TAP CHi KHOA HQC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482^
DANH GIA H l f U QUA SAN XUAT XOAI C U A N O N G HO CJ HUYEN VINH ClTU, TINH D O N G NAI
ThS. Hd Thi ^gpc Chdu^
TS. Trdn Tki Thu H^
TOM TAT
Nghien cm ung dmg phucmg phdp phdn tich mdng bao dU lieu (Data Envelopment Analysis-DEA) di ddnh gid hiiu qud ky thudt, hieu qud chi pki. hi?u qud phdn phdi ngudn luc vd hieu qud quy mo cua ndng hg tiong xodi tiin dia bdn huyin Vinh Cuu, tink Dong Nai. Sd lieu nghien cuu dugc thu thdp tie 226 ndng hd trdng xodi & huyin Vinh Cuu. Ben cgnh phuang phdp phdn tich DEA, nghien cm cdn img di^ng kiim dinh trung binh giira hai tdng thi (T-test) di so sdnh hieu qud trdng xodi giiea ho ngheo vd hg khdng ngheo. Kit qud chi ra rdng, v&i muc ndng sudt xodi hiin tgi, nong hg dd ldng phi gdn 20% cdc yiu td nhgp lugng, hiiu qud phdn phdi ngudn lifc vd hiiu qud sir dung chi phi & mice trung binh, hg tidng xodi cd thi ndng cao ndng sudt bang cdch thay doi quy md sdn xudt phit hgp. Kit qud nghien cuu cdn cho thdy, cd sif chenh lich vi hi$u qud sdn xudt giira hd ngheo vd kg khdng ngheo.
Tir khoa: Hieu qud sdn xudt, hiiu qud ^ thudt, hieu qud phdn phdi ngudn luc, hieu qud chi phi, hieu qud quy md
1. Dat van de
Ddng Nai khdng nhiing dugc xem la
"vya ttdi cdy" cua qudc gia ma cdn Id
"vya xoai" cua ca nudc vi difin tich ttdng xoai toan tinh (hon 11.000 ha) chifim han 34% dien tich ttdng xoai ca nudc.
Trong do, xoai dugc ttdng tap tiung chu yfiu d huyfin Vmh Cuu, chiem 4 1 % dien tich xoai ciia toan tinh Ddng Nai (Nien giam Thdng kfi tinh Ddng Nai, 2015).
Vdi khd ndng frdng ttfin nhieu loai dat khdc nhau: ddt vdng, vdng dd, ddt Feralit, dat phu sa cd, dat phii sa mdi ven sdng... cay xodi ttd thanh cdy ttdng chu lyc ttong hoat ddng san xudt ndng nghidp cua ndng hg fren toan huygn.
Theo do, hoat dgng frdng xoai flidi gian qua da gdp phan giup ndng ddn cai thifin thu nhap, mdt bd phdn khdng nhd hd thodt ngheo nhd vdo cay xoai. Tuy nhifin 'Tnrcmg Mim non Phii Ly, VTnh Curu, Dfing Nai
^Tnrimg Dai hgc Lam nghi?p Vi^t Nam
hoat ddng frdng xoai thdi gian qua chua thdt sy mang lai higu qua kinh tfi nhu mong dgi. Ndng hd tham gia frdng xoai d huyfin VTnh Cdu dang phai ddi mat vdi nhifiu thdch thdc nhu: chi phi san xudt gia tang, thj trudng ddu ra thieu on dinh,... Mac du la viing chuyfin canh xodi ldn nhung san Iugng vd chdt Iugng Clia san pham xodi d VTnh Cuu chua th^t su tuong xung vdi tifim nang va vj tri vdn cd. Thuong hieu xodi VTnh Ciiu vi thfi Cling chua dugc nhifiu ngudi biet dfin. Mdt ttong cdc nguyen nhdn cua van de ndy Id do tdp qudn sdn xudt theo
"kinh nghiem" ciing nhu nguon lyc cua hO ttdng xoai cdn ban che. Phan ldn ndng hO ttdng xoai chua chu ddng tiep c^n va ling dyng tifin bg ky thu|lt vao canh tac xoai, ddng thdi ndng hg cung khdng quan tdm tinh toan hifiu qua dau
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HOC DONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 tu ttong qud trinh sdn xudt. Tu dd, ndng
suat dat dugc ciia ngudi frdng xoai chua cao, tham chi nhifiu ndng hg cdn thua Id do nhiing mua gia xodi thdp. Dfi lam rd nhung vdn de ttfin, nghien ciiu nay phdn dnh hifiu qua ttdng xoai ciia ndng hd d huyen VTnh Cuu, tinh Ddng Nai.
2. Phirffng phdp nghifin clhi 2.1. Dirlieu ngkien cwu
Bang 1: Ca mdu vd dgc diim hg khdo J
Du lieu diing ttong nghifin cdu dugc thu thap tii 226 ndng hg ttdng xodi tten dia ban huyfin Vmh Cuu, tinh Ddng Nai. Phuong phdp chgn mau ban ngach (quota) theo tieu chi dia Iy vd dac diem hd dugc dp dyng dfi thu thdp sd lieu tii cac dia ban, cac nhdm ndng hd ttdng xodi khdc nhau.
xa
PhiiLy Mi Da Hieu Lilm Xi Binh Hoa x a Thanh Phli XElTanAn T o n g cong
DJH b a n ktaflo snt S o h d
36 4 3 37 40 34 36 226
T y 1? ( % ) 15,93 19,03 16,37 17,70 15,04 15.93 100
L o a i b 9
H o ngheo
Hg k h o n g ngli^o Dilc d i e m
S d h 9
98
12S
226 T y le ( % )
43.4
56,6
100
(Ngudn: Sd lieu khao sat thyc te cua tac gia, 2015) Trong bai viet nay, phuang phap
phdn tich mdng bao du lieu (Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA) vdi cdc chi tieu ve hieu qua ky thuat (Technical Efficiency - TE), hieu qud phdn phdi ngudn lyc (Allocative Efficiency - AE)
va hieu qud chi phi (Cost Efficiency - CE) dugc ling dyng. Dfi do ludng TE, AE va CE, san lugng ddu ra, nhdp lugng cdc yfiu td ddu vdo vd chi phi cho cac yfiu td dau vao dugc trinh bay ttong bdng sau:
Bang 2: Cdc bien sic dung trong md hinh DEA
C a c b i e n sir d u n g San hiCTiig (kp'lOOO iir/iiain)
N h d n h a t 925,00
L d n n h a t 2.828,57
T r u n g b i n b 1 875,05
0 5 lech chufin 314,11 L m m g s a o x u ^ t d a u v a o
G i o u g (cay/l 0 0 0 ni'/naiii) P h a n b o n (k@/1000 ni^/nani) T h u o c bvtv (hl/iOOO m-/i!3m) Klii da (kg/lOOO mViiam) Nliien h e u (lit/lOOO ui^/nain) L a o d o n g ibiie (ugay/lOOO mVnain) L a o dong gia dinh (ujiav/lOOO in^/iiain)
1 000.00 9,65 0,00 0,07 0.00 0,00 1,00
5.000,00 276,61 1.132.08 2,70 8,00 16,40 30,67
2 876,32 87,66 94,12 0,57 2,28 2,65 11,05
649.19 45,16 145,49 0,37 1,55 5.41 3.01 C h i p h i d a u v a o
G i o n g (dong/lOOO ni-/iiam) P h a n b o n (dong/lOOO mVnilni) Tiiudc bvtv (dong/lOOO m^/nam) Kill d a ( d o n g / 1 0 0 0 m V n i m ) N h i e n h e n (doiie'lOOO m-Znain) L d thue ( d o n g ' 1 0 0 0 mVnani) L d Kia diuli (dSng/lOOO mVaian)
2 4 0 000,00 100 202,00 0.00 0,00 0,00 0,00 148 3 1 6 , 7 0
1.666 500,00 3.465 890,00 L 9 6 8 000,00 59400,00 187 500.00 1.682-840,56 3 775.652,17
750.383,67 998.437.30 99.936,60 12 055,35 56 362.71 318 976,87 1 335 373,63
213 884,75 496.975,04 184.226,25 9.211,72 37.847,89 352.660,03 648.529,37
(Ngudn: Sd lieu khao sat thuc te cua tdc gia, 2015)
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 2.2, Mo hinh ir&c lirang hi$u qud
ky thu^t, hieu qud phdn pkoi nguon l^c vd kiiu qud sir dung chi phi
Theo Tim Coelli (2005), ngoai viec xac dinh hifiu qud ky thu^t (Technical Efficiency - TE), hieu qua phan phdi ngudn Iyc (Allocative Efficiency - AE) vd hifiu qua su dung chi phi (Cost Efficiency - CE) cung Id cdc chi tieu rat quan ttgng dfi do ludng hieu qua san xudt. Cac chi so TE, AE, CE frong san xudt cd the dugc udc tinh bdng nhifiu phuang phap khdc nhau. Trong bai vifit ndy, tac gia ung dung md hinh tich mdng bao dd lieu (DEA) dinh hudng ddu vao theo quy md cd dinh (the Constant Retums to Scale Input- Oriented DEA Model-CRS- DEAModel). Phuong phap nay dugc Chames, Cooper, va Rhodes phat trifin vdo nam 1978, dya frfin nghifin ciiu cua Farrell (1957). Lien quan dfin hoat ddng ttdng xoai sd dung nhifiu yfiu td ddu vdo - mdt sdn pham ddu ra nhu frong nghien cuu nay. Gia dinh mgt tinh hudng cd N don vi tao quyfit dinh (decision making unit - DMU), mdi DMU sdn xudt S sdn phdm bang cdch sd dung M bifin ddu vdo khdc nhau. Theo tinh hudng nay, dfi udc lugng TE, AE vd CE cua tiing DMU, mfit tdp hgp phuong frinh tuyfin tinh phai dugc xac lap va giai quyfit cho tdng DMU. Vdn dfi nay cd thfi thyc hifin nhd md hinh CRS Input-Oriented DEA tdi thifiu hda dau vdo cd dang nhu sau:
Min [X,x* w,'x*] vdi difiu kien:
Z ^>yk,~ yk, > o , v A :
^, > 0 , V /
Trong dd: w, = vecta dan gid cdc yiu td sdn xudt cua DMU thie i, X, *= vecta so lugng cdc yeu td diu vdo theo huang tdi thiiu hda chi phi sdn xudt cua DMU thu 1,
i = 1 toN (sd lugng DMU), k = 1 to S (so sdn phdm), J = 1 to M(sd biin ddu vdo), yk, ^ luang sdn phdm k dugc sdn xudt b&i DMJ thu i,
xji = lugng ddu vdoj dugc sic dung b&i DMU thui,
XJ = cdc biin doi ngdu.
Dd thi d hinh 1 minh hga phuong phap hinh hgc gian dan dfi do ludng TE, AE vd CE. Cy thfi, khi mdt don vi san xuat tai difim P, gid Xn udc lugng Clia TE, AE vd CE tuong dng t^i difim nay dugc tinh toan nhu cdng thuc sau:
TE OQ/OP; AE OR/OQ; CE = (OQ/OP) X (OR/OQ) = OR/OP.
Hinh 1: Minh hga hinh hgc cho TE vd AE (Ngudn: Coelhet all, 1996)
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 2.3. Mo hink ir&c lirgng kieu qud
ky thugt tkeo quy mo sdn xudt (Scale Efficiency - SE)
Trong nhifiu nghien ciiu trudc day, cac tac gid da tdch TE dat dugc td bifin san xuat cd dinh theo quy md (CRS) ra lam hai phdn: phdn thu nhdt Id sy khdng hi^u qud ky thuat thudn tiiy ("pure"
Technical Inefficiency) vd thu hai la sy khdng hi^u qud do quy md thay ddi (Scale Inefficiency). Vi thfi sy do ludng ve hifiu qud do quy md (SE) cd thfi dugc su dung de xdc dinh sd lugng theo dd nang suat cd the dugc nang cao bang cdch thay ddi quy mo sdn xuat theo mgt quy md san xuat tdi uu dugc xac dinh.
De do ludng SE theo phuang phap DEA, chung ta phdi udc lugng mdt bifin sdn xuat bd sung: Bien sdn xuat cd djnh theo quy md (CRS-DEA). Sau do vific do ludng SB cd thfi thyc hifin cho tiing hg san xudt bang each so sdnh TE dat dugc tii CRS-DEA vdi TE dat dugc tii bifin bifin ddng do quy md (Variable retimis to scale-DEA, VRS-DEA). Nfiu cd sy khac biet vfi TE giua CRS-DEA va VRS-DEA ddi vdi tiing hd san xuat cu thfi, chiing ta cd the kfit luan rdng cd sy khdng hifiu qua vfi quy md (Scale Inefficiency = I - Scale Efficiency). Dfi udc lugng SE cua tiing DMU, mgt tap hgp chuang tinh tuyfin tinh phai dugc xac l?p vd giai quyfit cho tung DMU.
Vdn de ndy cd thfi thyc hign nhd md hinh VRS-DEA cd dang nhu sau;
T 6 i thi^u h 6 a 11 g ^ {O^ > v&i diiu ki^n:
NVZ, =1 A, >0,V/
Trong dd: 9p = gid tri hieu qud, i = ItoN (sd lugng DMU), k = I toS (sd sdn phdm), j = 1 to M (sd bien ddu vdo), yki = lugng sdn phdm k dugc sdn xudt bai DMU thu i,
Xji = lugng ddu vao j dugc sir dung b&i DMU thu i,
Nl=Nxl vecta 1, X, = cdc biin ddi ngdu.
Viec udc Iugng TE, AE, CE vd SE cd the dugc thyc hifin bdi nhifiu chuang trinh mdy tinh khac nhau. Tuy nhifin dfi thudn ti^n tdc gid sd dung chuang trinh DEAP phifin ban 2.1 cho viec udc Iugng cac loai higu qud frong nghifin cdu vfi trong xoai ciia nfing hd d huygn VTnh Ciiu, tinh Ddng Nai.
3. K^t qua vd thao ludn 3.1. Hieu qua ky thu^t, kifu qud phdn phoi vd ki^u qud cki phi cda ndng hp trong xodi tkeo quy md c6 dinh (CRS-DEA)
Theo kfit qua phdn tich, hg sd udc lugng TE, AE va CE cua ndng hg trong xoai d huyen VTnh Cuu tinh Ddng Nai dugc the hien ttong Bang 3. Dya vao ket qud nay cho thdy, ndng hO ttdng xodi d huygn VTnh Cuu, tinh Dong Nai dat dugc higu qud ky thu^t tuong ddi
41
T A P CHI K H O A H Q C - DAI H Q C DONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 cao, frong khi hifiu qud phdn phdi ngudn trung binh.
lyc vd hieu qua su dung chi phi d mdc
Bang 3: Hiiu qud Pong xodi cua ndng hg huyin VTnh Cuu
1,00 0,90-0,99 0.80 - 0,89 0,70-0,79 0,60-0,69 0,5-0.59 0,4 - 0,49
<0,4 Trungbinh DprQDg B^ l^ch chuan
meu So ho
51 24 38 46 38 24 5 0
1 qun ky diuSt TylH%)
22,57 10,62 16,81 20,35 16.81 10.62 2,21 0,00 0,799 0,154-1,000 0,171
Hien qua phan phoi S5hd
0 1 5 40 79 59 24 18
T ^ 1 ? W
0,103 0,00 0.44 2,21 17.70 34,96 26,11 10,62 7,96 0,598 -0.952 0,134
Hi^qua Soh9
0 1 4 8 20 54 72 67
chi phi Title (%)
0.111 0.00 0,44 1,77 3,54 8.85 23,89 31,86 29,65 0,473 -0,952 0,137 (Ngudn: Kfit qua phan tich DEA tii sd lieu khao sat, 2015)
Higu qua ky thudt
Chi sd TE theo md hinh CRS-DEA tnrdng hgp tdi thieu hda dau vdo ndm frong khodng td 0 dfin bdng 1. Nfiu hfi sd nay bang 1 cd nghTa la hd trdng xodi dat hifiu qua ky thudt tdi uu, nhd hon 1 cd nghTa Id hg chua dat hifiu qua ky thudt tdi uu.
Ket qud phdn tich cho thdy, hifiu qua ky thuat cua ho frdng xodi huyen VTnh Cdu tuong ddi tot. Mdc TE trung binh ciia tdng sd hd la 0,799 vdi do rgng kha Idn (0,154 -1,000).
Chi sd nay ngu y rdng, vdi mdc nang suat da dat dugc thi ndng hd chi cdn su dung khoang 80% lugng ddu vao da dung. Ngodi ra, kfit qua cung ndi len rdng hd trdng xoai cd TE < 1 nfin tien hanh gidm thieu cac yeu td ddu vao dfi thyc hanh tifit kifim va dat hifiu qua vfi ky thuat. Bfin canh dd, so hd dat hifiu qua ky thudt tfii uu (TE = 1,000) chifim 22,57% ttfin tdng sfi hg.
Vdi mdc nang sudt xoai hien tai, ndng hg dd lang phi gdn 20%) cac yfiu to nhap lugng. Chi tifit tiing yfiu td dugc trinh bay ttong bdng 4.
Bang 4: Lugng ddu vdo bf mdt di do ldng phi cua ndng hg trdng xodi
D^u viko Thvc t^ SIT dijng
Gidng (cay/1000 m^
Ph&ib6n{kg/IOOOm2) TTnidc bvtv OiflOOO m^
Khida(kg'1000m^
Nhien h?u0it/1000m^
Lao dong IhuS (ngay/1000 m^
Lao dgng gia (finh (ngAy/1000 n ^
2.876,32 87,66 94,12 0,57 2,28 2.65 11.05
Lirffng Liing phi 58,56 12,029 42.701 0,144 0,61 0,261 1,83
Tylg(%)
(Ngudn: Kfit qua phdn tich DEA tii sd lieu khdo sat, 2015)
2,04 13.72 45,37 25,26 26.75 9.85 16,56
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 Hifu qua phan phoi nguon lyc (A£)
Theo ket qua tii bang 3 cho thay, hifiu qua trung binh (AE = 0,59). Hi§u qua phdn phdi ngudn lyc cua ndng hd tap trung phan ldn phdn phdi ngudn lyc cua ndng hd ttdng xoai dat d muc hi^u qua phdn phdi ngudn lyc cao rdt it, th^m chi khdng cd hd ndo dat hieu qua phan phdi tdi uu vd cd 7,6% ndng hd dat hifiu qud phdn phdi < 0,4. Hifiu qua ky thudt cua ndng hg ttdng xodi d huyfin VTnh Cuu tuong ddi cao, tuy nhien cdc hd kfit hgp cdc yfiu td dau vao chua hgp ly nen hifiu qud phdn phdi chua tdt.
Hieu qua sd dung chi phf (C£) Higu qud su dyng chi phi hay cdn ggi la hifiu qua kinh te tdng hgp cua hd frong xoai dugc tinh toan tten co sd tdng hgp hifiu qud ky thudt va hifiu qua phan phdi ngudn lyc frong frdng. Ket qua cho thay hieu qua sd dung chi phi cua ndng hd trdng xodi thdp vd muc do phan tan ldn. Hifiu qua sd diing chi phi cua ndng hg dudi muc trung binh (CE=0,473), vdi gid tii cao nhdt la 0,952 va thdp nhdt Id 0,111. Cd dfin 29,65% sd hg dat muc hieu qua chi phi
< 0,4. Khdng cd hd nao dat higu qua chi phi tdi uu (CE=l). Kfit qud nay chi ra rang, tdng chi phi ttong xoai cua ndng hg cd thfi gidm xudng 52,7%i nfiu chi cdn d^t muc nang sudt xodi nhu hien tai.
Hon nda, kfit qua phdn tich DEA cdn ndi len rang, hd ttdng xoai cd hieu qud su dung chi phi d mdc trung binh ttong mau quan sat cd thfi dat hifiu qua nhu hp cd mdc cao nhdt thi hd trung binh dd se
tiet kiem dugc mdt lugng chi phi tuong duong 0,527 don vi tien md sdn lugng ddu ra khdng gidm siit (l-[0,473/I,00]), frong khoang tu 0,500 dfin 0,799 (chifim tren 78,77%). Sfi hg dat Tuang ti; ta cd thfi dfi ddng udc lugng, hd san xuat cd muc higu qua thap nhat frong mdu quan sdt se tifit idem dugc sd chi phi tuong duang 0,89 dom vi tifin (1-[0,11/1,00]).
Mat khac, hifiu qud chi phi cua hd frdng xoai thdp Id do bi dnh hudng bdi hifiu qua phdn phdi ngudn lyc chua hgp ly.
Nguyfin nhdn Id do gid cd ddu vdo khdng dn dinh, bfin c^nh dd mdi hd sdn xudt mua lugng dau vao vdi gia khac nhau tiiy vao vi the dam phan (vat tu ndng n g h i ^ , thudc BVTV), chua thdng nhdt ve gia thue mudn cac yeu td dau vao (lao ddng).
3.2. Hieu qud quy mo cua nong hd tidng xodi & huy$n Vinh Cuu
Kfit qud phdn tich td bdng 5 cho thdy rang, hifiu qud quy md cua hg trdng xodi d huy^n VTnh Cuu trung binh la 0,931 vdi &^ rdng khdng qua ldn (0,56 - 1,00). Dieu nay ndi len rdng, hd frdng xoai cd thfi nang cao ndng sudt bang cdch thay ddi quy md sdn xudt phu hgp. Ben canh dd, kfit qud DEA cung chi ra muc nang suat hd frdng xodi cd thfi mat di nfiu trdng d quy md hien tai.
Mdc nang suat trung binh hd frdng xoai cd thfi d^t dugc nfiu thay ddi quy md la 1.928 kg xoai/lOOOm^ cao nhdt cd tiifi dat dfin 2.828 kg xodi/lOOOml Nhu vay, vdi quy md frdng hifin tai, hd frdng
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HQC D 6 N G NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 xoai dd ddnh mat trung binh la 53,25 kg xoai/lOOOm^.
Bdng 5: Hieu qud Pdng do quy md thay doi cua hg tidng xodi
Chi tieu Tnina binh B$ r$ng B6 Ifch chnfin Hieu qua kyihu?tfliu&i (Crete) 0.799 0,45-1,00 0,159 Hieu qua k? dM4l do quy in6 Ifaay doi (Vrele) 0,858 0,48-1,00 0.141 Hieu qua qui mo (Scale) 0 J 3 1 0,56-1,00 0,085 NSngsuStcoth^datdticrcCkg/lOOOnO 1928 9 2 5 - 2 8 2 8 290.973 Nang suit mit di (kg/KMO n^) 53,25 0,00-1.087 138,323
(Ngudn: Kfit qud phdn tich DEA td sd lieu khdo sdt, 2015)
Ngoai ra, tii kfit qua tiidng ke d uu vfi quy md hay ndi khac ban Id bdng 6, chiing ta cd thfi thay rang, da sd khdng thay ddi hifiu qua theo quy mo hd frdng xodi hoac dang d ttong khu (constant retums to scale - CRS) vdi ty vyc cd the tang hieu qua theo quy md le 24,34%. Sd ho frdng xoai can giam (inceasing retums to scale - IRS) vdi ty quy md frdng dfi dat higu qua tdi mi Ifi 54,87% ho^c Id dang d khu vyc tdi chifim 20,8%).
Bang 6: Qi/y md trdng cua hd trdng xodi Hiea qai) theo qny mo siin xaat
Hp SX CO bieu qua tang tlieo quy mo (IRS) Ho SX CO Meu qua giam tbeo quy mo pRS) Hp SX CO liieu qua klioug d6i theo quy mo ( G ^ ) long bo sau xuat khom
So ho 124 47 55 226
Tvle{%) 54,87 20,80 24,34 100,0 (Nguon: KSt qua phan ticli DEA tir so lieu khao sat, 2015)
3.3. So sdnh hi^u qud trong xoai m i c dp dSu tu tr6ng xoai giiia nong ho giiia ho ngheo va hf khong ngheo nghto va kh6ng ngheo a huyen Vinh Su chenh l$ch v6 ngudn luc san Cvm, tinh Bdng Nai. KSt qua phan tich xuSt la nguyen nhan quan trong tao nen hieu qua san xu4t tir DEA da cho thSy su khac biet trong qua trinh canh tac va thuc tS nay ro r^t.
Bang 7: 5o sdnh hieu qud trdng xodi giQa hg ngheo vd hg khong ngheo
Gid Iri hifu que 1.00 0,90-0,99 0,80-0,89 0,70-0.79 0.60-0.69 0.5-0,59
Tiung binh (HQWs) Doling D 6 1 ^ chuan Sig. Levene's Gia Iri T-test
Hiea qua ]lf thuat Hg ngheo
19,39 7.14 14.29 22,45 20,41 13,27 3,06 0.00 0,769(19) 0,479-1,00 0,161
H6 khong neheo 25,00 13,2S 18,75 18,75 14,06 8.59 1,56 0,00 0,822(32) 0.454-1.00 0,154 0,602 -2,473'
Hieu qnii phan phSi Hg ngheo
0,00 1,02 4,08 16,33 31,63 25,51 9,18 12,24 0,589(0)
Hg idiong ngheo 0,00 0,00 0.78 18,75 37,50 26.56 11,72 4.69 0.605(0) 0,224-0.952 0,300^1,804
0,144 0,003 -928"
0,103
Hien qua clil phi Ho ngheo
0,00 1,02 4.08 3.06 2.04 17,35 33,67 38,78 0,448(0) 0,199-0,952 0,144
0^22 -2,609'
Hg khong ngheo 0,00 0,00 0,00 3,91 14.06 28.91 30,47 22.66 0.492(0) 0,259-0,76 0,111
TAPCHI KHOA HOC - DAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 (Ngudn: K^t qua phan tich DEA tii sd lieu khao sdt, 2015)
Ghichu: (HQTUs): sd hg dgt hieu qud tdi uu; Sig. Levene's > 0,05: phuang sai hai nkdm ddng nhdt vd ngugc lgi; Muc y nghia: *: cd y nghia thdng ki & muc 10%;
**: cd y nghia thdng ke a muc 5%; '"'.• khdng cd y nghia thdng ki.
Dya vao kfit qua d bdng 7 cho thdy, sy khdc bi^t cd </ nghia thong ke vfi hieu cd sy khdc biet ve hifiu qua k J thuat vd
hifiu qud chi phi frdng xoai gida hg ngheo va hd khdng ngheo.
Trong khi da sd hd khdng ngheo dat hifiu qua ky thudt tii 0,8 ttd Ifin (57,03%)) thi da sd hd ngheo (59,19%) dat higu qud ky thuat td 0,7 frd xudng.
Hon nda, sd hg khdng ngheo dat hifiu qua ky thuat ciing nhifiu hon hd ngheo.
Sy khac bifit ndy dugc khdng dinh qua kifim dinh T-test d muc y nghia 10%i.
Mat khdc, sy khac bigt vfi hieu qua chi phi giiia hai nhdm hd ndy cung cd y nghia thdng ke d mdc 5% cho thdy rdng hd khdng ngheo su dyng chi phi hieu qua han hd ngheo mac du d ca hai nhdm hd dfiu khdng dat hifiu qud chi phi tdi uu. Thyc tfi frong qud trinh khdo sat cho thay, ngudn lyc san xudt cua hO ngheo cdn nhifiu ban chfi: trinh do hgc vdn thdp, Iao ddng gia dinh khan hiem, thifiu thdn vfi tai chinh. Thieu ira thfi vfi tai chinh lam cho hO ngheo mat vi the ddm phdn khi mua cac yeu td ddu vao.
Mua chiu vat tu ndng nghifip va thanh toan t^i nhfing thdi diem khac nhau lam cho gia su dung cac yfiu td dau vao tang cao. Tat ca nhfing nguyen nhdn thuc te tten da ldm cho vific phdn bd cac yeu td ddu vao kem hgp ly ddn den hifiu qud san xudt cua hg ngheo thap. Tuy nhien kfit qud kifim dinh lai khdng cho thdy cd
qua phdn phdi gifia hg ngheo vd hd khdng ngheo.
Vdi muc nang suat dat dugc hifin tai, bang 8 cho thdy Iugng yfiu td dau vao bi lang phi trong canh tdc xoai cua hg ngheo va hd khdng ngheo. Da sd cdc nhap Iugng ddu vdo cua h0 ngheo cd sy kfi vfi hieu qud phdn phdi gifia ho ngheo vd hd khdng nghfio. Vfi mat ly thuyfit, hieu qua phan phdi phdn dnh sy lya chgn mdt lugng ddu vdo tdi uu ma d dd gia tti san phdm bifin cua dan vi ddu vao cudi cung bdng vdi gid cua ddu vdo dd. Song thuc tfi tai dia bdn nghifin ciiu, hau het hd ttdng xodi dfiu cd cung nhfing ngudn cung dng cdc yfiu td ddu vdo (gidng, phdn bdn, lao dgng,...).
Chdng han nhu, cd hd ngheo va hg khdng ngheo dfiu it cd quyen lua chgn noi cung iing phan bdn, thudc BVTV,... vi khdng cd nhieu dai ly vdt tu ndng nghigp hoat ddng tai dia ban.
Mdt khac, tap quan san xudt chi theo thdi quen, it chu ttgng vific ghi chep va theo doi nhu cdu phan bdn, thudc dudng Clia xoai ttong tdng giai doan sinh ti-udng cung la nguyen nhdn khifin cho hO sdn xuat khd cd thfi kiem sodt dugc Iugng phdn, thudc tdi uu cho xoai.
Chinh vi vay higu qua phan phdi ngudn lyc hay khd nang lya chgn dau vdo tdi uu giua hai nhdm hg hau nhu khdng cd
T A P C H i K H O A H O C - DAI H Q C D O N G N A I , S 6 0 4 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 sy khac bifit. Nhu vdy, cd tiie ndi rang,
su khac bigt vfi hifiu qua ky thuat va chi phi la do cac yfiu td chu quan (trinh do, ngudn lyc sdn xudt,...) ttong khi hifiu qua phan phdi ttong chiing myc nao do cd thfi mdt phdn bdt ngudn td yeu td
Bang 8: Lugng lang phi cdc yiu td ddu vdo cua ho ngheo vd hg khong ngheo khach quan (ngudn cung dng dau vao, tap qudn canh tac vimg,...) ldng phi hon so vdi hd khdng ngheo, dac bifit la sir lang phi ve gidng, phdn bdn va cdng Iao ddng gia dinh.
Dau vao Gidng (cay/1000 m^
Phan bon (kg/1000 m^
Thudc bvtv (lit/1000 nr^
Khi da (kg/1000 m^
Nhien heu (iit/1000 nO Lao dor^ thue (ngay/1000 m^
Lao dong gia ifcih (osay/lOOO m^) H$ nsheo
2.847.56 87,80 78,43 0,57 2,65 2.00 12,32
H6 IthonB ngheo 2.898,34 87,55 106.13 0,57 2,00 3,14 10,08
Lang phi_
Ho nsheo HS khong ngheo 83.60 3939 14,00 10.51 32.64 50,40 0,14 0.15 0,68 0,56 0,18 0^1 1,71 1 ^ (Ngudn: Kfit qud phdn tich DEA tu sd lieu khao sat, 2015)
Kfit qua phan tich DEA td bang 9 cho thdy cd sy chfinh lech ve hifiu qua quy md gifia hd ngheo va hg khdng nghfio. Sd hd ngheo dang ttong khu vyc tang quy md san xuat cd ty l^ cao hon hd khdng ngheo. Dieu nay cho thay rdng, kha nang dau tu vao sdn xudt gidng, phan bdn, thudc dudng,... cua hd khdng ngheo cao ban nhd vdo uu the ve tai chinh. Chinh vi the ty le hd khdng
Bdng 9: Hiiu qud quy md cua hg ngheo
ngheo dat hieu qud tdi uu nhifiu hon ho ngheo (25,2%i), thdm chi do dau tu qua nhifiu nen ty le hd khdng ngheo can gidm quy md san xuat cung cao hon hg ngheo (25,98%). Han nfia, kfit qud nay cdn ngu y rdng, nfiu cd dieu kien dfi dau tu cdc yeu td nhdp Iugng hon thi hg ngheo cd thfi tang quy md sdn xudt de d^t nang suat xoai tdi da (63,27%).
vd hg khdng ngheo
Hieu qua tang Iheo quy mo (IRS) Hieu qua giam theo quy mo (DRS) Hi^ qua Ichdng doi theo quy mo (CRS)
Ho ngheo So ho
62 14 22
TTle(%) 63,27 14,29 22,45
Ho lifaoog nsheo So ho Tvle(%)
62 48,82 33 25,98 32 25,20 (Ngudn: Ket qua phan tich DEA td sd ligu khao sat, 2015)
4. K^t lu|n
Dya frfin phuang phdp phan tich mdng bao dfl lieu (DEA), nghien cdu tap himg udc Iugng hieu qud ky thuat, hi^u qua phdn phdi ngudn Iuc, hi^u qua chi phi vd hieu qua quy md cua ndng hg
ttdng xoai d huy^n Vinh Ciiu. Ket qud cho thay, ndng hd frdng xoai d^t hi?u qua ky thu^t khd cao (TE=0,799). Tuy nhifin hieu qud phan phdi ngudn lyc (AE=0,598) va hifiu qua sd dyng chi phi (CE=0,473) cua ndng hg chi d mdc
46
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 trung binh. Nguyfin nhan chu yfiu la do
sy chfinh lech ve trinh do canh tdc, gia cac yeu td dau vao gifia cdc hd khdng ddng nhdt do uu thfi tdi chinh cua mdi hd, bifin dgng thi trudng,... Tuy nhifin, higu qua quy md cua hd frdng xodi d VTnh Cdu kha cao (SE=0,93), da sd hg cd quy md ttdng hgp ly vdi khd nang dau tu hien tai cua hd. Vi vdy cac ndng hd can difiu chinh lugng cac yfiu td ddu
B^Dg 10: Di xudt lugng dieu chlnh cdc
vdo hgp ly dfi dat hieu qud ky thuat tdi uu va nang suat tdi da.
Bdng 10 tiinh bay cac de xudt difiu chinh nhdp lugng cho 2 trudng hgp: (I) Tdi thifiu hda lugng ddu vdo vdi muc ndng suat hifin tai (quy md khdng ddi);
(2) Nh^p lugng thay ddi phu hgrp theo mdc nang sudt cd thfi dat dugc cua hfi (quy md thay ddi).
yeu to ddu vdo tic md hinh DEA
Gidng (cSy/lOOOm^
Hian b6n (1^1000 m') Thu6c bvtv (lit/lOOO oj?) Khi da (kg/1000 m^
Nhien h#u (lit/1000 m^
Lao i^ng thue (ngay/1000 m^
Lao d^ng gia dinh (ngs^/lOOO m^
DauraOce/lOOOm^
Thvcl^ — 2.876,32
87,66 94.12 0.57 2.28 2.65 11.05
Ouv mo CO d)uh 2817,76 75,63 51,42 0.43 1,67 2.39 9,22 1.875.05
Ouv ni5 thav dot 2391.92 65,98 53,41 0,39 1,52 2,01 8.41 1.928,0 (Ngudn: Kfit qud phan tich DEA td sd
Ngoai ra, kfit qud nghifin ciiu ciing cho thdy su khac biet cd y nghia thdng ke vfi hifiu qud ky thudt va hifiu qua chi phi giua hg ngheo vd hg khdng ngheo.
Hd ngheo dat mdc TE va AE thdp ban hd khdng ngheo. Hon nfia, lugng lang phi cac yfiu td ddu vao ttong qua tiinh sdn xudt Clia hd ngheo cung nhieu hon.
Cdc nguyen nhdn cua van dfi xuat phdt tu thdi quen canh tac vd thieu vdn dau tu Clia hd ngheo so vdi hg khdng ngheo.
lifiu khdo sat, 2015)
Cdc kfit qua nghien ciiu da cung cap nhfing thdng tin quan frgng vfi hifiu qud ttdng xodi cua ndng hg tten dia ban huy^n Vmh Cuu, tinh Ddng Nai. Ddy se la nhung CO sd khoa hgc quan ttgng dfi cac CO quan ban nganh hfiu quan dfi xuat nhfing kfi hoach, chien luge hd trg nhdm giup ndng hd frdng xoai, dac biet la hd ngheo, cdi thifin higu qua san xudt, nang cao nang suat va thu nhdp.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chames, A., W.W. Cooper, and e. Rhodes (1978), "Measuring the efficiency of decision making units", European Joumal of Operation Research 2: 429-444
2. Coelli T. J. (1996), A Guide to DEAP Version 2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis (Computer)Program, Center for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University of New England
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONO NAI, SO 04 - 2017 ISSN 2354-1482 3. Coelli T. J., D. S. P. Rao, O'Dotmell C. J., G. E. Battese (2005), "An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis", Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Chapter 8, 9, 10
4. Farrell, M.J. (1957), "The measurement of productive efficiency". Journal of the Royal Statistics Society 120(Series A, General): 253-281
5. G. E. Battese and T. J. Coelli (1995) "A model for technical inefficiency effects", Economics, Volume 20, 325-332
6. Quan Minh Nh\rt, Nguyin Qu6c Nghi va Ha Van Dung (2013), "PhSn tich hieu qui chi phi vk hiSu qua theo quy mo trong hanh tim huyen Vinh Chau- tinh Soc Trang ling dung phuang phap tiep can phi tham s6", Tap chi Khoa hgc - Bgi hgc Cdn Tha, s6 28d-20I3, tr. 33-37
EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION OF FARMERS PRODUCING MANGO AT VINH CUU DISTRICT, DONG NAI PROVINCE
ABSTRACT
Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA was used in this study to evaluate the technical efficiency, cost efficiency, resource distributive efficiency and the scale efficiency of mango- growing farmers in Vinh Cuu district. Dong Nai province.
Research data were collected fi-om 226 mango- growing households in Vinh Cult district, Dong Nai province Data Envelopment Analysis and Independent samples T- lest were used to compare the productive efficiency between the poor households and the non-paor households. The research results indicated that the mango- growing households in Vinh Cuu district, Dong Nai province had a relative high level ofthe technical efficiency, average level of cost efficiency and resource distributive efficiency. The scale efficiency of mango-growing households was pretty high. The results also showed that there was a discrepancy ofthe productive efficiency between the poor households and non-poor households.
Keywords: Production efficiency, technical efficiency, efficient distribution of resources, cost effectiveness, efficiency scale
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