V a n hod - V a n nghe t.?Mm:'^-^\
Gia tri van hoa co truyen
trong di^u Itien xa hoi hien nay
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GS, TSKH. TO NGOC THANH
Chil tich Hoi Vdn hoc ddn gian Viet Nam
I - N h u n g d a c t r u n g c i i a v a n h o a CO t r u y e n V i e t N a m (VHCTVN)
1. V H C T V N la n e n v a n h d a da n g u d n v a da d a n g , bdi Viet N a m la m p t qud'c gia cd d e n 54 t h a n h p h a n tdc ngubi. T i e n g ndi cua n h i r n g tdc n a y t h u d c vao n h i i n g n g i i h e Icrii d Ddng N a m A. Dd la:
- Ngii h e N a m A (Austroasiatic linguistic family) bao gdm cac n h d m toe ngubd ndi cac t i e n g Mdn-Khome, Viet-Mubng, H'Mdng-Dao, Tay-Thai va K a dai.
- Ngii h e N a m Dao (Austronesian linguistic family) bao gdm cac tdc ndi cae t i e n g M a Lai-Da Dao.
- Ngii h e H a n - T a n g - M i e n (Sino- T i b e t a n - M y a n m a r linguistic family) bao gdm t i e n g ndi eua eae tpc Hoa, Ngai, S a n Diu, La H u , H a Nhi, Cdng, Si La.
N g o a i r a , mdi tdc ngubd lai cd n h i e u n h d m dia phucmg. Vi vay, m a c d a u chi ed 54 tpc ngubd n h u n g 'vubn h o a v a n h d a cd' t r u y e n Viet N a m r a t giau sac t h a i va r a t da dang.
2. Do sd p h a n lieh sir k h a e n h a u n e n cae toe ngubi Viet N a m ed t r i n h dp p h a t t r i e n x a hpi k h d n g ddng deu.
D a i loai ed t h e p h a n r a t h a n h m a y n h d m n h u sau:
- H i n h t h a i x a hpi vao cudd thbd ky edng xa nguyen thuy, trong dd tdn t a i n h i e u t a n tich eua che dd d a n chu
n g u y e n t h u y , cupc sd'ng sim x u a t va s i n h b o a t e u a eon ngubd p h u thude h o a n t o a n vao mdi t r u b n g t h i e n nhien. V a n h d a cua cac tpc n a y h o a n t o a n la v a n h d a d a n gian.
- H i n h t h a i xa hpi vao thbd ky tien p h o n g k i e n h o a e so ky phong k i e n , trong dd v a n hda cung la v a n hda dan gian; ddng thbi, da x u a t h i e n nhirng t r i thiic toe ngubd. Hg la nhirng t h a y eung, p h u t h u y h a y ndi e h u n g la nhirng ngubd chiu t r a e h n h i e m ve cac b o a t ddng t a m l i n h eira cdng ddng.
- H i n h t h a i x a hpi ciia ehe dp phong k i e n t a p quyen, trong dd v a n h d a d a n gian ehiem vai trb chu dao a ndng t h d n m a c d a u b day ciing da m a n h n h a n h i i n g y e u to v a n h d a chuyen nghiep. O dd t h i da x u a t hien v a n h d a c h u y e n n g h i e p vcri eae td ehiie xa hpi n g h e nghiep tuong ring.
Cimg vcri nd la v a n hda cung dinh cua
•vua chiia va quy tdc.
N h u v a y , t r o n g n e n v a n h d a ed t r u y e n Viet N a m , v a n h d a d a n gian ddng vai trd n e n t a n g v a chir ehdt t r o n g edng eupe giii n u d e va d u n g nube.
3. V a n h d a d a n gian (VHDG) la v a n h d a do ngubd lab ddng m a d Viet N a m chir yeu la n d n g dan, s a n g tao ra. Dd la t h i i v a n h d a dugc s a n g t a o r a de p h u c vu n h i i n g b o a t ddng s a n x u a t va s i n h h o a t cua con ngubd. Vi the, nd la nhirng t h a n h td k h d n g t h e
TUYEN GlAO SO 10-2010 5 5
V a n hod - V d n nghe
cat rod eira dbi s d n g t h u b n g ngay. Tae gia eira V H D G l a n h i i n g ngubd n d n g d a n sdng t r o n g cac cdng x a xdm, lirng vcri t u each la cac thdnh vien cda cdng xd, chd d u a b e n viing ve mpi m a t cua hp. Ve m a t v a n h d a , cd m d t mdi q u a n h e t h u a n g x u y e n giiia h a i t h u c t h e x a hdi la cpng ddng cdng x a v a t h a n h -vien cua nd. Cong ddng quy dinh vd td chue cdc hogt dgng nham qua do ehuyen giao truyin thdng vdn hda eda minh cho moi thdnh vien;
ddng thdi, ede hogt dong dd cung la mdi trudng trong dd cdc thdnh vien vira tiep nhdn lgi vua gdp phdn sdng tgo lam giau them mai cho truyin thdng eiia edng ddng.
4. T r o n g v a n h d a cd t r u y e n cua h a u h e t cac tpc ngubd Viet N a m d e u cd t h e tim t h a y nhirng h e t h d n g cae h o a t dpng vcri cac ehiie n a n g v a n h d a xa hdi k h a c n h a u .
S a u day la n h i i n g h e t h d n g t h u b n g gap n h a t :
- Cae b o a t ddng v a n h d a d a n h d a u n h u n g c h a n g d u b n g dbd m d t t h a n h vien cdng x a tir k h i s i n h r a d e n k h i n a m x u d n g n h u cac le d a t t e n , h a t r u , ehcri Ddng dao, Giao duyen, cudi xin h d n n h a n , c u n g chira b e n h , t a n g le.
- Cac b o a t ddng v a n h d a d a n h d a u quy t r i n h canh t a e n h u le xudng ddng, le cd liia, le e a u a n , c a n m u a , le a n com, le com mcri.
- Cac b o a t ddng g a n vcri n i e m t i n t a m linh n h u hpi m i i a x u a n n h a m t h d n g q u a vcri t h i e n n h i e n v a sieu nhien, eau eho ngubi yen v a t t h i n h , cac hpi t h o t h a n h h o a n g , to n g h e , to t i e n cac dbng hp, cae vi a n h h i m g d a n tpc, cac a n h linh n u i sdng, cac h i n h thiie tin n g u d n g p h d n t h u c (lingaism), sa- m a n ( s h a m a n i s m ) h a y bai
Ca Tru - hoat dpng van hod ddn gian co truyen
Anh:MD
v a t giao (fetishism)...
5. Ngoai cac he thd'ng boat dpng van hda ndi tren, nhan d a n cdn n h a n xet, tdng ket duge m p t khdi lugng Idn n h i i n g t r i thiic ve thien n h i e n , ve lieh sir va xa hpi eira d a n tdc t h e hien tren cac linh vuc:
- V a n h d a s a n x u a t the h i e n t r o n g n h i i n g h i e u biet ve mdi t r u a n g , thd nhudng, k h i h a u , che dp m u a gid, sdng sudi, niii non, quan dpng vat, t h a m t h u c vat, eae t a p t i n h cay t r d n g v a t nudi v.v... Tri t h u c n a y t h e hien mdi q u a n h e giiia con ngubi va t h i e n nhien.
- V a n hda xa hdi the hien mdi q u a n h e giiia ngubi vdd ngubd, giiia t h a n h vien va cpng ddng t r o n g m d t xa hpi vao m p t thbi diem lieh sir n h a t d i n h cua xa hpi dd.
Linh vuc n a y bao gdm ta't ea nhiing e h u a n gia tri n h S m cd k e t cac t h a n h vien; ddng thbi
5 6 TUYEN GlAOSC!) 10-2010
Vah hod - Vdh Mghe
g i u p mdi t h a n h vien dieu c h i n h h a n h vi va ling xir t r o n g cae mod q u a n h e ehiing chit dd.
- V a n h d a s i n h b o a t t h e h i e n mdi q u a n h e c u a con ngubd vdi viec t h d a m a n cae n h u eau s i n h hpe cua ehinh nd n h u a n , m a c , d, n g u , b a i tiet, t i n h due.
- V a n h d a t a m l i n h t h e hien mdi q u a n h e eira con ngutri vcri nhiing dieu k h d n g trdng t h a y n h u n g duge con ngubd t i n la cd t h a t , q u a dd the hien -vii t r u quan, t h e gicri quan, n h a n s i n h q u a n c u a con ngubi. Cd t h e t i m t h a y a day n h i i n g h u y e n t h o a i ve ngudn gd'c d a n tdc, ve a n h linh nui sdng, ve cae -vi t h a n h t h a n , ve ddng hp, to tien, ve cdi sdng va cdi chet, ve mdi t r u b n g da dugc t h a n t h a n h hda, ve eae h d n m a , ve mdi quan he giiia h a i t h e gicri, ve n h a p ddng va giiri ddng v.v...
- V a n h d a n g h e t h u a t la loai v a n h d a cd t i n h n g h e t h u a t bao gdm v a n hpc, cae nghe t h u a t bieu dien va s a n k h a u , n g h e t h u a t t r a n g t r i , t r a n g siic, dieu k h a c , t r a n g phuc, kien t n i c v.v... t h e h i e n mdi q u a n h e eua con ngubd vdd cai dep.
Ngoai ra, cbn t h a y h i e n dien nhirng c h u a n dao diic a n h hudng tir giao ly cua dao P h a t n h u "(J hiin gap Idnh",
"Cuu nha't nhdn phiic ddng hd sa" h a y eira dao IChd'ng n h u "Tu thdn, ti gia, tri qud'c, binh thien hg", "Tu diic, tam tdng"...
N h u t a tha'y, cae gia t r i van h d a cd t r u y e n cd m a t t r e n mpi neo eupe sdng con
ngutri va cdng ddng. Nd det n e n m d t m a n g lutri n h i i n g b o a t ddng v a nhirng c h u a n m u c , g i u ky cuong cho cupc v a n h a n h xa hdi binh dn, hpp ly, t r o n g dd eon ngubi dinh vi chd diing cua m i n h va h a n h xir hgp vdd md'i q u a n h e x a hdi dupe quy dinh .
II. G i a t r i v a n h o a c 6 t r u y e n t r o n g d i e u k i e n x a h d i h d m n a y
L Bdi canh lich sit.
C a e h m a n g T h a n g T a m n a m 1945 da d u a lieh sir Viet N a m s a n g m d t t r a n g mdi.
Tuy nhien, n g a y s a u dd, Viet N a m p h a i t i e n h a n h k h a n g c h i e n chdng x a m lupc cua t h u c d a n P h a p v a de qud'c My, keo dai 30 n a m . S a u k h i g i a n h lai dugc ddc l a p v a t h d n g n h a t nude n h a , d a t n u b e t r a i q u a n h i e u khd k h a n eho d e n t r u o c n h i i n g n a m 1985-1990, k h i D a n g Cdng s a n Viet N a m ehu t r u o n g dd'i mcri.
T r o n g sudt h o n n u a t h e ky (1945-1990) d a n tdc Viet N a m p h a i cang m i n h r a de giai q u y e t n h i i n g n h i e m vu sdng cbn la dpc lap dan tpc va x a y d u n g d a t nude. Do dd, k h d n g cd dieu kien de td ehuc n h i i n g b o a t ddng v a n h d a ed t r u y e n de m d t m a t duy t r i t r u y e n t h d n g v a n hda; m a t k h a c , t h d n g q u a dd t r u y e n day cho cae t h e he t r e . T r e n t h u e t e , n g u y co dirt gay t r u y e n t h d n g la dieu h i e n t h u c . D e n k h i n h b ddi mod, d a t n u o c t h o a t r a khdi khd k h a n t h i mdt sd gia tri di s a n v a n h d a da m a i mdt. N h i e u n g h e n h a n n a m 'viing vdn di sim k h o n g cbn lai bao nhieu,
hp da r a di vi tudi eao, siie yeu. ^
De ed t h e p h a t t r i e n va hei n h a p t r o n g xu t h e t o a n cau hda, tir k h i ddi mdi, d a t nube bucic vao thbi ky cdng n g h i e p hda, hien dai hda va k e m theo dd la dd thi hda. Xa hdi Viet N a m t r a i qua nhiing b i e n ddi to Icrii va n h a n h chdng. Tir m d t n e n n d n g nghiep lae h a u , ddc c a n h lira, s a n x u a t theo che dp t u cap - t u tiic chuyen s a n g n e n ndng n g h i e p co khi, h d a hpc, ed h e t h d n g cay t r d n g v a t nudi chpn lpc v a sim x u a t theo eo che h a n g h d a . Tir n h i i n g n g u b i n d n g d a n sdng t r o n g cac cdng x a xdm, l a n g vcri t h a n p h a n thirnh vien edng ddng chuyen s a n g vai trb dng chu vcri nhiing dieu kien rdng r a i cho sir p h a t h u y t i e m n a n g s a n g t a o eira mdi ngutri vcri t u each la cac ea t h e .
2. Thuc trgng eiia cdc gid tri van hda cd truyen
N g a y nay, t o a n bd co ehe sim x u a t n d n g n g h i e p , cae quy t r i n h ky t h u a t , eae mdi q u a n h e xa hdi va dod sdng con ngubd t h a y ddi ve c a b a n . N h i e u gia t r i v a n h d a cd t r u y e n m a t di siic m a n h va t i n h hpp ly xa hdi vdn cd eira m i n h . L a y m p t vi du: Trube kia, viee cheo thuyen, n h a t la cae t h u y e n budn cd trpng t a i Icrii, dugc t h u c h i e n b a n g siic ngubd t h d n g q u a lao ddng cheo t a y . De t a o n h i p cheo ddng d e u v a ciing la de b a y td t a m sir, n h i i n g ngubi cheo t h u y e n cd b a i h a t cheo t h u y e n . Nay, cac t h u y e n deu duge t r a n g bi dpng eo, khdng can den n h i p cheo, do dd, bai
TUYEN GlAOSC!) 10-2010 5 7
nghe
h a t cheo t h u y e n cirng k h d n g ebn mdi t r u b n g d i e n xudng, nod x u a k i a nd la m p t t r o n g nhirng t h a n h td h i i u co.
Chiing t a chiing M e n m d t qua t r i n h giai cau triie (de- s t r u c t u r a l i z a t i o n ) cua n e n van hda cd t r u y e n . Cai t h u c the toan ven vdi t u each m d t h e t h d n g h o a n c h i n h a y d a dugc sinh ra, tdn tai v a p h a t trie'n t r e n co sd d a p u n g nhirng n h u cau v a n h d a eira xa hdi cir. Nay, k h i x a hpi bien dd'i, nd khdng edn co sd de tiep t u e tdn t a i n h u x u a niia. N h u n g xin l u u y r a n g nd chi bi giai eau triie ehii khdng bi m a i m d t t a t t h a y . Nhiing yeu td eau t h a n h n e n nd bi vo r a khdi h e t h d n g de rdi, hoae tdn t a i n h u nhirng gia tri don lap, hoae mdt sd it se bi loai bd vi k h d n g phir hgp vcri yeu eau cua x a hpi duong dai. Vi du n h u t u c n h u p m r a n g den vdn x u a kia la e h u a n eua cai dep "Rang den nhung nhue hgt huyin"
thi nay dugc coi Fa lac h a u . N h i i n g y e u td va gia t r i cbn tdn tai dugc v a ebn cd ieh eho xa hpi se dugc chpn lpc va t h a m gia vao mdt q u a t r i n h tai can t r u e (restrueturaliza- tion) n e n v a n h d a d a n tdc, trong dd bao gdm n h i i n g gia tri da chpn lpe tir q u a khir cpng vcri n h i i n g gia t r i s a n g tao duong thbi. Dd c h i n h l a quy l u a t v a n ddng t r o n g thcri gian va k h d n g gian lieh sir, p h u hgp vcri birn c h a t s a n g tao eira n e n v a n h d a la t i e p ndi va bd sung. Va dd ciing la sd p h a n lich sir c u a n h i i n g gia tri van hda ed t r u y e n .
N h u t r e n da ndi, do h o a n
c a n h ljch sir, cae gia tri v a n h d a CO t r u y e n Viet N a m da t r a i q u a n h i i n g m a t m a t d a n g tiec. T u y n h i e n , ky lic va t a m t h u c v a n hda eua n h a n d a n bao gib cirng b e n viing "Tram ndm bia da cdn mdn, Ngdn ndm bia mieng vdn cdn tra tra". G a n 25 n a m dd'i mdi, c h u n g t a d a khdi phuc h a u n h u gan h e t cae gia tri van hda cd t r u y e n chu yeu va d a bube d a u t r u y e n d a y lai cho Icip t r e , k h a c p h u c t i m g bube n g u y co diit gay t r u y e n thd'ng.
Tuy n h i e n , t h a m gia vao q u a t r i n h t a i c a u t r u e n e n v a n h d a thbd duong dai, eae gia t r i v a n h d a ed t r u y e n cd t h e phiri b i e n ddi de thieh ling vdi vai trb mcri eira minh.
Nhirng b i e n dd'i dd r a t d a d a n g t u y t h u p c vao n h i e u n h a n td, n h u n g ed le chu yeu vao chiic n a n g xa hdi duong dai m a gia tri dd d a m n h i e m . Cd t h e t d m lai r a n g de ed t h e t h a m gia vao q u a t r i n h t a i eau triie n e n v a n hda d a n tdc duong dai, cac gia tri van hda cd' t r u y e n p h a i t r a i q u a nhiing bien dd'i n h u :
- Bien dd'i chiic n a n g x a hdi;
- B i e n dd'i mdi t r u b n g t r i n h dien h a y t h u c hien;
- Bien dd'i ddi t u p n g p h u e vu; ^ ^
- B i e n ddi t u t h a n ve npi d u n g va h i n h thirc.
Tuy n h i e n , k h d n g p h a i mpi gia t r i deu p h a i t r a i q u a t a t ca n h i i n g b i e n ddi ndi t r e n . T h a m chi, cd nhirng gia t r i k h d n g bie'n dd'i gi n h u n g v a n t i m dugc eho d u n g trong x a hdi duong dai, vi du n h u
n h u n g m a n t r i n h dien s h a m a n , n h i i n g t h u tue ehia cua eho ngubd chet va nhiing nghi le d a m t a n g h a m chiia n h a n sinh q u a n , vii t r u q u a n , t h e gidi q u a n tdc ngubd.
De k e t l u a n , e h u n g t a ghi n h a n r a n g trong dieu kien xa hpi h d m nay:
- Cae gia t r i v a n hda ed t r u y e n se k h d n g m a t di va bi t h a y t h e t o a n bp, mac dau p h a i t r a i q u a qua t r i n h giai cau triic. Trir mdt sd nhd bi dao t h a i , sd Idn cbn lai se p h a i t r a i q u a q u a t r i n h tai cau t n i c de t r o t h a n h t h a n h td h i i u CO cua n e n van hda duong dai.
- T r o n g q u a t r i n h dd, n h i e u gia t r i dugc biro ton n g u y e n d a n g va p h a t huy siie m a n h eira m i n h . Nhung cirng k h d n g it gia tri phai chiu sir b i e n dd'i ve nhieu m a t de t h i e h ling vdi dieu k i e n xa hdi duong dai.
T h u e h i e n N g h i quyet T r u n g ucmg 5 k h d a VIII ve xdy dung vd phdt trien nen van hda Viet Nam tien tien, dam da bdn sdc ddn tcic cua D a n g Cpng s a n va N h a nube x a hdi ehu n g h i a Viet Nam, cac CO q u a n td chiie ehuyen m d n , t r o n g dd cd Hpi Van n g h e d a n gian Viet Nam, da v a d a n g r a siic suu tam, n g h i e n ciiu t o a n bd nhiing gia t r i v a n h d a cd truyen, khdi p h u c c h u n g va hdi nhap ehiing vao d b n g c h a y eira n e n v a n h d a d u o n g dai eira nuoc nha./.
5 8 TUYEN GlAOSCD 10-2010
