KINH TE VI MO
Xu hadng bien ddi chCfc nang san xudt cua ho gia dinh Viet Nam-
NGUYEN CHIEN THANG TA PHUC DUdNG
? d i viet sii dung so'lieu Bieu tra mdc song hp gia dinh Viet Nam vd so lieu dieu tra ' khdo sdt chiic ndng kinh tehg gia dinh do Vien Kinh teViet Nam thiic hien nam 2017 tai 8 tinh/thanh pho de phan tich xu hUdng hoat dpng sdn xuat kinh doanh, dong gop vi gid tri, thUc trang vd xu hitdng thu nhap cua hp gia dinh, tren cd sd do di xudt mpt so dinh hildng chinh sdch nham toi Uu hoa chUc ndng sdn xudt cho muc tieu ndng cao phuc ldi cua hg gia dinh trong giai doan tdi.
TiX k h o a : chiic ndng sdn xudt, thu nhap, hp gia dinh, ndng nghiep, phi ndng nghiep.
1. Mcf d a u
Chiic nang san x u a t la mot trong bon chiic n a n g kinh t e cd b a n cua gia dinh ben canh. chiic nang tieu dung, chfic n a n g cung tfng lao dong va chiLc n a n g t a i chinh. Trong thdi dai cong nghiep, san x u a t khong p h a i la chiic nang dac triing cua ho gia dinh ma thUcJng dUOc coi la chiic n a n g cua doanh nghiep. Kinh te hoc cung coi t r o n g chiic nang tieu dung cua hg gia dinh hdn chiic nang san xuat. Tinh t r a n g n a y ton tai cho den t h a p nien 1970 cua t h e ky tritdc vdi sil r a ddi cua "kinh t e hoc hg gia dinh mdi"
(Becker, 1978; Ironmonger D., 2000), trong do, ho gia dinh diidc eoi nhiT mgt ddn vi san xuat, ket hdp von va siic lao dgng trong hg gia dinh de san xuli't h a n g hoa dich vu phuc vu cac nhu c^u khac n h a u . K i n h te hg gia dinh la cac hoat dgng k i n h t e t a p t h e cua hg gia dinh. Kinh tS' ho gia dinh diidc diing de phan biet v6i cac k h u vuc kinh t e khac trong nen kinh quoc d a n nhU: doanh nghiep, chinh p h u hay ngoai thifdng. San x u a t hp gia dinh co t h e n h a m phuc vu muc dich tii cung tii cap (phi t h i tracing) hoac b a n r a thi tru6ng; co the san xuat nong nghiep h a y cac hoat dgng phi nong nghiep.
San xu^'t mang t i n h ch^it phi thi trUcing cua hg gia dinh la sU s a n x u a t h a n g hoa va dich vu thong q u a viec srf dung vo'n va lao
dong tii CO trong mot gia dinh nhSm dap iing n h u cau tieu dung cua b a n t h a n gia dinh n h u viec xay dung, t r a n g tri n h a cLta, n a u an, giat q u a n ao hay cham soc con cai (Ironmonger 1995). Tong gia tri gia t a n g ciia san xuft't tii cap cua hg gia dinh dUdc goi la tong san p h ^ m hg gia dinh (Gross Household Product-GHP). GHP thiicing khong dUdc ghi n h a n trong cac thong ke chinh thong ve k i n h te ciing n h u trong he tho'ng tai khoan quoc d a n (SNA). Tuy n h i e n cac cugc dieu t r a k h a o s a t cl cac nii6c p h a t trien va dang p h a t trien chi r a ra.ng so' thdi gian ngUdi lao dgng d a n h cho cong viec gia dinh eiing g^n tUdng diidng nhU thdi gian di lam cong sd (Goldschmidt-clermont, 2000;
Ironmonger, 1995). Neu xet ve m a t dau r a - d i u vao t h i n e n kinh te gia dinh cung tUdng diidng n h u quy mo cua nen kinh te quoc dan (Chadeau, 1992; Ironmonger, 2000). BSi vay, viec t h i e u vdng kinh te ho gia dinh trong he tho'ng tho'ng ke kinh te' c6 t h e d a n h gia t h a p t h u n h ^ p va miic song thiic sii cua ngUcJi dan va dong gop thiic te cua p h u nU trong p h a t trien.
Nguyen Chien Tiling, PGS.TS.; Ta Phiic DitcJng, ThS., Vien Kinh te' Viet Nam.
* Nghien cihi nay la san ph^m cua d^ tai "Chiic nang kinh t^ cua gia dinh Viet Nam trong boi canh c6ng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa", ma s6' KHXH-GD/16-19/07.
Nghief} ciiu Kmh tes67(482} - Thing 7/2018
Xu hudng bien doi chufc nang
San xuat mang t i n h c h a t thi trUcJng la qua trinh san xu^'t, trong do ^ i a dinh co the la ddn vi san xu^'t, triic tiep tao r a san p h a m h a n g hoa va dich vu phuc vu n h u cau thi trUcing thong qua trao doi, buon b a n . Hg gia dinh vdi tU each la mgt ddn vi san xuat ket hdp cac yeu to' san x u a t nhU nguon liic tii nhien va lao d6ng va k h a n a n g kinh doanh de tao r a gia tri gia t a n g cho n§'n k i n h t§'.
Lao dgng t r o n g k i n h t e hg gia dinh c6 t h e la lao dpng tii co t r o n g gia d i n h hoac di t h u e mU6n. Day la chiic n a n g gop p h a n tao t h u n h a p cho hp gia dinh. K h u viic k i n h t e hg gia dinh co dong gop q u a n t r g n g do'i vdi nen kinh te quoc dan. To chiic European Federation for Services to Individuals (2013) udc tinh r i n g khu viic kinh te nay tao r a tdi 5,5 trieu viec lam mdi toan thdi gian va 7,5 trieu tong viec lam cho n e n k i n h t e Cgng dong chung Chau Au. 6 Anh, khu vUc kinh te hp gia dinh dong gop tdi 36% tong so' viec lam, trong do p h a n Idn la viec lam toan thdi gian va c6 khoang 1/10 cac doanh nghiep hg gia dinh c6 quy mo nho va vita, {tren 10 lao dgng) (Mason va cong sii, 2010). M^t cupc khao sat 6 Scotland cung chi r a kinh te hp gia dinh dong gop 17% so'viec lam va 10%
doanh t h u cua khu viic kinh te tU n h a n (Mason, 2015). Mac du co dong gop quan trpng cho nen kinh te, p h a n Idn gia tri san xu^Lt kinh doanh trong k h u viic kinh te hp gia dinh thudng khong dUdc cong bo' va khong dudc tinh trong he tho'ng tai khoan quoc gia (SNA). Cac hoat dpng kinh doanh cua khu viic nay thudng diidc liet vao dang kinh te phi chinh thiic.
Vdi vai tro quan trpng cua chiic n a n g san xua't hp gia dinh t r e n t h e gidi cung n h u tai Viet Nam, nghien ciiu nay d a n h gia tong quan thuc t r a n g va p h a n tich xu hudng bien doi chUc nang san xuat cua hg gia dinh Viet Nam trong giai doan vUa qua, dinh vi cac xu hudng chinh, tii do dua r a mot so' h a m y chinh sach nham toi Uu hoa chiic nang san xuat cho muc tieu n a n g cao p h u c ldi cua hp gia dinh.
2. T h t f c t r a n g v a x u h i f d n g b i ^ n doi chijfc n a n g s a n x u a t v a t a o t h u n h a p c u a h o g i a d i n h V i e t N a m 2.1. Hoat dpng sdn xuat kinh doanh cua hp gia dinh
Hp tii s a n xu&'t k i n h doanh co the chia t h a n h h a i loai theo n g a n h nghe san xua't, gom san xua't t r o n g nong nghiep va san xua't phi nong nghiep. N a m 2014, ty le scT hp co boat dpng san xua't k i n h doanh phi nong nghiep 5 Viet N a m la 32,8%. D i l u khong ngac n h i e n la ty 1$ n a y cao hdn ct khu vUc t h a n h t h i so vdi k h u viic nong thon do cac hoat dpng k i n h t§' 3 k h u viic t h a n h thi chu yeu la cac boat dgng phi nong nghiep.
Ve xu hudng bien dpng, t i n h tit nam 2006 den n a m 2014, ty le so' hg gia dinh c6 hoat dgng tii san xua't k i n h doanh phi nong nghiep co xu h u d n g giam dan ct ca khu vUc t h a n h t h i va k h u viic nong thon. O khu vUc t h a n h thi, ty 1& so' hg co hoat dgng san xua't kinh doanh da giam tii 52,4% xuong con 43,2%, trong khi k h u viic nong thon giam tU 34,3% xuong 28,1%. Xu hUdng giam dan ty le so' hg tU san xua't k i n h doanh co the giai thich la do xu hudng lam cong an lUdng ngay cang pho bien hdn. Mgt nguyen nhan niia la thi trUdng h a n g hoa Viet Nam ngay cang canh t r a n h trong boi canh hpi nhap, do dd nhiing cd s3 san xua't k i n h doanh nho le cua cac hp gia dinh ngay cang kho ton tai.
Thuc t r a n g n a y co t h e q u a n sat kha ro trong linh viic b a n le khi cac ciia h a n g nho le dan nhudng cho cho cac chuoi sieu thi Idn xua't hi§n ngay cang n h i l u t r e n thi trUctng.
BANG 1: T;y le h o CO b o a t d o n g s a n xuat kinh d o a n h p h i n o n g n g h i e p t h e o k h u v\ic (%)
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Ca nude 39,3 36,7 34,4 32,3 32,8
Thanh thi 52,4 50,1 45,6 43,1 43,2
Nong thon 34.3 31,5 29,5 27,6 28,1 Nguon • VHLSS, Tdng cue Tho'ng kS.
Nghien ciiu Kinh tes^ 7(482) • Thing 7/2018
Xu hirdng bien doi chufc nang
Ben c a n h so lieu c u a Tong cue Tho'ng ke, nghien ciiu n a y ciing sii d u n g so' lieu dieu t r a k h a o sat hp gia d i n h cua Vien K i n h te Viet N a m thiic M e n n a m 2017 t a i 8 t i n h , t h a n h pho' (Ha Ngi, T h a i Binh, H a Giang, Nghe An, B i n h T h u a n , D a k Lak, Binh Dudng, Soc Trang) bao gom dieu t r a dinh t i n h (thao l u a n n h o m , phong v a n sau can bp cac cd q u a n q u a n ly n h a nU6c co lien q u a n va dai dien hp gia dinh) va dieu t r a
dinh lUdng v6i quy mo mSu la 1.600 hg gia (Enh (8 t i n h , t h a n h pho* x 200 hp gia dinh/tinh, t h a n h pho) d a m bao t i n h dai dien t h a n h t h i , nong thon, n g a n h n g h e , miic so'ng. Ket q u a cupc k h a o s a t n a y ciing cho tha'y k i n h doanh hg gia dinh cd xu h u d n g chuyen dich s a n g cac hoat dpng phi nong nghiep. Xu h u d n g n a y dien r a h h a u h e t cac dia phUdng dieu t r a , ke ca nhiing t i n h v u n g cao n h u H a Giang.
HOP 1: Chuyen doi cd cau k i n h t e
Thanh pho Ha Giang co hdn 5 van dan, 5 phUcIng (chu yeu hoat dpng dich vu du lich, giai tri, an uong), 3 xa ngoai thanh dat chuan nong thon mdi (chu yeu san xuat nong nghiep va dich vu du hch cong dong:
5 lang dUdc cong nhan du lich cgng dong, 37 ho hoat dong kmh doanh); trong do: phUdng Minh Khai chuyen lam tour khach quoc te don khach tii Ha Noi len, 3 xa trUdc day chi thuan nong nghiep nhung hien nay ciing dan chuyen doi sang dich vu du lich.
Nguon: Khao sat nam 2017 cda ViSn Kinh t^ Viet Nam tai Ha Giang
Ty le hg tii san xua't k i n h doanh phi nong nghiep ciing co sU khac n h a u giiia cac nhom thu nhap. Nhom t h u n h a p cang cao thi co ty le hp hoat dgng s a n x u a t kinh doanh phi ndng nghiep cang cao. Chang h a n , nhom t h u nhap tha'p (nhom 1) co ty le hp san xua't kinh
doanh phi nong nghiep chi la 20,7%, trong khi ty le nay la 48% 6 nhom t h u n h a p cao nha't (nhom 5). NhU vay, miic t h u nhap ciia hp gia dinh co moi tUdng quan mat thiet vdi hoat dpng tii san xua't k i n h doanh phi nong nghiep.
BANG 2: Ty l e h o c o h o a t d o n g s a n x u a t k i n h d o a n h p h i n o n g n g h i e p t h e o n h o m t h u n h a p i%)
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
N h o m l 20,7 20,2 16,9 15,3 15,3
N h 6 i n 2 34,1 31.3 29,1 27,9 27,8 Kinh 41,3 38,7 36,9 34,7 35,1
Nhom 3 42,9 38,2 37,4 35,4 36,6
Nhom 4 47,8 44,6 43,6 39,8 40,4
Nhom 5 48.0 46,9 42,8 40,9 41,6 Dan tpc khac
23,4 20,9 17,2 15,6 17,0 Ngudn: VHLSS, T^ng cue Thdng ke.
Nhin tCf khia canh dan tgc, cac hp thuoc dan too Kinh co ty le hoat dgng san xulft kinh doanh phi nong nghiep cao hdn h a n so vdi cac hp thupc cac nhom dan tgc khac. Nam 2014, ty le nay d
dan tpc Kinh la 35,1% so vdi 17% b nhom dan toe khac. Nhom ngUcfi Hoa ciing co xu hUdng tap trung vao cac hoat dpng kinh doanh phi nong nghiep. Ket qua khao sat hp gia dinh nam Ngtiien aiu Kmh tes67(482) - Thing 7^018
Xu baoing hien doi chiirc nang ,
2017 cua Vien Kinh te Viet Nam tai Soc Trang va Binh Thuan cho thay rang ngUcii Hoa tap trung vao hoat dgng kinh doanh phi nong
nghiep, chu y§u Hen quan tdi nghi buon ban, thUdng mai va la nhom dan tpc c6 miic thu nhap thupc hang cao trong cong dong dan cU.
HOP 2: Taip q u a n lam an cua ngxfofi Hoa
Ket qua dilu tra tai thanh pho' Phan Thiet, tinh Binh Thuan cho thay ngudi Hoa co tap quan lam thUdng mai nen ho ngUcli Hoa song kha tap trung cl Khu 1 theo dudng Tran Phii. Thu nhap chinh la buon ban va tieu thu cong nghiep nhU lam giay, may va bo'c thuoc. NgUdi Hoa la nhom kha gia nhat ve kinh te. Ho nhanh nhay vdi thi trUdng va chon ndi b thuan ldi cho buon ban.
Nguon: Khao sat nam 2017 cua ViSn Kinh te ViSt Nam tai Phan Thie't, Binh Thuan.
hdn b a n cl khu viic nong thon (so vdi thanh thi). Chang ban, n a m 2006 ty le so' boat dpng san xuat kinh doanh phi nong nghiep khong dien r a du 12 thang d k h u viic ndng thon len tdi 48,6% so vdi 21,8% d khu viic thanh thi; ty le nay nam 2014 la 35,7% va 20,5%. Ty le nay cao phan anh thiic trang cac hoat dgng san xua't kinh doanh phi nong nghiep trong cac hp gia (hnh chUa mang tinh on dinh lau dai.
BANG 3: Ty le h o co h o a t d o n g s a n x u a t k i n h d o a n h p h i n o n g n g h i e p t h e o thoii gian h o a t d o n g
Mat khac, quan sat sau bdn ve tinh chSt cua cac hoat dpng tU san xua't kinh doanh ciia hp gia dinh c6 the thSy rang, khong phai tat ca cac boat dpng deu dien r a toan thdi gian trong nam. So' lieu dieu tra miic song dan cU cua Tong cue Tho'ng ke ciing chi r a r i n g , so' cac hoat dgng tii san xua't kinh doanh phi nong nghiep boat dgng theo kieu thdi vu chiem tdi khoang 1/3 so'boat dgng. Dac biet, ty le nay cao
2006 2008 2010 2012 1 2014
Ca nu6c dil 12 thdng
61,5 79,1 67,3 69,5 70,6
dual 12 thdng 38,5 20,9 32,7 30.5 29,4
T h a n h thi dij 12 thang
78,2 88,9 78,5 79,4 79,5
d u 6 i 1 2 t h i n g 21,8 11,1 21,5 20,6 20,5
N6ng thon dO 12 t h a n g
51,4 72,8 59,3 62,7 64,3
dirdl 12 thang 48.6 27,2 40,7 37,3 35,7 on: VHLSS, T6iig cue Thong ke.
Khong chi thieu tinh on dinh ma quy mo boat dgng san xua't kinh doanh cua cac hg gia dinh d Viet Nam ciing sieu nho. Theo so' lieu dieu tra nam 2015 cua Trung tam P h a n tich va du bao (Laure Pasquier-Doumer, Xavier Oudin, Nguyen Thang, 2017) thi so hp kinh doanh chi co 1-2 lao dgng chiem tdi
BANG 4: Q u y m o l a o d o n g c u a k i n h d o a n h h o g i a d i n h
82%, trong khi hp kinh doanh co quy mo tren 6 lao dgng chi chiem 2%. Mat khac, ket qua cupc dieu t r a t r e n cung chi r a rang quy mo sieu nho (1-2 lao dpng) cua hp san xua't kinh doanh cl k h u vUc phi chinh thUc t h a m chi cdn pho bien hdn k h u vuc chinh thiic, 51% so vdi 31%.
%
Chung Chinh thiic Piii chi'nh thiic
1 lao dong 46 31 51
2 lao dong 38 41 37
3-5 lao dong 14 24 10
6-18 lao dong 2 4 2 Nguon- Laure Pasquier-Doumer, Xavier Oudin, Nguyen Thang (2017)-
Nghien ciiu Kmh tesS7(482) - Thing 7/201B
Xu hudng bien doi chiic nang
Ket qua k h a o s a t ciia Vien K i n h t§' Viet N a m n a m 2017 ciing cho t h ^ y mgt biic t r a n h tUdng tii ve thiic t r a n g pho bien cua cac boat dpng k i n h d o a n h ho gia dinh quy mo sieu nho va p h i c h i n h thiic. N h i e u boat
dpng t h a m cbi con ra't t a m bd, thieu on dinh n h u boat dpng b u o n b a n via h e . Thiic t r a n g n a y k h o n g chi ton t a i cl cac v u n g nong thon, m a 5 ca cac v u n g do t h i va t h u do H a Npi.
HOP 3: Hp k i n h d o a n h phi n o n g n g h i e p quy mo hoat dong c h u yeu n h o le va phi chinh thflc Ket qua dieu tra thao luan nhom tai phuSng Giap Bat cho tha'y r&ng trong tong so 4500 hp cut trii tren dia ban phUcing thi co khoang 500 ho kinh doanh ca the. Trong do, chu yg'u la cac ho kinh doanh buon ban nho, cho thue mat bling, cac xUdng siia chiia o to, dich vu an uong, trong giQ phUdng ti|n, do dac thu cua phUcing co ben xe Giap Bat nen cac dich vu di theo ben xe rat nhieu. Tuy nhien, xu hudng gan day gia tang so'ho dang ky kinh doanh do thu tuc, thdi gian dang ky giam bdt.
NgHi^H: Khao sat nam 2017 cua Vien Kinh tS Viet Nam tai Ha N6i 2.2. Bdng gop vi gid tri ciia kinh tehg gia
dinh
Kinh te ho gia dhnh la k h u viic q u a n trong trong nen kinh te, tuy nhien, cho den gan day thi chUa c6 n h i e u nghien ciiu dinh lUdng dong gop cu t h e cua k h u viic nay. Nghien ciiu gan day cua Pasquier-Doumer, Xavier Oudin, Nguyen Thang (2017) la mgt trong nhiing nghien ciiu tien phong trong va'n de nay.
Nghien ciiu chi r a rkng, dong gop cua k h u viic kinh doanh hp gia dinh trong GDP dUdc udc lUdng la 23% cua toan bp nen kinh te va 28% GDP cua k h u viic phi nong nghiep.
BANG 5: T y t r o n g g i a t r i g i a t a n g c u a k i n h t e p h i n o n g
T i m q u a n t r p n g cua k h u viic kinh doanh hp gia dinh co sii k h a c n h a u trong cac n g a n h k i n h t e k h a c n h a u . Kinh doanh hp gia dinh co ty trpng dong gop Idn trong n g a n h thUdng mai, chiem tdi 63%, trong do k i n h doanh hp gia dinh chinh thiic 33% va phi chinh thUc la 30%. Tiep den la n g a n h ch§' bien, che tao, vdi ty trgng dong gop cua k h u viic kinh doanh hp gia dinh la 2 3 % . Trong khi do, n g a n h dich vu ty p h a n cua k i n h doanh ho gia dinh chi co 18%, gom ca chinh thUc va phi chinh thiic (Pasquier- Doumer, Xavier Oudin, Nguyen Thang, 2017).
d o a n h h o g i a d i n h t r o n g c a c n g a n h k i n h n g h i e p (%)
Khu vuc chinh thiic {trit ho kinh doanh) H6 Itinh doanh chinh thiic Ho Icinh doanh phi chinh thiic
Che bien 77 10 13
Thirong mai 37 33 30
Dich vu 82 7 11 Nguon: Laure Pasquier-Doumer, Xavier Oudin, Nguyen Thang (2017).
2.3. Thitc trang vd xu hudng thu nhap cua hp gia dinh
' Xu hitdng thu nhap
T r o n g g i a i d o a n 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 1 4 , t h u n h a p b i n h q u a n n h a n k h ^ u c u a cac h 6 gia d i n h ci V i e t N a m t a n g l e n , n a m 2 0 1 4 so vdi n a m 2002 t a n g g a p 7,4 l a n . N h i n c h u n g q u a t r i n h t a n g giiia cac n a m k h a
d e u d a n , t r u n g b i n h moi n a m t a n g 1 8 , 1 % .
So s a n h gifia t h a n h t h i va nong t h o n , t h u n h a p d t h a n h t h i cao hdn t h u n h a p d nong t h o n k h o a n g 2 Ikn. Khoang each tUdng doi n a y k h a on d i n h q u a cac n a m , mac d u k h o a n g each tUdng do'i co t a n g len k h a deu.
Nghien ciiu Kinh tes67(482) - Thing 7/2018
Xu hadng bien floi chiifc nang
HINH 1: T h u n h a p b i n h q u a n n h a n k h a u t r o n g 1 t h a n g (nghin dong)
• Ca niTOc
^ T a a o h t h i
• Noug Ibcn
2 0 0 2 20O4 2O06 20DS 201C 2 0 1 2 Nguon: T6ng cue Thdng ke.
Thu nhap cua hg gia dinh co sii khac biet giiia cac vung dia ly. Hai cilc t a n g trUdng cua ca nUdc, vung Dong Nam Bp va dong bang song Hong la nhiing vung co t h u n h a p binh quan cua hp gia ifinh cao nha't ca nUdc. Thiic trang nay khong t h a y doi trong giai doan 2002-2014. Nam 2002, t h u n h a p binh quan n h a n kh^u cua hg d vung Dong Nam Bp la 619,7 nghin dong/ngudi va cua vung dong bang song Hong la 353,1 nghin dong/ngUdi.
Miie thu n h a p binh quan cua hai vung nay nam 2014 tUdng iing la 3931,7 nghin dong/ngUdi va 3277,5 nghin dong/ngUdi.
Tay Bae va Tay Nguyen la nhiing vung co miic thu nhap thap nha't. Miic t h u n h a p binh q u a n n h a n k h a u cua 2 v u n g n a y n a m 2002 HINH 2: T h u n h a p b i n h q u a n or 8
lan lUdt la 197 nghin dong/ngUdi va 244 nghin dong/ngUdi. Den n a m 2014, thu nhap cua 2 viing da tang len 1.269,7 nghin dong/ngUdi va 2.008,5 nghin dong/ngUdi, nhUng van la 2 vung c6 miic thu nhSp binh quan cua cac hp thap nha't ca nUdc.
MUc dp chenh l$ch giiia cac viing nhU sau:
- Ty le t h u n h a p vung cao nha't/viing tha'p nhat nam 2002 la 3,14. N a m 2014 ty le nay giam nhe con 3,09.
Chi so' chenh lech gifla cac vung (variation) nam 2002 la 0,41, nam 2014 giam con 0,37.
N h u vay, mac du v a n co sii chenh lenh thu n h a p dang ke giiia cac vung, nhUng miic dp chenh lenh da giam xuong chiit it.
v i i n g n a m 2002 v a 2014 (nghin dong)
^ M O -1
tooo 3 w o 3000 2 w o 2O30 - 15*30 aCDO
500
t' -~' '• ^^ J 1 J J
^ ^ • ^ , ^ * - . . * * ^ # ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ - S " rf^
• 20O2 1^2014
Ngudn: VHLSS, T6ng cue Th6ng ke.
Nghien ciiu Kmh ies6 7(482) - Thing 7/2013
Xu hudng hien doi cbuc nang ,
Khong chi k h a c n h a u ve viing, mien, sii c h e n h lech n a y co xu h u d n g giam d a n ve miic t h u n h a p cua hp cdn k h a c biet tiiy theo m a t tUdng doi. N a m 2002, miic t h u n h a p gidi t i n h cua chii hp. Nhiing hp co c h u hp la binh q u a n cua cac hp co c h u hp la nii gidi n ^ c6 t h u n h a p cao hdn nhiing hp co chii h p cao hdn nhiing hp co c h u ho la n a m tdi la n a m . Thiic t r a n g n a y dUdc duy t r i qua 34,2%, con so'ch§nh lech n a y cua n a m 2014 cac n a m t r o n g giai doan 2002-2014, mac du la 19,9%.
HINH 3: T h u n h a p b i n h q u a n t h e o gidfi t i n h c u a c h u h o (nghin dong) 35O0 -,
3000 - 2 500 2003 1500 - 1C03 - 5CC
0 -
2C02
I
2C<'4
1
20OS
•
200S
1 1 2010
• -,
1 1
1
2012
• 1
1 1
2014
• Nam NJ-
Nguon: VHLSS, T6ng cue TTidng ke.
• Cd cdu thu nhap
Thu n h a p tii tien lUdng co xu hUdng t a n g len, trong khi t h u n h a p tii k h u viic nong, lam, ngU nghiep giam xuong. Thu n h a p tii
"nguon khac" (bieii, tang, cho thue) cua hp cung CO xu hudng giam, dac biet tii n a m 2008, giam tU gan 20% xuong con hdn 10%.
Trong khi do, t h u n h a p tii cong viec kinh doanh ciia hp gia dhnh tii k h u viic phi nong nghiep dUdc giii on dinh (ve ty trong trong tong t h u nhap).
HINH 4: Ctf c a u t h u n h a p c u a
Cd cau nguon t h u nhap co sU khac n h a u giiia khu viic t h a n h thi va nong thdn. Khong ngac nhien khi t h u n h a p tii tien lUdng va tii cong nghiep/dich vu d t h a n h thi cao hdn b nong thon. NgUdc lai, nguon t h u n h a p tii nong nghiep v a n la nguon quan trpng doi vdi cac gia (hnh b nong thon, mac du miic dp quan trpng (ty trpng) cua ngu6n nay co xu hudng giam d^n. Hdn nUa, dong gop t h u nhap tii tien lUdng ngay cang tang len, dieu nay xay ra b ca khu viic t h a n h thi va nong thon.
h o t h e o c a c n g u o n t h u n h a p (%)
BNgu6nkhiic
-JCongnghigp/djchvu
• Nong. lam, ngir
tfiTien li/ong
2032 2004 2O06 2008 2010 2012 2C14
Nghien aiu Kinh tes67(482) • Thing 7/2018
Xu hudng hien doi cbdc nang
HINH 5: Cd cau thu nhap cua ho theo cac nguon thu nhap of thanh thi (%)
t ; C6ng nghigp / djch vu
• N^g, \&m, ngu
iji Tien lirong
20D2 2004 20C6 2M8 2010 2012 2014
HINH 6: Cd cau thu nhap cua ho theo cac nguon thu nhap d nong thon (%)
BCongngbiep/djchvii
STIenlirong
2002 200^ 2003 2003 2010 2012 2014
Nguon: VHLSS, T6ng cue Th6ng ke.
So' lieu khao sat ciia Vien Kinh te Viet Nam nam 2017 ciing cho ket qua tUdng dong vdi so' lieu cua Tong cue Tho'ng ke. Theo do, tien lUdng la nguon t h u n h a p chinh, chifi'm khoang mot nvla tong t h u n h a p cua hp gia dinh, ke den la nguon t h u n h a p tii san xu^t kinh doanh cua hp gia dinh. Ngoai ra, t h u nhap eua hp con tii cac khoan co ca'u p h i n nho hdn nhu tU cac khoan bieu tang, cac khoan cho thue n h a da't hay d i u tU tai chinh va cac khoan khac.
Cd ca'u t h u n h a p cua cac hp gia dinh b t h a n h t h i va nong t h o n co su k h a c n h a u tUdng doi. Cac hp gia dinh b nong thon co
t y t r p n g t h u n h a p tii t i e n lUdng tha'p hdn k h u VUc t h a n h t h i , n h U n g co ty trpng san xua't k i n h d o a n h cao h d n . M a t khac, ty le t h u n h a p tii t i e n cho t h u e da't, d i u tU tai c h i n h ciia cac h 6 gia d i n h b t h a n h thi cao hdn k h u vuc n o n g t h o n . T u y nhien, thu n h a p iii cac k h o a n b i e u , t a n g cua cac hp gia dinh b n o n g t h o n t h i lai Idn hdn 5 t h a n h t h i , bdi n h i i n g gia dinh k h a gia b t h a n h pho' thucing h a y bie'u, t a n g h a y giiip dd v a t cha't k h a c vdi nhiing ngUcii a n h em, hp h a n g cua hp b q u e hiidng. Day ciing la mpt n e t v a n h o a t r u y e n t h o n g cua ngUcfi Viet.
10 Nghien ciiu Kinh te 567(482) - Thing 7/2018
Xu hudng hien doi cbdc nang
HINH 7: Cd ca'u t h u n h a p c u a h o t h e o c a c n g u o n t h u n h a p (%)
San xuat kinh doanh y:^
T i e n l t f O n g 4 9 , 3 % \ . ,
-_-. - -_- • - ^ . Cho thue nha dat, dau .-.-_-.-.-.-. . \ tirtal chrnh 1,7%
-/ X f ^ ~ 3 GiM tir nUdc ngoJi/
^ ^ ^ ' ' ' ^ " *?"fl ^'^''*
HINH 8; Cd c a u t h u n h a p c u a h o t h e o c a c n g u o n t h u n h a p of t h a n h t h i (%)
San xuat kinh doanh ^^^^rTTrrr^-^^
Tien liTtfng 58,6% \ ^
" ^ - . - ^ y ^ ^ L Cho thue nha dat, dau
^ ^ ^ \ A ti/tai chinh 3,3%
f^^^ Khac 5,7%%
HINH 9: Cd c a u t h u n h a p c u a h o t h e o c a c n g u o n t h u n h a p ol n d n g t h o n (%)
San xult kinh doanh y"^- ~ -
f'"'-''/^
^^H
Tien li/ong 44,7% \ ^ ^
^^^"^"^•^^ GLH t£/ nUtic ngoai/ bieu
v ^ ^ a . ^ ^ *^' ^ ' " ' ^ " • ' * y ^ ^ Khac 9,1%
NguSn: Khao sat cua Ai tai (2017).
3. Mot so' d a n h gia v a d i n h hitdng c h i n h s a c h
Tir cac ket qua nghien ciiu n e u t r e n ve xu hudng bien doi chiic n a n g san xua't tao thu n h a p cua ho gia ifinh Viet Nam trong giai
doan vxfa qua co t h e n i t r a mpt so' danh gia n h u sau:
Nhiing t h a y doi can b a n trong tU duy va dinh hudng p h a t trien cua Viet Nam tii khi Doi mdi den nay nhu: p h a t trien nen
Nghien ciiu Kinti le so 7(482) - Thing 7/2018 11
Xu hudng bien doi cbdc nang ,
kinh te nhieu t h a n h p h i n , tich ciic cai thien moi trUcing kinh doanh, chii dong hpi nhap vdi the gidi da giai phong nguon liic, thiic day boat dpng san xuat kinh doanh cua hp gia dinh va nhd do t h u n h a p cua cac hp gia (hnh khong ngiing dUdc cai thien.
Xu hudng da dang hoa nguon thu n h a p ciia cac gia (Enh ngay cang tang (tu!: lUdng, nguon kinh doanh phi nong nghiep, tien d i u tu, lao dpng nude ngoai) so vdi trUdc day nguon t h u chu yeu tii khu vUc nong nghiep cf khu VUc nong thdn, tii lao dpng n h a nUdc, kinh te tap the hoac kinh doanh phi chinh thUc d khu vuc do thi.
Khoang each ve t h u n h a p binh quan d i u ngudi giUa cac viing co xu hudng giam xuong cho thay dau hieu tich ciic trong tiep can cd hpi tii t a n g trudng kinh t^. Dieu nay phan anh dung muc tieu t a n g trudng toan dien cua Viet Nam.
Chenh lech ve thu n h a p cua lao dpng giiia cae khu viic kinh t e (nong nghiep, cdng nghiep va dich vu) v i n cdn k h a Idn, tao nen ba't binh dang t h u nhap. Ly do cua chenh lech thu nhap nay la do cong nghiep va dich vu dUde Nha nude bao hp va Uu dai nhieu hdn so vdi nong nghiep. \ ^ vay, cho d§'n nay ty trpng d i u t u cua Nha nude cho p h a t trien ed sd ha t i n g phuc vu phat trien nong nghi§p con tha'p so vdi tong d i u tU cong. Ben canh do, chinh sach bao hp cho nong nghiep con tha'p so vdi cong nghiep va dich vu, d i n den lUdng vo'n dau tU eua cac doanh nghiep cho linh viic nong nghiep con ra't h a n che.
Ty le hp gia dinh boat dpng san xua't kinh doanh phi chinh thiic v i n k h a cao. Dieu dd cho tha'y v i n cdn mpt lUdng lao dpng kha Idn phai lam viec trong d i l u kien lao dong han che (ve hdp dong lao dpng, an sinh xa hpi, dieu kien an toan lao dpng...), bdi dieu kien lao dpng cila khu viic phi chinh thiie con yeu kem hdn ra't nhieu so vdi k h u vuc chinh thiic.
Xu hudng da dang hda cay trong, vat nuoi cua cac hp gia dinh nong thon dUdc tang cUdng ben canh cac san p h i m nong nghiep
t r u y e n thong. Tuy nhien vdi quy mo nhd le, p h a n t a n , k h a n a n g tiep can thong tin thi trudng h a n che va thieii su g i n ket theo chuoi gia tri san p h a m , d a n dS'n hien tUdng
"dUdc miia ma't gia" thudng xuyen xay r a b nhi§*u ndi t r e n ca nUdc, phai keu goi mpi ngUdi chung tay "giai ciiu" n h u cac trUdng hdp xay r a vdi h a n h tim, dUa ha'u, cu cai trang, nuoi Idn trong thdi gian g i n day.
- Vdi nhiing dac diem t r e n ve xu hudng bien doi chiic n a n g san xua't cua hp gia dinh, trong giai doan tdi, N h a nUdc c i n thie't phai c6 mpt so' dinh hudng chinh sach sau nham toi Uu hoa chiic n a n g san xua't cho muc tieu n a n g cao phiic ldi hp gia dinh:
+ Tiep tuc thiic day cac bien pbap cai each moi trUdng kinh doanh, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cac boat dpng san xua't kinh doanh gia ifinh dUdc p h a t trien m a n h me nham tan dung nhiing tac dpng tich ciic cua qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va hpi nhap.
+ Qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va hpi n h a p dang tao r a nhieu cd hpi cho cac hp gia dinh boat dpng san xua't kinh doanh n h u t a n g cUdng cac boat dpng du lich va phuc vu du hch (homestay, du lich cong dong, cac san p h a m h a n g hoa phuc vu khach du lich...), cac dich vu phuc vu cho cac hoat dpng san xua't cua k h u cong nghiep (nha trp, an uong, dich vu giai tri...) va thiic diy gidi thieu nhieu m a t h a n g dac san cua dia phUdng r a the gidi t h o n g qua du lich hoac nhd tien ich cua h e tho'ng internet (thUdng mai dien t^). Moi trudng kinh doanh can phai thong thoang hdn nfla n h a m tao dieu kien cho cac hp gia (Enh t a n dung dUdc cac cd hoi tren.
+ Doi vdi cac ho k i n h doanh ca the, do p h i n Idn chu cac ho k i n h doanh it qua dao tao chuyen mon n e n nang liic quan ly, quan tri thudng b a n che. Do do, tU duy san xua't kinh doanh cua cac hp gia dinh chu yeu nho le, khong muon chinh thUc hoa do ngai cac quy dinh, t h u tuc lien q u a n tdi cac cd quan quan ly. Day la k h u viic chiem ty le GDP kha Idn cua n e n k i n h t e nen N h a nUdc c i n to
12
Nghien aiu Kmh tes67(482) • Thing 7/2018Xu hudng bien doi chdc nang ...
chUc cac khoa dao t a o ve q u a n t r i , tU va'n p h a p l u a t de d a n c h i n h thiic boa cac hp s a n xua't k i n h doanh t h a n h cac d o a n h nghiep co k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h t r o n g bdi c a n h hpi n h a p .
+ Trong boi c a n h hpi n h a p , t h i t r u d n g t r o n g nUdc chiu sU c a n h t r a n h ngay cang gia t a n g , dac biet l a b mot so' n g a n h c6 s u h o a t dpng dong dao ciia k h u viic k i n h doanh hp gia dinh. Dieu nay m a n g den sii bien dpng n h a n h chong ve ca n h i i n g cd hpi mdi va nhiing nguy cd, t h a c h thiic, riii ro cho mdi trUdng k i n h doanh. Do do cac h o k i n h doanh c i n dupe ho trd ve m a t t h o n g t i n thi trUdng kip thdi qua cac k e n h k h a c n h a u . M a t khac, thi t r u d n g va cac thii tuc lien q u a n nhU tiep can da't dai, lao dpng, d a n g ky k i n h doanh cUng c i n p h a i linh h o a t d6 tao t h u a n trong trudng hdp chuyen doi k i n h doanh, nghe nghiep.
+ Ddi vdi cae ho gia d i n h s a n xua't nong nghiep, N h a nude c i n c6 chinh sach gia t a n g bao hp va Uu dai hdn doi vdi cac s a n p h a m nong nghiep nhU cac nUdc p h a t triSn t r e n t h e gidi d a n g lam de d a m b a o an n i n h lUdng thiic va duy t r i n e n nong nghiep t r o n g nUdc, do hien n a y nong nghiep Viet N a m d a n g b vi t h e kem bao ho hdn so vdi cong nghiep va dich vu; ben c a n h dd ciing t a o k h u y e n khich, dpng luc cho doanh nghiep d i u tU vao linh viic cdn non yeu nay. N h a nUdc ciing can co cac bien p b a p ho trd cung ca'p t h d n g t i n thi trUdng, ho trd to chiic s a n xua't hp gia dinh nong nghiep theo hudng t a n g cUdng lien k e t chuoi s a n xua't, che bien, tieu t h u . Cac mo h i n h hdp tac, lien ket trong s a n xua't k i n h d o a n h ndng nghiep c i n dUdc h o a n t h i e n , t a n g cUdng hieu qua n h a m hd trd cac hp nong d a n nho le, p h a n t a n giai quyet cac va'n de ve d i u vao, d i u r a cho cac s a n p h a m nong nghiep, giam thieu cac hien t u d n g "giai cUu" pho bien t r o n g thdi gian g i n day./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Becker G.S. (1978), Family economics and macro behavior, American Economic Review, 1, pp. 1 -13.
2. Chadeau A. (1992), What is households' non- market production worth? OECD Economic Studies, (18).
pp.85-
3. European Federation for Services to Individuals (2013), While book on personal and household services in ten EU Member States, In 5lh European Conference on personal and liousehoid services. Bnissels.
4. Goldschmidt-K;lermont, Luisella (2(XK)), Household production and income: some preliminary issues. ILO, pp. 1-23.
5. Ironmonger D.S. (2000), Household production and the household economy. Research Paper University of Melbourne, pp-1-14- http://www.economics.un imelb -edu auAIousehold/Papers/2001/Household Production Dept of Eco Research Paper-pdf.
6- Ironmonger D.S. (1995), Modeling the Household Economy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.http://www .emeraldmsightcom/doi/abs/10.1108/50573-8555(1995) 0000226025.
7- Laure Pasquier-Doumer, Xavier Oudin, Nguyen Thang {2011), The Importance of Household Businesses and The informal Sector for inclusive growth in Vietnam, The Gioi Pulishing House, Hanoi.
8 Mason C , Carter S.L. & Tagg S. (2010), Invisible businesses: the characteristics of home-based businesses in the United Kingdom Jo»/-/i a/ of Regional Sludies, (July 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10-1080/00343401003614241-
9. Mason P C . (2015), Home Truths: The true value of home-based businesses. Federation of small businesses in Scotland, (February 2015).
N g a y n h a n b a i : 15-5-2018 Ngay duydt dang: 20-6-2018
Nghien aiu Kinh tesd'7(482) - Thing 7/2018 13
