NGHIEN CCrU THyC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
PHAN TICH LIEN K E T CHUOI DlTA VUNG D O N G B A N G SONG CUtJ LONG
Buii Quang Tuin Nguyin Dinh Hoa Nguyen Phircmg Thao
Tom tat: Liin kit chuoi cd vai trd gidm chi phi do co loi the theo quy md, gidm thieu nil ro thdng qua su chia se trdch nhiem. Cay dira ddng vai trd quan trgng trong co cdu cay trdng cua vitng Ddng bdng song Cuu Long. Bdi viit tap trung phdn tich, ddnh gid thuc trgng lien kit vd goiy chinh sdch nhdm gdp phdn vdo qud trinh van hdnh vd tao ra gid tri gia tdng lan han ddi voi nganh dira cita vitng Ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long.
Tir khoa: Liin kit; Ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long; chudi gid tri; cdy dua.
Dat van dg
Vung Ddng bang sdng Cim Long (DBSCL) cd nhieu tigm nang, lgi the ve phat trien cac loai trai cay cd gia tri kinh te cao, trong dd cd cay dua.
Tinh den nam 2018, dien tich trdng dira d vung nay chiem tdi 45,61% tdng dien tich cay an qua. Cay dira dugc trdng d tat ca cac tinh DBSCL trong dd Bgn Tre chiem 51,7% dien tich hdng dira cua vimg'. Bgn Tre la mgt trong nhiing tinh ven bien dang chiu anh budng to Idn cua bien ddi kbi hau, trudc het anh hudng den nhigu loai cay trdng trong dd cd cay dira.
Cay dira khdng chi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong CO cau cay trdng cua DBSCL, day cdn la cay trdng cd thg tao ra nhieu loai san pham, keo dai chudi. Ndi each khac, chudi san pham dua vdi nhieu cdng doan, nhieu ehii the tham gia phu hgp cho viee nghien ciiu cac loai hen ket. San pham
' ' Bai viet la mot phan san pham cua de tai "Co che, chinh sdch lien kit kinh te ngi vitng vd lien vitng ddi v&i vitng Tay Nam Bg theo hir&ng phdt trien ben vimg" (ma s6 TNB/14-I9/X11).
Tinh toan ciia nhom tac gia tir Nien giam thong ke cac tinh DBSCL nam 2018
ciia cay dira ed the che bien cac dd thu cdng my nghe phuc vu du lich, tiic la ed vai trd lign kgt vdi cac nganh kinh tg khac.
Xuat phat tir nhung van d l vira neu, cay dira dugc lua chgn lam chii de nghign ciiu.
I. Khung phan tich ve hen ket trong chudi gia tri nong san
Chudi gia tri dg cap den radt loat nhiing boat ddng can thiet tir cung cap cac yeu td dau vao, san xuat den phan phdi tdi ngudi tieu dimg cudi ciing (Kaplinsky va Morris, 2001). Ddi vdi cac loai ndng san, chudi gia hi thudng bao gom 5 cdng doan chinh: Dau vao san xuat (dat, vat tu ndng nghiep, ky thuat san xuat,...), san xuat (trdng hgt), thu gom, che bign, phan phdi va ban bang.
Lien ket trong chudi thudng dg cap la lign ket kinh te va dugc dinh nghTa la "su phdi hgp giua cac chii the kinh te nham chia se mdt hoac mdt so muc dich chung, miic do lign kit phu thudc vao miie do phdi hgp cua cac chii the" (Cue Kinh te hgp tac, 2016). Lien ket dugc thiet lap va thuc hien dua tren 3 nguyen tac ea ban la: nguygn tac tu nguyen va thda thuan; nguyen tac phdi hgp;
nguyen tie chia se lgi ich va nii ro.
PHAT T R I ^ N BfeN VUNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Bui Quang Tuan - Nguyen Dinh Hoa - Nguyen Phir<rag Thao Phan tich lien ket chudi diia...
Trong chudi gia tri nong san, lien ket thudng bao gdm 2 loai: i) lien kit ngang; ii) hen ket dgc.
Lien ket ngang (horizontal linkage) la lien ket giiia eac chu the, tac nhan cung cap. Lien ket dgc (vertical linkage) la hinh thiic lien ket giiia cac chu thg theo chieu dgc cua chudi. Viec hgn ket giiia cac hg ndng dan san xuat vdi nhau va vdi cac doanh nghiep vat tu ndng nghiep, doanh nghiep che bien, doanh nghiep tieu thu ndng san tao thanh nhung chudi gia tri.
Cac hinh thiic lien kgt giiia cac tac nhan trong chudi gia hi ndng san la rat da dang, chu yeu bao gdm cac hinh thiic ca ban sau: i) hgp ddng bang van ban (hgp ddng chinh thdng), ii) hgp ddng mieng (thda thuan mieng). Lien ket theo hgp ddng la quan he mua ban chinh thiic dugc thiet lap giii'a cac tac nhan, cd rang budc ve phap ly. Hgp ddng mieng la cac thda thuan khdng dugc the hien bang van ban, cac tac nhan cam ket cung nhau thuc hien mdt so boat ddng, cdng viec nao do. Lien ket giiia cac tac nhan trong chudi xet theo miic do cd the la Idng leo hoac chat che.
2. Tdng quan ve san pham dira^
2.1. Thi tru&ng qudc te ve sdn phdm dira Tinh hinh sdn xudt dira trin thi gioi Tinh dgn nam 2017, dien tich dira tren toan the gidi dat 12.303,9 nghin ha. Trong giai doan 2010- 2017, dien tich dira dat tdc do tang trudng 0,66%/nam. Cay dira dugc trdng nhieu nhat d chau A vdi dien tich khoang 9.930 nghin ha, chilm 80,72% tdng dien tich canh tac dira toan the gidi.
San lugng dira toan ciu nam 2017 dat 60.773,4 nghin tan; chau A diing dau thg gidi (khoang 51,04 trieu tan), chigm 83,99% tdng san lugng toan cau, trong dd khu vuc Ddng Nam A chiem 60,17% va khu vuc Nam A chigm 23,28%i. Trong nam 2017, Indonesia, Philippine va An Do lan lugt la cac qudc gia cd san lugng dira Idn nhat the gidi, tao ra 73,22%o tdng san lugng dira toan cau. Viet Nara cd
Cac so heu phan nay trich dan tii FAO (http://www fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC),
san lugng dira dat khoang 1.499 nghin tan, dimg 6 tren thi gidi.
Thuang mgi cdc sdn phdm dira trin thi giai - Trdi dira- San lugng xuit khiu va nhap khau cac loai hai dira tren thi gidi tang Ign kha nhanh trong giai doan 2010-2016. Ve xuit khau, san lugng tang 579,9 nghin tan, kira ngach tang 226.903 nghin USD so vdi nam 2010 V l nhap khau, nam 2016, san luong dira tuai tang 516,8 nghin tan, gia tri tang 269,5 nghin USD.
- Com dira: Trong giai doan 2014 - 2016, san lugng com dua trgn the gidi dao ddng trong khoang 5,3 - 5,5 tneu tin/nam. Phin Idn (khoang 95%) cam dira dugc diing dg ep dau. Vi vay, khdi lugng com dua dugc thuang raai hda hen thi trudng the gidi la rat thap, chi khoang 2%o san lugng cam dira. Theo dd, trong cac nam 2010 - 2016, khdi lugng va gia tri xuat khau ddi vdi cam dira la tu'ong ddi thap, vdi cac con sd tuong img 128,2 nghin tin/nam va 87,1 nghin USD/nam.
Tuang tu nhu vay, kbdi lugng nhap khau cam dua hang nam chi dat khoang 135,1 tan va kim ngach 87 nghin USD.
- Com dua ngo sdy: Cam dira nao say la san pham che bien tu com dira San pham nay dugc dimg lam thuc pham hong gia dinh va diing nhieu nhat trong nganh cdng nghiep banh keo nhu lam nhan banh, keo va mirt cac loai. Nhu cau ve com dira nao say ciia the gidi tang len trong giai doan 2010 - 2016, trong do nam 2014, khoi lugng xuit khau tang dot bien so vdi cac nam trudc dd. Nam 2016, cac nude tren the gidi xuat khau 364,5 nghin tan, vdi kim ngach xuit khau la 626,6 hieu USD.
- Ddu dira: Dau dira dugc ep tir cam dira, la san pham dung lam dau an va chat nen cho my pham, san phara cham sdc siic khde. Hang nam the gidi san xuat tii' 3,2 - 3,6 hieu tin dau dira; trong do nam 2016 dat 3,41 trieu tan. Trong cac nam 2010 - 2016, san lugng nhap khiu va xuit khiu dau dira tren the gidi deu ed xu hudng giam. Nam 2016, san lugng nhap khau giam 723,3 nghin tin;
xuat khau giam 509,8 nghin tan so vdi nam 2010;
PHAT T R I E N B £ N V C N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHieN CUU THUC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
day ciing la nam cd miic xuat nhap khau thap nhat 2.2.1. Quy md dien tich, sdn luang vd phdn bd trong vdng 6 nam lign tiep. dira a viing Ddng bdng sdng Ciru Long
2.2, San pham dira vung Dong bdng sdng Ciru Long
Bang 1: DIEN TICH VA SAN L U Q N G DUA THEO CAC T I N H VIJNG DONG BANG S O N G CUV LONG
, 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Dien tich tliu lioacli (ha) Tien Giang
Ben Tre Tra Vinli Vinii Long Dong Thap An Giang Can Tlio Han Giang Soc Trang Bac Lieu CaMau
TSng
10.325 41.535 12.910 6.480 323 1408 2.550 4 195 2.793 4.647 7.534 94.700
13.414 56.537 15.247 6.958 509 1135 2.328 3.413 2.863 4.580 7.340 114.324
14.305 60.618 15.869 7.026 513,87 1260 2.174 3.439 2.914 4.580 7.282 119.981
14.699 62.541 16.333 7.428 529,82 1128 1.928 2.213 3.058 4.618 7.131 121.605
14.743 64.647 17.201 7.597 619,20 1074 1.633 2.198 3.187 4.617 7.060 124.576
16.419 65.692 17.944 8.560 592,69 1091 1.596 2.175 3.348 4.623 6.865 128.906 Siin lu'ffng (tan)
Tien Giang Ben Tre Tra Vinii Vinh Long Dong Tliap An Giang Can Tlio Hau Giang Soc Trang Bac Lieu CaMau
Tans
82.150 420.172 177.940 103.291 2.026 18.440 11.634 21.074 15.032 17.501 26.035 895.295
106.185 525.813 223.318 112.248 3.040 17.589 10.450 18.166 17.150 19.032 28.306 1.081.297
117.553 573.139 241.372 113.509 4.454 24.034 9.748 18.144 17.476 19.911 28.567 1.167.907
121.207 594.498 250.525 117.041 3.484 20.517 9.133 16.489 18.831 20.327 29.024 1.201.076
125.179 569.725 263.812 120.194 4.185 19.421 7.952 17.165 19.738 20.810 31.452 1.199.632
151.145 615.473 270.756 122.122 4.258 20.006 7.902 17.887 20.948 20.977 31.693 1.283.166 Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ki (2018).
Viet Nam, nhat la DBSCL va vung Duyen hai raien Trung, cd dieu kien khi hau va thd nhudng thuan lgi cho su phat trien cua cay dira. Trong giai doan 2010 - 2017, dien tieh dira d Viet Nam dao ddng d muc 140 - 150 nghin ha. Viing DBSCL cd dien tich dira Idn nhat vdi 78,9% tdng dien tich dira
cua ca nude; tiep dgn la vimg Duyen hai mign Trung chiera 11,9%; eac viing khac chilm 9,2%.
DBSCL ed dien hch trdng dii'a va dien tich thu hoach cho den nam 2018 dat tuong ixng la 147,081 nghin ha va 128,906 nghin ha. Dien tich thu hoach brong giai doan 2010 - 2018 dat tdc do tang trudng
PHAT TRltN B^N V O N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Bui Quang Tuan - Nguyen Dinh Hoa - Nguyin Phirong Thao Phan tich lien ket chudi dan...
la 3,73%/nam (Bang 1). Dien tich dua tang nhanh do anh hudng ban man ngudi dan cd xu hudng chuyen cac loai cay trdng khac sang trdng dira.
Trong sd 13 tinh DBSCL, Bgn Tre cd dien tich canh tac dira Idn nhit vdi 65,692 nghin ha, chiem tdi 51% tdng dien tich dira ciia toan vimg. Xgp sau tinh Bin Tre, diing thii 2 la tinh Tra Vinh (19,319 ba), thii 3 la Tien Giang (14,988 ba), cac tinh cdn lai cd dien tich canh tac dira dudi 10 nghin ha.
Tinh Ben Tre vdi dien tich trdng dira Idn nhat nen san lugng dira hang nam cung diing dau DBSCL.
San lugng dira cua Ben Tre dat tdc do tang trudng la 4,89%/nam ft-ong giai doan 2010 - 2018 va dat mire 615,473 nghin tan nam 2018 (chigm 48% san luong toan vimg) (Bang 1).
2.2.2. Cdc sdn phdm dira ciia Viet Nam vd vitng Ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long tham gia vdo thi trudng the gidi
Cdng nghe che bien dira tai Viet Nam ndi chung va DBSCL ndi rieng dang tirng budc cai thien. Mdt sd doanh nghiep tai DBSCL tien phong trong viec ddi mdi cdng nghe, phat trign nganh dira: Cdng ty Cd phin xuat nhap khau Bgn Tre (Betrimex), Cdng ty TNHH Che bien dira Luang Qudi (Bin Tre), Cdng ty Cd phin Tra Bic (Tra Vinh). Ngoai ra, dira tai DBSCL cd tao ra dugc su thu hut vdi cac doanh nghiep nude ngoai den dau tu, che bien: Cdng ty TNHH Thi gidi Viet (100%
vdn Thai Lan) va Cdng ty TNHH Chi biln dira (100% vdn Malaysia).
Hien nay, d DBSCL, hau het cae bd phan cua cay diia deu dugc khai thac, tao ra nhiing bd phan CO gia tri gia tang, trong dd chu yeu la cac mat hang: trai dira, com dira nao say, nude dira ddng Ion, thach diia, keo dira, nude dira cd dac, chi xa dira, mun dira,... Cac mat hang tir dira dugc xuat khau tdi khoang hon 50 qudc gia tren the gidi.
Trong cac cdng doan cua chudi san pham du'a, Viet Nam noi chung va DBSCL ndi rigng chu yeu tham gia vao cdng doan cd gia tri gia tang thap.
Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam chii yeu chi xuat khau cac san pham thd, hoac cae san pham cd qua sa chg de xuat khau nhu: trai dira, cam dira, keo dira, than boat tinh, chi xa dira,... Cac san pham phai trai qua che bien sau nhu: dau dira tinh khigt, my
pham, dugc pham, sua dira/nudc dira ddng chai,...
cdn han che.
3. Lien ket chudi dira Viing Dong hang sdng Cuu Long tir nghien cuu trudng hop tinh Ben Tre^
3.1. Cdc sdn phdm vd cdc tdc nhdn trong chudi dira
3.1.1. Cdc dong sdn phdm chinh tic trdi dira Trai dira sau thu hoach c6 the che bien ra bon dong san pham chu yeu: vd dira, gao dira, com dira va nude dira.
+ Vd dira khd dugc cac co sd so che bang may de cd hai san pham chinh la xa dira (chi xa dira, tham xo dira, dem xa dira, day thimg, ludi xa dira ) va raun dira (mun dira ep banh va dat sach).
+ Gao dira dugc dimg de san xuat than gao diia va lam cac do thii cdng my nghe. Than gao dira ciing cd thi dugc sir dung dg che biln thanh than hoat tinh.
+ Com dira cd the che bien thanh nhieu san pham khac nhau, chu yeu la cam dua nao say, dau dira, siia diia, bdt siia dira,. .
+ Nuoc dira diing lam nude uong va che bien thanh thach dua.
3.1.2. Cdc tdc nhdn trong chudi Cdc tdc nhdn chinh
Chudi dira hinh thanh dua tren su gan ket giiia cac nhdm tac nhan cd chiic nang san xuat true tiep bao gdm ngudi trdng, thuong lai thu gom, cac co sd sa che va doanh nghiep che bien san pham dira, ca sd tieu thu.
- Ngudi trdng:
Den cudi nam 2018, tinh Bgn Tre cd dien tich trdng dira dat 72,289 nghin ha va dien tich thu hoach la 65,692 nghin ha. Trdng dira d tinh Bin Tre chii yeu la d cap hd, tuy nhien, qui rad dien rich dira binh quan tren hd d tinh Ben Tre kha thip (75,4% bg brdng dudi 0,5 ha, 19,4% trdng tir 0,5 den 01 ba va 5,5% bg trdng tren 01 ha).
Cac so heu phan nay dugc trich dSn tii Uy ban nhan dan tinh Bin Tre (2018).
PHAT T R [ £ N BEN V U N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHIEN CCrU THUC N G H I $ M - KINH NGHIEM
Cung cap cic im yko
Qong
H i n h 1: C A C C O N G D O A N V A S A N P H A M C U A C H U O I D U A
•San mat noiig ngMtp
Sanxaat cong nghiep
Noug djin
"T:
Tlurougliiithugoin Cffsff str che (lira
Nha may san smt cac san
phiim tu diia Iliinmgmiii
- Tiling tain khuyen nong - Chi cue bao ve thmr vat
-Lot TO - Tach trai kho - Cay cotn dira - Bao com diia - Tkh nuoi diia -Phan loai -I^mtrii
TlHn gao dira
Dau diia. siSa diia, keo diia, hot sife diia
CM bien stJdiJa
Che bien Mun dira
-Thitnidi^
noi dia
-Thittudng
Sff Cong thuong, Sff Kkoa hoc rh Cong n ^ e Hiep h o i D ^ , Hoi Nong dan, cac to chirc tin dung
Ngudn: Nhdm tdc gid (2019).
- Thuong ldi: T h u a n g lai thu g o m la tac n h a n t r u n g gian, e d c h u c n a n g t h u m u a dira trai tit n d n g dan v a c u n g irag lai c h o c a c c o s d s o c h e dira.
Toan tinh B e n T r e co khoang 1.380 t h u a n g lai;
t r o n g d d , k h o a n g 9 6 % t h u o n g lai m u a true h g p tai v u d n , c d n lai 4 % m u a thdng qua t h u o n g lai k h a c .
- Cdc CO so so che, doanh nghiep che bien cdc sdn phdm dira
+ So chi
Ben T r e e d k h o a n g 2 3 6 c a s d s a c h e trai dira, p h a n Idn la q u y m d n h o . C o s d s o c h e c 6 q u y m d n h d , linh boat t r o n g thu m u a va c u n g c a p n g u y e n lieu c h o cac loai hinh c h e bien trai dira, giup l a m g i a m c h i p h i n g u y e n lieu d a u vao cho d o a n h n g h i e p chg bign. T u y nhien, c a c c a s d s o c h e sir d u n g c h u y e u lao d g n g thu c d n g n e n chi p h i c a o v a chat l u g n g san p h a m kliong d n dinh.
+ Che bien vd dira
T o a n tinh c d k h o a n g 170 d o n vi chg bien v6 dira v d i tdng c d n g suat k h o a n g 150 d e n 180 ngan tan/nara. X a dira la san p h a r a c h u y e u d u g c xuat k h a u d d a n g t h d s a n g T r u n g Q u d c v a m g t phan c u n g c a p c h o c h e bien san p h a m sau chi.
San xuat e a c san p h a r a s a u chi: sd l u g n g c o sd, d o a n h n g h i e p c d s u bign d d n g v a c h i cd 4 doanh n g h i e p s a n xuat d n d i n h . C a e san p h a m c h u yeu la t h a m , l u d i , b a n g , d a y diia. San l u g n g c a c san pham san xuat chiu s u ehi p h d i cita n g u d i m u a d nude ngoai.
C h e bien raun dira la n g a n h s a n xuat m d i phat trien, t u y gia tri k h d n g c a o n h u n g d a g d p phan d a n g ke v a o viec giai quyet d n h i e m m d i trudng c h o n g a n h c h e bien dira. H i e n t o a n tinh c d 8 doanh n g h i e p boat d d n g san xuat m u n dira, t d n g c d n g suat k h o a n g 7 0 . 0 0 0 t i n / n a m .
PHAT T R I E N BEN V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
Bui Quang Tuan - Nguyen Binh Hoa - Nguyen Phmnig Thao Phan tich lien ket chuoi dtra...
4- Che biin gdo dira
San xuat than gao dira (than thieu ket) cd 57 dcm vi, trong dd cd 05 doanh nghiep. San lugng than thieu kit nam 2017 dat 14.000 tin. Than gao dira dugc san xuat chu yeu d Gidng Trdm va Md Cay cua tinh Ben Tre. San xuat than boat tinh cd 03 doanh nghiep, cdng suat khoang 22.000 tan/nam, san lugng nam 2017 dat khoang 12.000 tan.
Ngoai san xuat than, gao dira cdn dugc diing lam hang my nghe, nhieu loai san pham cd gia tri gia tang cao va phuc vu cho khach du lich. San xuat san pham nay phan Idn Idn la kinh te ca the, quy md nhd va ehii yeu la tieu thu ndi dia, xuat khau hang my nghe cdn rat khiem tdn.
+ Chi biin com dira
Toan tinh Ben Tre cd 44 doanh nghiep che bien vdi 05 nhdm san pham chinh: cam dira nao say, siia dira, bdt siia dira, keo dira, dau dira. Tdng cdng suat cac nha may chg bien com dira trong 02 nam qua tang hon 150 trieu trai, tir 1,1 ty trai nam 2015 Ign 1,253 ty trai nam 2017, day la luc lugng tigu thu dira chinh cua tinh.
-I- Chi biin nuoc dira
San pham tir nude dira trudc day la san pham phu, chu ygu tan dung phan nude dira tir che bien com dira de lam thach dira. Thdi gian gan day, cac doanh nghiep da dau tu cbl bien nude dira thanh san pham cao cap nhu nude dira giai khat, mat na dira. Den nam 2017, tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre cd 317 dcm vi che bien nude dira (trong dd cd 1 HTX va 03 doanh nghiep), ed kha nang san xuat khoang 7.000 tan/nam. Che bien nude dira la phu pham cua hoat ddng che bien hai dira, vdn dau hr it nhimg giai quyet dugc nhieu viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng, gdp phan lara tang gia tri cho cay dira.
Cdc tdc nhdn hd tro
- Ca quan qudn ly nhd nuoc: Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat hien ndng thdn, Sd Cdng Thuang, Sd Khoa hge - Cdng nghe... cd chirc nang hd trg, quan ly cae loai dau vao, td chiic san xuat, xiic tien thuang mai va thdng tin thi trudng, djcb vu khoa hgc cdng nghe,...
- Hiep hgi dira Ben Tre, Hiep hoi dira Viet Nam: Kit noi cac hgi vien, cac tac nhan trong chudi d6 chia se cac kinh nghiem san xuat, thdng tin thi hudng va kien nghi cae chinh sach tdi cac ca quan quan ly nha nude.
- Ngan hdng: Cd nhigu ngSn hang cung cap vdn nhu Ngan bang chinh sach xa hgi, Ngan hang ndng nghiep phat trign ndng thdn cd cac gdi cho vay uu dai ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan,...
3.2. Thirc trgng lien kit chuoi dira 3.2.1. Liin ket giiia cdc chu the trong chudi dira Liin kit ngang
- Liin kit ndng ddn - ndng ddn trong trdng vd tiiu thu dira: Lien ket ndng dan - ndng dan de hinh thanh nen cac td lien ket, td hgp tac, hgp tac xa.
Doi vdi ndng dan, viec lien ket vdi nhau cho phep tan dung lgi the theo quy md nham tiet giam cac chi phi va gia tang siic manh thi trudng ban che bi ep gia. Ddi vdi doanh nghiep, ndng dan lien ket vdi nhau cd thg gitip hg mua ndng san pham thuan lgi hem.
0 Ben Tre, ke tir sau khi cd Nghi quygt 03- NQ/TU cua Tinh uy ve xay dung va hoan thien chudi gia tri san pham ndng nghiep chii luc giai doan 2016-2020 va dinh budng din nam 2025;
boat ddng thu hoach va tieu thu dira trai dugc tap trung hd trg hinh thanh cac md binh hgp tac de giiip ngudi dan lien ket san xuat va hgp tac duge vdi doanh nghiep che bien, tieu thu dira. Cho den nam 2018, tinh Ben Tre da hinh thanh 24 td hgp tac (THT), 10 td hen ket va 03 hgp tac xa vdi 1.468 thanh vien, quy md dien tich 1.095,72 ha cd lien ket giiia cac td vdi doanh nghiep dg tieu thu dira.
Viec ndng dan lien ket vdi nhau de hinh thanh eac td hgp tac, hgp tac xa nham san xuat, tieu thu san pham la tin hieu tich cue nhung viec lien kit con mien cudng, chua that sir xuat phat hi nhu eau.
Thi trudng ngay cang ddi bdi san phara dap ixng cac yeu cau ve an toan ve sinh thuc pham nen ndng dan can cd su hgp tac, phdi hgp vdi nhau de ung dung khoa hgc ky thuat, phdng trir sau benh. Tuy nhien, viec phun thudc phdng trir bg dua, nudi ong
PHAT T R I ^ N BSN VCCNG V U N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019) 65
NGHIEN CIJU THU-C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
ky sinh dg phdng trir sau benh trgn cay dira ehi dugc thuc hien rieng, cac hd ndng dan lien kg khdng cd su phdi hgp thuc hien ddng loat nen chua phat huy tdt tac dung.
- Lien kit giua cdc thuang ldi tint gom: Hien tai, hiu het dira hai dugc ngudi thu gom (thuang lai cap 1) thu gom, sau dd van chuyen va ban budn lai cho diucmg lai Idn ban (thuong lai cap 2). Ddi vdi nhii'ng vimg giao thdng khd khan, thuang lai thu gom la thanh phan khdng thg thieu de cho bang hda ciia ndng dan den tbi trudng. Tren dia ban tinh Bgn Tre cd khoang 1.380 thuong lai; hong dd, klioang 96% thuang lai mua hue tilp tai vudn, cdn lai 4% mua thdng qua thuong lai khac. Mac dii sd lugng thuang lai nhigu nhung giiia hg hau nhu khdng ed su lien ket vdi nhau, chua cd sir phan chia thi trudng mua dira cu the, tham ehi xay ra tinh trang tranh mua - cudp ban.
Liin kit dgc
- Lien kit giiia ndng ddn vdi cdc nhd cung ung ddu vdo
Gidng, phan bon, thudc bao ve thuc vat la nhiing dau vao thigt ygu trong san xuat ndng nghiep. Viec xay dung lign ket vdi nha cung ling dau vao cd co hdi giiip ndng dan giam thieu dugc nii ro do bien ddng gia ca, ngudn gidng va vat tu dam bao chat lugng. Tuy nhign, nhiing ngudi hdng dira rat it nhan dugc ngudn cung ling true tigp tir cac nha san xuat cae dau vao san xuat, hay ndi each khac, hau nhu chua cd lien ket trirc tiep vdi cac nha cung ling dau vao. Nhiing ngudi trdng dira chu ygu mua cac dau vao san xuat ndng nghiep tai cac cira hang, dai ly d dia phuang. Mdt sd dai ly kinh doanh gdm ca eac loai vat tu va gidng dira, thara chi, mdt sd dai ly kiem ca viee thu raua ndng san. Nhii'ng ngudi trdng dira cd the mua va thanh loan sau (mua chiu) cho chu eac dai ly cac vat tu ndng nghiep. Nhin chung, nhiing ngirdi trdng dira mua cac loai dau vao san xuat ndng nghiep hi cac dai ly chu yeu la cac quan he mua - ban trao ddi thdng thudng, hau nhu khdng cd hgp ddng. Do san xuat raanh miin, nhung ngudi trdng dira hiem khi true tiep mua cac dau vao tir cac cdng ty, nha may san xuat.
- Lien kit giiia ndng ddn voi thuong ldi thu mua vd doanh nghiep trong tiiu thu dira
Liin kit giiia ndng ddn trdng dira - cdc thuong ldi: boat dgng mua ban giiia ndng dan vdi cac thuong lai mang tinh mang tinh thdi digm, miia vu.
Viec raua ban giiia bg khdng dugc ky ket hay thuc hien theo cac hgp ddng chinh thiic lau dai. Nong dan va thuong lai thu gom chua cd sir lign ket, chu yeu theo hinh thiic raua diit ban doan va neu co ciing la dang lien ket kha Idng leo.
Liin kit giua ndng ddn voi doanh nghiep: Co 02 cdng ty lien ket tieu thu dira udng nude, 02 cdng ty lien ket tieu thu cho cac nha may san xuat cae san phara tir; cae chudi hgn ket dang hudng tdi eac chi tieu ve thuc hanh san xuat ndng nghiep tot, san xuat an toan, bgn viing (GlobalGAP, theo hgu chuan hiiu co, truy xuat ngudn gdc san pham).
Liin kit giiia thuang ldi thu mua - co sd so che dira
Bgn Tre cd khoang 236 co sd so che trai dira, phan Idn cd quy md nhd, phan tan va sit dung chii yeu lao ddng thu cdng. Dira trai tir cac thuong lai mang ve ban cho cac co sd nay de tach lay com dira, bao vd lua. Trao ddi mua ban giiia thuong lai va ca sd sa che chu yeu chi dua vao mdi quan he quen biet, viee thuc hien ky kit hgp ddng con khiem tdn (chiem ty le dudi 20%). Lien ket giua thuang lai va ca sd sa che tuang ddi chat che ban so vdi lien ket giiia ndng dan va thuang lai do thuang lai thu gom it cd su lua chgn nai de ban dira ban la ndng dan, mat khac ca sd so che ciing can duy tri ngudn cung cap dau vao ngn chia se lgi nhuan cho cac thuong lai.
- Liin kit giiia cdc co so so chi - cdc doanh nghiep chi biin cdc sdn phdm dira
Sd lugng ca sd sa che dira tren dia ban tinh Ben Tre tuong ddi nhieu (236 ea sd) nhung mdi chi cd 2 ca sd (xa An Dinh, huyen Md Cay Nam va xa Phong Nam, huyen Gidng Trdm) cd lign kgt vdi doanh nghiep che bien (Cdng ty Che bien dira Luang Qudi), cdng suit sa cbl 20.000 trai/ngay tuong duong 07 tin cara dira/ca sd. Lien kit giiia cac ca sd nay dua tren cae hgp ddng kinh te, ve
PHAT T R I ^ N B E N VO-NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
Bui Quang Tuan - Nguyen flmh Hoa - Nguyen Phutrng Thao Phan tich liSn k€t chuoi dira...
tieu thu dau ra va cd yeu can dam bao chat lugng.
Doanh nghiep ling trudc vdn dg cae ca sd sa che mua cac dau vao.
Cac ca sd khac cd quan be vdi cae doanh nghigp che bien chu ygu la boat ddng mua ban thong thudng. Phuong thirc mua ban chii yeu la thoa thuan va bang cam ket mieng, khdng dugc the hien qua cac hgp ddng chinh thiic. Mac dii vay, su phu thudc cua cae doanh nghiep chg bien cae san pham dua vao gia va chat lugng nguyen lieu cung img tir cac co sd so che ngay cang Idn ban.
- Lien kit giua cdc doanh nghiep chi biin voi cdc dgi ly tiiu thu
Cac san pham dira cua tinh Bin Tre tigu thu d thi trudng ndi dja va xuat khau. Tuy timg loai san pham ma thi tnrdng tieu thu khac nhau. Cac san pham tir vd dira va com dua nao siy chu yeu la tieu thu thi trudng ngi dia, trong khi do, san pham chi xa dira phan Idn dugc xuat khau thd vao thi tnrdng Trung Qudc. Dii la tigu thu d thi tnrdng nao, lien ket giira cac doanh nghiep che bien vdi cac dai ly tigu thu la kha Idng leo, khdng thudng xuygn. Hau hgt cac doanh nghiep chg bien khdng nhan dugc cac ho hg, chang ban ve vdn hay bao bi ddng gdi, hi cac dai ly tieu thu. Trong khi dd, eac dai ly tieu thu khdng cd cac yeu can ve cac man ma, chat lugng,... ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep che bien.
3.2.2. Liin kit vdi cdc tdc nhdn hd tra - Liin kit Nhd nuac voi ndng ddn vd doanh nghiep
Lien ket Nha nude vdi cac tac nhan hong ehudi the hien qua cae chinh sach, boat dgng hd trg nham thiic day phat trien nganh bang. Trong giai doan vira qua, tinh Bgn Tre cd nhieu bien phap nham b6 trg phat hien nganh dira.
Cung cap cdc dich vu hd tra: Nganh ndng nghigp tien hanh eac boat dgng khuyen ndng, bao ve thuc vat ddi vdi cay dira. Sd Cdng Thuang co ho trg de doanh nghiep dau tu may mdc thigt bi de phat hien san xuit chi xa dira va hd trg doanh nghigp thuc hien xuc tign thuong mai,... Chuang trinh khoa hgc - cdng nghe phat trien nganh dira tinh Bin Tre giai doan 2015-2020 tap trung cac vin d l theo chudi gia tri cay dira, tir trdng, thigt bi
che bien dgn chuyen giao cdng nghe, xay dung thuang bieu va phat tngn thi trudng san phara.
Phdt triin hg tdng phuc vu nganh dira: Tinh Ben Tre da thiet lap 02 cum cdng nghiep che bign dira tren co sd diu tu', nang cap Cum cdng nghiep Phong Nam (Gidng Trdm) va Cum cdng nghiep Thanh Thdi B (Md Cay Nam) de thu hut cac nha may doanh nghiep so kit - che bien dira tap trung;
thiet lap mdt he thdng thu mua (chg dau mdi) - sa chg - che bign cac san pham tu dira lien hoan; hd trg Vien nghign ciiu cay cd dau dau tu nang cap Trung tara Dira Ddng Gd (huyen Gidng Trdm) thanh Trung tam nghign cim va phat trien toan dien cay dira cua qudc gia. Viec dau tu phat trien ha tang phuc vu nganh dira tai huyen Gidng Trdm nham hudng tdi cum lien kgt nganh, phat trien theo chuoi cac san pham cua cay diia.
Phdt triin du lich gan voi phdt triin nganh dira: nham thuc day lign kgt nganh, tinh Ben Tre thudng xuyen long ghep viec xay dung va phat tnen cac san pham du hch mang ban sac van hda xii dira (tham quan cac vudn dira, ca sd san xuat che bien cac san pbim tir dira); hd trg cac doanh nghiep tnmg bay va gidi thieu cac san pham dugc san xuat, che bien tir dira tai eac sir kien, le hgi, hdi chg ve du Ijcb.
- Lien kit vai Hiep hdi nganh hdng O tinh Bgn Tre da hinh thanh Hiep hdi Dira Ben Tre song eac thanh vien chii yeu la cac doanh nghiep, can bg cac sd nganh, huyen cd lien quan va mdt sd can bg thudc hdi ndng dan va hgp tac xa.
Vai trd ciia Hiep hgi nganh hang thuc su md nhat dac biet ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan bdi hau nhu nhiing ngudi trong dita khdng tham gia Hiep hdi nay. Cac doanh nghiep tham gia vao Hiep hdi la theo phong trao. Cac ngudn thdng tin v l san xuat, kinh doanh nhu thong tin ve gia ca, cdng nghe, du bao tbi trudng, luat phap, chinh sach... cac doanh nghiep deu khd nhan dugc su trg giiip tii' phia Hiep hdi.
3.3. Ddnh gid chung ve lien ket chudi dira va nguyen nhdn cua van de
Tir phan tieh d trgn cd the nit ra nhan xet ring budc dau da hinh lien ket giira cac tac nhan d mdt sd cdng doan trong chudi dira Vung Ddng bing
PHAT T R I E N BtN VONG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
NGHIEN CCru THU-C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
sdng Cuu Long. Tuy nhien, lien ket cua eac ehii the chinh trong chudi van chua chat che, canh tranh khdng lanh manh, khdng cd su rang budc ve lgi ich kinh te va thigu ben viing. Dieu nay xuat phat tir nhiing nguyen nhan sau:
3.3.1. Cdcyeu td chung
- Cdc CO che, chinh sdch khuyin khich phdt triin hop tdc, lien kit trong sdn xudt, tiiu thu sdn phdm ndng nghiep chua du manh
Trong thdi gian qua, cac nganh d Trung uong va cac dia phuang da ban banh nhieu chinh sach ve lien ket san xuat, tigu thu ndng san. Ngay 24/6/2002, Thu tudng Chinh phu ban hanh Quyet dinh sd 80/2002/QD-TTg ve chinh sach khuyen kliich tieu thu ndng san hang boa thdng qua hgp ddng. Ngay 25/10/2013, Thu hrdng Chinh phu ban hanh Quylt dinh 63/2013/QD-TTg ve chinh sach uu tien phat trign hgp tac va lien ket giiia san xuat va thi tnrdng cho cac san pham ndng nghiep d quy md Idn. Quylt dinh 63/2013/QD-TTg dugc thay tbi bing Nghi dinh so 98/2018/ND-CP vl chinh sach khuyin khich phat tnin hgp tac, lien kgt trong san xuat, tieu thu san pham ndng nghiep (Nghi djnh sd 98/2018/ND-CP).
Tinh Ben Tre ban hanh Nghi quyet sd 17/2015/NQ-HDND ngay 4/12/2015 cua Hgi ddng nhan dan tinh ve chinh sach hd trg phat tridn hgp tac, lien ket san xuat gan vdi tieu thu ndng san, x&y dung canh ddng Idn tren dia ban.
Cae chinh sach ngu tren nham khuygn khich cac doanh nghiep ky kgt hgp ddng tieu thu ndng san bang boa vdi ngudi san xuat nham gan san xuat vdi che bien va tieu thu ndng san hang boa de phat trien san xuat dn dinh va ben vung. Tuy nhign, cac chinh sach dudng nhu chua dii manh va thigu tinh dac thii ddi vdi timg dja phuang, san pham de khuygn khich viec tham gia, thue hien nghigra thiic va cd trach nhiem giiia cac ddi tac va eac thanh vien trong td chiic lien ket.
- Hg tdng giao thdng yiu kem, thieu tinh ddng bg vd ket ndi
Trong nhieu nam qua, ha tang giao thdng vimg DBSCL ndi chung va tinh Ben Tre ndi rieng da cd nhilu cai thien. Mac dii vay, ha tang giao thdng cac tinh trong vimg den nay van yen kem, nhat la doi
vdi ha tang giao thdng ndng thdn. Vdi dac trung la viing sdng nude, cac khu vuc san xuat d viing DBSCL thudng bi chia cat bdi sdng ngdi, kenh rach, trong khi do thieu eau de kgt ndi hoac neu co, tai trong thap va chieu ngang hep can trd viec di lai cua cac loai phuong tien. Ha tang giao thong dudng bd kit ndi hong tinh, giiia cac titih trong viing va vdi vimg kinh t l trgng diem phia Nam, van thiiu cac tuyen dudng, viee di lai cua radt sd tinh vdi tinh khac hoac giiia cae tinh vdi nhau ehi qua tuyen dudng dgc dao (Nguygn Dinh Hda va cdng sir, 2018). Ha tang giao thdng thigu tinh ddng bg va ket ndi dang la rao can ddi vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hgi va lien ket kinh te.
Cdng nghiep hd tra vd luc lugng doanh nghiep a viing DBSCL chua dit mgnh
Mdt trong nhiing nguygn nhan cua tinh trang thieu lien ket giiia cae doanh nghiep che bign nong san ndi chung va chudi dira ndi rigng la su yen kem cua cac dich vu hau can va cdng nghiep ho trg khien cac doanh nghiep d vung DBSCL phai tu minh kiem nhiem tit ca cae khau trong chudi gia Doanh nghiep, nhat la doanh nghiep d cong doan chg bien la trung tam cita cac chudi lien ket.
Sd lugng va chat lugng cae doanh nghiep d viing DBSCL khiem tdn ngn thieu eac nen tang, dieu kien cho cae hgn kgt kinh te. Tinh den nam 2018, toan vung DBSCL hien nay ehi cd khoang 53.074 doanh nghiep (chilm 7,42% tdng sd doanh nghiep ca nude), thap hon rat nhieu so vdi cac vimg khac.
Doanh nghiep d 'viing DBSCL phan Idn la doanh nghiep viia va nhd (chiem 98,1% sd doanh nghiep cua viing) (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2018).
- Thiiu CO che cd hiiu qud vd hiiu luc di triin khai cdc cam kit lien kit hgp tdc giUa cdc tinh trong vitng
Hang nam, cac tinh trong vung diu td chiic cac dign dan, ky kgt cac thda thuan hgp tac nhung viec thuc thi vin la van dg cdn bd ngo. Cac tinh trong 'Viing van thieu nhac trudng de thiic day cac doanh nghiep lien ket giiia cac vimg va giiia cac loai hinh doanh nghiep, lien ket cdng nghiep vdi ndng nghiep (lign ket nganh).
68 PHAT T R I S N B E N V C N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Bin Quang T u i n - Nguyen Binh Hoa - Nguygn P h m m g Thao Ph§n tich li§n ket chuoi dira...
Cdc yiu td cu the
- Ddng CO lien kit: Do cac san pham dira tieu thu kha dg dang va chua thuc su gap phai nhirng cii sdc Idn nen ve ca ban nhu cau va ddng ca lien ket giiia eac hd trdng dira vdi cac thuang lai chua nhan thuc rd rang ve su can tbilt. Van de thii hai la su thieu vang mdt ca che chia se lgi ich va nii ro ro rang giiia cac tac nhan trong chudi de tao ra ddng luc kinh te giiip cho lien kgt tdn tai ben viing.
- Ndng luc liin kit. Phan Idn cac tac nhan trong cac cdng doan ciia ehudi dira cd quy md nhd, phan tan va sir dung chu ylu lao ddng thii cdng, san xuat mang tinh chat ciia ca ndng dan lan doanh nghiep, cdng tac xiic tign thuang mai tiep can tbi tnrdng cdn yeu. Ngudi trdng dira thudng d nhung khu vuc giao thdng ndng thdn bi trd ngai. Cac doanh nghiep che bien cac san phara cam dua van cdn san xuat thii cdng, chat lugng san pham khdng dn dinh.
Cac doanh nghiep che bien vd dira thieu vdn, chat lugng san pham chua cao va mau ma chua da dang chua dap ling tdt va da dang thi trudng. Che bien gao diia phan Idn boat dgng dudi dang kinh te ea the, ehii yeu la tieu thu ndi dia.
Ket luan va ggi y chinh sach
Cay dira la mdt trong nhiing cay trdng quan trgng cua viing DBSCL. Tii nghien ciru cua tinh Ben Tre cho thay lign ket giiia cac tac nhan tiong chudi dira cdn Idng leo, cac lien kgt chu ygu theo hinh thiic thda thuan mieng va hiem khi ap dung hinh thirc hgp ddng. Nham gdp phin thuc day lien ket giiia cac tac nhan qua dd van hanh chudi gia tri va tao ra gia tri gia tang tir nganh diia can tap trung giai quyet cac van de sau: i) hoan thien eac ea che, chinh sach va cac yeu td nen tang ddi vdi phat trien nganh dira; ii) nang cao nang lire lign ket cho cae tac nhan trong chudi.
Tai heu tham khao
1. Cue Kinh te hgp tac, Bd Nong nghiep va Phat trign ndng thdn (2016). Tdi lieu huang ddn vd tap hudn lien kit ndng ddn trong chuoi gid tri.
2. Nguygn Dinh Hda, Ma Nggc Nga va Hoang Van Long (2018). Thuc trang ha tang giao thdng va thach thiic ddi vdi phat trien ben virng -vimg Tay Nam Bd. Tgp chi Nghiin cuu kinh ti, sd 12 (487), tr. 68-76.
3. Tdng cue Thdng kg (20\ 8). Niin gidm thdng ke nam 201S. Nxb Thong ke. Ha Ndi.
4. Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Bgn Tre (2018). Bdo cdo so kit 02 ndm thuc hien Chuang trinh phdt trien nganh dira 2016-2017. Ban dieu phdi thuc hien chuong trinh phat trien nganh dira, Ben Tre.
5. Kaplinsky, R., and Moms, M. (2001). A handbook for value chain research. Ottawa: Intemational Development Research Centre.
Thong tin tac gia:
1. Biii Quang Tuin, PGS. TS
- Dcm vi cdng tac: Vien Kinh tg Viet Nam, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam - Dia chi email: [email protected] 2. Nguyin Dinh Hda, TS
- Don vi cong tac: Vien Kinh te Viet Nam, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam 3. Nguyin PhuoTig Thao, CN
- Dan vi cdng tac: Vien Kinh tg Viet Nam, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam
Ngay nhan bai: 05/6/2019 Ngay nhan ban sua: 10/7/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 29/8/2019
PHAT TRlfeN BSN VCfNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 3 (9/2019) 69
