NGHI6N CLfU-TRAO D 6 I
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GIAI PHAP BAOfMMBINHfiANGGlOl TRONG CHINH SACH, PHAP LUAT HIEN NAY
T R A N THI QUYfeN*
Bio dim binh ding gidi trong chinh sich, pbip lu^t d Vi$tNam bi$n nay Ik mOt vSn dS ca binvAcd nbiSu f ngbia trong vi$c thUc diy bmh ding gdi trong xS h^i, gdp phin ning cao vithd,vaitidvi bio dim qifn?n con ngadL DSlim tdt vdn dSniy, cin dua ra (Jupc tdng thd cic giii pbip w? ldng g^^p gidi khi xiy difng pbip lu$t, cic bio dim trong thvcthi cbinh sicb, pMp lu$t..
Tirkhda: Binh ding gidi; chinh sach, phap luat; ldng ghep gidi.
Ensuring gender equality in Vietnamese policies and legislatioDs is fundamental and meaningful in promoting gender equality in society, improving the role of gender equality and ensuringtbe human d^ts. It is necessary to provide (ximprebensive solutions for gender mainstreaming in legislation formulation and ensuring gender equality in pohcy and legislation implementatiorL
Keywords: Gender equality; legislation, policy; gender mainstreaming.
NGAYNHAN: 12/3/2020 NGAYPHANBI$N,DANHG1A: 05/4/2020 NGAYDUY$T: 15/5/2020
1. Binh dSng gi6i v^ hko dSm binh d i n g
^fn trong chinh sdch phdp lu^t d\ri$t Nam hi^nnay
Binh d ^ g giai (BDG) la mot pham tru dupc tiep can tren nen ciia van de gioi - chi dSc diem, vi tri, vai tro cua nam va mi trong tSt ca cac mdi quan he xa hoi (khoan 1 Dieu 5 Luaf BDG nam 2006), trong do xae dinh:
"Binh dSng gioi co nghia la nhung ung xu, nhung khat vgng va nhung nhu cau khac nhau ciia phu nu va nam gioi deu dupc can nhSc, danh gia va iing hg nhu nhau. Binh dang giai khong co nghia phu nij va nam gioi phai tro thanh nhu nhau, nhung cac quyen, trach nhiem va cac ca hgi cua hg se khong phu thugc vao hg sinh ra la nam gioi hay phu
nu"theo do, BDG bao ham: binh d ^ g vl quyin; binh d i n g ve tigp can va k i l m sodt ngudn luc; binh ddng v l su t h a m gia va ra quy^t dinh; binh d4ng v l thu huong nhiing tiianh qua va lgi Ich.
BDG la muc tieu nhSm xoa bo su phan biet doi xu ve giai, tao co hpi n h u nhau cho nam va n u trong phat trien kinh te - xa hOi va phat trien nguon nhan luc, tien toi BDG thyc chat giiia nam, nii va thiet lap, ciing cd quan he hgp tac, h6 trgr giiia nam, nii trong mgi linh vuc ciia doi sdng xa hpi va gia dinh. Cdc bien phap nham duy tri BDG thuc chat do ca quan nha nuoc cd tham q u y i n ban hanh
* TS, Tne&ng Dgi hoc Ludt Hd NQI TAP CHf QUAN LY N H A NU<3C - S6 292 (5/2020)
NGHIEN eu'u-TRAO Odi ttong ttufing hgp cfi su chinh lich Ion giiia
nam vi nii vfi vj tti, vai tti, diiu kipn, eg hfii phit huy ning lue vi thu huong thinh qua eia sg phit triin ma viee ip dung cic quy dinh nhu nhau giOa nam va nir khfing lim giim dugc su chenh lech nay. Mfi rfing pham vi eia bio dam BDG ttong ehinh sieh phap luit cfi thi tiip can 6 ei gfie do thue tin, theo dfii till hanh cie chinh sich, phip luat dfi ttong thvrcte.
Chinh sich, phip luit Viet Nam Men nay da CII thi hfia (ilfing ufic quoc t i (CEDAW, ILO) va tili Men diy d i 8 linh vuc eua BDG:
chinh tii, kinh te, lac dpng, giio due - dao tao, khoa hpe - efing nghp, vin hfia - thfing Un - tili due • the tiiao, y ti, gia dinh'. BDG vi quyin phu nii la quyen hien dinh. Nguyin tic binh ding da dugc khing dinh ngay ttong Diiu 26 Hiin phip nam 2013: "Cfing dan nam, nu binh ding vi mpi mat. Nhi nirfic cfi chinh sieh bio dim quyin vi eo hpi Binh ding gifii, Nhi nufic, xi hfii va gia dinh tao diiu kipn di php nu phit ttien toin diin, phit huy vai ttfi eia minh trong xa hfii.
Nghiem cim phan biit dfii x i vi gifii".
Nfii dung BDG eung duge quy dinh ttcng eic luit vi bfi luit diiu ehinh cic linh vue eia dfii sfing xa hfii. Luit Biu ci dai bleu Qudc bfi vi Hpi ddng nhin din nam 2015 tai Diiu 2 quy dinh: "Tinh den ngiy biu c i dugc cfing bfi, efing din nufic Cpng hfia xa hpi ehi ngMa Vipt Nam d i mufii tim tufii ttfi lin efi quyen biu e i vi d i hai muoi mfit tufii trfi lin efi quyin ling cuvao Qufic hfii, Hpi dfing nhin dan cic cip theo quy djnh eia luaf nay".
Ngpii ra, khoan 3 Dieu 8 eia Iuat ciing niu rfi: "sfi lugng phu nil duge gifii thiiu ling e i d^ bleu Quoc hfii do Uy ban Thuang vu Qufie hfii du kien ttin co sfi di nghi cia Doin chu tjch Ban Chap hinh Trung uong Hgi Uen hipp Phu nu Viet Nam, bao dim cfi it nhit 35% tfing sfi nguoi ttong danh sich chinh thiic nhirng ngirfii ting eu dai biiu Qufie hfii la phu nii".
Trong linh vue yti, tiieo Lua(i3iam binh, chiia benh nam 2009, tai Dieu 3 quy dinh
"bmh ding, efing bing va khfing ky tin, pliin bipt dfii xu dfii vfii nguoi binh". Ve giao due, tai khoin 1 Dieu 13 Luat diio due nam 2019 quy dinh: "Hpc tip la quyen va ngMa vu cia cfing din. Mpi cfing din khfing phan Met din tfic, tfin giao, tin ngucmg, gifii tinh, dac diim ca nhan, ngufin gfie gia dmh, dia vj xa hfii, hoan canh kinh t i deu binh ding ve co hfii hge tip". Mpt ttong nhiing nguyin tic co bin eia ehe dfi hfin nhin va gia dinh dugc quy dinh rfi tai khoin 1 Dieu 2 Luit Hdn nhin vi gia dmh nam 2014 la "vg chfing binh ding".
Trong linh vue lao dfing, khoan 7 Diiu 4 Bp Iuat Lao dpngnam 2019 quy djnh: "Bio dam Bmh dang gifii; quy djnh ehe dfi lao dpng va chmh sieh xa hfii nham bie vp lao dfing nii, lao dpng la nguoi khuyet tit, ngufii lao dpng eao tufii, lao dfing chua thinh nien"^ Ngoai ra, BdluatLao ddngcon efi mfit chuong danh rieng cho lao dfing nii vi vin di BDG nhim bao vi sue khoe sinh sin eua hp ttpng khi lim viee (Chuong X).
Luat BDG nim 2006 dinh diu buo<; phit triin vi the ehe vi hi thfing boa ttich nhiim cia Nha nirfic Viet Nam bing viec tang cuong BDG ttong dfii song ca nhin vi xa hpi. Ben eanh nhiing van ban tten,BDG cfin duge the Men ttong nMeu van ban khie nhic Chuong trinh hinh dpng eia Chinh phi, Chien luge qufie gia vi BD(3 vi eae van ban khic.
Trong trien khai thue tM ehinh saeh, phip luit bio dim BDG, nhung bipn phap thue day BDG quy djnh ttong Luit BDG efi the da duge quy dinh hoae ehua duge quy dinh ttong chinh sach va phap luat Men hinh cia Viet Nam.
Dfii vol nhiing Men phip da dugc quy djnh ttong chinh saeh va phip Iuat Men hinh cia Viet Nam, vi du: bien phap thic day BDG dfii vfii ty li nii dai bieu tham gia vao mfii khfia Qufic hpi it nhat cMem 35% tfing sfi dai bleu Qufic hfii da dugc quy dinh ttong Luat
TAP CHl Q U A N LY N H A Nl/(JC - Sd 292 (5/2020)
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NGHlfN ciru-TRAOOdi
Biu cu dai bieu Qudc hdi va Hpi ddng nhin din, cin ehi y toi nhiing ngi dung chinh sau:
dinh gia tic dgng lin nam gifii va phu nu ve nhiing ehinh lech, bit BDG, phan biet dfii x i ve gifii dupc giai quyet tten thuc t i sau kM ap dung; xae djnh ngufin nhin luc, tii chinh ein tMet de tiiin khai mflt cich Meu qua; cham dirt thuc hiin kM efi d i can cu di xic djnh ring cae (lieu kiin kinh te, van hfia, xa hpl tao ra su chenh lech lom giiia nam va nii da thay dfii din den vipc thue Men cic biin phap thic diy BDG khfing efin ein tMet.
Doi voi nhiing bien phap thue day BDG chua dugc quy djnh trong cMnh sich vi phip luat Men hinh, vi du: quy djnh viec khuyin khich cae co quan, tc chiie hfi ttg lao dfing nil khi tham gia dio tao, bfii duong mang theo eon dufii 36 thing tufii; tao diiu kipn eho lao dfing nam nghi hufing nguyen luong vi phu eip kM vg sinh eon, ein ehu y tfii nhirng nfii dung cMnh sau: kiin nghj co quan efi tham quyin ban hinh quy dinh vi eic bipn phap thie diy BDG thep quy djnh eua phip luit ve ban hinh van bin quy pham phip luit; dinh gia su chinh lieh, bit BDG, phin bipt dpi xu ve gifii ttin thue t i vi tie dfing eia biin phap thue day BDG se duge ban hinh dfii vfii nam, nir; du bao tic dpng cia bien phip thic diy BDG dfii vfii nu vi nam sau kM duge ban hinh.
2. Nhiing giii phip bio dim binh ding gifii ttong chinh sich phip lu^t Vi$t Nam Mpn nay
Thu nhit, ning cao nhin thuc ve BDG ttong chinh sich, phip luat d Viet Nam.
Bio cio ehi sfi BDG toan eiu 2018, dua vao kit qui dinb gii 149 quoc gia ve tiin bfi BDG, Viet Nam xep thu 77/149 qufie giai Thinh tuu niy ehiing minh nhtrng kit qua quan trgng trong bao dim BDG fi nuo^ ta Men nay. Tuy nMen, de thie day hon nira vin di bio dim BDG eia Viet Nam, cin ning cao nhin thiic cia cie ei nhan, co quan (xiy dung phip luit) ve van de niy. Viee ning eao
efi thi thue Men tiling qua truyin thfing, tap huin phfi biin kiin tiiuc ve BDG, Ifing ghip ttong cie chuong oinh dao tao eia cie tnrong hpc.
Thubai, tiiuc diy 16ngghip BDG ttong xiydungcbinh sach, pbip luit
Nfii dung Ifing ^ i p vin di BDG ttong xay dung vin bin quy pham pbip luit, gfim: (I) Xae djnh npi dung hen quan din vin di BDG hoae vin de bit BDG, phin bipt dfii xu vi gifii. (2) Quy djnh cie bipn phip cin tWet di thuc Men BD(3 hoae di giii quyit vin di bit BDG, phan biit dfii xu vi gioi; du bio tie dfing eua cic quy djnh dfi dfii vfii nam vi nii sau kM dugc ban hinh. (3) Xic djnh ngufin nhan lue, tii chinh ein thiit di triin khai eie bipn phip thuc Men BDG hojc di giii quyit van de bat BDG, phin biit dfii xu vfi gifii.
Trong chinh sach, phip luat Viet Nam Men nay, xic djnh nfli dung liin quan din BDG, phan biet dfii xu vi gifii cfin cfi nhirng diem chua diy du, vi du, quy djnh viic nghi smh, cham sfic con sau smh hiu hit thufic vi ngufii phu nii, nam gifii cM efi diiu kiin tham gia vio thoi gian it 61 cia bufii tfii. Vi dinh gii tie dfing eia biin phip BDG eon hinh thue, tMeu nhiing thflng tin khoa hpc, khich quan.
Vi viy, xiy dung chinh sich phip luat phii lufin eoi ttgng Ifing ghip BDG nhim thu hpp khoing cich giiia eae nhfim khae nhau trong xa hpi, hufing den bao dam quyin con ngufii ttong mgi Ilnh vuc cia dfii sfing.
Thi ba, thuc day thuc thi chinh sicb, phap luat ve BDG cua mpi ca nhan, td chtic ttongxihpL
Bio dim BDG ttong xiy dung phip luit vin li chua di, boi vi dfi mfii la tiin di, efin giii phip quan trgng phai duy tri li mfii ngufii din phii nfi lue nghiem chinh tiiuc Men eic ehlnh sieh bac dam BDG da duge quy djnh. Trong linh vuc dit dai quy djnh
"Giiy chirng nhin quyen su dung dit phii duge gM ten eia ca vgva chfing", nhung tiiuc t i vin de niy cfin "xa vci" dfii vfii nMiu chi
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TAP CHl Q U A N LY N H A MCtC - Sd 292 (5/2020)NGHIEN COTU-TRAOOdl em 6 cic dja phuong Men nay. Ly do efi the
hg ehua biit vi quyin eia mlrih hoic sir anh hufing ra^nh mi cia tap quan, lujt tue dja phuong ciing li mflt rio cin.
Thutu, thuc day viec ddn ddc, theo ddi thi hinh cbinh sich, phip luit vi BDG cua cac coquan nhi nudc cd tham quyin.
Mpt trong nhtrng giai phip then ehfit gfip phin bio dim BDG trong chinh sieh phip luit la phai ning cao y thuc, trach nhiim eua co quan nhi nufie efi tham quyen (eg quan hinh ehinh, eo quan tu phip) trong theo dfii, thi hinh phip Mat. Trong qui trinh theo dfii, tM hiiih phip Mat, niu phit Mpn nhung vi pham vi bao dam BDG thi phii xu ly ngMim minh.
Thinim, thic diyxdabd cic phong tuc, tip quin Ific hiu can ttdviic tiiifcbiin chinh sich, phip luitvi BDG.
Djnh kiin xa hpi (phong tuc tap quin lac hiu) li yiu tfi chu yiu din din tinh ttang bit bmh ding. Trong xa hfii Vipt Nam tfin tai nhiiu tu tufing, tip quin lae hau nhir ttpng nam khuih nii, tu tuong gia ttufing... da ban ehi bio dim BDG fi nufic ta Men nay. Vi du, di bio dim BDG ttong linh vuc thira ke, cin loai bfi dinh kiin "eon gii li eon ngufii ta" de dure hi§n viic cMa tai sin thira ki nhu nhau dfii vfii eon ttai vi eon gii.
Thu siu, khdi phue cic butmg ude tien bp, phi hpp cd tic dung thuc day thuc Men BDG tmng cbinh sich, phip luit
Bin ejnh nhung djnh kiin xa hfii, ttong efing dfing cfin duy tri nMeu huong ufic tien bfi, phi hgp efi tie dung thue day BDG, nhu:
dive Mpn BDG, phfing vi chong bao lue gja dinh. Vi du, tai Diiu II- Huang uo^c thfin Luong Thjnh, ban hinh kim theo Quyit djnh so I932/QD-UBND ngay 17/9/2018 cia Uy ban nhin din huyen Thuong Xuan, dnh Thanh Hfia li mfit vi du dien Mnh. Tai Huang ufic niy quy djnh: I) Tao diiu kipn cho eie tiiinh viin trong gia dinh ning cao nhin thiic, Miu biit vi tham gia eic boat dpng ve
BDG, phfing va chfing bao luc gia dinh. Cie ca nhin, dac bipt la nam gioi cin ti'eh cue ehi dfing tham gia cic phong ttio xi hpi fi dja phuang, sinh boat ciu lac bfi, hpe tip kiin thiie ve gia dinh, vi BDG, cac quyen cua phu nu vi phfing, chfing bao lue ttong gia dinh thfing qua truyen thfing. Bin thin nguoi phu nii ein hieu duge quyen vi ttich nMem cia minh trong cfing tic BDG va phfing, chfing bao luc gia dinh. Can cfi kien thire eiing nhu ky nang phflng ttinh, tu bio vi minh vi cic con trufifc kM efl su ttg giip tir phia cie doin the xa hfii. 2) Giio due eie thinh viin trong gia dinh efi ttieh nMem ehia si vi phin cflng hgp ly cfing viec gia dinh; thue Men quy djnh eia phip luit vi phfing, chfing bao luc gia dinh, hfin nhin va gia dinh, BDG, phong, chong ma tiy, mai dam va cie ti nan xa hfii idiac. 3) Dfii x i ccng bing, tao co hpl nhu nhau giiia eon ttai, eon gii ttong hpe tip, lao dfing vi tham gia cic hoat dfing khic^.
Nfii din BDG vi cabin li nfii din su binh ding ve quyin cia phu nu vfli nam gifii nfii rieng va giiia eae nhfim vod nhau ttong xa hfii nfii ehung. Chinh vi vay, fi gfie dfi ehung nhit, diu ttanh eho BDG eiing ehinh li diu tranh eho eie quyin con ngirfli eia phu nti/nhfim yeu thi va nguge lai. Su diu tranh hieu qua nhit eho BDG li long ghep gifii trong xiy dung chinh sich, phip luit, day manh trich nMem thue tU phap Iuat ve BDG eia ehi the efi thim quyen, nang eao y thire, Meu biet ve thue Men ehinh sieh BDG cia ngirfii dinCI
Cbi tblcb:
1. UNFPA - Bp Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hpi. Til heu tap huan thuc hien Luit Binh ding gi«. Ha Nil, 2009.
2. Khoing each gidi oNam A se dupc san bingsau 70n^imnua.hitps://phunuvietoam.vn.
Oxfam, ngay 08/3/2020.
3. Bii viet duoc thuchien ttongkhudn khoDi tii: Bio dim bmh ding gidi ttong cbinh sich, pbip luit d Viet Nam hien nay ciia Trudng Dai bpc Luat Ha Ndi, 2019
TAP CHl Q U A N LV N H A NUdc - Sd 292 (5/2020)
