Xuat khdu Iao dong cua \^et Nam sang cac nen kinh te Dong Bac A
Nguyin Danh Tu&
YienDaihocMoHaXoi
Tom tdt: Bai viet nghien ciiu ve thuc trang xuat khau Iao ddng ciia Met Nam sang cac nen kinh te Ddng B^c A (trpng tam vao nghien ciiu Nhat Ban. Han Qudc va Dai Loan). Bai \iet ctii ra nhung thanh tuu dat dugc. nhiing vin de cdn ton tai, edn han che va nguyen nhan cua nd de dua ra mdt vai khuyen nghi cho Met Nam nham day manh hem nua hoat ddng xuat khau Iao ddng cua Met .Nam sang cac thi trudng na\'.
Til khoa: xuat khau Iao ddng, thuc trang. Met Nam. Ddng Bac A
1. Thirc b'ang xuat khay l^o dongViet Ham sang cac nen liinh te Bong Bae A '
Tu nam 1992 den nam nay, sd lugng lag ddng xuat khau cua Met Nam sang cae nen kinh te Ddng Bac A (Nhat Ban, Han Qudc va Dal Loan) ed xu hudng tang len, mac dii miie tang khdng deu qua cac nam. tham chi cd nam giam manh. Dac biet. sd lugng Iao dpng xuat khau vao Dai Loan da tang manh tii nam 2000, sau khi Met Nam ky dupe thda thuan ehinh thuc dua Iao dpng Met Nam sang lam viec tai nude nay nam 1999, lam cho sd lugng Iao ddng xTjat khau ciia Met Nam vao khu vuc Ddng Bac A cd su gia tang dang ke.
Nam 1992, sd lugng Iao ddng xuat khau cua Met Nam sang khu vorc Ddng Bac A la 210 ngudi. nam 2000 la 16.912 ngudi, nam 2010 da tang len 42.040 ngudi va nam 2015 dat 100.643 ngudi (.xem Hinh 1). Den nay.
khu vuc Ddng Bac A da trd thanh thi trudng x-uat khau Iao ddng chii lue eiia Mel Nam vdi t\" trpng Iao ddng xuat khau vao khu vuc Ddng Bdc A luon chie'm hon 50% Uong tdng sd Iao ddng xuat khau ca nude.
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Co the thay. xTiat khau Iao ddng cua Met Nam sang eac nen kinh te Ddng Bac .4 da dat duoc kha nhieu thanh tuu quan trong, cu the la:
- Xuat khau Iao ddng sang thi trudng khu vuc Ddng Bae A da va dang gdp phan quan trong vao viec giam tinh trang thai nghiep, tang thu nhap cho ngudi Iao dprig. gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo.
- Gdp phan lam tang thu ngan sach: Thdng qua hoat ddng xnjat khau Iao dpng. ngan sach nha nude da thu dupe hang tram trieu USD tii phi bao hjem xa hdi.
thue thu nhap cao. thue doanh thu va thue Ipi tiic ciia doanh nghiep xuat khau Iao ddng tinh tren so tien phi dich vTj thu tii ngudi Iao ddng. le phi cap giay phep hoat ddng xoiat khau Iao ddng, le phi cap giay phep thue hien hpp ddng. Cac khoan thu nay cung vdi khoan lien tiet kiem tii ctii phi dau tu tao viec lam cho ngudi Iao ddng neu tren se la ngudn von h'ch Itiv Idn cho nha nude de dau tu vao eac hang mue phat trien kinh te xa hdi khac d trong nude.
• Gdp phan nang eao chat lugng ngu6n nhan luc cua Met Nam: Chat lugng Iao ddng sau khi ket thuc hpp dong xuat khau Iao ddng ve nude dupe nang len.
gdp phan hinh thanh ddi ngu Iao ddng cd chat lugng phuc vu cho qua trinh cdng nghiep hda. hien dai hda dat nude. Hien nay vin chua cd cac so' lieu thdng ke chinh thiie ve hieu qua cua .xuat khau Iao dpng uen khia canh nang eao chat lugng Iao ddng trong nude, nhung ve mat dinh tinh, vai tro cua hoat ddng xuat khau Iao ddng sang khu vuc Ddng Bac A doi vdi viec nang eao chat lugng dpi ngii Iao ddng cua Met Nam la cd the khang dinh dugc
- Tang thu ngoai hdi, gdp phan phat trien kinh te'. xa hdi dat nude, gdp phan giam tham hut can can thanh toan qudc te: Su ddng gdp eua lugng kieu hdi thu duoc da gdp phan md rdng thi trudng. thuc day cac hoat dpng dich \TJ tao eau nd'i cho cac doanh nghiep trong nude xuat khau tai chd hoac tiep can vdi thi trudng the gidi. gdp phan gidi thieu, chuven giao phuong phap quan ly va phuong thiic kinh doanh hien dai cho cac doanh nghiep trong nude. \'e mat v1 md, lugng kieu hdi da gdp phan giam bdi su mat can ddi trong can can thanh loan, cai thien du tni ngoai hoi.
giam sue ep tang t\- gia...
NGHrEN cau
2. Nhirng ton tai, han che va nguyen nhan
a) Chat lugng Iao dong Met Nam d nude ngoai cdn thap
- Trinh dp ngoai ngii kem, thieu tac phong Iao ddng edng nghiep ciing vdi tam ly di lam thud la nguyen nhan gay nen bat ddng hong quan he chu thp, thieu hieu biet lan nhau, ddng thdi lam giam kha nang tu tin, tham gia vao cac hoat dpng sinh hoat doan the ciia cdng ddng ciia ngudi Iao ddng, Iii do lam giam hieu qua Iao dpng, tao lam ly e ngai ddi vdi chu sii dung trong viec tuy^n dung Iao ddng Met Nam.
• Hieu biet cua hp ve van hda, phong tue tap quan va phap luat nude sd tai edn kem, khdng quen vol tac phong lam viec edng nghiep va khdng cd lae phong tuan thu eac quy dinh chat che ve ky luat Iao ddng.
- Chua dap ung dupe yeu cau ea ve sd luong Iao dpng Ian chat lugng Iao dpng cd lay nghe, ed trinh dp ehuydn mdn eao ddn tdi bat Ipi cho Viet Nam trong canh tranh xuat khau Iao ddng, dan tdi tinh trang manh miin, rdi rac, nhd le, khdng dap ung yeu cau xuat khau Iao ddng; dSn tdi dan dieu ve ca cau nganh nghe xuat khau Iao ddng.
- Cdng tac dao tao Iao ddng xuat khau con nhieu han che'. Nhin tdng the, hoat dpng dao tao nghe d Viet Nam cdn nhd yeu, lae hau, cd rat it co sd dao tao dap ung dugc yeu cau ve trang thie't bi giang day va co sd thuc hanh de nang cao chat lugng Iao dpng xuat khau, dac biet la Iao dpng ky thuat chuyen nganh, Iao ddng lam viec trong cac nganh cdng nghe mui nhon d cac nude nhap khau Iao ddng. Cac giao trinh giang day cho Iao dpng Viet Nam di lam viec d nude ngoai chua dupe chuan hda, thdng nhat.
b) Tinh trang Iao ddng Viet Nam bd trdn va cu tru bat hop phap tai Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c va Dai Loan d miic eao
- Do chi phi ban dau cao da thiie day ngudi Iao ddng bd hop ddng ra ngoai kid'm tien de hoan tra chi phi ban dau, kiem them thu nhap bat chap luat phap Cling nhu nhung hiem hoa de doa an toan, sue khoe va tinh mang
Viet Nam la nud'c cd sd luong Iao ddng xuat khau vao Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Dai Loan tuong ddi Idn so vdi nhieu nirdc xuat khau Iao ddng khac d khu vuc, nhung lai la mdt trong nhiing qud'c gia ed ty le Iao ddng bd trdn cao nhat. Do chi phi ban dau cdn eao, cd nhiing khoan thu ba't hop ly da tao them ganh nang cho ngudi Iao ddng, them vao dd, nhiing dien bien phiic tap eua khung hoang tai ehinh, kinh te the gidi trong nhung nam gan day budc nhieu doanh nghiep phai eat giam viec lam. tien luong, trong luc gia ea leo thang da thuc day ngudi Iao ddng bd hop ddng ra ngoai kidm tien de hoan tra chi phi ban dau, kiem them thu nhap bat chap luat phap eung nhu nhiing hiem hpa de doa an toan, sue khoe va tinh mang ciia ngudi Iao dong
Quan trpng ban, nhan thiic cua ngudi Iao ddng xuat khau cdn han che' do phan Idn xucit than tii ndng thdn. Su nhan thiic han che nay eiing vdi tac ddng cua tam ly sa ve nude khong cd viec lam, thu nhap va do anh hudng cua tac phong Iao ddng tu do cua nen san xuat nong nghiep, khdng nam vung phap luat ciia nude sd tai la nguyen nhan sau xa cua hien luong Iao ddng Viet Nam tu y pha hgp dong, bo trdn ra ngoii lam viec, eu Ini bat hap phap, y thiic kem Irong viec chap hanh ky luat Iao ddng, thieu y thiic tdn trpng nhiing cam kel vdi doanh nghiep, dinh cdng, d^u tranh ddi tang luong, vi pham phap luat a nude nhap khau Iao ddng, v.v...
Nhiing van de nay da tac ddng rat tieu cue tdi hoat ddng xuat khau Iao ddng cua Met Nam, tham chi anh hudng ngay ea tdi ban than ngudi Iao ddng. Lao ddng bd trdn cd eac anh hudng nghiem trpng ve mat kinh te -xa hdi, nude nhap khau sd tam dung hoac khdng hep nhan Iao ddng Viet Nam, Cac ea quan chiic nang eua nude nhap khau Iao ddng khdng quyet liet Irong viec giai quyet cac van de lien quan de'n Iao dong Viet Nam bd trdn, nhung lai yeu eau Viet Nam phai giai quye't diit diem va de doa ddng ciia thi Imdng.
- Tinh trang Iao ddng Viet Nam bd trdn va cu tni bat hpp phap da va dang gay ra nhiing thiet hai ve kinh te cho ca Viet Nam va cae nude nhap khau Iao ddng
Trude bet la thiet hai ve kinh te ddi vdi chu sir dung do bi thieu hut nhan cdng, lam gian doan cac hoat ddng san xuat kinh doanh hay cac cong viec khac, chua ke de'n khoan chi phi cho viee luyen dung va dao tao Iao ddng. Bdn canh dd, ngudi Iao dpng Iron ra ngoai lam viec, cu tni bat hpp phap cdn gay len cac van de xa hdi, nhat la vi pham phap luat d nude nhap khau tao ddng. Ve phia Viet Nam, eac doanh nghiep xual khau Iao ddng se phai bdi thudng hap dong cho ngudi sii dung, bi mat uy tin, mat ddi tac, tham chi bi budc tam diing hoac bi nit giay phep hoat ddng xuat khau Iao ddng.
e) Cdng tac quan ly, hd tra va bao ve ngudi Iao ddng d nude ngoai cdn nhieu bat cap
Cdng tae xay dung ke hoach tdng the ve phat trien thi trudng xuat khau Iao ddng edn ban che' va thieu sir phdi hop chat che, dong bd tir eac ca quan huu quan.
Hoat ddng xuat khau Iao ddng ehu ye'u do Bd Lao ddng-Thuong binh va Xa hoi chii tri thue hien va cung mdi bat dau dugc trien khai va cdn ban che d so khu vuc, thj trudng dupe nghidn eiiu, nhung cdn thieu su phdi hap chat che, dong bd lii cac eo quan hiiu quan nhu dau tu, tai chinh, ngan hang, edng an, tu phap.
Cae ehinh sach didu tie'l hoat ddng xuat khau Iao dpng ban hanh cham hoac khdng cdn phii hpp vdi tinh hinh thue te', cdn thieu va ehua kip doi mdi mot sd ehinh sach, co -"he eu the de quan ly va dieu tie'l hoat ddng xual khau iao ddng. M vay da khdng tao ra duoc mdt su ddng bd, thdng nhat ve co che chinh
sadi de ho tfa cho su phat bien cua hoat dong xuat khau Iao dong cOi^ nhu ^ai cpsyel kip tfioi va Meu qua cac van de p h ^ sinh. Sy gin k€t giua k^ hoach xuat khau Iao dcHig sang thi tnjong khu vuc Oong Bac A vdi cac ke hoach, chuong trinh muc tieu phat trien kinh t^ xa hoi con chiB chat die, thieu tinh tdng the.
Cong tac quan ly tioat dpi^ x u ^ khau Iao ddng con diua thuc hien chat che ttieo q i ^ dinh, chua kip thai phat hien va ngan chan nhung vu vi^c lua dao i^uoi Iao dong.
Hinh thuc xu phai ap dung theo Uiat dinh doi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham cua doanh nghiep nhin diung con nhe, muc xii [Aiat nay qua thap, chua du sue ran de. Thieu su (rfwi hpp dong bo, chdt che ^Oa cac ca quan qua ^ tnxig viec x ^ dung chmh sach ve xuat khau Iao dgi^. Viec thi^u kip thdi va chat che trong phoi hgp xay dung chuih sach phap luat ve xuat khau Iao ddi^ Idtoi^ chi tao ra su lung tung doi vdi cac doanh nghiep ma con gay khd khan cho cac ca quan chiic nang trong viec xii iy cac vi pham trong hoat doi^ xuat khau Iao ddng, doi^ thdi khong tao ra dugrc y thuc c h ^ hanh [rfiap tuat cua cac chu the tham 0a rac hoat dor^ nay.
3. I M SI U u y ^ ngbi ttiue lay xuat khau lap fimg ff Vi^ Nam sang cac nen kinb te Bmg Bac A
Ti^ hoat dpng xuat khau Iao ddng sang cac nud'c Ddr^ Bac A da dat dugrc nhieu thanh tuu nhung van con ktiraig ft nhung han che nhu: (1) Chat lugng Iao ddng cwi han che: trinh do ngoai ngu, trinh dp chuv=en mcsi, lac phong lam \1ec cdng i^hiep,... cdn thieu va y^u; (2) Tmh trang Iao dong bat hgp phap cdn cao; (3) C « ^ tac quan K: ho trg ra bao ve ngudi Iao ddng d nudt; ngoai con nhieu bat cap;... De ^ai quyet cac van d^ nay. trwig thdi gian tdi Viet Ncun can:
- Nang cao chat luoc ngudn Iao dpng xuat khau.
NTia nude cd chinh sach hd erg cac doanh nghiep dao tao nguon Iao dpng xuat khau. Kinh nghiem the gidi da chi rd vdi viec chuan W dugc luc lugng Iao ddng [rfiu hgp, cd ch& lugng so vdi yeu cau quoc ^ se cd kha nang canh tranh v^ chiem giu dugc thj trudng.
Chat lugng Iao dpng cang cao thi hieu qua cang cao.
Cho ptiep sii dung CXJ che ba ben. Nha nude — doanh nghiep — r^udi Iao dpng cung dau tu de dao tao , i^umi Iao dpng cho xuat khau. Ket hpp dao tao k>"
thulit vdi dao tao ngoai ngu. phong tuc tap quan. kien thuc phap luat cho Iao ddng. Day cung la chinh sach
^ dao tao dpi ngii Iao dpng kv thuat de dap ung yeu cau su dung trong nude khac phuc tinh trang thieu edr^
nhan cd k\' thuat cao dap ling yeu cau cua qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa.
- Hoan thien he thong quan h'- \ ^ to chiic bd may can bo quan K" NTia nude ve .xuat kfiau Iao ddng.De phu hgp vdi co ch^ thi trudng va cai each nen hanh chinh quoc gia nham tang cudng va nang cao nang hrc cua quan K" NTia nude, he thong quan K" xuat khau
Iao dpng can dupe doi mdi theo hudng tinh giam d^u moi tmng gian, tap trung chiic n a i ^ quan ly Nha nude vao mot so ca quan cua Chinh phii. He thong t6 chiic quan ly xual khau Iao ddng trong thai gian tdi c ^ bao quat dupe cac npi dung quan ly Nha nude trong va ngoai nude nhung t>ao dam tinh linh hoat va nSng dgng.V^ can bd can tap trung dao tao ki^n thiic kinh te thi truOTig, kien thiic Marketing, ngoai ngu, kien thiic ve Iao dong, luat phap ddi ngoai mdi du dieu kien de lam cong tac quan ly.
- Dau tuxay dung cac doanh nghiep xuat khau Iao dpng du manh de canh tranh tren thi trudng qudc te.
Trudc mat, chur^ ta can dau tuvdn, phuong tien hoat ddng, xay dung bg may va dao tao can bd cd kha nang ti^p can va tim Mem thi trucmg. Cac ca quan chu quan va cac CO quan quan ly Nha nude can ho trg ve von va ve can bg de dau tu xay dung cac to chuc kinh t^
tham gia vao xual khau Iao ddng trd thanh cac td chiic kinh te manh, cd du kinh nghiem va kha nang canh tranh tren thi trudng xuat khau Iao ddng qudc te, xay dung mot sd td chiic kinh te thanh cdng ty dau thau qudc te.
- Ban hanh cac chinh sach uu dai vdi cac doeinh nghiep xuat khau Iao ddng trgng cac linh vuc tai chmh, nhu cho vay vol lai suat thap, xay dung chi phi mdi gidi... tao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep tim dupe hgp dong .xuat khau Iao ddng. Cd the xem xet theo dinh hudng la ddi vdi eac doanh nghiep tham gia xuat khau Iao dpng thi duac hudng uu dai theo luat thue quy dinh, miic uu dai se dugc Bd Tai chinh quy dinh cu the d cac van ban dudi luat. Nghien ciiu thanh lap Hiep hdi xuat khau Iao ddng va chuyen gia de cac doanh righiep dua Iao ddng di lam viec d nude ngoai cd su phdi hpp chat che vdi nhau va bao ve quyen Ipi cho nhau trudc su canh tranh qud'c te' trong linh vuc xuat khau Iao dpngV.
Tai iieu tham l(hao
Hoang Anh - Manh Thang (2014). Nhu cau tuyen dung cua cdng ty NTiat Ban tang cao, Bao dien tii Dai truven hinh Met Nam. http:/,'vtv.vn/
Hdng Kieu (2016), Tam dung dua Iao ddng sang Nhat vdi doanh nghiep cd tv' le bd trdn cao, vietnam- plus.vn
Van Duan (2016), Xuat khau Iao ddng sang Han qudc: 10 dia phuong bi "cam ciia'', Bao dien tti Ngudi Lao ddng. http://nld.com.\n
Yonhap (2016), S. Korea raises minimum wage for 2017, http://english.yonhapnevvs.co.kr
Japan Statistics Bureaus (2016), Japan Statistical
Yearbook 2017.
http:/,\\-\\v\-.stat.go-ip,'english/'data'nenkan''66nenkan''I ndex.htm
