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NGUON NHAN LlJC VIET NAM - SO SANH VOfI CAC QUOC GIA TRONG KHU VlJC ASEAN QUA MOT SO CHI TIEU
• NGO QUOC Cl/CiNG
TOM TAT:
Bai vid't dtfa tren ngudn sd lidu thtf cd'p dtfdc thu thap tff Td chtfc Lao ddng qudc td (ILO) nham neu bat thtfc trang chd't Iffdng ngudn nhan Itfc ciia Viet Nam khi so sdnh vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vffc ASEAN qua mpt so' chi tieu. Ke't qua nghidn ctfu cho thay ehd't Iffdng ngudn nhan Itfc eua Vidt Nam eon khd thd'p va ed khoang cdch kha xa so vdi cdc qud'c gia trong khu vtfc. Dieu nay dffdc the hien qua trinh dp hpc vd'n, trinh do chuyen mdn ky thudt, nang sud't lao ddng kha thd'p so vdi cac nffdc. Tren ed sd dd bdi vid't neu mdt sd' dd xud't khuye'n nghi gdp phan ndng cao cha't lu'dng ngudn nhan lu'c ciia Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Tuf khoa: Chd't Iffdng, ngudn nhdn Iffc, so sanh, khu vtfc ASEAN.
1. Gidi thidu
Vidt Nam hien dang trong thdi ky dan so'vdng vdi ngudn cung lao ddng ddi ddo vd on dinh. Tinh de'n het ndm 2017, dan so' Viet Nam dat 93,6 trieu ngu'di, trong do Itfc Itfdng lao ddng ttf 15 tudi trd len theo cdng bd' eiia Cd quan thd'ng ke ASEAN chie'm 76%, hang nam ed khoang 1,5 trieu thanh nien de'n tudi lao ddng. Vdi cd ca'u lao ddng ire, cd sffc khde tam vde, trinh dp va ndng sud't lao dpng eiia ngifdi Viet Nam tffng bffdc dffde cai thien va nang cao. Day la mdt ldi thd Idn ve ngudn nhan Iffc gdp phan phat tridn kinh td' - xa hdi. Trong van kien Dai hpi Dai hidu toan qud'c lan thff XI ciia Dang neu ro: "phat tnen vd ndng eao ngudn nhdn Iffc, nha't la ngudn nhdn Iffc ehd't lUdng cao la mdt dot phd chien Iffdc, la ydu to' quyet dinh... bdo dam eho phdt tnen nhanh.
hieu qua va bdn vffng". Trong didu kien loan cau hda va hdi nhap qud'c td' didn ra manh me, vdi mdi tru'dng canh tranh ngay cdng gay gdt ddi hdi ngudn nhan lu'c phai cd cha't Iffdng ve ndng Iffc, trinh dp chuyen mdn de dap tfng dung nhu cau ciia xd hdi cung nhu theo klp trinh do khoa hpc ki thuat tien bp cua the gidi va trtfde he't Id theo kip vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vffc ASEAN. Chinh vi vay, viec ndng cao cha't Iffdng nguon nhdn Iffc la mpt chii de quan trong eho sff tdn tai va phdt trien bdn vtfng cua Viet Nam trong giai doan hien nay.
Theo do, bdi viet ndy tap trung phan tich chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Itfc Viet Nam qua so sdnh mdt vdi chi tieu vdi cdc qud'c gia trong khu vtfc ASEAN, nham neu mdt so' de xud't khuyen nghi gdp ph^n nang cao chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffc Viet Nam trong giai doan hidn nay.
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2. Ngudn sd' lidu va pbtfdng phap nghien ctfu 2.1. Nguon sd'lieu
Bdi viet stf dung ngudn sd' lieu thff cd'p, cu the la so' lieu vd life Iffdng lao ddng Viet Nam ttf 15 tudi trd Idn eua cdc qudc gia trong khu vifc ASEAN nam 2018; Trinh dp hpc va'n ciia cdc qud'c gia trong khu vtfc ASEAN phdn loai trinh dd gido due qud'c te (ISCED) eua UNESCO nam 2018; Ty le lao dongedky nang ciia cac nffdc ASEAN nam 2017;
Nang sud't lao dpng ciia ede nffdc ASEAN theo gia so sdnh nam 2010 vd sd' liSu dUdc thu thdp tff To chffc Lao ddng thd gidi (ILO), Tong cue Thdng ke.
2.2. Phuang phdp nghien cdu
Bdi vie't sff dung phu'dng phap thd'ng ke md ta, ke't hdp vdi phdn tich danh gid.
3. Tbifc trang chaft lifdng ngudn nh^n Itfc Vidt Nam qua so sanh vdi cae qud'c gia trong khu vtfc Ddng Nam A
vi life luang lao dong: Viet Nam hien ed quy md ddn so ddng vd ed lu'c Iffdng lao ddng doi dao. Theo sd heu cdng bd cua Cd quan thdng ke ASEAN, ty le lao ddng trong dp tudi lao ddng ttf 15 mdi trd Idn d Viet Nam chie'm ty Id 76% trong tong dan sd cua ca nffdc. So vdi cdc ntfdc trong khu vtfc, Viet Nam ed ty Id lao ddng ttf 15 tudi trd Idn chid'm ty le eao trong khu vtfc, xep vi tri thtf ba sau Campuchia vd Lao.
Trong do, lao ddng la nam chie'm ty Id 80,8%, eao hdn ty le lao ddng nff 71,4%.
CQng theo so' lieu d Bang 1 eho tha'y chat Iffdng ngudn nhan Itfc ciia Viet Nam hien nay chtfa theo kip vdi chuyen dich cd ca'u kmh te, ty le lao dpng trong khu vtfc ndng nghiep cdn chldm ty le cao gan 40% vdo ndm 2018, trong khi ndng nghiep ddng gdp vdo GDP chi 15,34% vd cdng nghi6p ddng gdp 33,34% So vdi ede qudc gia ASEAN phdt trien nhif Brunei, Singapore, Philippm, Maylaysia thi lao ddng chii ye'u van tap tiung vao linh vtfc dich vtfc vd linh vtfc ndng nghiep chie'm khdng ddng kd.
Ve trinh do hoc vdn cua lao ddng- Day la mpt trong nhffng chi ti&u het stfc quan trpng phan dnh chd't Itfdng ngudn nhan Itfc cung nhtf tnnh dd phdt tridn ciia kinh te' - xd hdi. Theo ti6u chud'n phan loai trinh dd gido due qud'c te' (ISCED) ciia UNESCO thi trinh dp hpc va'n dtfdc chia thdnh 5 mtfe, gdm: dtfdi mffc ed ban, mtfc ed ban, mtfc trung binh, mtfc nang cao va mffc khdng dffdc neu.
Theo deu chuan ndy tnnh dp hpc vd'n eiia lao ddng d eac ntfdc ASEAN hdu hd't & mffc cd ban ttfc la d mtfc giao due tieu hpc vd tiung hpc ed sd chie'm ty le cao, nhtf d Philipin ty Id nay la 68,7%, d Myanama Id 60,9% va d Viet Nam chldm 53,8%.
Ty le lao ddng cd trinh dp d mtfc eao eon thd'p. Ddy Id lao ddng ed trinh dd giao due dai hoc tid len, ty IS nay dao ddng tff 6 ddn 35%, chi rieng Singapore cd ty le ndy cao nhd't chiem 35,7% Trong khi do, ty le ndy d Vidt Nam chi dat 12,2%.
Bang 1. Li/c li/dng loo dpng tC/15 tudi trd len cua cac quoc gia trong khu vifc ASEAN ndm 2016
Qudc gia
Brunei Campuchia
Indonesia Lao Malaysia Myanma Philippin Thai lan Viet Nam Singapore
Phan theo gidi tinh (%) long sff
59 1 80 3 64.2 77 7 62.4 61.1 58.3 67.1 76 65.7
Nam 65.5 86.6 78.4 79 2 75 76.4 72.2 75 7 80.8 73.6
Na
52.3 74 5 50.1 76 3 49 46.7 44 5 59.1 71.4 58.1
Phan theo ITnh vac (%) Tongso
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Nong nghiep 1.3 30 4 30.5 68 11.1 50.1 25.2 30 7 39.8 0.5
Cong nghi$p 16 1 26.9 22 9.1 27.3 16 18.3 23.6 25.8 166
Dichvu 82 6 42.7 47.5 22 9 61 6 33 9 56.5 45.8 34.4 82.9
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Bong 2. Trinh dp hoc vdn cua cdc qudc gia trong khu vac ASEAN phdn loql trjnh dp gido due qud'c te (ISCED) cua UNESCO ndm 2018 Quoc gia
Brunei Campuchia
Indonesia Lao Malaysia Myanma Philippin Thai Lan+
Viet Nam Singapore
Dudi mOlc cd ban 4,4 32,8 16,8 9,9 2,7 21,6 1.4 23,6 13,9 10,6
Mile cd ban 16,5 43,2 43,5 55,8 30,5 60,9 68,7 38,5 53,8 23,6
Mitc tmng binh 58 7,5 27,6
21 43,5
8,5 4,9 21,2 20,1 30,2
MQc nang cao 21,2
6 12,2 13,2 23,4 9 25 15,9 12,2 35,7
Mdc ididng xac djnh
10,5
0,1
0,7
Ve trinh do chuyen mdn ky thudt: Ben eanh trinh do van hda, chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Itfc cdn du'dc phdn dnh bdi tnnh dp ehuyen mdn ky thudt the hien d so'Iffdng, cd'p bac va cd ca'u cda lao ddng qua ddo tao. Trinh dp ehuyen mdn ky thuat the hien sff hidu biet, kha ndng thifc hanh ve mot ehuyen mdn, nghe nghiep ndo do. Dd cung la trinh dp dffdc dao tao d cac trffdng chuyen nghiep, ehinh quy. Qua Bang 2 cho thd'y, nhin chung lao dpng d cdc nifdc ASEAN cd ky ndng lao ddng trung binh chid'm ty le eao, ky nang lao ddng dat mffc cao chiem ty le tha'p. Rieng Viet Nam, mffc ky nang trung binh ciia lao dpng chie'm 53,88%, xep vi tri thtf hai sau Thdi Lan; ty le lao ddng cd mtfc ky ndng cao cdn chiem ty le tha'p chi dat 25,25%, trong khi Singapore cd mtfc cao nha'lla 58,69%. Nhif vay, maedu cd ngudn life lao dpng tre vd ddi dao nhtfng trinh dp tay nghd vd ehuyen mdn ky thuat eiia lao ddng ntfdc ta cdn thd'p. Ngoai ra, theo ddnh gia cua Ngan hang The' gidi thi Viet Nam dang rd't thie'u lao dpng cd trinh dp tay nghe, edng nhdn ky thudt bde cao vd chdt lu'dng ngudn nhdn lUc ciia Viet Nam ciing tha'p hdn nhieu so vdi cdc ntfdc trong khu vtfc. Cung theo thoa thudn ve cdng nhdn tay nghe ttfdng dtfdng ciia cdcntfdc ASEAN thi kd tff nam 2015, lao dpng ciia 8 nganh nghd dUde tu do di chuydn trong khu vffc.
Tuy nhidn, do trinh dp phdt tnen khdng ddng deu nen hidn nay lao ddng cd tay nghd vd ky nang eao trong khu vffc ehii yd'u di ehuyen dd'n Singapore, Malaysia va Thai Lan.
Ngudn: ILO (2019) Bdng 3. Ty le lao dpng cd ky ndng cua
cdc nadc ASEAN ndm 2017
Quoc gia
Brunei Campuchia Lao Myanmar Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thai Lan Viet Nam
Ky nang thap 17,65 33,81 10,61 40,1 29,63 15,33 33,79 8,19 19,13 20,87
Ky nang trung binti
38,24 48,14 41,01 48,15 50,75 53,73 47,97 33,12 56,86 53,88
Ky nang cao 44,11 18,05 48,38 11,75 19,62 30,94 18,24 58,69 24,01 25,25 Ngudn: ILO (2019) Ve ndng sudt lao dong: Ndng sua't lao ddng ciia Viet Nam thdi gian qua da cd sff cai thien dang ke theo hi/dng tang deu qua cac nam vd la qudc gia cd td'c dd tang nang suat lao ddng cao trong khu vtfc ASEAN. Tuy nhidn, nang sua't lao ddng cua Viet Nam vdn thudc nhdm cd mffc ndng sud't lao ddng thd'p trong khu vffc. Theo sd lieu cdng bd ciia To chtfc Lao ddng the gidi (ILO) eho thd'y, nam 2018, ndng sud't lao dpng ciia Viet Nam dat 3.312
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USD/ngtfdi/nam, thd'p hdn Singapore 30 lan, thd'p hdn Thai Lan 3,3 lan, Philippin ga'p 2 lan. Theo du bdo cua ILO, ndu vdn giff nhip dp tang nhiT hien nay thi phai den ndm 2038, ndng sud't lao ddng ciia Viet Nam mdi ed the theo kip Philhpm vd de'n nam 2069 mdi theo kip Singapore.
4. Kdt luSn va dd xu3t khuyen nghi Chd't Itfdng ngudn nhdn Itfc la yeu td' then chd't giup Viet Nam theo kip vd ed the hdi nhap sau rdng vdi cae qud'c gia trong khu vifc Hien nay, cha't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffceiia Viet Nam cdn thd'p va cd khoang cdch khd xa so vdi cac qud'c gia trong
Bang 4. Ndng sud't lao ddng cua cdc ni/dc ASEAN theo gid so sdnh ndm 2010 (DVT: USD/ngUdi/nam) Quoc gia
Brunei Campuchia
Lao Myanmar Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thai Lan ViSt Nam
2011
78137 1479 2440 2208 7186 21653 5386 90763 8644 2376
2012
77499 1567 2579 2348 7388 21877 5659 91469 9253 2460
2013 74595 1663 2729 2523 7741 21821 5954 94324 9706 2537
2014 71523 1763 2877 2699 8004 22413 6130 94916 9871 2650
2015 70511 1871 3026 2857 8339 22969 6367 94236 10194 2810
2016 68393
1964 3172 3068 8654 23555 6684 95415 10613 2970
2017 68870 2062 3321 3308 8836 24471 7274 97074 10998 3136
2018 73368
2168 3467 3518 9174 25223 7578 98426 11333 3312
Qua Bang 4 cho thd'y, niing sud't lao ddng cua Viet Nam cd khoang cdch kha Idn so vdi cac nffdc trong khu viYc, mac dii trong nhffng nam gan ddy nang suat lao dpng ciia Viet Nam da cd stf cai thidn ddng kd, lao ddng d Viet Nam chii yeu lam vide d khu vife ndng nghiep, khu vUe ed ndng sud't lao ddng thd'p, phffdng lien san xud't cu ky lac hdu, stfe eanh tranh thd'p hdn nhieu so vdi lao ddng ede nude trong khu vUe.
Nhtf vay, qua phan lich tren cho thd'y, thtfc te hien nay, Viet Nam ed ngudn lao ddng khd ddi dao vd tre. Ddy la ngudn life thuan ldi Idn eho qud trinh phat trien kinh te'-xd hdi cua da't ntfdc.
Tuy nhien, ddi ngu nhdn Itfc chat Itfdng cao, cd ky nang lao dpng van cdn thd'p, lao ddng theo ed ed'u ngdnh nghe, ITnh vffc chffa hdp ly Dong thdi, nang sud't lao ddng eua ngifdi Viet Nam cdn tha'p so vdi cdc ni/dc trong khu vtfc nhtf Singapore, Malaysia, Thai Lan, Philippin, Indonesia. Ddy chinh la nhtfng yeu kem vd han che' eiia ngudn nhdn life Viet Nam hidn nay khi tham gia hdi nhap vao khu vffe va thd gidi.
Nguon: ILO khu vffc ASEAN. De nang eao ehd't Iffdng ngudn nhan life cua Viet Nam trong giai doan hidn nay, chiing tdi de xud't mdt so khuye'n nghi sau day:
Thi^ nhdt, Viet Nam can cai cdch va ddi mdi giao due thdng qua viec ddo tao d cdc trffdng dai hpc, cao dang vd eae trffdng nghe. Viec day hoe ben eanh ly thuye't, can chii trpng de'n hoat ddng thffc te' va thffc hdnh tai doanh nghiep. Do dd, cdc ddn vi dao tao can dieu ehinh vd cap nhat ehffdng trinh dao tao, npi dung ddo tao, phu'dng phap vd trang thiet bi phuc vu giang day, tang cu'dng kien thffc thffc tien de phu hdp vdi qud trinh hdi nhap khu vffc vd the gidi.
Thd hat, Vi^t Nam phdt trien ngudn nhdn Iffc theo htfdng chii ddng hpi nhdp qud'c te', dp dung theo cdc cam ket va thda thudn cung nhiTphil hdp vdi thdng le vd luat phap qude td' ve ITnh vife gido due va ddo tao ma Viet Nam tham gia ky ke't, earn ket thu'c hien.
Thtf ba, hodn thidn ed chd chinh sach ve day nghd, hoc nghe Cd ehinh sdch dai ngd thu hut gido vien tham gia day nghd vd ngtfdi lao ddng tham
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gia dao tao nghe. Xay dtfng ed che de eae doanh nghiem, giao Itfu, td chffc tham qua hdi thao vdi nghiep vd ed sd stf dung lao ddng tham gia vao qud cac qude gia ed nen dai hpc tien tidn va thanh cdng trinh dao tao lao dpng nhtf gdp y chffdng trinh dao trong khu vtfc va tren the gidi. Tranh thii cdc tao, ddo tao, danh gid, didu chinh chiTdng tnnh ddo ngudn vien trd eho cdng tac dao tao va day nghe, tao v.v... trong dd chu dpng hdp lac vdi cac qud'c gia Thd tu, day manh hdp tac qude te ve cdng tac ASEAN trong viec tie'n tdi cdng nhan ky ndng dao tao va day nghd thdng qua viec hpc hdi kinh nghe gitfa lao dpng Viet Nam vdi cac ntfdc •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. ChiS'n luac phdt men kinh te - xd hoi 2011-2020". Vdn kien Dai hdi dai bieu tofin qudc Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam lan thii XL
2 NguySn HSu Hdo, NguySn Thi My Dieu (2016) "Chdt lupng nguon nhdn lUc Viet Nam trong bdi canh hoi nhap cong dong kinh le ASEAN - Thuc trang vd giat phdp "Tap chi Khoa hoc xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn " Sd 21, 3/2016.
3. Ddng Xudn Hoan (2015) "Phdt tnen nguon nhdn luc ViSt Nam giai doan 2015-2020 ddp i^ng ySu cdu day manh cdng nghiep hda. hien dgi hoa vd hdi nhdp quo'c te", Tgp chi Cong sdn dien tvt 17/04/2015.
4. Ddng Cdng san Viet Nam (2011) Vdn kien Dai hdi dgi bieu todn qud'c lan ihvt XT' NXB Qudc gia sU thgt, Hd Ndi. Tr.I30.
Ngay nhan bai: 3/3/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chu'a: 13/3/2019 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 23/3/2019 Thong tin tdc gid:
NGO QUOC ClTCfNG Trifc/ng Trung cap A ChSu
QUALITY OF VIETNAM'S HUMAN RESOURCES - COMPARING TO OTHER ASEAN COUNTRIES' HUMAN
RESOURCES THROUGH SOME INDICATORS
• NGO QUOC CUONG Asia Trade School ABSTRACT:
The article used secondary sources of data collected from the International Labor Organization (ILO) to highlight the current status of the quality of Vietnam's human resources compared to the quality of human resources in other countries through some indicators. Results show that the quality of Vietnam's human resources is still quite low and is left behind by other countries in the region. It is reflected in the low level of education, professions and productivity of Vietnam's human resources. Based on these results, the article provides some recommendations to improve the quaUty of Vietnam's human resources in the coming time.
Keywords: Quality, human resources, comparison, ASEAN region.
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