VAN HOA
Diem Lien Klioa
^^Ngudi den mugn ^' Uen phong
NHA VAN DiEM LIEN KHOADaOCOANH GIA LA MOT GUONG MATTl^U BIEU COA V A N HOC TRUNG QUOC DUONG DAI. D O ' T H A N H DANH M U O N TREN V A N D A N , N H U N G TRONG VIEC KHAI T H A C CAC V A N DE N O N G BONG CUA XA H O I , B6\ DIEN VA D O N G C A M P H A N A N H HIEN THUC DCfl S 6 N G T R U N G QUOC HIEN NAY, DIEM UEN KHOA LA M O T N G J O I T I ^ N PHONG.
N g u y i n Thi Thuy H a n h
Viet trong bdng toi cua Trung Quoc Smh nam 1958 d tinh Ha Nam, Lac Duong, Didm Lien Khoa da ttai qua mgt tufii tha ttong mgt gia dinh ngheo, nhu nhidu diia tte thfln qud khac ciing thfii. Tit nam 1 9 5 8 - 1961, tiic la nam flng ba ddn nam tufli, xa hgi Trung Quflc xay ra nan dfii Ifin ("tam nien dai ca hoang") keo ddi ba nam, dan den it nhdt 30 trieu nguoi chet. "Liic do, tfii theo me di nhat rac fi chdn tufing"'. Diem Lidn Khoa vidt. Ngufii me da chi cho Diem Lien Khoa biet, loai dat quan am thfl va vfi cay nao cfi thd an dugc khi hi cai doi giay vo sdp chet, va Ioai hodng thfl cimg vfii vfi cay nao khi an se chSt nhanh han. Ky lie ay khac sau ttong tam thiie ciia Didm Lidn Khoa, trfi thanh nfii am anh dai dang ve cai chet va nfii khfl, vd kidp ngufii chi
"gifing nhu mgt chiec la kho bay theo gio"^, va se con trfi di trd Iai trong cac sang tac cua fing sau nay {Nhgt quang luu nien, 1998; Thu hogt, 2004; Dinh trang mgng, 2006). Diia be bfin tufli Diem Lien Khoa
"diing trufie midng dat deo co the an dugc, nhin mat frai, nha gianh, dfing rugng va hoang hfln, trufie mat mgt biic man den tfii cyc Ifin nhu bice man san khdu dang dan dan tien den". Va, nhu mgt sy thiic ngg "tic do, tfii - Diem Lien Khoa viet - Xrb thanh ngufii cfi kha nang cam nhan ro nhdt vd bfing tfii"^, ve Diem Lien Khoa, nhu fing ty nhan "gifing nhu la ngufii mang sfi phdn phai cam nhan bfing tfli", da kidn tti va dung cam tu trong bfing tfii dd viet ve bong tfii cua xa hgi Tnmg Qufic hien nay, va ca nhting thai diem
lich Sli nhay cam trufie day.
Giai t h i e n g ve hinh anh ngtiM h'nh truy'en thong
Nam 1978, Diem Lien Khoa gia nhap quan dgi d Te Nam, sau dfi, ldn lugt lam cac nhidm vy nhu trung dgi truong, sT quan, thu ky. Nam 1980, fing bdt dau xudt bdn tdc phdm ddu tien. Tuy nhien, nhirng sang tac cua fing fi thfii ky nay khfing gay dugc tidng vang. Phai ddn gdn 17 nam sau, khi tidu thuydt Nien nguyet nhdt (1997) ra mdt, Didm Lidn Khoa mfii thyc sy thdnh danh.
Vfii nhung kinh nghiem sfing ttong quan ngCi, Didm Lidn Khoa da xay dyng mflt hinh tugng nguoi linh - nflng ddn rat khac so vfii truyen thflng ciia tidu thuyet quan dgi. Trong frang vidt cua flng, nhiing qudn nhan goc nfing dan nhap ngu vfii muc dich khi Xra vd que huang se dugc lam can bg, dugc trufing thfln cdt nhdc, trao cho
52 TlR'llSPQ wwwiiasang.com vn s f i 14. N G A Y 20.7 2016
VAN HOA
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dia vi, dd cufii vg, dugc thang tiSn.. .chii khfing cfi ly tufing lam mgt anh himg, mgt ngufii chien dau vi Tfi quflc, ndn khi frfi thanh binh sT, nhiing ngufii nay CO gang tim mgi cdch dd tfin tai, th6 hien, lap cfing. Do vdy, trong bfli canh Cach mang vdn hfia, nhiing dm muu, toan tinh, nhiing ham mufin ban nang, sy xung dot cua hg tao nen man kich nhdn sinh ddy mdu va nufic mat ciia mgt thai ky den tfli yong lich sir Tnmg Quflc (Kien nggnh nhu thuy, 200!; Vi nhdn ddn phuc vu, 2004; Tu thu. 2011; Tgc liei chi, 2013)... Hinh tugng ngufii linh
thuat, Dicm Lien Khoa nhan thiic rang "que huong xii sfi la thd gifii cua nha van. Nai ma nha van sinh ra, nai nha van trufing thanh cfi anh huong rat Ifin den atlh ta"-\ Gifing nhu Gia Binh Ao dfii vfii que huong Thuang Chau, Mac Ngfln doi vfii huyen Cao Mat, Diem Lidn Khoa da thdnh cfing khi dem viing dat ciia day nui Ba Ldu que hucmg den vfii the gifii, do cung la cong hien nghd thudt ciia fing doi vfii van hgc Trung Qufic duong dai.
"Nlii Ba Ldu" xuat hidn trong hdng loat nhiing tac phdm tidu bidu nhat ciia Diem Lien Khoa
Mat so tac pham cda Diem Uen Khoa (til trai sang: Nien nguyet nhat, Thu hoat, Pliong nha tung.
thfii binh frong tidu tbuyet ciia Diem Lidn Khoa da tufic bfi mgi tinh frang nghiem, cao thugng, thdn thanh cua van hgc quan dfli mgt thfii ky dai, voi quan niem nhdn vgt khfing phai mang ban chdt ngufii nfii chung, ma la nhiing tao tac lich su a nhiing thfii diem lihat dinh. Vi vay, nhiing tdc phdm cua Diem Lien Khoa cfi y nghTa thiic day qua ttinh chuyen dfli he hinh tu duy vd lich Sli cua van hgc Trung Quflc thai dai mfii.
Gia nhap dong tieu thuydt nong t h o n Trung Quoc
Trong qua trinh tim tfii nghd Sfil4.NGAy20.7a016
(Nien nguyet nhdt, 1997; Nhdt quang luu nien, 1998; Kien nganh nhu thiiy, 2001; Thu hogt, 2004; Dinh trang mgng, 2006;
Phon^ nhd tung, 2008).
Neu lay tidu thuyet Nien nhdt nguyet (1997) lam mflc, thi co thd phan nhirng sang tac ve nong thfln ciia Diem Lien Khoa thanh hai thfii ky. Thfii ky Irufic Nien nguyet nhgt (1997), tac pham tap trung phe phan quyen Iuc a dia phuang, vi quyen Iuc ma con^
nguai khong tiec thii doan, bat chap viec huynh de tucmg tan.
Nhijng tdc phdm cua Diem Lien Khoa thai ky nay, nhu mgt sfi nha nghidn ciiu nhdn xet, la sy noi tidp tinh than phe phan ctia
vail hgc nong Ihon Ihoi Ngii Tit, sic dung thil phap ty sy truyen thfing cua chii n^hTa hien thuc, va mang tinh chat "phd binh khai sang""*. Sau Men nguyet nhgt (1997), Diem Lien Khoa thyc sy trfi thanh cay biit nfii bat tren van dan vfii cac tac phdm mieu td su dau khfi ciia ngufii nong dan, sy can dam va diing khi ciia hg khi chien dau vfii hoan canh song:
mfit nguai me tim each ciiu chiia bon diia con ngfi ngdn bi benh di truyen (Bd Ldu thien ca, 2001), cac the he d thfln Tam Tinh nfl luc de thoat khfii mfii de dga cua can bdnh hgng (Nhgt quang luu niin, 1998), th6 gifii ciia nhirng ngufii tan lat bi lang qudn (Thu hoat, 2004), ngufii dan trong thon bi benh AIDS vi ban mau tap the (Dinh trang mgng, 2006).
Diem Lien Khoa vidt vd nfii kho nhu mgt chang dufing tic cai chet ma hufing den coi sfing, khac hga y chi sinh tfin, sy kien tri ciia con ngufii vugt qua canh ngfi - nhu fing nfii: "Tfii khfing cfi tinh de bay tfi su dau khfi, sy tap trung cua toi la midu ta ve tinh than, vd sinh menh, hoac Slic manh song trong mfit trang thai ton lai nao dfi"^
Song la khong the khong viet Khfing ai cfi the phii nhdn, sire thu hilt va net dgc dao ciia tieu thuyet Didm Lien Khoa dau lien la a nfii dung sac nhgn. Nhirng^
tidu thuyet tidu bieu ctia fing deu khai thac sau nhirng van de nhay cam cua xa hgi. Thu hoat (2004) mieu ta thg gifii cua nhiing ngufii tan tat bi lang quen, Dinh trang mmg (2006) ke vd nhirng ngufii dan lrong thfin bi bdnh AIDS, Phong nha lung (2008) xoay quanh cau chuydn mgt giao su dai hgc vfii cdn benh tram kha ciia ngufii tri thitc...tat cd ddu tit www tiasang.com vn JKIS^IDQ 5 3
VAN HOA
von sfing thyc td, sy trdi nghidm ty thdn ciia nha vdn. Cfi nhimg tidu thuyet vdp phdi sy cam dodn ciia chinh quyen nhu Thu hogt (2004), Vi nhdn ddn phue vu (2004); Dinh trang mdn§ (2006), ho§c gdy ra nhiing tranh Iudn trai chidu nhu Phong nha lung (2008). Nhung du khen hay chd, hdu hdt cdc y kidn ddu danh gia nhiing tac phdm tren eua Diem Lien Khoa Id kigt tdc. Thiem Hiiu Thudn nhan xet: "Lfii viet ciia Diem Lidn Khoa xiing dang dugc xem trgng, fing cfi dti su dung cdm, va la tac gia da neu ra nhiing vdn dd quan trgng trong thoi dai cua chiing ta"*. Han ai het, Diem Lidn Khoa nhan thiic ro sy "thiia thdi cua nha van"
ttong "thd gioi hfin loan nay" - nhu cdch nfii cua fing, nhung, ciing chinh flng la ngufii tin tufing sau sac ban than va cdc sang tac ciia minh cfl "y nghia khflng thd thay thd dugc". Sy vidt, vfii Diem Lien Khoa, la mgt cdch thd sfing, bfii "Sfing Id khfing the khfing vidt va tat yeu phai vidt"'. Diem Lien Khoa tin tufing rang,"chi cfi van hgc moi efi the phat hien ra anh sang, ve dep, su dm dp ydu fit nhat va tinh ydu thanh thyc tir frong bfing tfii. Cho ndn, mgi cfl gang eua tfii, ddu la cfi gang tii trong bfing tfli cdm nhdn sinh mdnh va hai thfi ciia con ngufii, cdm nhdn dnh sdng, ve dep, sy dm dp vd thucmg xfit VI dai ay"^. Cfi thd nfii, du thanh danh mugn ttdn vdn ddn, nhung frong vide khai thdc cac vdn de nfing bfing ciia xa hgi, dfii didn va dung cam phan anh hien thyc doi sflng Trung Quflc hidn nay, Didm Lien Khoa Id mfit nguoi tidn phong. n
Diem Lien Khoa
' Diem Lien Khoa, "Sii menh vdi bong toi", Didn tu nhan giai thucrng van hgc Kafka 2014, Minh Thuong dich, nguon; http://www.vanhoanghean.com.vn/chuyen- rauc-goc-nhin-van-hoa/nhung-goc-nhin-van-hoa/su- menh-voi-bong-toi.
^ Diem Lien Khoa, "Sir mdnh vai bong tfli", TIdd.
^ Diem Lien Khoa, Dieu Hieu Loi, "Viet la vi sir chan ghet va sg hai doi voi dai song. Tap chi Binh luan tac gia ducmg dai, ky 2, 2004.
* Hung Tu Vu, "Diem Lien Khoa vai van hpc Trung Quoc duong dai", Van hpc duang dai. Van nghe ttanh minh, 2010/12.
* Diem Lien Khoa, Thach Nhat Long, "Tieu thuySt ciia toi la luong tri cua ca nhan toi - Phong vdn Diem Lien Khoa", Tuan bao Nhan vat, 26/11/2001.
* Din theo Nguyen Thi Minh Thuang, "Diem Lien Khoa, gucmg mat tieu bieu ciia van hgc Trung Quoc duong dai", TIdd.
' Diem Lien Khoa, Loi lira 3 cho tieu thuyet Kien nggnh nhu thiiy, Nguyen Thi Minh Thuong dich, NXB Hoi Nha Van, TT Ngon ngu Van hoa Dong Tay, 2014, fr'l3.
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gifi sang thang tam nam 2005, tfli hoan thanh ttang cufli cufln tidu thuydt Dinh trang mdng. Khi h^ but a dfing cufii Cling, tfii ngfii cfi dflc tren ghd sfl pha frong phong khach, mdt mfi trtmg triing nhin ldn hire tuong mdu tuyet frang xfia, co hfi dang nhin vao bdn frong mgt cufin tidu thuydt nhu "mflt tdm khan tang phieu dgng tya tuydt ttang" va nhu "cdu dfl ma nhd nhd ddu ddn ldn cita ttong cac can hem ldu dfii", lai phdng phdt nhu dang nhin vdo mfit "dfing bdng khflng cfi ngufii fi ma rgng lon vfi ban". Thii ngi tdm dau kho, tuydt vgng vd bo vo khfing nai nuong tya dfi, toi da tiing frdi qua vao cufii ndm 1997, khi vidt xong Nhdt quang luu nien, va, tfii cung tung frdi qua, van cdm giac dfi, vdo thdng tu ndm 2004, khi hodn thdnh Thtr hogt. Nhung ca hai Idn ay, cam gidc dau don cua tfii ddu khfing ddn miic manh lidt nhu khi vidt xong Dinh trang mdng, mflt cdm gidc rat khfi diln td bang Ifii.Tfii bidt rang, nfii tuygt vgng manh me ndy, khong chi Id kdt qud cua mgt ldn hoan thanh Dinh Trang mgng, ma la mgt qud trinh nghidm sinh ve edm gidc do va tu bdn frong cua sy vidt, la mgt dai tufing nidm cho sy ket thue cua Dinh trang mgng. Tix ndm 1994, khi bat ddu khoi biit viet Nhgt quang luu nien, tfii nam 2002 vidt xong Thu hogt, cho den ndm 2005 hoan thanh Dinh trang mdng, dfi la nhimg ndm thdng chfing chat, tich luy bao noi khfl dau va mgt nhgc ciia tfii. Anh sang mat ttoi tir ngodi ciia sfi nhat ddn, chidu rgi qua can phfing, Idm cho hinh dnh ciia Idn bui bay frong khflng khi nai phfing khach cfi thd nhin thdy ro, giflng nhu vfi sfl linh bfin frong tidu thuyet dang thi thdm vao tai tfii.
Sau dfi, tfii ngfii ngdy ra nhu mgt khiic g6, nufic mdt dam dia, tdm tri tfli ttflng rong md h6n loan vfi trat ty.
Tfii khfing thd nfii ro dugc vi sao minh dau khfi, vi sao ma red le, tiii sao lai cdm
5 4 U?,'?^Q?9 www.tiasang com.v Sfi 14. N G A Y 20.7 3016
