O NHIEM MOI TRl/CiNG DONaOCTHAl MOTHANTAIQUANGNINH
Th.S Tran Hoang Anh
1. Dat van de
Vung than Quang Ninh la mdt khu edng nghiep lau ddi va ddng vai trd quan trpng trong sU phat trien kinh te eua tinh ndi rieng va cua ca nudc ndi chung. Hien nay, vdi mdc dp khai thac tren quy md Idn, ngudn nudc eua nhieu vung md da bj d nhiem. Khi san lupng than dupe khai thac tang len cung la luc ham lupng cac kim loai nang: sat (Fe), Mang gan(Mn), cadimi (Cd), thuy ngan (Hg), asen... cd trong nude thai md tang len theo vx trong than thudng cd chda mdt lupng quang FeS^ (pyrit), khi tien hanh khai thac than thai ra mdt lupng dang ke axit H^SO^ va Fe(0H)3 vao ddng nudc ket qua nude thai md cd tinh axit eao, nhieu can lo Idng (SS), chat vd cP chu yeu la cae ion kim loai nang n h u : Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Hg, As... Su d nhiem nude, dac biet la
d nhiem kim loai nang la nghiem trpng vi chung rat khd phan huy.
Tap doan Than - Khoang san Viet Nam 6uac Nha nudc giao trach nhiem quan ly, bao ve, khai thac than tren toan qudc. Khai thac than tai Quang Ninh trudc day va hien nay tap trung chu yeu dcac vung Cam Pha, Hdn Gai, Udng Bf, Ddng Trieu, Hoanh Bd.
Rieng vung Hoanh Bd thi mdi dupc khai thac trong vai nam gan day nen san lupng khdng nhieu.
Than tai Quang Ninh 6uac khai thac bang ca 2 phUPng phap: Id thien va ham Id, trong d d san lupng khai thac Id thien chiem 60%, ham Id chiem 40%.
Nudc thai md d Quang Ninh cd ba ngudn chinh; nudc bom t d eac cda Id cua md ham Id, t d eac moong cua md Id thien, nudc thai t d cac nha may sang tuyen cae
Hinh 1. Tmh trang nUdc thai ttr mot cuta 16
bai thai, kho than, dupc thai ra cac sdng sudi.
2.Thiirtrang 6 n h i l m
- Lupng nudc thai vao mua mUa t d cae md than Id thien cd khdi lupng Idn, dp pH t d 6 - 7, cudn theo nhieu dat da, tdng ham lupng can Idn.
- Ldpng nudc bpm t d moong Id thien, mo ham Id vao mua khd cd luu lupng nhd hpn mua mUa, hoa tan luu huynh chda trong than va dat 6a nen thudng cd tinh axit (pH < 5), cd chda nhieu bun than. Khi cac hoat ddng khai thac md cham ddt, ngudn nUde thai nay cung khdng cdn, nhung tdn tai trong he thdng Id cu, lam anh hudng den chat Idpng nude ngam.
- Ndde thai t d cac nha may tuyen than (Cda Ong, Hdn Gai, Vang Danh) phan Idn dupe thu hdi de sd dung lai cho qua trinh sang tuyen. Lupng nudc thai ra mdi trUdng nhd, tdi da den 1/3 Idpng ndde sd dung cua nha may. Lupng nude thai nay cd dp pH thap, chda nhieu bUn than.
- Nudc thai cae nha may cP khi (tap trung tai Cam Pha) cd Idu lupng nhd, chda cac kim loai va dau md, dupc xd ly tai eho trude khi thai vao he thdng thoat nudc ehung cua khu vUc.
Cae ngudn nudc thai m d bj d nhiem cd cac thanh phan kim loai nang dd ra ao, hd, sdng, sudi,... lam d nhiem ngudn nudc sinh hoat d cac vung lan can, d nhiem nudc mat. Sau thdi gian nhat dinh ngam xudng dat, tich t r d trong cac Idp dat da, tram tich,... lam d n h i l m den ngudn nudc ngam. Ngudn nudc thai nay se anh hudng true tiep tdi canh quan, mdi trudng.
Tinh trang nudc ngam
Ngudn ndde ngam d vung than ndi ehung dang bj suy thoai ve chat lupng va lUu lupng do hoat ddng khai thac than.
Ngudn nudc ngam cd the khai thac phuc vu san suat, sinh hoat tai ba trpng diem vung than: thanh phd Ha Long, thi xa Cam Pha, thj xa Udng Bi dang cd dau hieu bj nhiem man, nhiem sat, mangan... khdng
7.2010 © 0 a i [ W l : 5 5
s d d u n g ddpc. Day la khd khan ldn trong viec cap nudc eho san xuat va sinh hoat eua vung than.
Tinh trang nudc mat
Quang Ninh trudc day cd ngudn nudc phong phu ca ve nUde mat, nudc ngam. Lupng mUa d day kha Idn, dien tich rdng rdng de t r d ndde nen khdng nhdng du nudc cap cho sinh hoat cua Quang Ninh ma cdn cap eho Hai Phdng. Hien nay, do rdng bi chat pha nhieu, hoat ddng khai thac than ngay mdt tang, dja hinh kha ddc, sdng sudi ngan nen mua mUa lUu lupng nudc kha Idn, cdn mua khd bj can kiet, anh hudng true tiep den chat lupng cac ngudn nUdc mat nhu sdng, sudi, ao, ho.
Bdi lang Idng sdng, sudi lam thay ddi ddng chay, han che kha nang thoat nudc, gay ngap lut cae vung phu can.
Nudc bien ven b d
Hau het nudc thai t d cac m d than, nha may sang tuyen deu theo eac sdng sudi chay ra bien nen nudc va vdng ven bien chju anh hudng cua qua trinh khai thac md, trong do chu yeu la vung Cam Pha ben b d vjnh Bai Td Long va vung Hdn Gai ben b d vjnh Ha Long. Odi vdi vung Ddng Trieu - Udng Bi do khoang each ra bien xa, lai dUpc pha loang bdi nude cac con sdng ldn nhuOa Sac, Bach Dang nen gan n h u khdng anh hddng den nudc va vung ven bien.
3. Danh gia chung
Ket qua thuc nghiem cho thay, mdi trddng tai Quang Ninh bi anh hudng nghiem trpng do khai thac than. Dac biet, nudc d mdt sd vung khai thac than cd ham Idpng can Ip Idng cao, ed tinh axit (PH thap) va bj nhiem mot sd kim loai nang n h d Fe, Mn gay anh hudng tdi sdc khoe con ngddi.
Dae biet giai doan t d trddc nam 1994, khi chua cd Luat Bao ve Mdi trddng, mdi trddng da khdng dupe quan tam dung mdc, cac hoat ddng khai thac than da de lai nhdng ngudn gay d nhiem mdi trddng Idn va tac d d n g lau dai. Nhdng tac ddng chu yeu cua qua trinh khai thac than lam d nhiem mdi trddng ndde: Mua mda nude thai cudn theo nhieu dat da gay bdi lap sdng sudi, ao hd va vung ven bien. Mua khd nude thai cd tinh axit, ham lupng can I P Idng cao. Huy hoai tham thuc vat, lam suy giam he d d n g vat, pha v d the hai hoa cua canh quan.
Nudc thai m d Id thien hay ham Id deu khdng du tieu chuan nude thai cdng nghiep 8 (theo tieu chuan TCVN 5945 - 2005). Cd nghTa la tuyet ddi khdng dupc thai vao khu vUc chda ngudn nude ddpc dung lam ngudn ndde cap sinh hoat. Song tren thuc te, dieu nay dang dien ra pho bien tai vung m d d Quang Ninh.
Td nhdng anh hddng neu tren, de bao ve mdi trudng, g i d gin di san thien nhien the gidi, phat trien edng nghiep eua tinh Quang Ninh thi can thiet phai xd ly ndde thai m d trudc khi thai ra sdng sudi trong vung. Viec tap trung khac phuc, cai tao cac ngudn gay d nhiem la can thiet va cap bach nham han che mdc dp d nhiem, cai thien mdi trddng sdng theo hudng cd Ipi cho sd phat trien cae nganh kinh te tiem nang eua tinh, dac biet la nganh du lich, ddng thdi nang cao ddi sdng vat
chat, van hoa tinh than cua dan cU trong vung. •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Tran Hoang Anh. dmh gia 6 nhiem nguon nUflc thai mo than d dia ban tinh Quang Ninh va de xuat cong nghe xU ly cho mot so mo dien hinh. Luan van thac si ky thuat,BHXD.Ha Npi, 2009.
3. Vu Hai, Tran HOfu Uyen. Ca'p thoat nUdc, NXB-f)HXD,Ha Npi, 1984.
4. Trinh Xuan Lai. Tinh toan thiet ke cac cong trinh trong he thong cap nUdc sach. Nha XBKH&KT, Ha Noi, 2003.
5. Tran Hieu Nhue,Tran BUc Ha. Ca'p thoat nUdc. Nha XBKH&KT, Ha Npi, 2004.
6. Tran Hieu Nhue. Thoat nudc va xil ly nudc thai cong nghiep. Nha xuat ban khoa hpc va ky thuat2001.
7.Trinh Xuan Lai - Nguyen Trpng Duong. XU ly nUdc thai cong nghiep. Nha xuat ban xay dung, 2009.
8. Sd tay xU li nUac. Nha xuat ban xay dung, 1999.
Thdng tin cong nghe
TOILET SIEU
T I ^ T K I E M N U C J C
H
ai ky sd ngudi Australia la Tom Trainor va Mark Hutton da sang che ra mdt loai toilet mdi cd ten gpi Evolute, eho phep han che 90% lUpng nUdc xa de lam sach mdi lan di toilet.Diem dot pha cua toilet Evolute la mdt qua cau kim loai dung de bjt kin mieng dng thoat d doan cudi pheu cua toilet.
Oinh eua qua cau dUpc khoet rdng tao thanh hinh cai chen, chat thai di t h i n g vao chiee chen nay va khi giat ndde, qua cau lat up lai de chat thai roi xudng dudng dng thoat. Mot tia ndde se sue saeh chen trudc khi qua cau lat len, trong khi mot tia nUde khac se rda saeh phan pheu d t r e n .
Ap lue cua nude se giup qua cau lat len lat xudng va cac tia nude cd the ban ra. Oieu dang chu y la mill hdi cua chat thai bj qua cau ngan lai chd khdng phai ndde nen toilet nay khdng ddi hoi s d d u n g ong nude hinh chdS.
Ky thuat Evolute don gian la dd t h i n g tat ea chat thai vao dng thoat giup giam bdt lupng nudc sd dung dexa toilet.
Theo eac nha sang che, toilet nay sd dung chua den 1 lit nudc cho moi lan giat cau, thay vi 6 den 12 lit nUdc nhU nhieu toilet dang sd dung hien nay.
Dien tich lap dat toilet mdi cung nhd hon 30% so vdi toilet thdng thudng, do do dae biet phu hpp vdi cac can hd hay cae ngdi nha ed dien tich nhd.
Hien cae nha sang che dang hoan thien mau toilet sd dung ky thuat Evolute va d u kien san pham nay se dUpc tung ra rdng rai tren thj trudng t d nam 2012.
(Theo VietNam+)
