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^NANG CAO NANG LVC TV DUY PHAN BIEN
CHO SINH VIEN HOC TIENG ANH BANG PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC THONG QUA GIAI QUYET VANDE
T
uyen ngon giao due qud'e te ve giao due dai hpe nam 2005 da neu ro: "Tat ea cac djnh che giao due trong the ky 21 phai trang bj ky nang tU duy va nha't la tU duy phan bieacho ngUdi hpc". Trong nhffng nam gan day, cac nha giao due d Viet Nam eung the hien sU quan tam de'n phat trien tuduy phan bien eho hpe sinh sinh vien. Theo Tie'n sy Dd Huy Thjnh (2004), "Ddi mdi giao due d Viet Nam ddi hoi phai CO tinh ca nhan hda cao hay ndi each khae phai day cho ngUdi hpc each tUduy phan bien";Giao sU Chu Hao (2008) eung dong quan diem
"Giao vien nen eham dfft viee nhdi nhet kien thffc vo ieh vao dau sinh vien, thay vao do sinh vien cln dUde trang bj ky nang tU duy phan bien". That vay, trong thdi ky ddi mdi hien nay doi hoi giao due phai trang bj ky nang tUduy eho ngUdi hpc va mpt trong nhffng ky nang tU duy dang dUde quan tam nha't hien nay la ky nang tU duy phan bien (TDPB).
Tuduy phan bien la mpt qua trinh tu duy bien chiing gdm phan tieh va danh gia mgt thdng tin da CO theo cac each nhin khae cho va'n de da dat ra, nham lam sang td va khang djnh tinh ehinh xae cua van de. Lap luan phan bien phai ro rang, logic, day dii bang ehffng, ti mi va cdng tam
, * ThS NGUYEN THI KHANH DOAN Trudng Cao ddng cong dong Soc Trdng
(Chafee, 1988;Hapern, 1989).
DUa vao nhttng nghien cffu gan day, cac nha giao due da hoan loan tin tudng rang trUdng hpe nen tap tmng hdn vao viec day hpc sinh tU duy phan bien (TDPB). TU duy phan bien khdng ehi ddn thuan la sU tie'p nhan va duy tri thdng tin thu dpng. Cd the tdm tat TDPB la qua trinh tU duy tim lap luan, phan bac lai ket qua ciia mpt qua trinh tu duy kbac de xae djnh lai tinh chinh xae cua thong tin (Ennis, 1992). NgUdi eo tUduy phan bien td't se nang dgng, linh boat trUdc mpi van de gap phai trong ddi sdng va eong viec (Tsui, 2002). O phUdng dien hpe ngon ngff, ta thay tU duy va ngdn ngff eo mdi lien he sau sac vi tUduy dUdc dien dat thdng qua ngon ngff va dien dat each thffc mgt ngUdi suy nghT. The nhUng, nhieu ngUdi gap kho khan trong viec dien dat suy nghT eua hp; vi the, Dong (2006) cho rang ngUdi eo tu duy phan bien tdt se la ngUdi giao tiep tot va hieu qua.
Tuy nhien, viee day TDPB d Viet Nam chUa dUde quan tam vi cdn nhieu ban che ve phUdng phap day va moi trUdng hpe tap. Tie'n sy Do Huy
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Thjnh (2004) giai thieh "Cd ehe giao due d Viet Nam vdi chUdng trinh hpc nang ne va phUdng phap day lac hau da kim ham kha nang phat trien tuduy phan bien cua ngUdi hpe". He qua la hau he't sinh vien sau khi ra trUdng thie'u kha nang TDPB dil hp rat gidi ve kie'n thffc chuyen nganh, vi the khd dap ffng nhu cau nha tuyen dung (Nguyin Ddng Trieu, 2007; Nguyin Thj Thuy DUdng, 2009).
Theo Meyers (1986), de giup ngUdi hpc nang cao TDPB ddi hdi mpt mdi trUdng hpc tap trong do thoa man bd'n ye'u to' sau: kich thich ngUdi hpc sU hffng thu hpc tap, tao mdi trUdng giao tiep gan vdi thUc te, cd sUhdp tae gitta ngUdi hpe vdi nhau va ngUdi hpc cd cd hdi tiep can vdi nhieu y kien, quan diem khae nhau. Do dd, phUdng phap day hpe qua giai quyet van de dUdc xem la phUdng phap hieu qua nha't giiip nang cao tu duy phan bien cho ngUdi hgc (Chenoweth,
1995; Tan, 2000). Barrows & Tamblyn (1980) djnh nghia day hpe qua van de (Problem-based learning) la phUdng phap lay ngUdi hpc lam trung tam, tie'p thu kie'n thffc mdi thdng qua giai quye't van de. NgUdi hpc dUdc giao vien dUa ra van dl can, phai dung kinh nghiem, kie'n thffc san cd va thao luan nhdm de tim ra giai phap, sau dd cac nhdm neu giai phap va giai thich ly do tai sao hp chpn giai phap dd. Ta't nhien nhffng van de neu ra phai gan gui thffc te, lien quan kien thffc bai mdi va cd nhilu each giai quye't (Barrows, 1992).
Da cd nhieu nghien cffu ve anh hudng cua phUdng phap nay len kha nang tUduy eiia ngUdi hpc nhUng tap trung d linh vUe y khoa (Tawari, 1999). Tuy nhien, trong ITnh vUe day ngoai ngtt (EFL) chUa cd nghien cffu nao tim ra tac ddng cua phUdng phap len nang lUc tU duy phan bien
cua ngUdi hpc tieng Anh. Vi vay, ngttdi vie't da tie'n hanh nghien cffu "Tdc ddng ciia phuang phdp dqy hgc thdng qua gidi quye't vdn de len ndng luc tuduy phdn bien cua sinh vien hgc ngogi ngd". Tac gia thUc hien nghien cffu nay nham tra ldi 2 cau hdi "Phffdng phap nay tac ddng len nang lffc tff duy cua sinh vien d mffc dp nao va thai dp ciia sinh vien dd'i vdi phUdng phap nay trong ldp hpc tie'ng Anh ".
Dd'i tUdng tham gia nghien cffu gdm 80 sinh vien nam cudi khdng chuyen tie'ng Anh tai Tmdng Cao dang cdng ddng Sdc Trang va dffdc chia lam 2 nhdm: thUc nghiem va dd'i chffng. Ca hai nhdm deu dffdc day 45 tie't Anh van khdng chuyen vdi cung mdt npi dung kie'n thffc do eung mdt giao vien day. NhUng nhdm thUe nghiem dUde day bang phUdng phap giai quye't van de, trong khi nhdm dd'i chffng vin hpc vdi phffdng phap truyen thd'ng. Hai cdng cu chinh dilng thu thap sd'lieu gdm: bang cau hdi do chi so nang lUc TDPB vdi 32 cau hdi dang trac nghiem - dUde phdng theo cdng eu "the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (Facione&
Facione, 1992)"- dUdc sff dung thu thap so heu djnh Iffdng; bang cau hdi phdng van gdm 3 cau hdi thu thap sd' lieu djnh tinh. So lieu djnh Iffdng dUde xff ly bang phan mem thd'ng ke SPSS va so lieu dinh tinh dUde phan tich dffa vao cd sd ly thuyet. Cac cdng eu dUdc thi diem nham kiem tra dp tin cay tmdc khi dUa vao nghien cffu chinh thffc.
Nghien cffu dUdc thUc nghiem trong 4 thang (5/2010- 9/2010). Ca 2 nhdm dd'i tUdng dffdc do nang lUc tUduy phan bien d dau va cud'i ky thffc nghiem. Ben canh dd, sau nghien cffu, 12 sinh vien d nhdm thUc nghiem dUdc mdi tham gia phdng van. Cac sinh vien nay dai dien cho nhdm
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^CO chi sd nang lUe TDPB cao nha't, tmng binh va thap nha't.
Ke't qua nghien cffu eho thay ap dung phffdng phap day hgc qua giai quye't van de trong giang day tie'ng Anh ed anh hudng tich eUc de'n sinh vien. Ve mat djnh lUdng, Bang 1 eho tha'y trffdc ky thUe nghiem chi sd nang lUc TDPB eiia nhom ddi ehffng (M= 3,1750), nhom thUc nghiem la (M= 2,9687). The nhUng 2 chi so' nay bang nhau ve mat thd'ng ke (/7=.485). NhUng sau khi thuc nghiem, chi so' eiia nhom thUe nghiem (M=3.4305) cao hdn nhdm dd'i chffng (M=3.0953) vi /7=.000 (Bang 2). Ddng thdi, dp chenh lech ve chi so'TDPB binh quan giffa cae sinh vien trong nhdm thUc nghiem sau nghien cffu (5D=.37208) nhd hdn so vdi tmdc nghien cffu (5D=.59124). Trong khi dp lech ehuan trong nhom do'i ehffng lai tang len {SD= .59236 sau nghien cffu so vdi 5D=.56904 trUdc nghien cffu)
Bang 1: Chi sd'nang lUe tUduy phan bien ciia 2 nhdm trUdc ky thUe nghiem
Nliom Tliirc ngliiem
Do! chirng N 40 40
Min 2.03 2.09
Max 3.84 4.00
Mean 2.9687 3.1750
SD .59124 .56904
df
78 P .485
Bang 2: Chi sd'nang lffc tUduy phan bien cua 2 nhom sau ky thUe nghiem
Nhom Thirc nghiem
Doi chiing N 40 40
Min 2.41 2.28
Max 3.94 4.03
Mean 3.4305 3.0953
SD .37208 .59236
df 78
P .000
Mat khae, tat ea sinh vien dUde phong va'n deu to thai dp yeu thieh hpc tie'ng Anh vdi phUdng
phap nay vi tao ra moi trUdng hpc tap tich cUc.
Dai dien sinh vien nhom ehi so eao eho rang "Em ehUa tffng nghT hpc Anh Van vui nhU vay; dUdc thao luan nhom, thuye't trinh, dat cau hoi nen em CO cd hpi ndi tie'ng Anh trong ldp rat nhieu".
TUdng tu eae em nhom chi so' tha'p cho rang "Em CO the tu do neu len y kien ciia minh ma khong sd bj phe binh la sai, em tha'y tU tin va nang dpng".
Phan ldn sinh vien eho rang khoa hpe eon giiip hp nang eao cae ky nang mem nhU: ky nang noi trUde eong chiing, lam viec nhom,...
Ke't qua nghien cffu eon cho tha'y hau he't sinh vien thieh nhffng van de giao vien dUa ra thao luan vi la nhffng van de rat thUe te, gan gui vdi sinh vien. Nhieu sinh vien mong muo'n khoa hpe dUde keo dai thdi gian, thao luan nhieu van de Hen quan nghe nghiep hoae chuyen nganh hp dang hpc. Va nhieu sinh vien kien nghj giao vien nen danh thdi gian nhieu hdn de sinh vien noi va trinh bay tmdc ldp. Ngoai ra, cac sinh vien con CO tam ly ngai noi trUdc ldp vi sd phat am sai; vi the, nhieu sinh vien de nghj giao vien nen day tff mdi va each phat am trUde khi eho sinh vien dpc.
Tff ke't qua nghien cffu, eo the due ke't cac van de cd the van dung trong viec day tie'ng Anh cung nhUnang cao nang lUc tUduy phan bien cho sinh vien nhusau:
- Qua bon thang thffc nghiem, ehi so' tU duy eiia nhom thUe nghiem eo da'u hieu tie'n trien hdn so vdi nhom ddi chiing. NhU vay, sff dung phUdng phap day hgc qua van de cd the nang cao nang lUc tuduy phan bien eua sinh vien. Neu khoa hoc keo dai hdn se cho hieu qua cao va ro rang hdn.
Hdn nffa, phUdng phap nay cdn tao ra mdi trUdng hpc tap tich cUe, trong do ngUdi hpe trd nen tU tin, nang dpng, va giiip phat trien ky nang giao tiep.
- Giao vien nen ap dung phUdng phap TDPB
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vao day Anh van chuyen nganh, thay vao each day truyen thd'ng la danh nhieu thdi gian cho sinh vien dieh bai.
- Ke't qua nghien cffu cdn cho tha'y sinh vien mong mud'n hpc ngoai ngff de giao tie'p, nen giao vien khdng nen chu trpng qua nhieu vao day tff vffng va ca'u true; nhat la ddi vdi sinh vien nam cud'i, giao vien chii trpng dUa them nhffng kien thffc thUe te ben ngoai ed lien quan den nganh hpe hoac nghe nghiep tUdng lai sinh vien.
- Giao vien cung nen long ghep viec day cac ky nang mem vao bai hpe va giao vien can day sinh vien ky nang dpc hieu nhudpc lUdt, doan tff de van de tff mdi khdng eon la trd ngai. Viec ren luyen ky nang phat am trong qua trinh hpc tie'ng Anh ciing rat quan trpng, nhUng giao vien khdng nen bat budc sinh vien phai phat am dung tffng tff khi ndi, nen khuye'n khich sinh vien manh dan ndi, phai giai thieh de sinh vien hieu rang phat am sai la dieu dUdng nhien phai ed dd'i vdi ngUdi hgc ngoai ngff.
* Tai lieu tham khao
1. Barrows, H.S., & Tamblyn, R.M. (1980).
Problem-based learning: An approach to medical education. New York: Springer.
2. Barrows, H. S. (1992). The tutorial process. Springfield, IL: Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.
4. Chaffee, J. (1988). Thinking critically.
Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
5. Chenoweth, T. (1994). Preparing leaders to understand and facilitate change: A
problem-based learning approach. Journal of School Leadership, 4(4), 414-431.
6. Do, Huy Thinh (2004, June 25). University e d u c a t i o n r e f o r m s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l mingle. Bdo Lao Dgng. Retrieved from:
http://tim.vietbao.vn/TS_%C4%90%El%BB%
97_Huy_Th%El%BB%8Bnh
7. Dong, Y. R. (2006). Learning to think in English. Educational Leadership, 64(2), 22-26.
8. Ennis, R. (1992). Critical Thinking: What is it? Proceedings of the 48"' Annual Meeting of the Philosophy of education Soceity, Denver, Colorado, Match 27-30. R e t r i e v e d from http:// wwww.ed.uiue.edu/PES/92_does/
Ennis.HTM
9. Facione, P. A., & Facione, N. C. (1992).
The California critical thinking disposition inventory (CCTDI). Millbrae, CA: Cahfomia Academic Press.
10. MePeck, J. (1981). Critical thinking and education. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
11. Meyers, C. (1986). Teaching students to think critically. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Tan, O.S. (2000). Teaching and learning in higher education symposium proceedings.
Singapore: National University of Singapore.
13. Tiwari, A. (1999). The effect of problem- based learning on students'critical t h i n k i n g dispositions and approaches to learning: A study of the student nurse educators in Hong Kong.
Unpublished doctoral thesis. Hong Kong:
University of Wollongong.
14. Tsui, L. (2002). Fostering critical thinking through effective pedagogy: Evidence from four institutional case studies. Journal of Higher Education, 7J(6), 74-763.
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