MO HiNH P H A T TRlfiN XA HOI LIEN XO: DAC DieM VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM
LiruVANAN*
Tom tat: Bai viSt phan tich dac diSm ciia mo hinh phat triln xa hpi Lien Xo.
Tren ca sd phan tich, danh gia va chi ra nhirng han chl, sai \im cua mo liinh phat trien xa hgi LiSn Xo, b^i viet rut ra ba bai hgc kinh ngliiem tu mo Wnh nay, do la: van dung sang tao nhihig nguyen ly co ban cua Chu nghia Mac - Lenin vdo xay dung mo hinh phat trien xa hgi; thuang xuyen nghien cihi thirc tien de dieu chinh doi min mo hinh phat triln xa hgi; chii trgng dac biet cong tac xay dung D ^ g .
Tie khda: Chu nghia xS hgi; Dang Cgng san Lien Xo; mo liinh phat triln xa h0i; m6 hinh Xo - vilt.
1. Md dau
Mo hinh phat trien xa hoi Lien Xo (hay mo hinh Xo viet), durgrc hinh thanh tren ca so hoc thuyet Mac - Lenin va thuc tiln thdng lo'i cua Cach mang Thang Muoi Nga (1917).
Sau Cach mang Thang Muci nam 1917, nirac Nga chinh thiic thilt lap nha nuac chuyen chinh vo san, xac lap cac yeu t6 d^u tien cua mo hinh phat trien xa hpi mai, do la - mo hinh Xo - viet.
Dual sir ISnh dao cua Dang Bonsevich, dling d^u.la V.I.Lenin, nuac Nga da vugt qua nhOng thai diem kho khan
"nghin cSn treo sm toe" di bao ve, giii vung chinh quyln nhan dan. Lien Xo ra dai nim 1922 va ngdy cang hung manh, bSt chap su tan cong dien cuong cua cac nu6c d l quoc va cac the lire phan dong trong nudc. Lien Xo da phat trien manh
me, la lire luang chu yeu danh b^i chii nghia phat xit trong Chiln tranh the gioi lan thll hai (1939 - 1945). Vai sir giup da cua Lien Xo, he thong cac nuac xa, hoi chu nghia dug'c thiet lap tir Chau Au, Chau A den khu virc My Latinh; la lire lirgmg chu yeu ngan chan chinh sach hieu chien cua chii nghia de quflc, bao ve hoa binh the giai, dong thai giiip da cac dan toe A - Phi - My Latinh vimg day dau tranh gianh doc lap dan toe, trong do nhieu nuac lira chgn con duong di lln chii nghia xa hpi.
Tuy nhien, den thap ky 70 cua thi ky XX, do khong kip th&i doi mai, mfl hinh Xo - viet boc lfl nhieu khuyet tat, nhat la CO che ke hoach hoa tap trung quan lilu
*'* Pho giao sir, tien sT, Hgc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyen.
Tap chi Khoa hoc xii hoi Viet Nam, so 3(88) - 2015
bao cap, xa hfli lam vao khiing hoang trim trpng. Nam 1985, Lien Xo tien hanh cai to nhung bj that bai va tan ra nam 1991.
2. Sac diem ciia mo hinh phat trien xa hoi Lien Xo
vi chinh tri, he thflng chinh tri xa hpi chii nghia duac thiet lap bao gom Dang Cpng san Lien Xo, Nha nuac Cpng hoa xa hpi chii nghia Xo - viet, cac tfl chuc chinh tri - xa hfli. Trong bp may nha nuac, co quan lap phap gflm hai vien (Vien Lien bang va Vien Dan tpc) co quyen luc ngang bang nhau, Doan chii tich Xo - viet toi cao Lien Xo la ca quan thuang true ciia ca hai vien. Ca quan hanh phap la Hpi dflng Bfl truong. Co quan tu phap gflm Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien Kilm sat nhan dan tfli cao, Toa an Trpng tai kinh te tfli cao. Dang lanh dao toan dien, tuyet doi Nha nuac va xa hfli. He thong chinh tri ciia cac nudc cpng hoa (15 nuac) ciing dupe thiet lap tuang tu nhu cap lien bang (trit Nga). Giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan lao dpng, duai sir lanh dao cua Dang Cpng san, tra thanh nguai chii thuc su, la lire luang trung tam ciia toan bfl doi song xa hpi.
Ye liinh te, che dp cong hiru ve tu lieu san xuat, dupe thiet lap duai hai hinh thiic nha nuac va tap the (khong con sa hiru tu nhan). Cflng nhan lam viec trong cac nha may, xi nghiep nha nuac; nong dan Iam viec trong eac nflng trang tSp
thi. Kinh te phat triln theo ke hoach, chi tieu da duac xac dinh. Mo hinh nay phat huy tac dung tflt trong nhiing thap ky dSu thi ky XX. Tir mpt nuac nflng nghiep lac hau, Lien Xfl da nhanh ehong tra thanh quflc gia cflng nghiep, co nen kinh t l dilng thir hai thi giai vcri toe dp phat trien cao, c6 trinh dfl khoa hpc - ky thuat hang dau the gicri. Trong hon 70 nam ton tai, tflc dp tang truang kinh te ciia Lien Xfl lufln gap dfli cua My.
Chinh nho mfl hinh do cho nen Lien Xfl da huy dpng duac site manh vat chat va tinh than bao ve thanh qua cua chu nghia xa hpi trong hoan canh cSm van, bao vay, tay chay, pha hoai ciia cae thi luc dl quoc; da giir vilng chinh quyen Xfl vilt; dap tan chu nghia phat xit (thcri ky 1941 1945); gop phlin quan trpng vao cflng cupc bao ve hoa binh thi giai. Che dp cflng hiru ve tu lieu san xuat, thai ky dau da dpng vien dupe sire manh ciia nguai lao dpng, phdn ddu vi mflt xa hpi tflt dep.
Ve xa hoi. Lien Xo dat thanh tuu dac biet nfli trpi, thi hien ro tinh uu viet cua xa hpi xa hpi chti nghia so vol xa hfli tu ban chu nghia. Trong khoang thoi gian 20 nam sau Cach mang Thang Muai, Lien Xfl da thanh toan xong nan mil chO cho toan thi dan cu va thuc hien chl dp giao due trung hoc bdt bupc 7 nam miln phi. Cac nha khoa hpc Xfl - vilt co nhilu phat minh, sang chl trong eac linh vuc toan hpc, vat ly hat nhan, v jt ly chdt
Mo hinh phat trien xa hpi Lien Xo...
ran, ca hpc luong tir, phan ling nhiet hach, kiem soat va chinh phuc vii tru.
HI thflng y te, cham soc site khoi cho nhan dan a Lien Xfl phat trien rpng rai.
Tat ca mpi nguoi dan duac kham chtta benh, chim soc sire khoe khflng mdt tien. Cac dich benh dupe xoa bo, sfl lupng bac si va giuong bflnh nhieu han hdn cac nuac tu ban phat triln. Dang va Nha nuac Lien Xo dac biet chu y den cong tac giao due, cham soc tre em, ngucri gia va phu nil. He thong nha tre, mau giao, trai he, nha nghi, nha duang lao phat trien rflng khap tren ca nuac.
Phu nO CO quyln lam viec binh ddng va nhan luong ngang vai nam gioi, dupe huang trp cap thai san. Tufli ve huu cua phu nir sam han so vc5'i nam giai va som han khoang 10 nam so veil phu nil fl' cac nuoc tu ban phat trien.
Mfl hinh phat trien xa hpi Lien Xo co nhieu uu dilm; la muc tiflu huong toi cua nhieu quflc gia; tao ra su thay dfli cSn ban trong tuang quan lire lupng theo huoaig CO lpi eho e4c lire lupng each mang tiln bp chflng dl quflc, phong kien tren toan thi gicii; thuc ddy su phat trien mjnh me eua phong trao cflng san va cflng nhan quflc tl, phong trao giai phong dan tpc, phong trao dSn ehu va hoa binh; ddy nhanh su tien bp cua nhan loai. Tuy nhien, tir thap ky 70 thi ky XX, mo hinh nay bfle 16 nhieu ban che.
Do cham dupe phat hien va khdc phuc nin mfl hinh do bi dfl v8.
Truac cai td, sai ldm Icin nhat ciia Dang Cflng san Lien Xfl la da xac lap mo hinh phat triln xa hfli khflng phu hop. Neu chii nghia xa hpi khflng bi khung hoang, suy yeu va tan ra tit ben trong bc'i nhung sai lam, khuylt tSt eua chinh minh, khong bi bien dang nghiem trpng, dupe dSn tin nhiem va ung hp, thi mpi am muu pha hoai cua chu nghia de quoc ciing that bai. Tren thuc te, tir sau Cach mang Thang Muai eho din khi bat dau cai tfl (nam 1985), Dang Cflng san Lien Xfl da xay dung va thuc thi ba mfl hinh phat trien xa hpi: mo hlnh chu nghia cpng san thdi chien (trong giai doan 1918 - 1921); mo hinh chinh sach kinh te mai (NEP) (trong giai doan 1921 - 1929); mo hinh chu nghia xa hoi nha nuac (trong giai doan 1929 - 1985). Dii hinh thiic the hien co khac nhau, nhung vl ca ban cac mfl hinh neu tren vin co cac dilm chung nhu sau:
Thir nhat, xdc lap chi So tpp trung quyen luc cao dp. Ben canh nhihig van dl CO tinh quy luat, Lien Xo xay dimg chu nghia xa hpi trong dieu kien phai dfli mat viii nhieu ke thu lan la nin chuyen che tan bao Sa hoang, chii nghia vo chinh phu va chu nghia dan tuy. Van de quan trpng sau khi lat dfl chl dp cu la phai xay d\mg mpt chinh quyln each mang, thu hiit su tham gia cila dong dao quan chiing vao vile quan ly dat nuo'c va xa hfli (nhu V.l.Llnin chii truang), thuc thi dan chu nhdm tiep tuc giai
Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hpi VietNam. sd 3(88) - 2015
phong xa hpi, giai phong con ngucri. The nhung, sau khi V.I.Lenin qua dcri (nam 1924), nhiing ngucri lanh dao Dang, Nha nuac Lien Xfl lai thiet lap mpt che dp chuyen quyen ca nhan cue doan, nhan manh mflt chieu chuyen chinh, bao luc, cuong chl. Qua trinh xay dung xa hpi da khflng coi viec doan ket, hoa hop cac lue lupng nhan dan, xay dung che dp nha nuo'c do nhan dan lam chu va tu quan la muc dich va dpng .lire ciia each msing. Nhirng quyen dan chu ca ban cua cflng dan tuy duac phap luat thira nhan, nhung khflng dupe thuc hien day du tren thuc te. Can bp, dang vien, nhdt la can bp lanh dao, trfl' thanh tdng Icip dac quyln dac lpi, xa ro'i qudn chiing. Mflt ehe dp xa hfli tap trung quyen lire cao dfl rdt xa la vai muc tieu va ly tuong cua hpc thuyet giai phong xa hpi do C.Mac va Ph.Angghen sang lap.
Thir hai, xdy dung the che kinh te ke hoach tap trung, quan lieu bao cdp cao dp. Sau khi xac lap che dp tap trung quyln lire eao dp vao tay minh, bai bfl chinh sach kinh te mai do V.l.Llnin dl xuong. Ban lanh dao Dang va Nha nuo'c Lien Xfl (do Xtalin dung dau) chuyin trpng tam boat dflng vao vile thiet \&p chl dp cflng hilu toan bp nen kinh te;
tien hanh tap thi hoa nong nghiep va thu cong nghiip; xoa bfl thuong nghiep;
thuc hiln chinh sach phan phfli theo khau phan binh quan trong toan xa hpi di dfli vo'i ddy manh cong nghiep hoa.
Tai Dai hpi ldn thur XVIII (nam 1938), Lien Xfl tuyen bfl, che dp xa hpi chii nghia da dupe thiet ISp hoan ehinh trong toan bfl nen kinh te quflc dan. Cac thanh phan kinh t l gpi la "phi xa hfli chu nghia" deu bi cu9ng che xoa bo. Cflng hiin hoa mflt nen san xuat nhfl phan tan, con khflng it yeu tfl tu nhien la trai vo'i quy luat phat triln khach quan. Sai lam khac la nha nuiic hoa, hanh chinh hoa toan bfl hoat dpng san xuat va phSn phfli. He qua la hinh thanh mflt nin kinh te hien vat, khflng co dpng lire, kem hieu qua, lang phi va thilu hut. Suot mdy chuc nam, nen kinh te Lien Xfl hojt dpng theo y chi ciia cae nha lanh dao Dang, Nha nucrc, da bo qua cac quy lu^t khach quan.
Thti ba, mdc nhieu sai ldm trong xdy dung he thong chinh tri. He thflng chinh tri Lien Xfl la mpt ehl dp tap trung cao dp, tach rcri ca sfli dan ehu, bi biln dang thanh chl dp tap trung quan lieu va ngay eang trdm trpng. Dang, Nha nuiic xa rcri ca sor xa hfli ctia minh la qudn chung nhan dan lao dflng. Dang va Nha nucic Lien Xfl tren thuc te da ap dung chi do ddn chu thdi chien eho thai ky hoa binh.
Do thilu mpt ea so xa hpi dan chu rpng rai, hoan thien, nin nin kinh t l khflng thi phat triln bin vihig, khflng phat huy dupe tinh tich cue sang tao ciia ngucri lao dpng.
Nha nucic xa hpi ehu nghia la "nha nuac nua nha nuac", nghia la tap trung
Mo hinh phdt trien xd hpi Lien Xo...
thirc hien chiic nang chu ylu la qudn ly xa hpi, to chuc xdy dtfng. Vay ma. Dang Cpng san da cucmg dieu chuyen ehinh, CO luc da lam dung bao lire (nhdt la thap ky 1930) vupt khufln khfl eua phap ehe xa hpi ehii nghia, ldy bao lire lam phuong tien de tang cuong su ehuyen quyln, dfle doan, dSn din nhOng hau qua rat tai hai. Nen dan chii chi con la hinh thirc, nguori dan thor a viii chinh tri, khflng quan tam din su lanh dao, quan ly ciia Dang va Nha nuac.
Thti tu, mdc nhieu sai ldm trong xdy dipig ddng cdm quyen. Dang Cflng san Lien Xfl la dpi tien phong cua giai cap cflng nhan va nhan dan lao dflng, co nhiem vu lanh dao cufle ddu tranh lat do che dfl ap birc boc Ipt, xay dung che dp xa hOi chu nghia, mang lai tu do, hanh phiic eho nhan dan. Dang phai dupe to ehiic va hoat dpng theo nguyen tac tap trung dan chu. Ddn chii phdi tro thdnh muc tieu vd sice manh cua Ddng. Nhung thuc t l a Lien Xfl sau khi V.l.Llnin qua doi, ddn chil trong Ddng bi vi phgm nghiem trong. Nhirng nguyen tac sinh hoat dan chii, dilu le Dang bi ehinh nhirng nguai lanh dao cao nhat eiia Dang vi pham. Tinh tieh cue tu giae chinh trj cila ddng vien bj giam sut. Truo'c nhitag sai ldm eua gioi lanh deio, dang viln co thai dp tilu cue: hoSe khflng tan thanh nhung hp khflng dam phat bieu y kien phan biln, hoac tin tuflng chap hanh mflt each mil quang. Trong Dang Cpng san, te
sung bai ea nhan bi ddy len den mirc tflt dinh, tham chi mang tinh tin nguSng ton giao (Tupng, chan dung Xtalin dat khap ncri ngay khi flng cfln sflng, Brizenhep nhan rat nhieu huan chuang, giai thucmg nha nucic...).
Theo Ph.M.Rudinxki, co thi chia 20 trieu dang vien Dang Cpng san Lien Xfl lam 4 lo£ii: 1) Nhiing dang vien chan chinh thuong chiem ty II nho; 2) Nhiing ngucri thuc hien, chap hanh chi thi, nghi quylt cua Dang nhu eai may (chiem khoang hon 96%); 3) Nhung ke co hfli, xu thai, ninh bp (phdn Ion trong bfl may cflng quyen); 4) Nhihig ngucri im lang (phan Ion hp la nhiing nguo'l eo hilu biet)'". N.l.Ruscflp, nguyen Uy vien Bfl Chinh trj, Chii tich Hpi dflng bp tnrong Lien Xo (1985 - 1990) cho rdng, trong Bdng Cong sdn Lien Xo da tdn tgi hai ddng: mpt dang eua hang chuc trieu dang vifln binh thuong va mflt dang cua nhOng quan chiic chop bu trong he thflng dang, nha nuac Lien Xfl'^'. Do nhung benh tat ke trin, nen dji bp phdn quan chiing nhan dan gidm long tin dfli vo'i su lanh dao cua Dang, thof a dfli vcii nhiing van dl chinh tri trpng dai ciia ddt nuiic; tham ehi co mflt so ngucri trflng
"' Ph.M.Rudinxki (2001), Vu an Bang Cpng sdn Lien Xo tgi Tda dn Hiin phdp, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi, tr.53.
' " N.l.Ruscop (1992), Cdi td: Lich sic cim nhicng vu phdn bpi. Ting cue I[ - Bo Qu6c phong, HaNgi,tr.33.
Tgp chi Khoa hoc xa hoi VietNam. $6 3(88) - 2015
chcr, mong mufln cfl sir thay dfli. Do la trang thai trong Dang va trong xa hpi Lien Xfl vao cuoi nhirng nam 80, ddu nhihig nam 90 ciia thi ky XX, dem trucic ciia sy sup dfl.
Co chl tap tnmg quan lilu va nhihig sai lam trong xdy dung dang da lam cho Ddng Cpng san Lien Xfl bi suy giam site chiln dau. Mpt bfl phan dang vien khi da CO churc, co quyin trfl' thanh nhttng phan tir quan lieu, dae quyen dac lpi, xa ro'i quan chiing. Bp phan nay bao gio' cflng la so it, nhung do khflng dupe thanh lpc kip tho'i nen lam quan chung gidm Slit niem tin vao Dang. Do nhiing sai lam, lech lac keo dai vd ngdy cang nghiem trpng do, eho nen Dang ngay cdng suy yeu ca ve chinh tri, tu tuong vd tfl chire. Dieu ca bdn vd chii yeu nhdt Id Ddng ddn ddnh mdt moi lien he gdn bo mdu thil voi nhdn ddn, mfli lien he tirng tao nin siic manh vfl dich eua Dang truo'c day. Do la bdi hpc Icin nhat cfl the nit ra tir su that bai ciia mfl hinh phat triln xa hpi Xo - viet. NhOng sai lam dfl cham dupe phat hiln, tham chi din thcri dilm khung hoang. Dang van khflng danh gia dung bdn chat eua sai ldm, nguyin nhan cua khung hoang, vi vay khflng xac l?p dupe giai phap dung dan de khac phuc.
Thic ndm, mdc nhieu sai ldm trong hoach dinh, thirc thi chinh sdch ddn toe.
Lien Xfl co trin 100 dan tpc. Che dp cu dl lai mpt di san qua nang ne (ehe dp
Nga hodng khet tilng la "nha tu cua cac dan tpc"), nhiing vdn di ddn tpc rdt phirc tap md chl dp mai phai giai quyet.
Thdnh tuu eua Ddng, Nha nuo'c Lien Xfl trong viec gidi quyet van de dan tflc Id rdt Ion. Trong hang chuc nam cac dan tflc da sflng hoa binh va hiiru nghi, song Dang cung da pham nhung sai ldm kha nghiem trpng, k l ca chinh sach dfli viii cdc dan tflc anh em trong khfli xd hpi chii nghia. Do la quan nilm giao dieu, dcm gidn hod mfli quan he gifta dan tpc va giai cap; theo quan niem do, mpt khi xoa bfl xong giai cap boc lot, tieu diet hit ap birc giai cap thi duong nhien van de ap birc ddn tpc, thdnh kien dan tpc cung dupe giai quyet. Dang Cflng san Lien Xo khflng nhan thirc ro tinh dpc lap tuong doi ciia ylu to dan tflc; co luc vi pham nghiem trpng nguyen tae dan tflc tu quyet; dp dat nhiing gia tri cua dan tflc Ion cho dan tflc nho; ehua eo chinh sdch thod dang de ket hpp hai hod lpi ich cua cae dan tpe; qua nhdn manh, tham ehi tuyet dfli hoa phuang dien kinh tl, giai cap, coi nhe nhftng ylu tfl khac nhu truyln thong, tinh cam dan tpc, ngon ngft, tinh dpc dao vi vto hoa.
Dang qua vol va, chu quan, tham chi ngp nhan khi tuyen bfl v i su hinh thanh cflng dflng lieh sii mai - cpng dflng Xfl - vilt; khflng chu y din su khdc biet dan tflc. Chinh sdch dflng hoa dan too vd xod bfl tin nguong tfln giao, phan biflt dfli xii gifta cac nhom dan cu trong cflng dflng
Mo hinfiphdt trien xa h^i Lien Xo...
cac dan tpc gay nen sir cang thang trong xa hpi.
Trong thai ky cdi td (1985 - 1991), ban lanh dao mflri do Goflcbachflp dirng dau da thi hien mong mufln thuc hien cupc cdi tfl toan bp co cau tfl ehirc, co che van hdnh ciia bfl may Dang, Nha nuo'c va qudn ly kinh te vol mpt tu duy mfli. Nhung cai tfl bat dau tu y chi, nguyen vpng ma khflng xdc djnh dupe duong Ifli, chien lupc, muc tilu, buo'c di cu thi. Liic dau, eac nhd lanh dao huiing vao viec thay dfli chinh sach, ea ehe, the chfl kinh te, giao quyen tu chu tai chinh, kinh doanh cho eac don vi san xuat, gidm bot sir can thiep ciia tfl chiic dang vd cae co quan nhd nuoc. Vile thay dfli lanh dao cac cdp, eae nganh dupe tien hdnh hang lo^t a Trung uong vd cac dja phuang. Cupc dau tranh trong npi bfl ban lanh dao mo'i ngay tir dau da diln ra gay gdt khflng chi vl each thirc cai tfl, md ca ve quan diem, duong Ifli cai tfl.
Trong Dang xuat hien hai khuynh huong khdc nhau dan den hinh thanh hai phai dfli lap trong Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uong (thuong dupe gpi la phdi cdp tien vaphdi bdo thil). Dimg ddu hai phai la nhdn vat thii nhdt vd nhan vat thii hai trong Bfl Chinh tri; dfl la Goocbachop va Ligaehflp.
Phai cdp tiln cho rdng, khflng phd bfl bp may tfl chtic cu thi khflng thyc hiln dugc eong cupc cai tfl. Sii dung cae phucmg tiln thflng tin dai chiing, Goflcbachflp phat dpng chiln dich to cdo (gpi la cong
khai boa) tap trung len an nhftng sai lam trong lich sit Lien Xfl, phe phdn bfl may quan lieu cua Dang vd Nha nuo'c. Chien dich ndy nhanh chflng biln thdnh mpt trao luu len an Dang Cpng sdn va chi dp xa hfli chil nghia. Nhung nguo'l bat man vo'i che dp, nhimg gia dinh co nguo'l bi chit oan duoi tho'i Xtalin tap hpp lai doi phai thay dfli thi che chinh tri. Nhan co hfli ndy, nhimg mau thuan am i tir Idu, nhat la nhftng mau thuan dan tpc, tfln giao bimg phdt, co noi xay ra bao loan, tranh chap ldnh tho. Ban khong khi chinh tri trong Ddng va xa hpi tro nen cang thang. Nhieu lyc lugng moi, khuynh huong moi hinh thdnh vd phfli hpp vo'i nhau thanh mflt mat tran chinh tri chflng chinh quyen. Dang Cpng san tra thanh dfli tupng chii ylu cua cupc tiln eflng. Todn xa hfli bi hut vao nhftng cupc tranh ludn, phe phdn trien miln nhung thieu djnh huong. Do'i sflng kinh te rfli loan vd bi thd noi. Cflng cufle cai tfl liic dau vfln Id tdt ylu, sau do dan dan mdt phuong huong, khflng thi kilm sodt. Ket qua Id xd hpi hon loan, kinh te sa sut, doi sflng nhan dan khfl khto, ca eye. Nguflii dto chto nto, mat long tin vao Dang, Chinh phu (nhiiu nguo'l quay sang tim niem tin b tfln giao). Nfli bp Ddng chia re va phan hod sdu sac, bp may nha nuo'c gan nhu te lilt. Cufle khung hoang toan diln, sau sdc khflng duac khac phuc kjp thai, da ddy nhanh qua trinh tan ra Lien Xfl.
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hoi VietNam, sd 3(88) -2015
3. Biii hoc kinh nghiem riit ra tir mo hinh phat trien xa hoi Lien XS
Thie nhdt, van dung sdng tao nhicng nguyen ly co bdn ciia chii nghia Mdc - Lenin vdo xdy dimg md hinh phdt trien xd hdi. Nhto thuc sai va van dung khflng dung hpc thuyet Mac Lenin (nhat la ly luan ve chu nghia xd hfli, nhu hpc thuyet ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hfli, ve dau tranh giai cap, ve quy luat quan he sto xudt phai phu hpp vo'i tinh chdt vd trinh dp cua lyc lugng san xudt, quy luat thuang tang kien tnic phai phii hpp vol ha ttog ca so', nhiing vto de tinh chdt, dac diem, npi dung, quy ludt cua tho'i ky qua dfl lln chu nghia xd hfli...), dto den viec de ra duong Ifli, chien lupc vd sach lupc sai ldm trong thiet kl mfl hinh xd hfli xa hpi chu nghia. Bdi hpc nit ra Id; phdi cto eft vdo trinh dp lyc lugng sto xuat dl thilt lap quan he san xudt phii hop, phdi gidi quyet hai boa, dflng bp mfli quan he gifta chinh tri vd kinh te, phai xac dinh cflng cupc xdy dyng chu nghia xa hpi la mflt tho'i ky kho khan, phftc tap, Idu dai, khong the nong vpi, khflng dupe dflt chay giai doan de chay theo thdnh tich.
Thic hai, thucmg xuyen nghien cieu thiec tien de dieu chinh, ddi mai md hlnh phdt trien xa hdi. Mfl hinh phat trien xa hfli Lien Xfl vl ea bto phii hpp vol tho'i ky chien tranh, trong boi cdnh bi eac nucic de quoc bao vay, cam van, nhung khflng phii hop trong tho'i ky hoa binh.
Sau nhftng nam thtog phto dau gian khfl, hy sinh tdt ea vi sy nghiep dpc IJip dan tpe, nguo'l dto co quyln doi hfli nang cao do'i sflng vdt chdt vd tinh thto, dupe ty do phdt huy kha ntog stog tao ca nhto. Do cung la xu huong phat trien chung cua tho'i dai. Xay dung trin ca so' ly ludn sai lam, mo hinh chu nghia xd hpi nhd nuo'c mang tinh chdt "td khuynh" cyc doan da khflng phdt huy ddy du dupe nhung tinh uu viet ctia chu nghia xa hfli. Bai hpc nit ra la: phai thuong xuyen bam sat thue tien de dfli miii; phdi ldy con nguo'l ldm trung tam;
phai coi phuc vu eon nguo'l, dap img nhitng nhu can ngay ctog cao cila nguoi dto Id muc tieu cua sy phat triln, cfla che dp. Cupc song van dflng, biln dfli khflng ngimg, mpt mfl hinh phat triln xd hfli dfl CO uu vilt den mdy thi cung chi phfl hpp trong mpt giai doan nhdt dinh, khflng thi keo ddi qud lau, doi hfli phdi bfl sung, phat trien dap ting yeu cdu cfla tinh hinh moi. Day cung Id nguyin tdc ca ban cfla chti nghia Mae - Lenin.
Thic ba, chu trong ddc biet cdng tdc xdy dttng Ddng. Nhimg sai ldm, khilm khuylt trong cong tae xdy dyng Ddng Id nguyfln nhdn cfla mpi nguyen nhan din den tan rd ehi dp xa hpi ehu nghia. Sau khi V.l.Llnin mdt. Dang Cong sdn Lien Xfl dupe xdy dyng nhu mot cdu trfle nha nuo'c, thau torn mpi quyin htoh, sit dung, dinh doat toto bp tai sdn cfla ddt nucic, thue hien ehiic ntog eua mpt nha 10
Mo hinfiphdt trien xa hgi Lien Xo...
nuo'c, dat minh tren nha nude vd xd hpi, diflu hdnh tat ca mpi cflng viec thupc thdm quyfln cfla nhd nuo'c. Do khflng chfl trpng vdo chiie ntog chinh Id lanh dao, dinh hucing, xay dyng chiln lupc phdt triln ddt nuo'c, do sa vao chi dao, gidi quyet nhimg eflng viec sir vu, tdm ngdn han, n?ng ve qudn ly nen Dang tra thanh bfl may htoh ehinh thu hai, dflng tren bp may nhd nuo'c dang van hanh;
dilu dfl dto din su chflng cheo, giam hilu qua lanh dao, quan ly. Cto bp Itoh dao Dtog ngay eang quan lieu, tha hod, danh mat vai tro tien phong, khflng quan tam den lpi ich cfla giai cap cflng nhto vd nhan dan lao dpng, ddn xa ro'i quto chflng va mat dan ca so' giai cap va ca so xa hfli. Bai hpc rflt ra Id: phdi tap trung xay dyng Dang trong sach, vimg m?nh; khflng quan lieu, tham nhung;
cto bp lanh dao cao cap phdi neu guong ve y thue trach nhiem vo'i quoc gia - dan tflc, ve dao diic trucic nhdn dto khflng quan lilu, khflng tham nhung. Ddng phdi tap trung thuc hien chuc ntog nhiem vu chinh cfla minh Id xdy dyng ducmg loi, djnh huong phat triin ddt nuo'c, Itoh djo Nhd nuo'c thyc hien tflt chftc nang quan ly, tao moi truang eho xd hpi phat trien;
phdi phto dinh rS chuc nSng lanh dao cua Dtog viii ehirc ntog qudn ly cfla Nha nucic, Dtog khflng lam thay Nhd nuo'c; Dtog phdi gta bo mat thiet vol nhan dto, ndm rfl nhu cau cua nhto dan, dai diln cho lpi ich cfla cae ttog lap
nhan dan, de ra duong Ifli giai quylt cfl hieu qud nhftng van dl do thyc tien dat ra. Co nhu vay, Ddng mo'i dupe nhto dto flng hp, bao ve khi Ddng gap kho khto.
Nhu vdy, trong mpt tho'i gian dai, 6' Lien Xfl va cac nuac xa hfli chu nghia Dong Au, mfl hinh Xfl - viit da timg phat huy vai tro tich cyc, tao nen sy fln dinh xd hpi thflng qua nhihig chinh sach quan tdm den mpi mat dcri sflng con nguoi.
Tuy nhiln, ctog vl sau no ctag bpc lfl nhieu khuyet tat, thieu dta chfl, kem hieu qud. Chinh dilu dfl da kim ham, thdm chi lam triet tieu dpng luc cfla sy phat trien.
Nhung nuo'c ap dung mfl hinh dfl dto dto lam vao tinh trang tri tre, khung hotog kinh te - xa hpi tram trpng. Tuy nhien, chung ta cung cdn nghien eiiu de rflt ra bai hpc cd tur thdnh cflng vd that bai, phuc vu cho viec xdy dyng mfl hinh phat triln xd hpi mo'i phfl hc;rp voi tho'i ky tota cau hoa vd hfli nhap quflc te.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Hoang Chi Bao, Doan Minh Huin (D6ng chu bien) (2012), Nhicng vdn de ly lugn ca bdn ve phdt trien xa hgi vd qudn lyphdt trien xd hgi hiin nay, van dung cho Vi$t Nam, Nxb Chi'nh tri quoc gia. Ha Ngi.
2. Luu Van An (2013), "Mo hinh the chl chinh trj Lien Xo - dac di6m, gia tri va han che".
Tap chi Ly lugn Chinh tri vd Truyen thdng, s6 4.
3. Luu Van An (2014), Ly thuyit vd md hinh phdt trim xa hgi, Nxb Ly luan chinh tri. Ha Ngi.
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