Cong nghiSp 4.0, nen khong can nhieu de'n lire Wang lao dong. Dieu nay cho tha'y, mac du so luong doanh nghiep S Ha Npi tang nhanh, nhung quy mo cau silc lao dpng y4u, chira dap (fng dirac
™.',,.. .3no nhanh chonp fn,, .s.. ' mu'c tang nhanh chong cua ngupn cung thi tnrang su'c lap done.
• (Hi) Ty li lao done cliua qua Mo tao cdn chiSm ty le lon
Mac dil lao dpng qua dao tao c
^ '"•"Tl. nhirnj 5 chuyen mon ky ' _ ; -^ T"" "UU tao CO xu hirdng tang qua cic nam. nhirng tv lg I dong khong co trinh do r' -
86
thuat vin chie'm ty le ldn. Nam 2011, lao ddng chtfa qua dao tao eua Thanh phd chiem 69.3%. Cae nam tie'p theo, ty le lao dgng chffa qua dao tao cd xu htfdng giam xud'ng, nhtfng de'n nam 2016 van chig'm 56,9%. Nam 2018, ty 1$ lao ddng chtia qua dao tao la 56,7%. Dieu nay cho thay, cha't Itfdng ngudn cung lao ddng ciia Thanh phd' vSn con nhidu han che (Bieu d6). Hdn nfla, trong so' life Iffdng lao ddng da qua dao tao, thi ty le lao ddng dtfdc dao tao tlf trinh do dai hgc trd 16n ehi chie'm khoang hdn 50%, con lai la mdi qua day nghe va trung ca'p, cao dang. Nhtf vay, lao dong trinh dp chuyen mon nghiep vu trong thdi gtan qua chtfa cd nhffng thay doi dang ke\ Lao dgng khdng cd chuyen mon vin chiem ty ie cao ca ve mat quy mo ian ty trgng. Ty trong lao ddng dtfde d&o tao nghe tha'p hdn rat nhieu so vdi lao dgng cd trtnh dd cao dang, dai hgc. Day la diem han che' ldn nha't trong phat trien thi tnfdng sffe lao dgng d thanh phd Ha Npi thdi gian qua.
(iv) Tien cong, liin luang chua phdn dnh dling gid tri siic lao dgng
Mac dil mtfc tien Itfdng cho ngtfdi lao dong 6 thanh phd' Ha Ndi eao hdn so vdi mat bang chung cua ca ntfdc, nhtfng chg'dS tiln Itfdng hien dang ap dung cho ngtfdi lao dgng khdng phan anh dung gia trj stfc lao dgng va khdng phu hdp vdi nhflng bien ddi ciia gia ca tren thi trtfdng.
Hdn nfla, mffc chenh Igeh giffa thu nhap ciia ngtfdi dan thanh tbi vdi ngtfdi dan d nong thdn cdn kha ldn. Theo sd lieu tff Tong cue Thd'ng ke, nam 2011, thu nhap cua ngffdi dan thanh thi xa'p xi 4,6 trieu dong/ngffdi/thang, trong khi tbu nhap ciia ngtfdi dan d ndng thdn chi xa'p xi 3 trieu dong/ngtfdi/thang. Nam 2016, thu nhap binh quan cua ngffdi dan d thanh tbi la 7,6 trieu ddng/ngtfdi/thang, con ngtfdi dan d nong thon cd mffc thu nhap dat la 4,9 trieu dong/ngtfdi/thang. Nam 2017, thu nhap binh quan cua ngtfdi dan d thanh th; xa'p xi 7,5 trieu ddng/ngtfdi/thang, trong khi ngifffi dSn d ndng thdn mffc thu nhap chi 1^ 5,1 trigu ddng/ngffdi/thang. Dieu nay l^m cho lao ddng d khu vtfc nong thdn dd ve thanh thi, gay stfc ep ldn cho thi trtfdng siJc lao dgng cua Ha Ngi.
MOTSO'GIAI PHAP
De phat trien thi trtfdng stfc lao ddng d thanh phd Ha Ngi trong thdi gian tdi, tac gia de xua't mgt so giai phap, nhff sau:
B l E a DO: c d C A a LAO DONG PHAtS CHIA THEO TRINH D p CHGYEM MON KY T H O A T V A Q U A DAO TAO CtlA H A t i p l
Dan \<! tinh: %
35.5 36.9 39 39.8 431 444 43 3
I 111^11 I
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2015 2017 2018
• Khfing c6 trinh do chuyen m6n ky thuat .. Ty 16 lao dong qua dSo tgo rHqui:,n Tone] hop t u so Ireu cud Tont] rue lri(Mi,iki
Thd nhdt, phdt trien nguon cung trin thi trudng sdc lao ddng
(i) Thanh phd' can thtfc Men to't chinh sach dan so, kg' hoaeh hda gia dinh nham dam bao ngudn eung lao ddng bang nam hdp ly
Thtfc hign td't chinh sach dan so' va ke' hoach hoa gia dinh de dam bao cd ngudn cung sffc lao dgng phu hdp vdi stf phat trien ciia thi trtfdng nham giam sffc ep ve cung stfc lao ddng, giam bdt ap life ve viec lam, tff dd han che' tinh trang tha't nghiep va nang cao cha't Iffdng cudc sd'ng ngffdi lao ddng. Trffdc hdt, phai thtfc hien chinb sach dan so, kg'hoach boa gia dinh nham ban chg' tang dan sd', dat quy md dan sd' va ca'u iriic tudi hdp ly, ddng thdi nang cao cha't Iffdng lao ddng, Tig'p tuc tap trung kign loan, dn dinh td chffc bg may va nang cao nang Iffc cho can bd quan ly; day manh hoat ddng truydn thdng - giao due chuyen ddi hanh vi tao sff chuyen ddi hanh vi ben vffng ve dan so', sffc khoe sinh san, ke' hoach boa gia dinh, tren cd sd eung ca'p thdng tin day du, phu hdp cho tffng nhdm dd'i tffdng tren dia ban.
(li) Day manh edng tac cham sdc sffc khde ban dau, tang cffdng the' life ngtfdi lao ddng, gdp phan phat trien ngudn cung sffc lao dgng cha't Itfdng cao
Can cd eac bien phap thie't thtfc de bao vg, eham sde sffc khde va nang cao the life toan dan. Thtfc hien td't cdng tae phdng cho'ng suy dinh dtfdng tre em, cha m sdc stfc khde hoc dtfdng kg't hdp vdi che' do dinh dtfdng hdp ly de dam bao tre em khi trtfdng thanh se cd tam vdc td't hdn cai thien cha't Iffdng ngudn lao ddng, De lam dtfdc dieu nay, Thanh phd nen tang ctfdng he thd'ng y tdd cac dia phtfdng, phattrien tuye'n y t e cdsd dam bao dap ffng nhu cau kham, chffa bgnh tai chd cho ngffdi dSn. Tang ctfdng he thdng y t e dtf phong ea ve to chffc, dao tao va dau ttf nang ca'p elc cd sd chuyen mdn. Bgn canh dd, cln quan tam phat trien cac dich vu cham sdc stfc khoe nham tang ctfdng the' Itfc cho ngtfdi lao dgng, nhtf: Phat dgng toan dan nang cao tri thffc ve cham sdc va bao ve sffc khde;
tang ctfdng dau ttf trang thie't bi, nang cao nang Iffc va cha't Itfdng dieu tn; hd trd phat trien mang Itfdi y te' dtf phong; lang ctfdng dao tao va phat trien Iffc Itfdng lao ddng
87
(iii) Thtfc hien td't phat trien giao due va dao tao Quy hoach lai he thdng mang Itfdi dao tao nghe theo htfdng xa hdi hda tap trung xay dtfng cac trtfdng nghe cha't Iffdng cao phu hdp vdi nhu cau phat trien eua thj trtfdng sffc lao ddng. Thanh pbdcan tfu tien dau ttf xay dtfng cae trtfdng nghe ed may moe thie't bi hien dai, cdng nghg cao ma ttf nhan khdng cd kha nang dau ttf de dao tao cdng nhan ky thuat cao nham dap ffng nhu cau lao dgng ky thuat cho eae nganh kinh te' mui nhon, cac nganh edng nghe eao va phuc vu cho nhu cau xua't khau lao ddng ky thuat cao. Tang ctfdng chffc nang quan ly nha ntfdc trong linh vffe dao tao nghe, dac biet md rdng he thd'ng thdng tin thi trtfdng sffc lao dgng tren pham vi toan Thanh phd' nham md rdng quy mo va nang cao chat Iffdng dao tao nghe, tang cffdng dao tao nghe dai ban theo dia chi, dao tao gan vdi ygu cau Clia thi trtfdng sffc lao ddng.
(iv) Tang cffdng quan ly va dam bao td't quyen ldi cho lao ddng nhap cff
Can ed chinb sach rieng ddi vdi lao ddng nhap cff, trong dd dam bao chii dgng dieu tie't qua trinh di ehuyen, sff dung cd hieu qua ngudn lao ddng nhap cff. Khi xay dffng chinh sach dd'i vdi ngffdi lao ddng nhap cff, Thanh phd'canquy dinh rd traeh nhiem, quyen ldi ciia ngffdi lao dOng, trach nhiem ciia cac cd quan chffc nang, ciia chinh quyen dia phffdng ndi ngffdi nhap cff sinh sdng, lam viec.
Chinh sach ve thi trffdng lao ddng phai dtfdc dieu chinh de tao dieu kien cho stf chuyen dich lao ddng giffa cac khu vtfc kinh te', bao gdm cae ehinh saeh ddng bd ve thong tin thi trtfdng lao ddng, tuyen dung, hdp ddng lao dgng, dich vu viee lam, ho trd chuyen ddi cdng viec.
Thd hai, phdt trien nguon cdu tren thi trucmg sdc lao dgng - Hoan thien cac van ban quy pham phap ve kinh doanh, tao mdi trtfdng thuan ldi cho cac khu vtfc kinh te' phat trien: Viec duy tri mdi trtfdng thuan ldi, dn dinh se la yeu to' quan trgng de cae chu the md rdng san xua't kinh doanh, thu hut dau ttf. Vi vay. Ha Ndi can thtfc hidn cac bien phap nham tao ra moi trtfdng dn dinh, ha'p din dot vdi cac doanh nghigp trong ntfdc va ntfdc ngoai, nhtf:
Chinh sach tfu dai ve thue, thue da't, thii tuc phap ly ddn gian, thuan ldi, dac biet can khuye'n khich phat trien cac doanh ngbiep vffa va nhd, vdi nhieu nganh nghe phii hdp trinh do ngtfdi lao dgng d ca khu vffe thanh thi va nong thdn, lao dgng gian ddn va lao dgng phffc tap. Tff
dd, cae doanh nghiep .0 dieu kJ^'lf J „ ^ I san xua't, diu hut ihem nguor^_
rgng
cong ngi nghe va nha't la - i.idn; dng. se tao ra sffc cau sffc lao dgng ngay cang tan -
-Phat tridn ke't ca'u ha tang 2 ^J dap tfng nhu clu san xuat. k..^^^^^^^^^^
giai quye't eac van de xa h g . Pha giao thong dffdng bd theo htfdng K
^di he thd'ng qud'c Id h , e n d , i t a m ^ « khu vtfc. Tap trung pha. men cac ^ c giao thdng dtfdng bO, ket noi he thong dtfdng s^t tren cao tff trung tam Thanh phd vdi cac tuye'n dtfdng vanh dai di cac Snh,thanhtrongkbuvffcpau ffdong bo nang ca'p, xay mdi he thong cap d en, ca'p nffdc dap tfng nhu cau san xuat va ddi sdng nhan dan, dac biet la cac khu cdng nghiep va dd thi ta_p trung. Phat tridn nganh btfu chinh vien thong hien dai ddng bo theo tieu chuan ky thuat so hda va ttf ddng hda nham dam baothong tin thdng sud't loan Thanh^phd.gan ket vdi Vung Kinh te trong diem Bac Bd.
- Da'y nhanh tdc do tang trtfdng kmh te: Tap trung cai thten manh me mdi trtfdng dau ttf, kinh doanh; Khuye'n khich ddi mdi sang tao, khdi nghiep di vao thtfc cha't hdn; Phat trien doanh nghiep ca ve so Itfdng va cha't Itfdng. Tie'p tuc ^tai cd ca'u cac nganh kinh te gan vdi ddi mdi md hinh lang trtfdng, nang cao nang suat, cha't Itfdng, higu qua va stfc canh tranh.
Thffc hien tdt hdn cong tac quan ly quy hoach, xay dtfng dd thi, xay dtfng ndng thdn mdi gSn vdi quan ly tai nguyen, bao vg mdi trtfdng. Tap trung tbu hut dau ttf xay dffng cac khu, cum cdng nghigp theo quy hoach, cac trung tam thtfdng mai, sieu thi, Phat trien che bien ndng - lam - thiiy san tap trung; day manh san xua't theo chudi gia tri, ffng dung cong nghe_cao trong ndng nghiep. Khuyen khich hd trd phat trie'n doanh nghigp. chuyen ddi hd kinh doanb ea the tbanh doanh nghiep. •
_ _ TATJLIEU THAM K H A O _ _ _ _ _ _ — — _ _
1. Tdng cue Thdng kg (2012-2019). Bdo cdo dieu tra lao ddng viic ldm ca<. nam 2011. 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017. 2018
2. Uy ban nhan dgn thanh phd Ha Ndi (2011). Bdo cdo tdng hgp quy hogch ithig thi plidt tnen kinh ti - xd hdi thdnh phdHd Noi din ndm 2020, dinh hudng din ndm 2030 ^
3. Le Xuan Ba, Nguydn Thi Kim Dung, Trin Hffu Han (2003)^ Mor 50 va/ • •, ,-,S„ ihi trudng sdc lao ddng 3 Viit Nam. Nxb Khoa hoc va Ky thuat. Ha Noi _
4. Pham Dffc Thanh, Pham Quy Tho, Thang Manh HdP,(2003). Van ae lai, -in,, , ^ , ^ ^ Viet Nam tff ddi mdi de'n nay, Tap chi Kinh leva Phdt tnen, 76 11- t.i
5. Nguydn Th. Thdm (2006). Thi trudng lao dgng VietNam - thuc trang va ^ ..,.^p _ ^^,^^
tri Qudc gia. Ha Ngi
