NONG NGHIEP-NONGTHON
Ly luqn va thiic tiin ve chudi gia trj ttijt Ion va bai hoc Icinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
PHAM THI TAN PHAM VAN HUNG
3 ^ d j viei khdi quat tinh hinh nghiin cUu vi chudi gid tri tren the gidi ud Viit Nam, thda
^ ^ luan cdc quan diem ve chudi gid tri thit Ian, phan tich cdc khdi niem, bo phan, tdc nhan tham gia chudi gia. tri thit lOn, thdo luan mot somd hinh chudi gid tri thit lOn tren the gidi, rilt ra bdi hoc cho phdt triin chudi gid tri thit lOn vd bitdc ddu di xuat khung phan tich ve chudi gid tri thit Icfn d Viet Nam.
1. G i d i t h i e u
N g a n h c h a n nudi d Viet N a m trong nhiing n a m q u a ed sU p h a t t r i e n n h a n h chdng, trong dd cd n g d n h chan nudi Idn, tU 21,8 tridu cdn n a m 2001 d e n n a m 2013 d a t t r e n 26,2 tridu eon {Vien C h a n nudi, 2013), ddng gdp 28% vao ty t r p n g tdng gia t r i ndng nghiep. Tuy nhien, sU t a n g t r u d n g cua chdn nudi Idn chua tUdng xUng vdi tiem n a n g . Nguyen n h a n chu yd'u cua thUc t r a n g dd l a san xua't gid'ng chua td't, gia thUe a n ead, gia b a n r a bd'p b e n h , qua t r i n h l u u thdng, tieu t h u Idn t h i t chua on dinh, sU h e n kdt c u a cac t a c n h a n t r o n g chudi cdn long leo (Le Ngpc Hudng, 2012). Do vdy de chdn nudi Idn p h a t trien t h i c^n cd sU hd trd ciing n h u hdp tac c u a cdc t a c n h a n k h a c t r o n g chudi tU ngUdi s a n xud't d e n ngUdi tieu dimg cud'i cung. Viec lidn ke't cac t a c n h a n t h a m gia trong q u a t r i n h s a n xud't va tieu t h u Id x u hudng p h a t tridn c u a n e n s a n xua't h a n g hda trong do cd n g a n h c h a n nudi Idn thit; d a m bao sU lien ke't giiia cac k h a u , p h a n phd'i Idi ich hdp ly giiia cac t a c n h a n dem lai sU p h a t trien b e n vi2ng ciia chudi gia t r i s a n p b d m t h i t Idn.
2 . T o n g q u a n c a c n g h i e n cijfu v e c h u d i g i a t r i t r e n t h e g i 6 i v a V i e t N a m Nghien cUu ve ehudi gia t r i t r e n t h e gidi da dUdc dd cap tU ra't sdm: (1) n a m 1988, Durufle, F a b r e vd Yung da ap dung phUdng p h a p filiere (ehudi, mach) nghien cUu d a n h
gia chudi ve m a t k i n h te', t a i chinh. Nghien eUu da t a p t r u n g vao v a n de tao t h u n h a p va p h a n phd'i t h u nhdp trong ehudi h a n g hda, p h a n tich cac chi phi va t h u n h a p gifla cac t h a n h ph^n kinh doanh ndi dia va qud'c te' dd p h a n tich sU a n h hudng eua chudi de'n n e n k i n h te quoc ddn va sU ddng gdp cua nd vao GDP. (2) Michael Porter (1985) da dimg k h u n g p h a n tich chudi gia t r i de xem xet cdng ty, xac dinh vi the' cdng ty trong t h i trudng va mdi quan h e vdi cac nhd cung cap, khach hang, ddi t h u canh t r a n h . (3) Gereffi va Korzenniewiez (1994) va Kaplinsky (1999) da dua r a phUdng p h a p tid'p can tdan c^u vd chudi gia tri, dUa r a k h u n g p h a n tich dd hieu each thUe m a cac cdng ty va qud'c gia hdi n h a p toan c4u, de ddnh gia cac yd'u td' quyet dinh de'n p h d n phd'i t h u n h a p todn c a u thdng qua viec lap sd dd hoat ddng trong chudi v a p h d n tich ehudi de lam sang td cdng ty, vung, qud'c gia dUdc ke't ndi vdi n e n kinh t d toan c^u n h u thd' nao.
O Viet Nam, ke tU n a m 2000 cac n g h i e n cUu ve p h a n tich chudi gia t r i ndi c h u n g dUdc chu y, dac biet vai n a m g a n day d a xua't hien mdt sd' nghien cUu vd chudi gia t r i n h u "Nghien cUu chudi gia t r i t h i t bd viang d u y e n h a i Nam Trung Bd, Hd Cao Viet (2012)".
Pham Thi Tan; Pham Van Hiing, TS., Hoc vi6n NOng nghiep Viet Nam.
41
Ly ludn va thUc tiin ve chudi gia trj -
Nghidn cUu da chi r a ty trpng Idi n h u a n va t h u n h a p ma't can ddi giiia eac tac n h a n trong ehudi cho tha'y t i n h kem ben vflng trong chudi. Le Ngpe Hudng (2011), vdi
"Nghien cUu nganh hdng thit Idn trdn dia b a n tinh Hung Yen", da nghien eUu ta't ca cac hoat ddng tfl san xuat, che bid'n de'n tieu thu, tUdng Ung vdi cae boat ddng dd cd cac nhdm tae n h a n khac nhau, mdi quan he eua cae nhdm tac nhdn, cae the chd va ed che thi trudng, nhflng thach thUc va cd hdi do! vdi tflng nhdm tae nhan.
Cd thd ndi, cho de'n nay, trong cac cong trinh md tae gia da tiep cdn, ehUa cd mot nghien eflu nao di sau nghidn eflu p h a n tich d l y du mot chuoi gia tri thit Idn. Dac biet dd phat trien bdn vflng chudi gia tri, chudi gia tri thit Idn can dupe nhin n h d n mdt each todn didn de hUdng tdi nang eao ke't qua, hieu qua khdng nhflng ciia tflng tac n h d n t h a m gia ma cdn ea todn bd ehudi. Hdn nfla, c i n cd cac nghien eflu sau hdn tdi tinh cdng bang trong vide tie'p n h a n thdng tin, chia se chi phi, Idi ich dua tren ddng gdp tflng tae n h a n tren ehudi; vd mat quan tri chudi c i n thid't d a n h gia tinh linh boat, k h a nang dap Ung va eha't lUdng san pham dUdc tad r a tfl ehudi gia tri thit Idn.
3. P h a n t i c h c h u o i g i a t r i t h i t I d n 3.1. Khdi quat ve chuoi gid tri Theo sfl phan loai ve khai nidm, ed ba ludng nghien cUu chinh trong eac tai heu ve ehudi gia tri: phUdng phap fihere; khung phan tich do Porter Idp ra; phUdng phap toan c i u do Kaplinsly dd xua't.
• PhUdng phap Filieres (ehudi): la t i n h lidn tuc cua cac hoat ddng tae ddng de'n vide chuyen giao mot m a t hang (hoac mdt loat cac m a t hang) de'n tay ngUdi tieu dung, tai giai doan cud'i cung cua tien trinh (Morvan, 1999); hay la tap hdp nhflng tac n h a n kinh t e trUe tiep ddng gdp vao san xud't, che bie'n va giao chuyen thi trudng (Durufle et al. 1988).
• Khung p h a n tich ciia Porter (1985) ve eac Idi the' canh tranh: theo Micheal Porter
(1985), ngudi d i u t i e n p h a t bieu khai niem chudi gia tri, bien l u a n r a n g ehudi gia tri bao gdm cac boat ddng chinh va cac boat dong bo trd tao n e n Idi t h e canh t r a n h khi ca'u hinh p h u hdp. Cac boat ddng chinh la eae hoat ddng hudng den vide chuydn ddi ve mat vat ly va quan ly san p h ^ m h o a n t h a n h de cung clip eho khach h a n g .
• Ddn nam 1999, mot khai niem cu the hdn trong nghien cihi ndng san dUdc KapHnsly difa r a Id: "Chudi gia tri md t a tdng the cac hoat ddng c I n thie't de dUa san ph^m hay dieh vu tii y tudng, thdng qua t r u n g gian san xu^t, dita tdi ngUdi tieu dung cuoi cung va loai bd sau Mii sfl dung". Khai niem nay hidu theo hai each khac n h a u (Kaphnsky va Morris, 2001):
- Theo nghia hep: chuoi gia tri la mot loat cae boat dong thUc hidn trong mot ddn vi san xud't (cdng ty, ddanh nghiep...) dd san xu§!t ra mdt san pham nhd't dinh. Td't ca nhflng boat ddng nay tao t h a n h mdt chudi ket ndi gifla ngUdi san xuat va ngUdi tieu dung.
- Theo nghia rdng: ehudi gia tri la tdp hdp cua nhflng boat ddng do nhieu ngUdi tham gia khac n h a u thflc hien nhU: ngUdi san xu^t, che bid'n, t h u gom, chu budn, ngUdi cung c^p dieh vu, ngUdi b a n le..., de bien mdt nguySa lieu thd t h a n h t h a n h p h a m dUde ngUdi tieu dung sfl dung.
3.2. Nghien ciiu chuoi gid tri thit Ion 3.2.1. Chuoi gid tri thit Icfn
Theo each tid'p cdn tong hdp cua Micheal Porter (1985), Kaplinsky va Morris (2000) c6 t h e hidu chudi gia tri t h i t Idn la tap hdp cac boat ddng tfl ngUdi s a n xud't de'n ngUdi ti&u dung cud'i cflng, gdm eac tac n h a n sau: (i) ngudi san xua't (hp gia dinh, t r a n g trai...); (ii) ngUdi t h u gom (thUdng lai); (iii) ngUdi che bie'n (gidt, mo, chd bien); (iv) ngudi ban budn, b a n le; (v) ngudi tieu dung. Trong qua trinh nay khdng chi cd eac tac n h a n ndu tren ma cdn ed sU t h a m gia va cung cd'p dieh vu cua ra't nhidu td chflc k h a c nhU: Vien Chan nudi, ngan hang, cac n h a khoa hoc trong viSn nghien cUu va chuydn giao eac tidn bd khoa hpe ky thuat... Q u a n hd cua cac tac nhan nay
42 Nghien ciiu Kinh tSs6436 - Thing 9/2014
Ly luan va ttiuc tidn ve chudi gia trj.
dua t r e n ddng thdng tin, ddng hdng hda (dieh vu) va ddng tien t r d n ehudi. Su v a n ddng eua ehudi gia t r i cdn chiu tac ddng bdi cac tac
n h a n va ydu t d bdn ngoai chudi nhU hd thdng cung Ung, boat ddng marketing, he thong l u a t p h a p , cung c l u h a n g hda.
SO DO 1: C h u o i g i a t r i t h i t Itfn t i e u b i e u
Nguon: cap nhat tir Vien Chitfn luoc va chinh sach n6ng nghisp nOng thtfn, 2006.
3.2.2. Ddc diem cua chudi gid tri thit Icfn (i) Dae diem ve ehan nudi
Dinh Xuan Tung (2013) da chi r a dac diem cua n g d n h chan nudi Idn bao gdm nhflng yeu td' sau:
L a mot n g d n h h a n g q u a n trpng trong he thdng cac n g a n h h a n g ndng san. Su phat trien cua chan nudi Idn t h i t gdp p h a n vdo sU phat trien chung cua n g a n h chan nudi va dang p h u hdp vdi xu the' chuyen dieh cd ed'u kinh te'.
P h a n b d khdng ddng deu gifla cac vung mien trong nUde. C h a n nudi quy md nho chid'm da sd', cu t h e la khoang 80% d a n Idn d quy md nhd, nudi tfl 1 de'n 10 con va khoang 10% la quy md gifla nhd va vfla, 10%
cdn lai la quy md vfla va quy md Idn. Nhin chung quy md chdn nudi eua eac ndng hd cdn rd't nhd, m a n h mun, chu ye'u la ehan nudi t d n dung (Kinh el al, 2010). Cac gid'ng Idn thUdng dfldc p h d n r a theo giong dia phfldng, gid'ng lai Qai gifla Idn dia phfldng va gidng ngoai) va gidng ngoai.
Phfldng thUe chan nudi: chan nudi Idn d Viet N a m thudng dUde p h a n theo 2 he thong (Drucker el at, 2006). Chan nudi t h a m canh thed hudng thUdng mai (chu yd'u Id sxi dung thiic a n hdn hdp, ddm dac thUdng p h a m ed nSng lUdng va protein eao) vd chan nudi quang canh (ehan nudi ndng hp theo kieu t a n dung). Cae nong hd ehan nudi Idn t h u d n g chi nudi 1 dd'n 2 con Idn nai, k h o a n g 10 con Idn thit, chu ye'u dUa vdd ngudn thflc an s i n cd cua dia phUdng.
Ky t h u a t chan nudi Idn thit ddn gian hdn ehan nudi Idn n a i va Idn cdn, phu hdp vdi p h i n Idn cac hd gia dinh ndng ddn. Chu ky chan nudi Idn thit ngan, thfldng 3 - 4 t h a n g , quay vdng vdn n h a n h .
Ldn cd t h e mac mdt sd benh truyen nhiem.
Ne'u cdng tae t h u y khdng chu dao, d i u tU vdn vao nudi ldn cd the gap rui ro ldn, nhieu khi md't ca vd'n l l n lai. Mdt sd' bdnh cd t h e gdy nguy Mem eho ngUdi (Lemke et al, 2000).
(ii) Dae diem vd che' bien va tieu t h u san p h a m
Ty le tieu t h u ndi dia la k h a ldn, s a n p h a m tieu t h u da dang, phong phu: ngodi san p h a m ehinh la t h i t xe, t h i t m a n h p h u c vu eho ea tieu t h u trong nUdc va x u a t k h a u , d t h i t r u d n g ndi dia nhidu nude cdn cd eac san p h a m nhU: d i u , long, ehan gid.... Ngodi eac san p h a m tUdi sd'ng, t h i t ldn cdn cd t h e che bie'n de tao r a n h i e u san p h a m hdp d a n k h a c n h u gid eha, rude, eac s a n p h ^ m t h i t b u n khdi, t h i t hop..., cac san p h ^ m n a y ngay cang dUde ngUdi tieu dung Ua ehupng.
Cdng nghe che' bie'n chu ye'u vdn la t h u cdng, sd' n h a may che' bidn t h i t ldn khdng nhieu. Nhflng san p h a m che'bie'n tfl t h i t ldn ma p h a n ldn ngUdi tieu d u n g Viet N a m sfl d u n g n h u gid, cha, nem... deu che'bie'n t h u cdng, khdng q u a day chuyen cdng nghidp.
Do vay, k h a u tiet t r u n g ndi rieng, vd sinh a n t o a n t h u c p h d m ndi c h u n g khd dUde k i e m duyet (Le Ngpc Hudng, 2011). Tfl ldn hdi, q u a k h a u gidt md, khdng ton n h i e u thdi gian da cho r a san p h a m t h i t ldn, tieu t h u t r e n
Nghien ciiu Kmh ti'so436 • Thing 9/2014 43
Ly ludn va thtfc tiin vi chudi gid trj...
t h i t r u d n g ndi dia chu yd'u Id loai nay. San p h i m thit ldn thdng thudng dUde chia ldm nhieu loai n h u thit t h a n , thit mdng, sUdn...
vdi gia ca khdc n h a u , mflc tieu t h u binh quan cung khac n h a u .
Thit ldn la san p h a m tfldi sdng, cd thd bao quan de keo dai thdi gian sxi dung nhflng khdng the qua Idu. San p h a m thit ldn mud'n xuat k h ^ u dUde, phai qua k h a u che' bid'n vdi quy t r i n h nghiem ngat, dam bao tieu chuan do dd'i tae quy dinh. Vdi nhflng quy dinh n h u hidn nay, san p h a m thit ldn d nUde t a rd't khd t h a m nhdp cac thi trUdng khd t i n h n h u Chau Au, Nh^t Ban...
Gia ca da dang, phong phu, bie'n ddng:
gia m u a va gia ban cac san p h i m ciia tflng tae n h a n cflng hoan toan khac n h a u , nha't la cac san p h a m ed dac trUng rieng. Chang han, ngudi chd bid'n rude thit cd t h i b a n san p h i m eha't lUdng cao nha't vdi gia ga'p 3 - 4 Ian gia cua mdt kg ldn thit nae.
(iii) Dac diem ve p h a n phd'i gia t r i va ludng thdng tin gifla cdc tae n h a n
Theo Dinh Xuan Tung va cdng sU (2010), boat ddng cua k e n h tieu t h u san p h a m chan nudi ldn k h a phfle tap, qua nhidu k h a u va lien quan de'n nhieu t h a n h p h i n khac n h a u . Khi thi trudng tieu t h u di qua nhieu k h a u t r u n g gian, Idi n h u a n se bi chia se, khdng chi ngudi ehan nudi t h u dUde Idi n h u a n it, ma cdn ldm eho gia de'n tay ngudi tidu dflng eao, ldm giam k h a n a n g tieu t h u eua san pham t r e n thi trUdng. Tuy nhien, h a u bdt ngUdi t h u gom va lai budn de'n t a n hp ehan nudi de t h u m u a san p h i m , bdi vi thieu chd b a n budn ct eac dia phUdng n e n da h a n chd cd hdi trao ddi trUc tid'p gifla hp ehan nudi va k h a c h hdng. Ben canh dd, cac hp chan nudi cdn bi b a n che ngudn thdng tin ve gia, v l gid'ng, ky t h u a t chan nudi, thflc dn, chinh sach,... Do dd, sU bdp meo thdng tin trong thi trfldng ehan nudi cdng ldn, gay ba't Idi dd'i vdi ngUdi san xud't.
3.2.3. Nghien citu chudi gid tri thit Icfn cua mdt so'nitdc tren the gidi
(i) Chudi gia tri thit ldn d My
Nghien eflu ve n g a n h e h a n nudi ldn cua My tha'y ndi bdt ldn la cdng tae phdng chdng dich bdnh, dam bao chd't lUdng ve sinh an todn t h u c p h i m va vide My dd'i phd khi co dich xay r a n h a m giam thidu t h i e t hai cho n g a n h chan nudi, cu t h e :
- K h a u cung cung cd'p d a u vad ( p h i n diu ehudi gid'ng, thflc an, chuong trai...). Gidng ldn chu ye'u dUde ehan nudi d My la ba loai gidng dupe lai tao, ehpn Ipc cho nang suit cao, Landrace va Yorkshire, Berkshire, Duroc. Quy md chan nudi h a u het theo hinh thflc t h a m canh, k h u vUc chan nudi ldn nam trdng v a n h dai b i p vung Tay B i c My gifla cae bang Iowa, Illinois, North Carolina, Minnesota va Nebraska. Ndn chuong cho nudi ldn ddu dUdc lat b a n g bdtdng, ldn nuoi trdn san bdng nhUa. Cd h e thong thoat phan va nUdc t h a i (nude tidu + nUdc rfla chuong,...) theo ap lUc am. Toan bp h e thdhg dien cung cd'p de t h i p sang va v a n h a n h cae thie't bj trong chuong nudi dUde p h a n phdi theo ehUdng t r i n h da cdi dat san. He thd'ng cip, thoat nude va xfl ly nude deu tU ddng.
- Khdu t h u gom: h a u he't eae trang trai, k h u ehan nudi ddu ky hdp ddng trUdc vdi cac Id md tai eae Bang d My, hdp ddng nay dfldc ky kdt tfl khi b a t d i u thflc hien nudi cay con gid'ng de'n khi xud't chuong. Trdng qua trinh chan nudi dUde giam s a t c h a t che bdi mot n h a n vien eua Id md. Trong qua trinh v^n chuyen eon ldn p h a i dUdc nhdt gifl bdi mot ngUdi dupe dao tao td't ve ky t h u a t cham soc ldn va khdng de cho con ldn bi treo len hoac keu lien tuc hoac bi kich dong.
- Khau gidt md: trUdc k h i giet md eon ldn phai bao d a m cac dieu kien: khde manh, than nhidt binh thudng, khdng cd trieu chflng bdnh hoac nhflng t r i e u chUng ba't thfldng khac, cd gia'y chflng n h a n kiem dich do cd q u a n t h u y va giay chflng n h a n tiem phong do cd q u a n t h u y dia phfldng ca'p. TrUdc khi giet md moi con ldn p h a i dUde can bd thfl y kiem t r a lam s a n g it nha:t 3 l i n va sau khi cdng viec giet md h o a n t h a n h , cae san phim n h u thit, luc p h u ngfl t a n g se tidp tuc phai
44 Nghiin ciiU Kinh tSs6436 - Thing 9/2014
Ly luan vd thuc tidn ve chudi gid trj.
trai qua nhiing k h a u kidm tra bet sflc nghiem ngat.
- B a n budn, b a n le: ta't ca thit ldn tidu t h u tai cac chd, sidu t h i t a i My deu phai ghi ngudn gd'c xud't xfl cua ldn. Ngfldi b a n phai k h a i bao t h i t ldn dfldc la'y tfl b a n g nao va tai ndi giet md nad. Ta't ea eac q u i y b a n budn, b a n le t h i t thupc quyen q u a n ly cua mdi bang va quy t r i n h kidm t r a VSATTP cflng dfldc kiem soat r d i chat che.
(ii) Chudi gia tri t h i t ldn d N h a t B a n Nghidn eflu chudi gia tri thit ldn cua N h a t cho tha'y ndi b a t la kidm soat an tdan thflc p h i m :
Viec kiem soat a n toan thflc p h a m theo chuoi d N h a t B a n dfldc h i n h t h a n h xua't p h a t tfl dd xua't thie't lap ehudi eae n h a chan nudi ldn. Ta't ca cac n h a san xud't kinh doanh t h a m gia chudi gia tri thflc p h a m an toan phai d a n g ky la hdi vien cua hiep hdi chan nudi va hp phai t u a n t h u d i y du cac quy dinh eua hiep hdi, ehinh sach, p h a p luat cua Nha nfldc.
Cac tac n h d n t h a m gia chudi gid tri thit ldn p h a i hoi t u du cac yeu c l u ve dieu kien c i n thie^ nhfl: quy md san xud't, san lUdng tieu thu, cac ye'u to cd b a n ve dam bao an toan t h u c p h i m dUdc d a n h gia cdng n h a n , cam ke't t u nguyen t h a m gia. Ben canh sU kiem soat eua hiep hdi, cac tac n h a n treng ehudi t u giam sat l i n n h a u trong viec cha'p h d n h eae quy dinh da cam ke't, dac biet la cae ndi dung ve an todn thuc p h a m de gifl uy tin eua hiep hdi va todn bp chudi san xua't san p h i m . Hiep hoi eung gifl vai trd la d i u moi ke't ndi chudi lien ket doc thdng qua cac hiep hdi vdi n h a u nhfl td chflc cae cudc gap, hdi nghi gifla cae n h a san xuat ehe' bie'n vdi eae ddn vi cung flng, t h u m u a tieu t h u san pham.
Kidm t r a , giam s a t an tddn thflc p h a m cung dUdc thidt lap theo ehudi. Cd quan q u a n ly theo p h a n cdng se dUa t r e n nguy cd ve an todn thUc p h a m da dUdc xac dinh trong chudi va ddng ehay cua s a n p h a m tfl cdng doan san xud't de'n tieu t h u t r e n thi trfldng de xac dinh cac diem kiem soat p h u hdp n h d m p h a t hien
cac va'n de vd an tdan thflc pham, ddng thdi cd bien p h a p n g a n ehan san p h d m khdng dam bao yeu c i u dUdc luu thdng t r e n t h i trUdng, den tay ngUdi tieu dflng.
3.2.4. Bdi hoc kinh nghiem cho nghien cihi chudi gid tri thit ldn d Viet Nam Mot Id, p h a n tich chuoi gia t r i t h i t ldn c i n phai d a n h gia theo tieu chi chat Ifldng s a n phim.
P h a i k h a n g dinh r a n g dd cd t h e canh t r a n h dfldc trong dieu kidn hdi nhdp nhfl hidn n a y t h i ddi hdi t h i t ldn phai d a m bad eha't Ifldng theo ydu cau cua thi trfldng. C h i t lUdng san p h d m quyd't dinh dd'n sU t h a n h bai cua mdi tdc n h d n trong canh t r a n h . Vi vay, trong tdfng thi trUdng cu thd, mdi tae n h d n p h a i cd chinh sach ve chat lUdng san p h a m cho phfl hdp. Ddng thdi, mud'n cd chat Ifldng td't d i u tien ddi hdi phai p h a t trien k h u vUe chuyen nudi vd cdng nghe nudi, dam bao san phdm d i u vao phai sach tfle la khdng cd du lUdng t a n g trpng, dam bad ve sinh an toan thuc p h i m . N h u vay, phai dam bad an toan tfl k h a u nudi ddn k h a u tieu t h u cud'i cflng.
Hai la, p h a n tich ehudi gia t r i t h i t ldn can phai d a n h gia ke't qua, hieu qua tufng hdat ddng, tflng m a t xich cua ehudi.
Kinh nghiem ve phat tri^n chan nudi Ipn, chudi thit ldn tfl cac nfldc N h a t Ban, My,...
eho tha'y chudi gia tri thit ldn mud'n p h a t tridn thi phai p h a t trien tdfng k h a u cua ehudi: d i u tien Id chan nudi rdi den chd' bie'n va p h a n phd'i,... Theo danh gia cua n g a n h chan nudi, tflng k h a u trong qua t r i n h s a n xua't va tieu t h u t h i t ldn cua Viet N a m cdn ra't ye'u. Va'n dd nay cd the nhin tha'y ro n h a t d k h a u che' bie'n va bao quan, eac hp chan nudi nudi c i n phai cung cap nguyen lieu vdi du sd' lUdng va chd't Ifldng yeu cau cho doanh nghiep. Nhflng cae hd ndng d a n nudi ldn thudng la eac hd nhd le, cdn m a n g t i n h t u phat, thieu quy hoaeh chi tie't, thfldng khdng cd k h a n a n g dfl doan sfl v a n ddng cua t h i trfldng trong ddi b a n de cd cac dieu chinh hdp ly. Mdt p h i n nfla la do mdt sd hd nong d a n do chay theo Idi ich da sii dung qua mflc
Nghidn ciiu Kinh tSs6436 - Thing 9/2014 45
Ly iuan va thtfc tiin ve chudi gid trj.
cac loai thuoc/hda eha't lam a n h hfldng tdi eha't Ifldng cua nguyen lieu chan nudi. Vi du nhfl thflc an ehan nudi, thfldng gap phai mdt sd' v i n de nhU do n h i l m dU Ifldng hda chd't, k h a n g sinh ca'm sfl dung. Day Id tinh trang ehay theo nang sua't ma quen di c h i t Ifldng.
Mdi trudng suy thoai, dich benh, chat lUdng Cdn gid'ng khdng dam bao, thid'u hieu bid't ve an todn ve sinh a n h hudng de'n qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh. Chinh vi vay khdng eung ca'p nguydn lieu du sd' lUdng va chd't lUdng theo yeu c i u .
Ba la, bai hpe ve sU phoi hdp eae tac n h a n trong phat trien chudi gia tri thit ldn.
De dap flng dUde yeu cau ngay cang cao hdn thi eae tae n h d n trong chudi gia t r i c i n phai td chUe mdi lien ke't n g a n g cua cdng ddng nhflng ngUdi san xud't, va moi lien ke't dpc gifla nhflng ngUdi san xud't, kinh doanh, dich vu cua tflng n h a s a n xua't vdi ea cdng ddng. Mdi tac n h a n t h a m gia vdo tflng cdng doan eua ehudi gia t r i phai cd n h d n thflc dflng d i n ve cac tieu chudn ma thi trfldng dfla r a . Dd thflc hidn va'n de n a y SO DO 2: K h u n g p h a n
mdt each cd hidu q u a t h i ddi hdi phai dii mdi to chflc cac hidp hdi hidn cd, hinh t h d n h cae td chflc n g a n h h a n g vdi ed ch^
q u a n ly phd'i hdp ed hieu q u a de d a m bao su p h a t t r i e n b e n vflng, m a n g lai Idi ich cho ta't ca cae t a c n h a n t h a m gia trdng chu6i gia t r i t h i t ldn.
3.2.5. Khung phan tich chuoi gid tri thit ldn Qua nghidn eflu t n n h bay d tren, cd thi tha'y rang: do dieu kien nghien eflu khac n h a u n e n mdi tac gia ed each tiep cdn khac n h a u khi p h a n tich chuoi gia tri, nhflng nhin chung hp deu de ca'p de'n mot sd'ye'u td'cd ban ve chudi gia tri nhfl thflc hien Idp ban do chudi, md ta chuoi, p h a n tich kinh te va nang ca'p chuoi. Ddng thdi ed mdt quan diem chung nfla la khi nghien eflu mdt ehudi san pham ddu phai q u a n t d m dd'n eae n h a n to' anh hudng ddn chudi, eae tac n h a n tham gia chudi, dac diem cua chudi. Tdng hdp tfl ly thuye't va thuc tidn dd ed t h e xay dflng mot m i u k h u n g phdn tich vd ehudi gia tri thit ldn ap dung chd thflc te n g a n h chan nudi ldn hidn nay nhU sau:
t i c h c h u o i g i a t r i t h i t l d n X>ac di^m chu6i gi^ tri
thit Ion - V^ san xuSt - Ch^ bign, tieu thu - Hach todn kinh \.€
Xac dinh tac nhdn tham gia chu6i - Ngudi chan nu6i - Thuong lai - Chgbie'n....
Yeu \6 anh huong - Tu nhiSn, dau vao - Thi irirdng, thong tin - Ye'u 16 kinh te xa hOi - Chinh sach....
- Hach toan kinh te'
Nghien cuTu chuoi
gia tri thjt Ion
Lap ban dd chuoi gid trj
M6 ta hoat dong cua chuoi Q\k trj
Phan tich k^t quS hoat ddng cGa chuoi
Nang cap chuoi gia tri thjt ldn
Npi dung nghien ciiu chu6i gia tri thit Ion gom cac budc: lap b a n do chuOi, mo t a hoat dong cua chu6i, p h a n tich kinh te chuoi va n a n g c^'p chuoi, trong do mo ta chu6i bao
gom cac hoat dong dUOc thUc hiSn trong chuoi, tac n h a n t h a m gia chudi, xac dinh dong chay trong chudi va cac mSi hen M't trong chudi: (1) cac hoat dong dUOc thiic hien
46 Nghien citu Kmh teso436 - Thang 9/201i
Ly ludn vd thUc tiin ve chudi gid trj.
t r d n g chudi gia t r i t h i t ldn; (2) eac ben t h a m gia chuoi gia t r i t h i t ldn h a y cac n h a vdn b d n h gia t r i t h i t ldn; (3)xac d i n h nhflng ddng ehay t r d n g chuoi gia t r i t h i t ldn; (4) cae moi lien k e t t r o n g ehudi gia t r i t h i t ldn.
P h a n t i c h ke't q u a cac h o a t ddng t r o n g chudi dfldc bieu h i e n t h d n g qua cae chi tieu doanh t h u , chi phi, Idi n h u a n cua tflng tac n h a n va cua t d a n ehudi. N a n g cap t r o n g ehudi gia t r i t h i t ldn t h d n g qua cac chien Ifldc: (1) chien Iflde ddi mdi eha't lUdng (nang ca'p s a n p h i m ) ; (2) chien Ifldc d a u tU ky t h u d t , cdng nghd; (3) chien Ifldc giam chi phi;
(4) chid'n Ifldc n a n g cd'p b o a t dong q u a n ly n h a nfldc (the ehe). N g h i e n eflu ehudi gia t r i t h i t ldn cdn p h a i xem xet dd'n dac diem cua ehudi t h d n g q u a cac n h d m n h a n to a n h hudng n h u n h d m dieu kidn t u nhien, nhdm cac ye'u to' d i u vao, yd'u td' t h i trUdng, t h d n g t i n va t h e che c h i n h sach.
4. Ket l u a n
N h u vay n g h i e n eflu chudi gia t r i da dfldc dd cap tfl k h a l a u v a ngay cang hdan t h i e n ca ve ndi d u n g va eac md h i n h p h a n tich. P h a n tich ehudi gia t r i t h i t ldn k h d n g nhiing dd cap tdi viec md t a ddc diem cua cdc t a c n h a n trflc tie'p t h a m gia vao chudi nhfl: (i) ngUdi chdn nudi; (ii) ngfldi t h u gom; (iu) ngUdi che' bien;
(iv) ngUdi tieu t h u ; m a cdn de cap tdi cae tac n h a n cung cd'p dich vu eho chudi nhU: Vien Chan nuoi, cac t r u n g t a m , cac n h a khoa hoc, eae cd q u a n c h i n h phii, eac td chflc xa hdi khac. N g h i e n eflu ehudi gia t r i t h i t ldn Id q u a t r i n h p h a n tich, d a n h gia tfl n h i e u c i p dp, n h i e u k h i a c a n h de tha'y dfldc bflc t r a n h ve ddng ehay s a n p h a m , ddng t h d n g tin, ddng tien, cac tac n h a n e h i n h t r e n chudi thfldng g i n vdi s a n p h i m hoac dieh vu, eac tae n h a n q u a n hd r a n g budc vdi n h a u va gia t r i s a n p h a m dfldc t a n g t h e m t a i mdi m d t xich. Kinh nghiem p h a n tich chudi gia tri t r c n g t h u c t e t h u d n g t a p t r u n g vao 4 ndi d u n g cd ban: lap b a n do chudi gia t r i t h i t ldn, md t a eac tac
n h a n t h a m gia chudi, d a n h gia ke't q u a thUe hidn chudi va ndng c i p chudi gia t r i t h i t ldn./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Le Ngoc Hudng (2012), ChuSi cung vCng ngdnh hdng thit Ian linh Hung Yen, ludn dn tien sy kinh ti', Dai hoc Ndng nghiep Ha Ndi, tr 158.
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