TAP CHi KHOA HOC BAI HQC VAN LANG TrirOTg^^2S_2?i-
DANH GIA CHlTOfNG TRINH D A O TAO BANG ]Vl6 HINH KIRKPATRICK BON CAP DO
EyALUATION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS BY FOUR-LEVELKIRKPA TRICK MODEL
TRUONG VAN BAT''' TOM TAT: Mo hinh KirkPatrickbdn cdp do du(rc xem la he thdng ndi tiing nhdt, duac cdng nhgn va su dung rong rai nhdt, dae biet la trong linh vuc dao tao. Theo he thdng nay, ddnh gid ddo tgo duac chia lam 4 cap do: Cdp do 1: Phdn ung (Do luang su hdi long cua hoc vien; Cdp do 2: Hoc tap (Do luang muc dg tiep thu kien thuc, ky nang sau khoa hoc);
Cdp do 3: Hdnh vi (Do luang mice do dp dung kien thirc, ky ndng vdo cong viec); Cdp do 4: Ket qud (Ddnh gid hieu qud ddo tgo thong qua dnh hu&ng cua ddo tgo vai ket qud kinh doanh).
Tir khoa: KirkPatrick, ddnh gid, chuang trinh ddo tgo.
ABSTRACT; The KirkPatrick Model is the worldwide standard for evaluating the effectiveness of training. It considers the value of any type of training, formal or informal across four levels. Level 1 Reaction evaluates how participants respond to the training.
Level 2 Learning measures if they actually learned the material Level 3 Behavior considers if they are using what they learned on the Job, and Level 4 Results evaluates if the training positively impacted the organization.
Key words: KirkPatrick, evaluation,educationprogram.
1. DAT VAN DE bai toan can giai quySt tren con duong phat Trong boi canh dat nuac tien vao ley trign trong tuong lai.
nguyen phat triSn hoan toan moi ma ylu t6 Khi nhjc din nhung ylu t6 chinh ylu
"hpi nhap" luon dugc dat len hang dau nhu quylt djnh su thanh cong, cu thi la hieu hien nay, co khong it ca hpi ISn thach thuc qua dao tao ciia cac chuang trinh, thi cong doi hoi nganh y te phai co nhung buac di tac danh gia luon la mgt trong nhung uu vOng chac de dam bao cho su phat triin tien hang d4u cua cac chuong trinh giao chung. Mgt trong nhung vin dl dugc quan due hien nay. Viec danh gia hieu qua dao tam hang dau nham bat kjp tiln dp phat tao (ggi tSt la danh gia dao tag) thufrng trien ciing vgi cac nganh khac chinh la dugc tiln hanh sau khi chuang trinh dao nguon nhan luc. Vai viec luon ijy dao tao tao kit thiic; dl tim hieu xem chuong trinh nguon nhan luc chat lupng cao lam chiln dao tao co hoan thanh dupe nhiing muc tieu lupc mui nhpn, nganh y tl dang con nhilu da de ra khong; xac djnh kit qua dao tao - '"' ThS. Truang D^i hpc y Dirac Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, Email [email protected]
128
TAP CHi KHOA HOC BAI HQC VAN LANG So 01/2017 lugng kidn thirc, k^ nang hgc vien tiep thu
dugc tir khda hgc va quan trgng ban, klia nang va miic do img dung ciia cdc ky ndng va kidn thiic nay trong cdng vide md hgc vien dam nhdn.
Vdi tdm quan trgng nhu vay, danh gia dao tao khdng cdn don thudn nam trong khudn khd cua mgt bg phan mang tinh quy trinh ma da trd thanh sii m?nh mang tinh chidn luge. Viec tim kiem mdt he thdng danh gid cbi'nh xac, bieu qud cho cac chuang trinh dao tao la mdt trong nhLi:ng thach thiic ma nhieu nha nghidn ciru vd quan ly dao tao quan tam. Vi vay, cd thd noi, mgt he thdng danh gia tdt, ngay cdng hoan thien la cdng vu khdng thd thidu trong ca hien tai va tuong lai.
Hi?n nay, cd rat nhieu he thdng dugc xay dung va dp dung, trong do, be thdng danh gia bdn cdp do cua KirkPatrick dugc xem la he thdng ndi tidng nhdt, dugc cdng nhan va sii dung rdng rai nhdt, dde biet la trong linh vuc giao due va dao tao. Theo he thong nay, danh gid dao tao dugc chia lam 4 cap do; cdp do 1: phan img (do ludng su hai long eua hgc vien); cdp dd 2: hgc tap (do ludng mire do tiep thu kien thiic, ky nang sau khoa hoc); cap do 3: hanh vi (do ludng miic do dp dung kien thirc, ky nang vao cdng viec); cap do 4: kdt qua (danh gia hieu qua dao lao thdng qua dnh hudng eiia dao tao vdi kel qua kinh doanh).
Nhdm giiip hieu ro han vd md hinh KirkPatrick bdn cap do, tir do ung dung vao viec danh gia hieu qua dao tao, nghien cim "Danh gid dao tao theo md hinh KirkPatrick bdn cap dd" dugc thuc hien vdi mong mudn xay dung cai nhin tdng quan
ve md hinh nay va djnh hudng viec iing dung tai cac c a sd giao due.
2. D A O TAO VA DANH GIA DAO T y \ 0 Dao tao la qua trinh tac ddng den mgt con ngudi nham lam cho ngudi dd ITnh hgi va nam vimg nhimg tri thiic, ky nang, ky xao,... mgt each cd he thdng nham chuan bi cho ngudi do thich nghi vdi cudc sdng va kha nang nhan mgt su phan cdng lao dgng nhdt djnh, gdp phdn ciia minh vao viec phat trien xa bdi, duy tri va phat trien nen van minh cua loai ngudi. Vd ca ban, dao lao la giang day va hgc tap trong nha trudng, gan vdi giao due dao diic nhan each.
Danh gia dao tao la do ludng muc do tien bd ve kien thiic, ky nang bay hanh vi ma ngudi hgc tiep thu dugc tir chuang trinh dao tao. Vide do ludng nay ciing giiip danh gia su phii hgp giira cac chi phi phat sinh trong viec thiet ke va thuc hien chuong Irinb dao tao vdi cac lgi I'ch Hen quan.
Nhidu chuyen gia cho rang danh gia dao tao la xem xet mire do dat dugc cac muc tieu da dd ra hay tham chi la kha nang img dung nhung kien thiic va ky nang tiep thu tir khda hgc vao thuc tien nghe nghiep.
3. M U C D I C H CUA DANH GIA DAO TAO
Muc dich ciia viec danh gia co the la:
- Thdu hidu dugc hgc vien: cung cdp cai nhin sau sdc tir phia hgc vien de lam ro cac hoat ddng ciia chuang trinh, thiet ke chuang trinh dd mang lai nhung thay ddi nhu mong mudn.
- Thay doi viec thuc hanh: nang cao chdt lugng, hieu qua, hoac hieu luc ciia chuang trinh dao tao.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG TriTffn^VanO?!
- Ddnh gia tdc ddng: xem xet mdi quan he giu'a cac boat ddng cua chuang trinh va he qua quan sat dugc.
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Hinh 1. Quy trinh xay dung chuong trinh dao tao
- Xac dinh dnh hudng len ngudi hgc:
sir dung cac quy trinh ddnh gia xac dinh nhii-ng anb hudng ciia dao tao den nhung ngudi tham gia thdng qua vide khao sat. Su phan chieu cd he thdng trong qua trinh danh gia cd the la mdt chat xuc tac cho viec tu thay ddi cd djnh hudng ciia bgc vien.
Ban than quy Irinb danh gia cung se tao ra nhung anh budng tich cue nhdt dinh.
Viec danh gia giup cai thien cac chuong trinh dao lao trong tuang lai va chimg minh linh diing dan cho bat ky chi phi nao lien quan den dao tao. Qua trinh danh gia cung se cho phep td chire xac dinh dugc diem manh, diem yeu cung nhu so sanh chi phi vdi lgi ich. Mgt he thdng ddnh gia cd the dugc sir dung de thu thap dii lieu, tir do dua ra cac quyet dinh quan ly ve cac chuang irinh dao lao Irong luang lai va cd
thd xac djnh xem dao tao co phdi la giai phap thich hgp cho mdt nhu cdu cu thd nao do hay khdng.
4. MO H i N H KIRKPATRICK BON CAP DO iTNG DUNG TRONG DANH GIA DAO TAO
4.1. Cdp do 1 - Phan iing
Danh gid d cdp do nay chu ydu tim hidu pbdn img ciia hgc vidn ddi vdi khda hgc ma hg tham du. Thdng qua phieu tham dd thudng dugc phat vao cudi khda hgc, hgc vien se bay td y kidn cua minh ve nhtrng khia canh khdc nhau cua khda bgc, vi du nhu ndi dung ciia chuang trinh dao tao, c a sd vat chdt, gido vien, anh hudng va kha ndng iing dung eua nhtrng kidn thuc va ky nang hg tidp thu dugc tir khda hgc ddi vdi cdng vide ma bg dang dam nhan. Trong bdn cdp dd, "Phan img" la cap do dugc sit dung nhidu nhdt cd le do day la cdp do de thue bien va de danh gia nhdt. The nhung bdt chdp tinh dan gian ciia cap do ndy, tbeo KirkPatrick, cdp do nay cung khdng kem pban quan trgng. Trudc het, dua vao nhung phan bdi cua sinh vien, cac nha quan ly va giao vien cd thd xdc dinh nhtrng khia canh nao ciia chuang trinh dao tao can dugc ciing ed vd phat trien, nhtrng khia canh nao can sira ddi, cai thien. Ngoai ra, cap do nay cting cung cap ebo nha dao tao nhung thdng tin djnh lugng vd chat lugng ciia chuang trinh dao tao. Tir dd, bg cd the sit dung nhtrng thdng tin nay de djnh ra nhirng lieu chuan cbo cac chuang trinh tidp theo.
Do y nghTa va tdm quan trgng cua cdp do
"Phan irng", KirkPatrick da nghi mdi chuang Irinh dao tao tdi thieu pliai ihuc hien cdp dd danh gid nay.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC SAI HQC VAN LANG 4.2. Cap do 2 - Hoc tap
Cdp do ndy lien quan den ket qua hgc tap ciia hgc vien. Kdt qua hgc tap dugc xac dinh dua tren lugng kidn thiic, ky ndng, thai do ma hgc vien tidp thu dugc tir khda hgc.
Cdng tac danh gia ciia cap do 2 nhdm xac dinh muc do ma hgc vien cd the cai thien, nang cao, md rdng kien thirc va k^ ndng cua hg sau khi tham du khda hgc. Cap do nay cd the tien hanh trong sudt khda hgc va sir dung nhieu phuang phdp ddnh gia khac nhau bao gdm bang cau hdi thdm dd y kien, khao sat, quan sat, kiem tra ly thuyet tren giay, kiem tra thuc hdnh, danh gid theo nhom, tu danh gia. Thdng thudng miic do thay ddi ve kien thiic, ky nang, thai do cua hoc vien nhd vao dao tao dugc xac dinh dira vao viec so sdnh, ddi chieu kdt qua kiem tra trudc khi khda hgc bdt ddu (Pre- test) va ky thi sau khi khda hgc kdt thiic (Post-test). Su khac biet giua hai bai kidm tra se chi rd hgc vien da tidp thu dugc nhimg gi tir khda hgc. Dua vdo diim sd ciia hoc vien, nha dao tao cd thd xac djnh mdt each tuong ddi chinh xac anh hudng cua viec ddo tao ddn hgc vien. Mdt didu cdn phai luu tam dd la viec danh gia kdt qua hgc tap phai dua vao muc tidu chuong trinh dao tao da duge dd ra va cae bai thi, bai kiem tra phdi theo sat cdc muc tidu nay.
4.3. Cdp do 3 - H a n h vi
Ddi tugng danh gia chii yeu ciia cap do 3 la kha nang va miic do irng dung nhirng kien thiic va ky nang ma hgc vien dat dugc tir khda hgc vao cdng viec cua hg. Cdp do nay tim dap an cho cau hdi lieu nhtrng ky nang, kien thirc ke tren cd giiip ich cho hgc vien ndng cao hieu qud cdng viec cua minh khdng, \ a neu cd thi d mire do nao. Nha
dao tao can danh gia bieu hien cdng tdc cua hgc vien trudc va sau khi tham gia dao tao.
Su so sanh hai ket qua ddnh gia se chi ra lieu cd thay ddi nao didn ra nhd vao kdt qua dao tao hay khdng.
Do cap do danh gia nay lien quan den nhung gi dien ra sau kbi hgc vien hoan thanh khda hgc va quay vd vdi cdng viec, vide danh gia nay tdt nhat dugc thuc hien ba hay sau thang sau khi khda hgc ket thuc vi bai ly do sau:
Thu nhdt, hgc vien can cd tbdi gian dd dn lai nhimg gi bg dugc hgc va ap dung nd vao tbyc tien.
Thic hai, rat khd de cd the du doan chinh xac khi nao nhirng thay ddi trong bieu bien cdng tac cua hgc vien nhd vao ket qua dao tao.
KirkPatrick de nghj cap do danh gia nay nen dugc thuc hien nhieu lan de cd the xac dinh mdt each toan dien va day du anh hudng cua nhung tbay ddi tren. Nhimg phuang phap danh gia cd the sir dung d cap do nay bao gdm cdu hdi tham dd, khao sat, pbdng vdn, quan sat true tiep. Nhimg ngudi tham gia vao cdng tac danh gia d cap dp nay khdng chi cd hgc vien ma con bao gdm cac nha quan ly, cdp tren true tidp, hoac nhtrng ngudi d vi tri cd the quan sat dugc su thay ddi trong bidu hien cdng tac ciia hgc vien.
Danh gia d cdp do nay tuong ddi phiic tap va khd thuc hien do can cd nhieu thai gian va cdng siic dd thu thap dtr Heu va rat khd du doan khi nao nhting thay ddi trong bidu bien cdng tac ciia hpc \ien se didn ra.
Hon nira, ngoai dao tao, nhting bieu hien cdng lac cdn cd thd bi anh hudng do nhieu ydu td khac lien quan den ban Ihdn ngudi
TiJLp CHi KHOA HQC PAI HQC VAN LANG Tnro^gVfinD^l hgc (sir cam ket, hieu suat Idm viec, ddng
lire, kha ndng lam vigc), mdi tnidng (van hda cdng ty, miic do hd trg tir cdp tren, sir phii hgp vdi cdng viec ciia hgc vien...) bode vi^c xac dinh muc tidu hgc tdp cua hgc vien.
4.4. Cap d$ 4 - K e t qua
Danh gia tai cdp d$ ndy Id xdc dinh dnh hudng ciia Idida hgc Idn boat dgng cua td chiic thdng qua vide cai thien hieu nang lam vigc cua hg. Cdp do 4 khdng chit gidi hsm, d Igi nic ddu tir dao tao ma cdn cd the bao gdm nhiing ket qua quan trgng khac ddng gdp vao CO cau ben vung cua mgt td chiic. S\r thay ddi vd tdi chmh cd thd la Igi tOrc ddu tu duong hoac Igi nhudn tdng, cung cd thi la sy thay ddi trong cac bien sd cd anh hudng tin cay tryc tiep vao kdt qud tai chinh tai ciing mdt thdi diem trong tuang lai.
Bdn canh do, cdp dg nay con dugc su dung dd danh gia chi phi so vdi lgi ich cua chuong trinh dao tao, hie la tdc dgng cOa to chiic trong vide giam chi phi, cai thien chat lugng cdng vide, tdng ndng sudt, cai thign mdi quan he ciia con ngudi, tdng doanh thu, tdng sy cam kdt cua nhan vien, it tai nan, sy hai Idng cao... Thu thdp. td chirc va phan tich dp do bdn cd thd khd khan, tdn thdi gian va tdn kem ban so vdi ba cdp do khac, nhung kdt qua thudng kha ddng gia khi dugc xem trong bdi cdnh ddy dii vd gia tri cua nd doi vdi to churc.
Nhin chung, cang len cdp dg Ion ban, qua trinh danh gia cang trd nen khd khdn vd mdt thdi gian hem, mac dii chung cbo nhidu thdng tin cd gia trj ban vd hidu lyc kdt qua cao ban (Hinh 2).
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IDnh 2. SodoboQcapdgcuamohinh KirkPatrick
KirkPatrick cho rdng cdng tdc ddnh gia nen dugc tien hanh tir cdp dO 1, sau dd tiiy thugc vao thdi gian vd ngan sach chung ta se tidn hanh tudn ty cdp do 2, 3 va 4. Ket qua mong mudn cua khda hgc la
nhung bien ddi vd hanh vi, vd sau do la bieu nang eua cdng vide. Ndu cd sy thay ddi hanh vi ma khdng do ludng miic do hoc t|.p thi cd thd sy thay ddi dd khdng ddn tir khda hgc. Hode ndu khdng do ludng su
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG So 01/2017 thay ddi vd hdnh vi thi cung khdng the ndi
dugc kdt qua din tit khda hgc hay ddn hi nhung ngudn khac. Vi v^y, dd xac dinh dugc nguyen nhdn ddn den nhimg thay ddi vd kdt qud la rdt quan trgng, va cdng tac danh gid d cdp do hgc tap va bien ddi hanh vi se giiip tra ldi cdu hdi dd. Tdm lai, tiiy vao ngudn lyc san cd (nhan sy, tai chinh, thdi gian...) ma ngudi danh gia cd the quyet dinh nen thuc hien het bdn cdp do hay khdng. Tuy nhien, KirkPatrick cho rdng khdng nen bd qua bat ki cap do nao va quan trong han ca la khdng nen do ludng lgi tiic dau ttr khi chua ddnh gia bdn cdp do.
5. MQT SO NGHIEN CLTU TREN T H E GIOI
Trong mdt nghidn cim tai Dai bgc Vanguard Nam California, My, Ludmila Praslova da ghi nhan sy bthi ich ciia vide ap dung md hinh bdn cdp do trong vide sdp xep cac tieu chi danh gia va cac chi sd, dirge minh bga bdng nhidu vi du lien quan den thye tidn tai Dai hgc Vanguard Nam California. Trudng dai hgc nay da xay dimg cac cdng cu danh gia cu thd, chdng han nhu cac bdi kidm tra kidn thirc, cac mau cdng viec cua sinh vien, cac cudc khdo sat tren sinh vien vd cuu sinh vien. Didu nay da giiip hg tap hgp dugc mdt boi canh phong phii vd toan didn dd thuc bien cac kd hoach danh gid ket qud giao due dai hgc.
Ngoai viec cung cap mdt khudn khd linh hoat de su dung trong ndi bd, viec img dung md hinh bdn cap do cdn dugc ca quan kiem dinh trong khu vyc ticb cue ddn nhan.
Hien nay, trudng dai hgc nay tiep tue sir dung md binh KirkPatrick de xay dyng hudng ddn vd cdc khai niem trong ddnh gia ddo tao cung nhu bdo cao ve cac nd lyc cua
vide ddnh gia lien tue va cai each giao due tai trucmg.
Trong mgt nghien ciru khac danh gia vd kdt qua giao due y khoa Hen tue tryc tuydn tai Canada, Vernon R Curran va Lisa Fleet da sir dung c a sd dii lieu Medline de tim kidm cac nghien ciiu lien quan den gido due y khoa tryc tuyen va phan loai cac ket qua bang each sii dung md hinh KirkPatrick bdn cap dg. Cac ket qua pban ticb nay cho thay rang phdn Idn cac nghidn ciiu danh gia ve dao tao y khoa lien tue tryc tuyen chi tien hanh trdn sy hai Idng cua ngudi tham gia. Cd rat it nghidn cim chimg minh dugc sy thay ddi hieu qua trong thye hanh lam sang va khdng cd nghidn ciru nao chiing minh rdng vide thuc hien qua trinh dao tao y khoa lien tue true tuydn da cho nhimg dnh budng den kel qua tren benh nhan. Trong nghien ciru nay, phuang phap KirkPatrick da dugc hieu chinh dd phii hgp vdi thue td khao sat. 0 cap do 1, cac khao sdt cho thay, cac bac sT tham gia nhin cbung deu hai Idng vdi khda hgc. Khda bgc giiip cap nhdt thdng tin nhanh chdng. Cac bac sT tiep can vdi cac chuyen gia bang dau ciia ed nude vd tren the gidi ma khdng can ton chi phi di lai. Nghien cuu cung chi ra cac kho khan gap phai trong qua irinb su dung he thdng true tuyen (Ky nang quan !y va sii dung cdng nghe cua cae bac sT, thdng tin qua nhieu va qua rdng, can dieu chinh phii hgp ban cho bac sT). Cap do 2 khao sat vd kha nang hoan tbanh cac bdi kiem tra trudc va sau khda hgc. Ket qua chi ra rang sd lugng hgc vien cd the hoan thanh thanh cdng bai kidm sau khi ket thiic khda hpc tang ban 19% so vdi bai kiem tra trudc khda hoc. Ben canh dd, mire do chinh xac
T ^ CHi KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG TruOTgV3oB?l trong viec tra loi cac cau hoi cQng dugc cai
thien. Doi voi cap do 3, danh gia dirge thirc hien chii yeu tren qua trinh tir danh gia va bao cao ciia hgc vien. Mgt so nghien cuu cho thay khoa hgc da giiip nang cao tay nghe va ki nang thirc hanh lam sang cho cac bac sT.
6. KET LUAN
Vi6c danh gia dao tao ia v6 ciing quan trgng. Cac doanh nghiep va ca so dao tao can cam ket de thirc hien cong tac danh gia, it nhat la do lucmg den sir biln d6i v6 hanh vi va anh huong tren toan bg ta chiic thay
vi chi dimg lai a k i l m soat mire do hai long hoac xem xet miic do tilp thu kiln thirc cua hgc vien.
Ngoai ra, nhihig ai quan tam den danh gia dao tao va mo hinh KirkPatrick co the xem xet tiln hanh tren quy mo 1dm horn vcri thoi gian dai hon d l t h i y ro sir thay doi anh huong cua khoa hgc trdn cjp do 3 va cap do 4 (it nhit la 3- 6 thang sau khoa hgc).
c i p do 4 cung co t h i co nhirng each tiep can khac linh hoat hon nhu do luong sir hai long cua khach hang.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Abdulghani H.M., Shaik S.A., Khamis N., et al. (2014). Research methodology workshops evaluation using the KirkPatrick's model: translating theory into practice.
Med Teach, 36(1), S24-9.
2. Arthur W.J., Bennett W.J., Edens P.S., et al. (2003). Effectiveness of training in organi2ations: a meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. J Appl Psychol, 88(2), 234-245.
3. Boulmetis J. and Dutwin P. (2005), The ABC of Evaluation: Timeless Techniques for Program and Project Managers, Jossey-Bass Inc.
4. Bradley K. and Connors E. (2007). Training Evaluation Model: Evaluating and Improving Criminal Justice Training.
5. Farjad S. (2012). The Evaluation Effectiveness of training courses in University by KirkPahick Model (case study: Islamshahr university). Procedia-Social Behav Sci, 46, 2837-2841.
6. KirkPatrick D.L. (2006), Evaluating training programs: The four levels, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, pp. 27-28, 4 4 , 4 5 , 54, 55, 66-68.
7. KirkPatrick D.L. (2006). Seven Keys to Unlock the Four Levels of Evaluation. Perform Improv, 45(7), 5-8.
Ngay nhan bai: 05-11-2016. Ngay bien tap xong: 28-11-2016. Duy$t dang: 15/12/2016
