NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl
GIAM S A T TLf P H A P D 6 I vdi QUYfi^ HANH P H A P 6 D C C vA M 6 T S 6 GOI M 6 CHO VI£T NAM
LE THI THU THAO * Tdm tdt: Gidm sdt tuphdp ddi vdi quyin hdnh phdp ngdy nay dugc su dyng nhu mgt cdng cy hOu hieudi ddm bdo quyin hdnh phdp dugc thuc thi dung phdp lugt Cdc qudc gia phdt triin dii khdc biet vi hinh thuc chinh thi hay he thong phdp lugt cung diu cd nhiing phuang thdc gidm sdt tuphdp doi vdi quyin hdnh phdp nhu su dung quyen bdo hien cua tod dn, xdy dung tod dn hdnh chinh. 0 Viet Nam, mgc die tod dn nhdn ddn da dugc trao thdm quyen xet xic cdc vy kien hdnh chinh nhung hogl dgng xet xic ndy lai chua hodn todn phii hgp vdi li thuyet ve gidm sdt tu phdp ddi v&i quyen hdnh phdp. Bdi viit phdn tich cdc quy dinh phdp lugt ve gidm sdt tu phdp doi vdi quyin hdnh phdp dCgng
hod Lien bang Due di rdt ra nhicng kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec xdy dgng, van hdnh ca che kiim tra, gidm sdt quyin hdnh phap.
Tu khod: Gidm sdt tuphdp; quyin hdnh phdp: kiim sodt quyin hdnh phdp
Nhgn bdi: 06/8/2019 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 12/3/2020 Duyet ddng: 02/4/2020 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF EXECUTIVE POWER IN GERMANY AND SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR VIETNAM
Abstract: Judicial review of executive power is now used as an effective tool to ensure that executive power is properly enforced. Developed countries, regardless of the differences in political regime or legal system, have their own methods of judical review of executive power such as using the constitutional protection power of courts and developing administrative courts. In Vietnam, although the people's courts are vested with the power to hear administrative cases, the exercise of this power of the courts is not totally consistent with the theory of judicial review of executive power. The paper analyses the law on judicial review ofexcecutive power in the Federal Republic of Germany and then draws some lessons learnt for Vietnam to develop and operate a mechanism of judicial review of executive power.
Kevwords: Judicial review; executive power; review of executive power
Received: Aug 6^, 2019; Editing completed: Mar 12^, 2020; Accepted for publication: Apr 2^, 2020
1. Khai nipm giam sat tu* p h a p ddi vdi la giam sdt tu phap dugc nghidn cftu tft rdt quyen hanh phdp sdm. Theo t u didn Black' Law, "judicial
Gidm sat tu phap ddi vdi cdc nhdnh review" d u g c hieu la q u y i n cfta cac toa an quyin lye khdc tft Idu da dugc dat ra khi xem xet Igi q u y i t dinh cua bd phan khac cac nha nude chgn md hinh the che cho cua chinh q u y i n hogc q u y i t djnh cua toa minh. Thudt ngu "judicial review" cd nghia an cdp dudi. Khdi niem nay cung d i cgp phien tod phftc tham xet Igi quyet djnh cfta toa so thdm hodc toa phuc thdm trung
* Thgc si, Triring dgi hpc luat Thdnh phd HS Chf Minh, E-mail: [email protected]
40 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11 /2019
NGHIEN CUV- TRAO DOI
gian.*" Theo tft d i i n Bach khoa toan thu,*^'
"judicial review" dugc h i i u la quyin lye cfta mOt tod an ldm vd hieu hod cdc lu^t dugc thdng qua bdi c a quan Igp phdp va quyit djnh cfta cac co quan hanh phdp dugc cho Id vi hien. Theo nghia nay, giam sat tu phap dugc coi la cdng cy quan trpng giup nhanh tu phap cd khd nang kiem soat hogt dgng cfta cac CO quan lap phap va hdnh phap thdng qua vipc xem xet tinh hgp hidn, hgp phap cfta cac luat, van ban, quyet djnh do co quan Igp phdp, hdnh phdp ban hanh va xft li cac van ban nay neu cd dau hieu vi hien hogc trai lugt. Ca che nay dugc dp dung kha ro net d cdc nude van hdnh quydn lye theo hpc thuyet phan chia quydn lye.
Thuat ngu giam sat tu phdp cimg thudng dugc dd cgp trong khoa hpc luat hidn phap khi nghien ciru ve van dd bdo hidn (hay cdn dugc ggi la bao vd hien phdp hoac tai phan hidn phap - constitutional review). Theo djnh nghia cua mgt sd tft dien phdp ludt phd bien, cd t h i hiiu giam sat tu phap la tham quydn cua cac toa an cua mdt quoc gia dugc xem xet va ddnh gia tinh hgp hien cfta cac ludt ho^c quydt dinh cfta cdc co quan lap phap, hdnh phap, tu phap.*^' Ndu h i i u theo nghTa nay thi hoat dgng giam sdt tu phap bao gdm cd vipc giam sat tu phap ddi vdi cac quyit
(1). Black, H. C, Black's Law Dictionary, 6*. Edition, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co, 1990, tr. 324.
(2). http://www.encyclopedia.com/intemational/legal- and-political-magazines/judicial-review, truy cdp 20/12/2019.
(3). http://www.britannica.com/EBehecked/topic/307 542/judicial-review; http://legaldictionary.thefree dictionary, com/judicial+review, truy cdp 20/12/2019.
dinh cfta toa an cap dudi. Dieu nay dugc the hipn tuong doi rd trong he thdng phap ludt cfta Anh. Theo dd, d Anh, gidm sat tu phdp ddi vdi hoat ddng hanh chinh do bO phan hanh chinh trong Toa an tdi cao thyc hidn va thdm quyen cfta toa an nay bao gdm xem xet quydt djnh cfta tod an cap dudi, ngogi trft cac quyet djnh cfta chinh toa an dd va cdc toa phftc thdm cap cao khac. Tuy nhien, tai Hoa Ky, theo Diiu 551.l.B Lugt thft tyc hanh chinh (APA) nam 1946, quyit djnh cfta toa dn bj loai khdi vipc xem xet, tftc chi bao gdm giam sat ddi vdi lap phdp vd hanh phap.
Giam sat tu phap theo nghia nay lan dau tidn dugc thyc hipn d Hoa Ky bdi Toa an tdi cao qua vy an Marbury kipn Madison.*'*'
Ngoai ra, thuat ngft gidm sdt tu phap cdn dugc sft dung trong Hnh vyc luat hanh chinh nhdm tdi viec giam sat cfta tod an ddi vdi hogt dpng cfta cac co quan hanh chinh nha nude. Trong hogt ddng nay, giam sat tu phap dugc coi nhu la thft tuc cudi cftng cfta thu tuc hdnh chinh vi nd xem xet lai tinh hgp phap, hgp li cua cac quyet djnh, van ban, hanh vi cfta CO quan hanh chinh. Cdng vide nay thudng dugc giao cho mot toa an chuydn trdch trong he thdng toa an la toa an hanh chinh vdi chftc nang co ban vd quan trgng nhdt la xem xet tinh hgp phap ddi vdi hogt dpng cua co quan hanh chinh.*^' Tyu trung (4).Xem them: "10 vyi an noi tieng nhdt Ijch su tu phdp My", http://hvnh.edu.vn/law/vi/cau-chuyen- phap-luat/10-vu-an-noi-tieng-nhat-lich-su-tu-phap- my-149.hlml, truy e$p 25/12/2019.
(5). Can lull -^ vi^e gidm sdt tu phdp (judicial review) ddi vdi hdnh chfnh cong vd tdi phdn hdnh chlnh (administrative justice) kh6ng ddng nghia v6i nhau.
TAP CHI LU^T HQC SO 11/2019 41
NGHIENCW-TRAO Bdi
Igi, giam sdt tu phap hidu don gidn la quyen cfta tod an di xem xet Igi hdnh dgng cfta cdc CO quan nhd nude. Dft cac qudc gia ed chinh the khac nhau, thuOc he thdng phap ludt khac nhau thi gidm sat tu phdp ddu dugc tidp nhan nhu bien phdp dd ddm bdo tinh hgp hien, hgp phap cua cdc hanh vi cfta ca quan nhd nude.
Ngdy nay, hdu hit cdc qudc gia ddu thfta nhan va xay dyng phuong thftc giam sat tu phap phu hgp vdi dieu kien, hodn canh cfta qudc gia minh. Bdng chftng cfta dieu nay la khi Idn sdng ddn chft thft ba (the third wave of democracy) lan rdng tren pham vi todn cau da di kem vdi sy md rOng quydn lye cfta cac tham phdn trong vipc gidm sdt hogt ddng ciia CO quan nha nudc.*^' Cdc qudc gia da tidp nhdn gidm sdt tu phdp vd trong mOt sd trudng hgp da sft dung md hinh cfta Hoa Ky de lam mau hoac de tranh mac loi. That vgy, d Hoa YJ/, quydn gidm sdt tu phdp dugc tgo ra bdi Toa an tdi cao vao nam 1803, den nay da dugc thiet lap d cac nen dan chft khac tren the gidi. Gidm sdt tu phdp da dugc bo sung vao Hien phap Ao nam 1920, cac Hien phap Dftc, Y va Nhat Ban sau Chiin tranh thd gidi Idn thu hai (1939 - 1945) va cac Hidn phap Australia, An Do va Canada hidn dai trong
Cym tir dau tien h?p Hon, bao g6m vi?c gidm sat cdc quy^t dinh hdnh chfnh, dupe thyc hi?n boi ede tod dn thong thu6ng ho^c boi cde tod hdnh chinh ddc bi|t.
C6n tdi phdn hdnh ehinh mij rOng thdm quy6n xem xet ede quyet dinh ciia co quan hdnh chinh cho cd cdc eo quan khdc khong mang tinh chdt tu phdp.
(6). Tom Ginsburg, Judicial Review in New Democracies Constitution Courts in Asian Cases, Cambridge University Press, 2003, tr. 6.
thd ki XX; Phap da thdng qua mgt logi hinh gidm sdt tu phdp trong Hgi ddng hien phdp vdi nen Cdng hod thft ndm. Vide ap dung gidm sdt tu phap d Tay Dftc vd Nhgt Ban sau Chien tranh the gidi lan thft hai bj dnh hudng ndng nd bdi sy gidm sat cfta Hoa Ky ddi vdi viOc sogn thao cac hidn phdp mdi cho hai cudng qudc hi danh bgi sau chidn tranh.*'' Diiu do chftng td dugc yiu td tich cue, vai trd cfta gidm sat tu phap ddi vdi viec van hanh quyin luc nha nude trong xa hgi dan chu hien dgi.*^'
2. Gidm sat tir phap ddi vdi quyen hanh phap ft Dire
Cgng hod Lidn bang Due khdng chi la nude phdt tridn Iau ddi, cd thyc tidn tot ve giam sat quyen hanh phdp bdi toa an ma cdn la nude dgi dien cho mgt he thdng phap luat didn hinh tren thd gidi.
Ngdy nay, hp thdng tu phdp cua Dftc bao gdm ba logi toa an: Mgt Id toa an thdng thudng, cd sd lugng Idn va cd thdm quyin giai quyit cac vu an hinh sy, dan sy; hai Id cdc tod an dac bipt dugc uy nhiem di giai quydt cdc vu viec lidn quan din ludt hdnh chinh, lao ddng, xa hgi, tai chinh vd bdng sdng che; ba Id cac tod dn hidn phap (TAHP) dugc giao thdm quyen gidi quyet tat ea cdc van de hidn phap. Bdi viit tap trung phan tich vai trd cfta toa an hanh chinh vd TAHP Lien bang trong vide giam sat quyin hanh phap.
(7). Mauro Cappelletti, "Judicial Review in comparative", California Law Review, 1970. No.5.
(8). Le Thi Thu Thdo, "Khdi ni?m vd su c^n thifit kilm sodt eiia tod dn ddi vdi quydn hdnh phdp", Tgp chi khoa hpc phdp li, so 06/2018, tr. 1 2 - 1 9 .
42 TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 11/2019
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl
2.1. Gidm sdt tu phdp cua tod dn hiin phdp doi v&i quyin hdnh phdp
TAHP cfta Dftc dugc thanh Igp ndm 1951 bat ngudn tft Hien phdp nam 1949.*^' Sau dd, Ludt TAHP Lien bang (Bundesverfassungsgericht BVerfG) cua Dftc dugc cdng bd lan dau tidn vdo ngay 12/3/1951, cd hieu lye thi hanh tft ngay 17/4/1951 va sua ddi gdn day nhdt vao ngay 22/12/2010. Ludt ndy quy djnh vi vj tri, td chuc va hoat ddng cua TAHP Lien bang Dftc. Ngoai viec thdnh Igp d cdp Lien bang, TAHP cung dugc td chftc d cdp tiiu bang dgc lap ca ve hanh chinh va tai chinh vdi cdp Lien bang.*'"' (J cap Lien bang, Toa dugc chia thdnh 2 hdi ddng xet xft, moi hOi ddng gdm 8 tham phan.*"' Vipc chia thdifti hai hOi dong xet xft giup day nhanh tidn do xet xft ddng thdi nang cao tinh chuyen mdn hoa do mdi hOi ddng phy trach nhdm khieu kien hien phap ddc lap. Hdi ddng xet xft thft nhat cd nhiem vy xet xft vy vipc Hen quan din vide xdm phgm cac quyen co ban cfta cdng dan (Grundrechte) tft phia Nhd nude theo khoan 1 Dieu 14 Lugt TAHP Lien bang.
(9). Hi6n phdp ban hdnh ndm 1949 ghi nhgn day Id vdn bdn luat c6 gid tri phdp II cao nhdt vd cQng thifit lap mpt Tod dn hien phdp, chi djnh rO rdng Tod dn ndy de giai quyet t^t cd cde vdn dl hi^n phdp. Xem thSm:
Hans G. Rupp, "Judicial Review in the Federal Republic of Germany", The American Journal of Comparative Law, 233 No.l, (I960), tr. 31.
(10). QxatVraakXm, Comparative Administrative Law, New York, 1970, tr. 243.
(11). Khodn 1 vd khodn 2 Dik 2 Ludt TAHP Li6n bang ban hdnh ndm 1951, sua doi mdi nhdt nam 2017, https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDoc s/DownIoads/EN/Gesetze/BVerfGG.pdf?_blob=publ icationFile&v=10, truy c$p 20/12/2019.
ggi chung la cdc khieu kien hidn phap (Verfassungsbeschwerde). Hdi ddng xet xft thft hai cd nhidm vu gidi quyet cac van dd cdn lai thudc thdm quyen theo khodn 2 Dieu 14 Luat TAHP Lidn bang. Vai trd giam sat quydn hanh phap cfta TAHP dugc thd hipn qua cac vu kipn ed mdt ben la Chinh phft.
Cdch thftc kiem soat quyen hanh phap cfta Due cd mOt sd dgc didm sau:
Thu nhdt, TAHP cd cd thdm quyin gidm sdt cu the vd gidm sat triiu tugng. Theo dd, giam sat trim tugng (Abstract judicial review) va giam sat cy the (Concrete judicial review) la hai each thftc dugc toa an sft dyng de giam sat cae van ban cfta nhanh lap phap va hanh phdp. Trong do, giam sat trim tugng thudng dugc sft dung d cac md hinh bao hidn chau Au luc dia. Theo mo hinh nay, viec xem xet tinh hgp hidn cfta mgt quy djnh khdng nhat thiet phdi gdn lidn vdi vu vide cu the, ma ed the dugc dua ra theo de nghj cua ca nhan, td chftc cd tham quyen. Cdn giam sat cy the thudng dugc sft dyng d md hinh bdo hidn Hoa Ky. Theo do, giam sat cy the la vipc xem xet tinh hgp hidn cua mdt dao luat phai dugc thyc hien trong vu kipn cy thd, khi van de hgp hidn cua dgo luat cd Uen quan vd can thidt trong viec giai quydt vu vide dd.*'^' Ddi vdi giam sat cy thd, Luat eo bdn cfta Dftc ghi nhan ca che de cac cd nhan tidp can TAHP. Theo dd, bdt ki ngudi ndo (bao gdm
(12). Xem thSm: Nguyin Nhu Phdt (chii bien), Tdi phdn hien phdp - M^t so vdn de li lugn ca ban, kinh nghiem quoc ti vd khd nang dp d^ng cho Vi$t Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xd hpi, Hd Npi, 2011, tt. 255, 256, 261,262.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2019 43
NGHIENCtrU- TRAOBdl
cd cd nhdn va cdc td chftc tU nhan) ddu cd _ thi nOp don tryc tiep len TAHP de yeu cau
tuydn bd quydt djnh ciia co quan cdng quyen (public authority) cfta Lidn bang hay bang Id vi hiin vi nd ldm gidm cdc quyen ciia ngudi yeu cdu.*'^' Ddi tugng bj khieu kipn vi hidn bao gdm: quyet djnh tu phap (judicial decisions), sdc lenh hdnh phdp (administrative decrees), ludt (legislative acts).*'^' Nhu vay, ve nguyen tdc, tat cd quydt djnh hdnh phdp quy phgm deu cd the trd thanh ddi tugng bj kipn ra TAHP. Don kien phai dugc dp trinh trong vdng mOt nam sau khi vdn bdn cd hipu lye va toa chi xem xet khiiu kidn ndu ngudi yeu cau cd the chftng minh rdng minh true tiip bj hgn che quyen theo luat.*'^' Ngdy 15/3/2017, TAHP Lien bang Dftc da tidn hdnh phien xft ddu tien xem xet dan kipn cfta ba tgp dodn ndng lugng Idn nhat nude nay la E.ON, RWE va Vattenfall kidn Chinh phu Dftc vi ddng cfta tat ca cdc nha may dipn hgt nhan cfta nude ndy.*'^' Sau tham hoa dipn hat nhan d Fukushima (Nhdt Ban), Chinh phft Dftc da quyet djnh tft bd didn hgt nhdn, buOc cdc tap
(13). Dieu 93(1) myc 4a, 4b Lu^t co bdn siia doi thdng 12/2014, https://www.constituteproject.org/
constitution/Germ an_Federal_Republic_2014.pdf?lan g-en, truy cgp 25/12/2019.
(14), Kommers, D. P, Miller, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany:
Revised and Expanded, Duke University Press, 2012, tr. 12.
(15). Hans G Rupp, tldd, tr. 36 - 42.
(16). Xem thfim: Phgm Tri Thiic, Nguygn Thdnh, "Vai tr6 ciia Tod dn hien phdp Lien bang Diic trong gidi quyet cdc vy ki^n Chinh phu", Tgp chi nghiin cicu lap phdp, sd 20/2017, tr. 58 - 64.
doan cung cdp ndng lugng d Dftc phdi cd ke hogch ddng cfta cac nhd mdy dien hat nhdn quy md Idn, dang dem lai nhiiu Igi nhugn.
BChdng nhiing thi, Chinh phft Dftc cdn danh thui ddi vdi nhidn lieu trong cdc Id phdn ftng sudt thdi gian nhidn lipu ndy ton tgi.
Tgi phidn tod, cdc tham phdn cfta TAHP Lien bang se phai dua ra phdn quyit lipu quyit djnh nay cfta Chinh phft cd phu hgp vdi Luat ca bdn hay khdng. Niu TAHP Lidn bang phan quyit don kipn cfta cac tgp doan nang lugng la dftng thi cac tdp doan cd quyin yeu cdu Chinh phu den bft thipt hai niu van quyit djnh ddng cfta cac nhd may diOn hgt nhan.
Ngodi ra, bdt ki toa an nao trong vy dn cy thi niu cd nghi ngd vi vide phap lugt cd quy djnh khdng phft hgp vdi hien phdp thi c6 the dinh chi vy an va dua van dd nay ra trudc TAHP Lien bang. Sau khi cd quyet djnh cfta TAHP Lidn bang, tod dn se tiip tuc thft tyc td tyng vd dua ra phdn quydt. Sau dd, cdc bdn trong vy dn cd the khdng cdo nhung khdng dugc khdng cao van de hien phdp. Vi phdn quyet ve tinh hgp hiin cua TAHP Lidn bang la phdn quyet cudi cftng, khdng the khdng cdo nen cdc tod dn thudng khdng thd xem xet lai eac phdn quydt nay.*'^' Ngodi cdc toa dn cdp thdp han thi Chinh phu Lien bang, chinh phft tieu bang, mgt phan ba thanh vidn cua Ha nghj vipn (Bundestag) ciing cd quydn dua ra yeu cdu ve tinh hgp hien ddi vdi cdc lugt, quyet djnh hdnh phdp.*'*' Mdc du (17). Hans G Rupp, tldd, tr. 34.
(18). Dik 100(1) vd Di^u 93 Lu$t ca bdn cua C^ng hod Lien bang Diic ndm 1949, sua d6i nSm 2014,
44 TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 11/2019
NGHIENCJJV-TRAO Bdi
TAHP cd quydn giam sdt cy t h i vd truu tugng nhung tdt ca d i u la gidm sdt sau md khdng cd giam sat trudc. Md hinh gidm sdt trudc thudng gan vdi giam sat trftu tugng dugc dp dung d Phdp, theo dd, HOi ddng bdo hiin chi cd chftc ndng giam sat trudc md khdng cd quyen giam sdt sau. NghTa Id cdc dy lugt dugc Chinh phft, Tdng thdng dp trinh len se la ddi tugng cfta vipc giam sdt tu phap v i tinh hgp hien. Thdm quyin cua Hgi ddng bao hien la quyet dinh ve vipc lipu cac lugt dugc de xuat cd phft hgp vdi Hien phap hay khdng, sau khi da dugc Nghj vipn bd phieu vd trudc khi nd dugc Tong thdng ki ban hdnh. Viec k i i m tra cac dy li4t cfta HOi ddng cd thd bdt bugc hogc tuj' chpn. Chlnh vi chi giam sat trudc nen gidm sat ddi vdi cac hdnh ddng cfta hanh phap Id giam sat trim tugng. Ndi each khdc, d Phap, tfnh hgp hiin cfta ludt dugc xac djnh mOt each tdng thi vd trim tugng khdng phai trong bdi cdnh thyc t i khi ludt dugc thyc thi.*^^'
Thu hai, tham quyen giam sdt tinh hgp hidn doi vdi hogt dgng cfta Chinh phft chi thuOc v i TAHP. Tuong ty nhu Phap, Dftc ciing thidt Igp md hinh gidm sdt hidn phdp tgp trung ndn thdm quydn tdi phdn hien phdp chi thugc vd TAHP. Toa an ndy dugc u^ thdc gidi quyit tdt ca cdc vdn de hien phdp. Ngodi ra, Tod dugc giao nhiem vy bdo vp hien phdp https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Germa n_Federal_Republic_2014.pdf?lang=en, tniy c§p 15/12/2019.
(19). Xem them: L6 Thj Thu Thao, "Gidm sdt tu phdp ddi v6i quyin hdnh phdp & Phdp vd mOt sd kinh nghi$m cho Vi|t Nam", Tgp chi nhd nuac va phdp /K(jr,sd 4(372), 2019.
chdng lai hanh vi vi phgm bdi quyen l$p phdp, hdnh phdp va tu phap ke tft khi Diiu 20(3) Luat CO ban quy djnh ring, tat cd ba nhanh cfta ehinh quyen bj rang buOc tryc tiip bdi hien phdp. Vipc gidi thich hien phdp cfta TAHP ciing la cudi cftng va bdt buOc doi vdi tat ca cac bd phan ciia chinh quyen.
Thic ha, v i hgu qua phap li ddi vdi vdn bdn bj TAHP cho la vi hidn. TAHP sau khi xem xet van de hgp hien bi khieu ngi se dua ra quyit dinh dudi dgng tuyen bd.*^"' TAHP cd t h i tuydn bd hanh dgng nao dd ciia Chinh phft la v6 hipu (null and void) ho^c khdng phft hgp (incompatible) vdi Li4t co bdn ho^c tuydn bd nd tuong thich vdi Li4t co bdn.
N i u quyit djnh cfta Chinh phft bj huy bd thi quydt djnh nay hit hipu lye ngay Igp tftc; neu quyit djnh bj tuydn khdng phft hgp vdi Ludt CO ban ma khdng bj huy bd thi quy dinh ndy van cdn hieu lye trong mdt khodng thdi gian d i chd CO quan ban hdnh sfta chua. Cdch giai quyet theo hudng tuydn bd khdng phft hgp vdi Luat co ban ma khdng huy quyet djnh hdnh phdp Id lya chgn ma TAHP thudng xuyen sft dung.*^''
2.2. Gidm sdt cua tod dn hdnh chinh ddi vol. quyin hdnh phdp
Nhu da dd cap, cac toa an chuyen trdch cfta Dftc dugc thanh lap cho ndm Hnh vyc khdc nhau: luat hdnh chinh, lao dOng, xd hOi, tai chinh va bang sang chi. Ve td chuc cdc (20). Trir tnrimg hpp doi \in nhOng vy vi^c quan trpng, TAHP c6 thi dua ra l^nh tam thdi trong khi ch6 gidi quyet v ^ dl hpp hiin. Xem thSm: Kommers, D. P., & Miller, R. A, sdd, tr. 33.
(21). Xem thgm: Kommers, D. P., & Miller, R. A, sdd, tr. 36.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 11/2019 45
NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl
tod hanh chinh cfta Dftc gdm cd cae TAHC dja phuong, cdc TAHC cdp cao vd TAHC Lien bang. Gidng nhu d Phdp, myc dich ban dau khi thidt lap cac TAHC la d i xem xet quyet djnh cfta nhdnh hanh phdp nhdm bdi thudng cho trdch nhiem cfta eg quan nha nude khi hg hdnh dOng khdng dftng tham quydn. Theo dd, cac cd nhdn cd the yeu cau chinh quydn bdi thudng ve bat ki thidt hai ndo do hanh vi hanh chinh sai trai cfta cdn bO hoac thdm chi cd quyin yeu cau huy bd, thay the hdnh vi sai trdi dd. Lien quan d i n vipc kiim soat hoat dOng cua c a quan hanh phap bdi TAHC d Dftc cd mdt s6 dac diim sau:
Thu nhdt, vd pham vi gidm sat tu phap cfta TAHC doi vdi hanh phap. Vipc tiep cgn cae TAHC d Dftc khdng phy thugc vdo hinh thftc cfta cdng cy hdnh chinh bj khdi kipn.
v i nguydn tdc, tdt cd cdng cy hdnh chinh ddu cd the bj khdi kidn bat kd lunh thftc phap li cfta chftng. Thdm quyen xet xft cua TAHC d Dftc dugc phdn thdnh cdc logi sau: quyit djnh hanh ehinh ed bipt (Verwaltungsakte), hgp dong luat cdng (dffentlich-rechtliche Vertrage), lugt tuc (Sat2amgen) vd luat dugc uy quyin (cdc quy djnh hanh chinh dugc uy quyen bdi Quoc hgi va xep hang dudi ludt - Rechtsverordnungen). Toa dn xem xet cd cdc ke hogch kem theo eac quydt djnh hanh chinh (vi d^). nhu ke hogch phd duypt dy dn - Planfeststellungsbeschlusse ho^c cdc k i hogch phat trien - Bebauungspldne).*^^'
(22). Bdo cdo qu6c gia cho TAHC Lien bang Diic Ulnh bdy bdi UUa Held-Daab - Tham phdn Tod hdnh chinh Lien bang, tai D?i hpi liin thii 10 ciia Hi^p hpi qudc ti vl xii xir hdnh ehinh tdi cao, td chiic t^i
Theo quy ^ n h tai Dieu 40 BO li4t td tung hanh chinh*^^' (Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, vidt tit Id VwGO), ca nhan cd the khieu kidn gdn nhu bat eft quyet djnh hdnh phdp ndo, cho dft la quydt djnh quy phgm hay cd bipt.
Ca nhdn cd the yeu cdu TAHC buy bd quyit djnh hanh chinh, ciing nhu yeu cdu co quan hanh chinh phai thyc hipn hanh vi hdnh chinh ndo do ma co quan ndy dd tft chdi thyc hipn mOt each bat hgp phdp. Diiu 47 BO lugt to tyng hdnh chinh cho phdp ngudi dan cd quyin dO don ydu cdu tham tra tinh hgp phap cfta quy phgm phap lugt. Dd Id cac quy djnh trong Hnh vyc lugt xay dyng nhu quy hoach xdy dyng, quy dinh ve ddng gdp khi khai thdc... hodc Id vdn bdn dudi lu$t cfta bang.*^^' Mac dft vide tham tra quyet dinh quy pham nhdm myc dich kiim tra phdp luat nhung cdc the nhdn vd phdp nhdn mudn ydu cdu thyc hiOn vide ndy van ddng thdi phdi chftmg td dugc rang Igi ich cfta hg bj xam phgm bdi quy pham phap lugt ndy hogc vide dp dyng nd.*^''
Ngoai ra, Dieu 40 BO lugt to tung hdnh chinh cimg quy djnh TAHC cd thdm quyin
Sydney ndm 2010, https://www.aihja.org/images/
users/l/files/germany.en.O.pdf, truy c§p 20/12/2019.
(23). Bd lu§t dupe ban hdnh ndm 1991, dupe siia ddi gdn ddy nhdt vdo ndm 2010, https://germanlaw archive.iuscomp.org/?p=292, tmy c$p 15/12/2019.
(24). V( dy nhu thdng tu ciia cdnh sSt, quy ch^ ve vi^c hpc t4p, thi cii, quy dtnh vl thu phf, chi dSn vl ho trp ciia nhd nude, quy djnh vl myc tieu trong cdc quy ho^ch khdng gian.
(25). Roland Fritz, "Hf thdng x^t xii hdnh chfnh cua Cpng hod LiSn bang Diic", Tgp chi lugt hgc, DJe san tbn hiiu h^ Adng phdp lii§t COng hod Lien bang Diic, 9/201 l,tr. 16.
46 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2019
NGHIEN CVV - TRA O Bdi quyet djnh tat cd vy kien phat sinh tft cac van
de ciia lugt cdng, tru nhimg vdn dd mang tinh hien phdp. Theo quy djnh nay, khdng cd bO ph|in hdnh phdp nao bj logi ra khdi qua trinh gidm sdt tu phdp. Tuy nhidn, vi vipc thi hdnh phdp lugt va cae quyet djnh hanh chinh thudng do chinh quydn dja phuang dua ra ndn thyc td cd it hdnh dOng ciia Chinh phu cd the bj cdc ca nhdn ydu cdu xem xdt.
Cdc hdnh vi thudc quyen ty djnh doat cfta CO quan hdnh phap se bj logi trft khdi tham quyen cfta toa an. Tuy nhidn, toa an van cd quydn gidm sdt cdc hogt dOng ndy theo quy djnh tgi Dieu 114 BO lugt td tyng hanh chinh, theo dd cho phep tod an xem xet vipc cdc ca quan hanh chinh cd thyc hipn quyin tu djnh doat dftng myc dich va gidi hgn phap li hay khdng (Diiu 40 BO lugt thft tyc hanh chinh - Verwaltimgsverfahrensgesetz - VwVfG).*^*' Thic hai, ve thi hanh dn d Dftc. CJ Dftc, tod dn cd chftc nang quan li thi hanh an hdnh chinh nhdm de cao vai trd dOc lap cfta ngdnh tod dn vd xdy dyng md hinh TAHC ddc Idp.
Td chftc thi hdnh an thudng ndm trong co cdu cua toa an vd cdng tac nay do chanh an toa tryc tidp qudn li.*^'' Theo Didu 167 Bd luat to tung hdnh chinh, vipc qudn li thi hdnh an thugc thdm quyen tod an cap so tham.
Theo Diiu 172 Ludt nay, neu co quan hanh ehinh cd thdm quydn khdng thuc hidn dung nghia vy cfta minh trong phdn quyet thi toa (26). Bd lu§t ndy dupe ban hdnh nSm 1976, 1^ siia ddi gkn day nhat Id ndm 2003, https://germanlaw archive. iuscomp.org/?p=289, truy c^p 15/12/2019.
(27). Bui Tuan Thdnh, "Kmh nghipm thi hdnh dn hdnh chinh ciia mpt sd nude tren the gidi", Tgp chi ddn chii va phdp lugt, so 6(267), 2014, tr. 51.
an cdp so thdm cd the ra quydt dinh de ddt ra thdi hgn thi hdnh dn; het thdi ban nay ma co quan dd van thi hanh thi toa dn cd quyen tuydn khoan tiin phat len din 10.000 Euro.*^^' Ngodi ra, phuong thftc cuong che theo thft tyc ddn sy ciing dugc dp dyng tai Dftc.
Theo dd, phap ludt quy djnh chap hanh vidn cd quydn ydu cau cdnh sat dp gidi duong sy den CO quan thi hanh an theo giay tripu tgp ndu hg khdng den hodc ed tinh trdn tranh.
Chap hanh vidn cung cd quyin kham nha d, try sd va ke bien tai san cfta co quan, ngudi phdi thi hdnh an.*^^' Ngoai ra, cac tod an khdng chi cd kha nang bdi bd quyet djnh hanh chinh md cdn yeu cau co quan hdnh ehinh ban hanh quydt djnh hdnh ehinh mdi tren co sd mdt sd chi dan cua tea hodc hudng dan CO quan nay khdc phyc nhung hau qua do quyet djnh cu da bj huy.*-'*''
3. MOt sd ggi mor cho Vipt Nam 3.1. Cdn nhin nhdn Igi vi vai trd vd su cdn thiit cua viec gidm sdt quyin hdnh phdp bai tod dn
Trudc day, trong van hanh quydn lye nha nude, chftng ta thudng xem nhp quyen luc tu phap.*^'' Hien phap nam 1946, 1959 mdi chi
(28). Dieu 172 Bp ludt to tyng hdnh chinh ciia Dixc ban hdnh ndm 1991, siia ddi ndm 2010, http://german lawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=292#127, truy c^p 15/12/2019.
(29). Byi Tudn Thdnh, tldd, tr. 50 - 54.
(30). Stroink & E.Van der Linden (eds), Judicial Lawmaking And Administrative Law, Nxb. Oxford, 2005, tr. 176.
(31). Dieu ndy cdng de li gidi d nhiing nude v ^ hanh theo nguy€n tdc tdp quyen, quyin lye tdi cao thudc vl qudc hpi - co quan dai dien cao nhat cho y chi ciia nhdn ddn. Nhiing ngudi diing ddu ca quan hdnh phdp
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2019 47
NGHIENCVV- TRAOBdl
tod hdnh chinh cfta Dftc gdm cd cae TAHC dia phuang, cdc TAHC cap cao va TAHC Lien bang. Gidng nhu d Phap, muc dich ban ddu khi thiit Igp eac TAHC Id di xem xet quydt dinh cfta nhdnh hanh phdp nham boi thudng cho trdch nhiem cfta co quan nhd nude khi hg hanh dOng khdng dftng tham quyen. Theo dd, eac cd nhan cd thd yeu cau chinh quyin bdi thudng vi bdt ki thipt hai ndo do hanh vi hdnh chinh sai trdi cua cdn bO ho§c thgm chi cd quydn ydu cau buy bd, thay the hanh vi sai trai dd. Lidn quan den vipe kiim sodt hogt dOng cua co quan hanh phdp bdi TAHC d Dftc cd mgt sd ddc diim sau:
Thu nhdt, vi phgm vi giam sat tu phap cfta TAHC ddi vdi hanh phap. Vide tiep can cdc TAHC d Dftc khdng phy thudc vao hinh thftc cfta cdng cy hdnh chinh bj khdi kipn.
v i nguydn tdc, tdt cd cdng cy hdnh chinh deu ed the bj khdi kipn bat kd hinh thftc phdp li cfta chung. Thdm quyin xet xft cfta TAHC d Dftc dugc phdn thdnh cdc logi sau: quyet djnh hdnh chinh ed bipt (Verwaltungsakte), hgp ddng luat cdng (ofTentlich-rechtliche Vertrdge), lugt tyc (Satzungen) vd ludt dugc uy quyin (cdc quy djnh hanh chinh dugc uy quyen bdi Qudc hdi va xep hang dudi ludt - Rechtsverordnungen). Tod dn xem xet ca cdc ki hogch kem theo cde quyit djnh hdnh chinh (vi dy nhu ke hoach phe duypt dy dn - Planfeststellimgsbeschltisse ho$c cdc ke hoach phat tridn - Bebauungspldne).*^^'
(22). Bdo cdo qudc gia eho TAHC LiSn bang Diie trinh bdy bdi Ulla Held-Daab - T h ^ phdn Tod hdnh chlnh Lien bang, t?ii D^i hdi 1^ thii 10 ciia Hi?p hpi qudc tl vl x6t xii hdnh chlnh tdi cao, td chiic tgi 46
Theo qiQf &ih tgi Didu 40 Bd luat to tung hdnh chinh*^^' (Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung, viit tdt la VwGO), cd nhdn cd thd khiiu kidn gan nhu bat cu quyit dinh hdnh phdp nao, cho dft Id quyet djnh quy phgm hay cd bidt.
Ca nhan cd thd yeu cdu TAHC huy bd quyet djnh hdnh chinh, cung nhu yeu cdu co quan hdnh chinh phdi thyc hipn hdnh vi hdnh chinh ndo dd ma co quan ndy da tft chdi thyc hipn mOt cdch bat hgp phap. Diiu 47 Bg ludt td tyng hdnh chinh cho phep ngudi ddn cd quyin dp don ydu cau tham tra tinh hgp phap ciia quy phgm phap ludt. D6 la cac quy dinh trong ITnh vyc luat xdy dyng nhu quy hogch xay dyng, quy djnh ve d6ng gdp khi khai thac... hodc Id vdn ban dudi ludt ciia bang.*^"*' Mdc du vipc tham tra quyet dinh quy phgm nhdm muc dich kiem tra phdp luat nhung cdc the nhdn vd phdp nhan mudn ydu cau thyc hipn vipc nay van ddng thdi phdi chiing td dugc rdng Igi ich cfta hg bj xdm phgm bdi quy phgm phap ludt ndy hodc vide dp dyng nd.*'^^'
Ngodi ra, Didu 40 Bd ludt to tung hdnh chinh ciing quy djnh TAHC cd thdm quyen
Sydney ndm 2010, https://www.aihja.org/images/
users/l/files/germany.en.O.pdf, truy c§p 20/12/2019.
(23). Bp lu^t dugc ban hdnh nSm 1991, dupe sita dii g ^ day nhdt vdo ndm 2010, https://germanlaw arehive.iuseomp.org/?p=292, truy c$p 15/12/2019.
(24). VI dy nhu thdng tu ciia cdnh sdt, quy chi vl vi^c hpc t9p, thi cii, quy djnh vl thu phi, chi dSn vl h6 trp ciia nhd nude, quy djnh vl myc ti6u trong ede quy ho^ch khdng gian.
(25). Roland Fritz, "H$ thdng xii xu hdnh chfnh ciia Cpng hod LiSn bang Diic", Tgp chi lugt hgc, D^e san tim hieu h^ thdng phdp lu§t Cpng hod Lien bang Diic, 9/2011,tr. 16.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 11/2019
NGHIEN CVV - TRA O Bdi quydt djnh tat ca vy kien phat sinh tu cdc van
di cua ludt cdng, trft nhiing vdn de mang tinh hiin phdp. Theo quy djnh nay, khdng cd bO phgn hdnh phdp ndo bj loai ra khdi qud trinh giam sdt tu phdp. Tuy nhien, vi vipc thi hdnh phap ludt va eac quyit djnh hdnh chinh thudng do chinh quyen dja phuong dua ra nen thyc ti cd it hanh dOng cfta Chinh phft cd thi bj cac ca nhdn yeu cau xem xet.
Cdc hanh vi thudc quyen ty dinh dogt cfta ca quan hanh phdp se hi logi trft khdi thdm quyin cfta tda an. Tuy nhidn, toa an van ed quyin gidm sat cac hogt dOng ndy theo quy djnh tgi Dieu 114 Bd lugt td tung hanh chinh, theo dd cho phep toa an xem xet viec cac co quan hdnh chinh cd thyc hien quyen ty djnh dogt dung muc dich va gidi hgn phdp li hay khdng (Diiu 40 BO luat thft tyc hdnh chinh - Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz - VwVfG).*^^'
Thu hai, vd thi hdnh dn d Dftc. 6 Dftc, tod dn cd chftc nang qudn Ii thi hanh an hanh chinh nhdm di cao vai trd dOc Igp cfta nganh tod dn vd xdy dyng md hinh TAHC dgc Idp.
Td chftc thi hdnh an thudng nam trong eo can cfta toa an va cdng tac ndy do chdnh dn tod tryc tiip quan li.*^'' Theo Didu 167 Bg luat td tyng hanh ehinh, vipc quan li thi hdnh dn thuOc thdm quyen tod dn cap so thdm.
Theo Didu 172 Luat nay, niu co quan hanh chinh c6 thdm quyen khdng thyc hipn dftng nghia vu cfta minh trong phdn quyet thi tod
dn cap so thdm cd thi ra quyit djnh dd ddt ra thdi han thi hdnh dn; hit thdi ban ndy md co quan dd van thi hanh thi toa an cd quyin tuyen khodn tiin phgt len din 10.000 Euro.*^^' Ngodi ra, phuong thftc cudng che theo thft tyc dan su ciing dugc dp dyng tgi Dftc.
Theo dd, phdp ludt quy djnh chap hdnh vidn cd quyen ydu cau cdnh sat ap giai duong sy ddn CO quan thi hanh an theo gidy tripu tgp neu hg khdng ddn hodc cd tinh trdn trdnh.
Chap hdnh vidn cung cd quyen khdm nhd d, try sd va ke bien tai san cfta co quan, ngudi phdi thi hanh an.*^^' Ngoai ra, cac toa an khdng chi cd kha nang bai bd quyet djnh hanh chinh md cdn ydu cdu co quan hdnh chinh ban hanh quydt djnh hanh chinh mdi tren co sd mOt sd chi dan cfta tod hodc hudng dan CO quan nay khdc phyc nhftng hgu qua do quyet dinh cu dd bj huy.*-'"'
3. Mpt so ggi md cho Vipt Nam 3.1. Cdn nhin nhdn Igi vi vai trd vd su cdn thiit cua viic gidm sdt quyen hdnh phdp b&i tod dn
Trudc day, trong van hanh quydn lye nha nude, chftng ta thudng xem nhp quydn luc tu phap.*^'' Hiin phap nam 1946, 1959 mdi chi
(26). Bp lugt ndy dupe ban hdnh ndm 1976, 1^ siia doi gin ddy nhat Id ndm 2003, https://germanlaw archive.iuscomp.org/?p-289, truy e§p 15/12/2019.
(27). Biii Tuan Thdnh, "Kinh nghipm thi hdnh dn hinh ehinh ciia mpt sd nude trSn thi gidi", Tgp chi ddn chii vaphdp lugt, sd 6(267), 2014, tr. 51.
(28). Dieu 172 Bp luat td tyng hdnh chlnh cua Diic ban hdnh ndm 1991, siia ddi ndm 2010, http://german lawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=292#127, tniy cgp 15/12/2019.
(29). BCii T u ^ Thdnh, tldd, tr. 50 - 54.
(30). Stroink & E.Van der Linden (eds), Judicial Lawmaking And Administrative Law, Nxb. Oxford, 2005, tr. 176.
(31). Dieu ndy ciing dl II gidi d nhiing nude v$n hdnh theo nguyen tdc t|p quyen, quyin lye toi cao thupc ve qudc hdi - ca quan dai dien cao nhat cho y chi ciia nhdn ddn. Nhiing ngudi diing dau co quan hdnh phdp
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 11/2019 47
NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl
ghi nhdn toa dn la ca quan tu phdp, co quan xet xu. Tuong ty, Hien phdp nam 1980, nam 1992 d i cao nhipm vy bdo vp phap che xa hOi chft nghia, bdo vd che dO xa hOi chft nghia nhung chua d i cap vdn de kiem soat quydn lye nhd nude. Hidn phdp nam 2013 dugc ban hanh la budc tiin Idn trong tidn hinh nhgn thftc ve li thuyit vgn hanh quyin luc nhd nude. Theo dd, Hien phap ndm 2013 ghi nhgn nguydn tdc: "Quyin luc nhd nuoc la thdng nhdt, cd sg: phdn cdng, phoi hgp, kiim sodt giiia cdc ca quan thuc hiin quyen lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tu phdp" (khoan 3 Dieu
2). Thuat ngft "kiim sodt" idn ddu tidn dugc ghi nhgn trong van ban phap li quan trgng nhat cfta nhd nude Vipt Nam. Cftng vdi dd, nhdn thftc ve vai trd cua tod an ciing da cd sy thay ddi ddng kd. Hidn phdp ndm 2013 khdng djnh, tod an Id co quan xdt xft, thuc hien quyen tu phap, thyc hipn nhiem vy bao vd cdng li, bdo vp quyen con ngudi, quydn cdng dan.*^^' Nhu vgy, Hien phdp nam 2013 da tryc tiep ghi nhan nOi dung kiem soat quyen lye nha nude gift-a cac co quan lap phdp, hdnh phdp, tu phap. Day chinh Id co sd phap li quan trgng nhat de chftng ta xay dyng CO che kidm tra, gidm sat hogt dgng hanh phdp tft phia co quan tu phap Id toa an. Tuy nhien, cd le nguyen tac tdp quyin van cdn tdn tgi nhu mgt nguyen tdc chft dgo ndn vipc giam sdt chft ydu thd hipn qua boat ddng Idem soat cfta Quoc hOi ddi vdi co quan vd tu phdp d trung uong diu dupe b^u, mien nhi|m, bdi nhi?m bdi qudc hdi.
(32). Diiu 102 Hiin phdp ndm 2013.
hanh phap vd tu phdp, chua cd quy djnh ndo tryc tiip the hien su gidm sat ngugc Igi cfta tu phap, hdnh phdp ddi vdi Igp phdp. Tuy nhidn, ciing da cd nhftng quy djnh the hipn nOi dung gidm sat quyen lye gifta c a quan thyc hidn quyen tu phdp vdi c a quan thyc hidn quyin hdnh phap. Nd the hien qua hoat dOng xet xft cua toa hdnh chinh ViOt Nam.
Mac dft khi mdi thanh lap, toa hanh chinh thyc hipn vide xdt xft cdc vu dn hanh chinh nhdm sfta chfta nhiing sai lam trong hogt dOng hdnh chinh va bao ve quyen, Igi ich hgp phdp cfta cdng dan ma khdng phdi nhdm kidm sodt quyen lye hdnh phap. Dieu nay ciing tuong ty nhu d Dftc, ban ddu khi mdi thdnh lap, TAHC Dftc ciing khdng hudng den myc dich gidm sdt nhdnh hanh phap nhung cung vdi sy van hanh the c h i quyin lye duong dai dd ddi hdi vai trd mdi cua tod dn trong vide gidm sdt quyin hanh phap. Toa an trd thdnh "khien dd" cudi cung khi cd sy lan quydn, lam quydn hay vi phgm cfta co quan hdnh phdp. 6 Viet Nam, vai trd cua tod an cftng can dugc nhin nhgn lai cho phft hgp vdi thyc tien vd xu hudng van hanh quyin lye trdn the gidi.
Mac dft td chftc bO may nhd nude vgn hdnh theo li thuyit tap quydn nhung khdng phai la khdng cd co sd dd Viet Nam xdy dung md hmh k i i m sodt quyen hanh phdp bdi toa an, bdi le:
Thic nhdt. a Viet Nam cd sy phan cdng de moi nhdnh quyen lye phdt huy chftc ndng cfta mhih. Hon nfta, Hien phdp ndm 2013 - c a sd phdp li quan trgng nhdt cung da ghi
48 TAP c m LUAT HQC SO 11/2019
NGHIEN CW-TRAO BOI
nhgn nguydn tdc "quyen lice nhd nu&c Id thong nhdt, cd sgphdn cong, phoi hgp, kiem sodt giica cdc ca quan nhd nuac trong viic thgc hien cdc quyen lap phdp, hdnh phdp vd tuphdp" (Diiu 2). Day la co sd quan trpng de toa an - CO quan thyc hipn quydn tu phdp kidm sodt nhdnh quydn hanh phap. Vd mdt li thuydt, Nhd nude ta ap dyng Ii thuyet tap quyen nhung khdng phu djnh nhiing ydu td tich cue cua hgc thuydt phan quyen va van cd the ap dyng mOt each chpn Igc, phu hgp vdi dgc diem chinh trj cua Vipt Nam. Ve nguydn tdc, quydn lye nha nude van la thdng nhat, tdp trung. Thong nhat, tap trung d day ehinh la thong nhat, tap trung vao quyen luc cfta nhan dan, do nhan dan, vi nhan dan, khdng nen hieu thdng nhat, tap trimg vdo co quan lap phap Id Qudc hgi. Neu hieu theo nghTa nay thi vipc trao quydn kidm sodt quydn hdnh phap cho toa an tdt ydu se khdng vi pham nguyen tdc tap quydn. Hon nfta nd cdn khdc phye dugc nhirng nhugc didm chuyen quyen, ddc dodn cua li thuydt tap quyen.
Thti hai, vipc toa an kidm soat quydn hanh phap cftng it gdy dnh hudng tdi nhanh lap phdp. Mdc dft d nhung nude theo truyen thdng nghj vidn (lap phap) tdi cao nhu Vipt Nam thi vipc toa an cd quyen kiem soat tat cd cdc nhdnh cdn lai van chua dugc chap nhan mdt cdch rd rang, mgnh me nhung vipc thfta nhgn tod an cd quyen kiim soat nganh hdnh phdp thi lai khac. Thyc te nd it dnh hudng den quyin lap phdp vd van ddm bdo dugc nguydn tdc nghj vipn tdi cao. Bdi le, vipc tod an kiim soat quyen hanh phdp suy
cho cftng ciing phai dya trdn co sd phdp luat va nhdm bdo vd phdp ludt. Ma phdp lugt lai la san pham cua nganh Igp phap. Nhu vay, vd hinh trung, vide tod dn giam sat quydn hanh phdp giftp dam bao luat cua Qudc hdi dugc CO quan hdnh phdp thue thi dftng ddn;
Qudc hOi ciing khdng phai "lo sg" trudc sy lan at cua quyen tu phap vi toa dn khi thyc hidn quyin nay cung phdi trong khuon khd ' phap luat. Nhu vay thi khdng nhimg quydn lye lap phap cfta Qudc hdi khdng bj dnh hudng ma nd cdn lam tdng hieu qud hogt dOng cfta bO may nhd nude.
Thu ba, Ddng vd Nhd nude da chu truong xay dung nha nude phdp quyen*-'^' ma trong nha nude phdp quydn thi kiem soat quyin luc cd nghia Id kidm sodt cac hanh vi cfta chinh quyen (lap phap va hdnh phdp) de chdng Igi sy Igm quyen, xam phgm den ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan.*^'*' Nhu vay, cd thd ndi rdng sy kiem sodt cua toa an ddi vdi quydn hanh phdp la tdt ydu cfta vipe td chftc chinh quydn trong xa hOi ma phap luat dugc thugng tdn.
Thic tic, toa an Viet Nam cd vj tri thich hgp nhdt dd kidm sodt quydn hdnh phap.
Mac dft Nha nude vdn hdnh quydn luc theo nguyen tac tap quyen nhung toa an van can phdi dOc lap. Toa an la c a quan it co kha ndng Igm quyen nhat va cung la co quan cd (33). Khodn 1 Diiu 2 Hien phdp nSm 2013 ghi nh^n nguyen tdc: "Nhd nude Cgng hod xd hgi chu nghTa Viet Nam la nhd nu&c phdp quyen xd hgi chu nghTa cua Nhdn ddn, do Nhdn ddn, vi Nhdn ddn ".
(34). Nguyin Ddng Dung, Tod dn Viet Nam trong bdi cdnh xdy dgng nhd nude phdp quyen, Nxb. Dai hpc qudc gia Hd Ndi, 2012, tr. 326.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2019 49
NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl
khd ndng hgn che sy Igm quyin tdt nhat.
Nguydn tie "tham phan va hdi tham xet xft dOc Idp va chi tuan theo phap ludt"*^^' Id dieu kidn quydt dinh ddi vdi vipc trao quyen kiem soat quyen hanh phap cho tod dn.
Ngodi ra, toa hanh chinh ndi ridng vd he thdng tod an ndi chung dang dam duong nhipm vu bdo ve quyin va Igi ich hgp phdp cfta cdng ddn trudc sy xdm pham tft phia co quan nhd nude thi viec kiem sodt hogt dOng cua CO quan hdnh phdp la diiu tdt yiu.
Kiem soat d day khdng phai Id de ha thap hay tript tieu quydn lye hanh phap ma Id de quyen hanh phap dugc vgn hanh hieu qua, gidm thiiu sy xdm pham din quyin va Igi ich cdng dan.
Hon nfta, Ddng vd Nha nude ciing dd xac djnh bao vp cdng !i vd quyin con ngudi Id sft mdnh cfta tod dn.*^^' Sft menh dd la eo sd cho vide thiet lap che dO tai phdn hien phdp - che dO ma theo do toa an sd phan xet tinh hgp hidn trong hdnh vi cfta lap phdp va hanh phap. Che do tai phan hien phap dugc sinh ra Id dd chdng Igi cdc hdnh vi cfta lap phdp va hanh phap xam pham cac quyen hien djnh ciia con ngudi. Toa an chi cd chftc nang ndy khi vj tri cfta nd dugc xdc djnh ddc Idp vdi lap phdp va hdnh phdp, nhdn danh cdng li vd
(35). Diiu 9 Lu§t td chiic tod dn nhdn ddn ndm 2014.
(36). Bdo cdo chinh tri ciia Ban chap hdnh trung uong Ddng khod IX t^i D^i hpi d^i bieu todn qudc 1 ^ thii X ciia Ddng dd thi hi|n tu duy that sy sdu sdc vd mdi khi xdc dinh tod dn bdo v^ cong If vd quyen con ngudi. To4 4n khdng phdi Id cdng cy cua Nhd nude dl eai tri ngudi ddn, ngupc 1^, tod dn Id cdng cy cua cdng li md ngudi ddn, trong nhthig trudng hpp cy thi, su dyng dl bdo vp minh.
quyen con ngudi de hanh dgng. Vi vgy c6 the ndi, vipc toa dn dugc giao quyen kiem sodt quyin hanh phdp Id ydu cdu tryc tiip, khach quan va tat yiu.
3.2. Thiet lap vd vgn hdnh ca che bdo hiin do tod dn thuc hien
Nhu dd phan tich, d Viet Nam khdng phdi la khdng cd co chi gidm sat hien phdp nhung CO chd ndy dang td ra kdm hiOu qud vd khdng thyc te. Vipc thiet lap co che bao hien va vgn hdnh nd hi^u qua Id van dh phftc tgp. Hau hit qudc gia phdt tridn ngdy nay deu cd co chi tdi phan hien phap vi nd cd nhieu uu diem hon so vdi vipc bdo hien bdi eo quan Idp phftp. Vide thiit Idp co che tai phan hien phdp ddi vdi hdnh vi Idp phdp, hanh phdp d Vipt Nam la can thidt nhung khdng thi ngay lap tftc thay ddi toan bg co che cu bdng co chd tai phdn mdi. Khi thiit Idp phuong thftc tai phan hidn phdp ddi vdi hanh vi cfta nhanh hanh phap d Viet Nam cd the hgc hdi kinh nghipm cfta Dftc theo hudng sau:
Thu nhdt, chu the bao hiin cd thi la TAHP. Vdi dieu kidn hidn tai cfta Viet Nam, vipc thiet lap md hinh bao hidn bdi tod an thudng Id khdng hgp li. Bdi Id, dd dp dyng md hinh tod an thudng tdi phan hiin phap thi cdc thdm phan phdi cd trinh dO nghiep vy va phap li cao, nhat Id trinh dg vi lugt hiin phap. Chat lugng toa dn thudng ciia Vipt Nam chua bao ddm dugc dieu ndy. Khi thiit Idp TAHP thi tod nay nen dOc lap, khdng phdi Id toa chuydn trach nam trong he thdng toa an tu phdp thudng, ciing khdng ndm trong Quoc hdi hay Chinh phu.
50 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2019
NGHIEN CUV-TRAO Bdi
Thic hai, co quan bao hien chuyen trdch can phdi cd thdm quyin bdo hien ddi vdi cdc vdn bdn phap lu^t cfta c a quan hanh phdp, ma trudc het Id. Chinh phft. Cd f kien cho rdng, TAHP khi dugc thanh lap nen xem xdt vipc dp dyng each thftc gidm sat trade ddi vdi cac dy thdo lugt cfta Chinh phft trinh ra trade Qudc hOi.*^^' Khi dd, chftc ndng nay cfta TAHP tuong ty nhu chftc ndng gidm sat trim tugng cfta TAHP d Dftc khi thyc hipn quyen gidm sdt trade. Kien nghj ndy hgp li d cho nd cd the gidi quydt dugc thyc trgng co che ty kidm tra, gidm sdt tinh hgp hiin, hgp phdp cfta ndi bO cac co quan hdnh phdp hipn nay. Bdi le, theo quy djnh hidn hdnh, vide ddm bdo tinh hgp hien cho cac van ban quy pham cfta Chinh phft do cac co quan cua Chinh phft thyc hiOn. Trong do, ddi vdi nghj djnh cua Chinh phft, quyet djnh cfta Thft tudng Chinh phu, vipc thdm djnh h'nh hgp hiin se do BO tu phdp chu tri, cdc thdng tu cfta bO trudng s§ do td chftc phap che cfta bO, CO quan ngang bO tham djnh.*-*^' Phuang thftc thdm dinh ndy gidng nhu cdch kidm soat trade ddi vdi cac dy thao vdn ban quy (37). Neu nhu cdc dy thao ludt cua Chinh phu d3 dupe thong qua trudc khi du^c Chd tjch nude cdng bd thi Chu tich nude ed thi yeu cau TAHP kilm tra tfnh hpp hiin ciia vdn bdn dd. Neu vdn bdn dupe tod dn xdc dinh Id bdt hpp hiin thi Chii tjch nude cd thi giii l?i cho Qudc hOi dl chinh siia. NIU Qudc hdi vSn thdng qua vdi da sd 2/3 th) Chii tjch nude phdi cdng bd. Nguydn tdc thdng nhdt quyin lye khdng cho pbip TAHP hay Chii tjch nude ed quyen phii quyet tuyft ddi ddi vdi vdn bdn phdp lu$t dd dupe Qudc hpi thong qua. Xem thgm: Nguyin Nhu Phdt (chii bien), sdd, tr. 401,402.
(38). Xem them: Diiu 92, Diiu 98, Dieu 102 Lu^t ban hdnh vdn bdn quy pham phdp lu^t ndm 2015.
pham cfta Chinh phft vd ddng thdi ciing Id Wnh thftc kiim sodt trong. Khau ndy dft cd dugc dau tu kl luong thi van khd tranh nhftng khuyit diim. Tuy nhidn, neu trao cho TAHP cd quyin giam sat trade ciing chua phdi la gidi phdp thyc sy hgp li. Bdi le, ndu TAHP dugc thiet Idp thi nd cdn la thiit che mdi, tham phan cfta tod dn nay cdn thieu kinh nghipm nen cd le sd la "qua tdi" ddi vdi toa khi phdi gidm sat trade ddi vdi dy thdo ludt cfta Chinh phft. Nhiem vy kiem sodt trade doi vdi dy an luat cfta Chinh phft cd le nen ddt ra trong myc tidu boat dOng dai hgn cfta TAHP d Viet Nam.
Thic ba, v i vipc vdn hdnh chftc nang gidm sdt tinh hgp hiin ciia TAHP ddi vdi van bdn quy phgm cfta co quan hanh phdp.
Ddi vdi cde vdn ban phdp ludt do Chinh phft ban hdnh, vipc ap dyng co chi gidm sat trudc se khdng khd thi vi TAHP khdng the gidm sdt dugc het khdi lugng vdn ban phap ludt dd sO trong Hnh vyc nay. Khi cdc van ban nay cd hipu lye thi TAHP ed quyin thy li dan ydu cdu kidm tra tinh hgp hien cua van ban phdp lugt dd.
Vipc quy djnh chft thd cd quyen yeu cau kiim tra tinh hgp hien cfta cdc vdn ban phdp luat cfta nhdnh hanh phdp (bao gdm quyet djnh cfta Chft tjch nude, nghj dinh cua Chinh phft vd thdng tu ciia bO tradng, thu tradng co quan ngang bO) can phai can nhdc kl luong.
Quyen yeu cau kidm tra tinh hgp hien ddi vdi cac vdn bdn lugt dugc trao cho Chft tjch nude, Phd chft tjch nude, Chft tjch Qudc hOi, Phd chft tich Quoc hOi, Uy ban thudng vu . Qudc hgi, Hgi ddng dan tgc va cac uy ban
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2019 51
NGHIENCCV- TRAOBdl
chuyen mdn cfta Qudc hOi, dai bleu Qudc hOi, Thu tudng Chinh phft, Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Vien kiem sdt nhan dan toi cao la hgp li. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac van bdn quy phgm cfta Chinh phft thi khdng nen giao cho cac CO quan trdn cd quydn yeu cau kiem tra tinh hgp hien. Bdi le, cac van ban quy phgm cua Chinh phu ddu la nhung van ban hudng dan thi hanh trong nhiing Hnh vyc cy thd, cdn cac co quan trdn Igi khdng phai ca quan cd chuyen mdn trong Hnh vyc quan li nha nude ndn viec phat hipn quy dinh vi hien la khdng khd thi. Thidt nghi vipc yeu cau ndy ndn dugc thiet lap dya trdn md hinh gidm sat cy the nhu dugc dp dyng tgi Dftc. Tftc ngudi yeu cdu kidm tra tinh hgp hiin cd thd la ngudi dan trong nhiing vu vide cu thd. Theo d6, cdng dan trong vu vide cu the cd quyen ydu cdu tod dn kiem tra tinh hgp hien, hgp phap cua cdc van ban quy phgm cua Chinh phft se dugc ap dung ddi vdi minh. Cac toa an thudng khi thu li cde vy dn md cdc ben duong sy cd yeu cau xem xet vd tinh hgp hien cfta van ban quy pham dugc dp dung ddi vdi hp cd the gidi quydt nhu sau: Trudc tidn, toa an thudng phai dinh chi gidi quyit vy an; sau dd, tod dn thu li vy dn cd trach nhiem chuyen cho TAHP kidm tra tinh hgp hidn cfta cdc van ban quy pham cua ea quan hdnh phdp md duong sy cho rdng bdt hgp hidn. TAHP se xem xet va ra phdn quydt vd tinh hgp hien cua van ban quy pham phdp ludt ma duong su yeu cdu. Toa an thudng se cdn eft vao phan quyet tren cfta TAHP dd dua ra phan quydt vd vu an. N i u TAHP xdc nhdn vdn bdn bj duong sy yeu cau kidm tra
la bat hgp hien thi tod dn thudng phdi tu choi ap dyng van ban do.
Thic tu, hau qud phap li ddi vdi vdn ban quy pham cfta co quan hdnh phap vi hien.
Trong tradng hgp vdn ban quy phgm cfta Chinh phft dugc TAHP xac djnh la vi hien thi tod an thy li vy an duong nhidn cd quyen tft chdi ap dung vdn ban dd nhung cdn hgu qua phap li cfta van ban quy pham da bj xac djnh Id vi hiin thi nen gidi quyet nhu thi ndo? Thiit nghi, vd van de nay chftng ta cung cd thd hgc hdi kinh nghipm cfta Dftc.
Theo dd, TAHP sau khi xdc djnh vdn bdn la vi hidn se cd hai lya chgn: 1) ra tuyen bd huy bd quyet dinh hanh phdp vi hidn; 2) tuydn bo vdn bdn do vi hien nhung khdng huy bd ma an dinh khoang thdi gian dd co quan da ban hanh van ban bdt hgp h i i n sfta ddi, buy bo van ban. Ndu qua thdi ban md vdn bdn quy pham phdp ludt dugc xdc dinh bdt hgp hiin khdng dugc sfta ddi, huy bd thi vdn ban se khdng cdn hieu lyc.*^^' Quy dinh theo hudng trdn se giup cho TAHP linh dOng trong vipc xft li cdc quyet djnh hanh phap vi hiin, ddng thdi Cling dam bao nguyen tac phdi hgp gifta cdc CO quan thyc hidn quydn lye nha nude.
3.3. Ma rgng thdm quyin cua tod dn trong viec xet xic hdnh chinh
Hien nay, he thdng toa an cfta Viet Nam chua cd tham quydn tdi phdn v i tinh hgp hien, hgp phap ddi vdi cac vdn ban quy pham phap luat do co quan hdnh phdp ban hdnh. Vide khdng quy djnh cho toa an xem xet cdc van ban quy phgm phap luat da gdp
(39).Xem them: Nguyin Nhu Phdt, sdd, tr. 405.
52 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11/2019
NGHIEN ciru ' TRAOBdl mdt sd bat cap. Vi cac vdn ban cd biet
thudng dugc ban hanh tren co sd van bdn quy pham nen khi tod dn phdt hidn vdn ban quy pham phap ludt ma co quan hanh ehinh cdn eft vdo dd de ra quyet djnh hdnh chinh cd quy djnh khdng phft hgp vdi quy djnh ciia vdn ban quy phgm phdp ludt cd gid tri cao hon vd cftng van de thi xft li nhu the ndo ciing chua dugc phdp luat quy djnh va cae ea quan nhd nude cd tham quyen ciing chua cd hudng dan. Trong thyc tien xet xft, khi gdp ftudng hgp nay, cdc toa an thudng can eft vao quy djnh cfta vdn bdn cd gid trj phdp li cao ban di phan quydt. Tuy nhidn, hudng xft li nhu the ndo ddi vdi logi vdn bdn quy phgm phdp ludt ndi trdn thi phdp luat chua cd quy dinh. Hon nfta, cd sy bat hgp li khi loai trft vdn ban quy phgm ra khdi tham quyen xdt xft cfta tod dn. Bdi IS, neu nhu mOt quyet djnh hdnh chinh cd biet tudc dogt quydn Igi cfta mOt ngudi thi cd thi bi tod hdnh chinh xet xft, trong khi do, quyit djnh quy phgm tudc doat quyin Igi cfta rat nhieu ngudi thi khdng bi xet xft.
Chinh vi tod dn khdng ed tham quydn xem xet ddi vdi cac van ban quy pham cfta CO quan hdnh phdp vd tinh hgp hien vd hgp phdp ndn tod khdng cd thdm quyen xft li cae vdn ban nay. Tuy vgy, trong qua trinh xdt xu vy an, ndu tod dn phdt hien van ban quy pham phap luat cfta co quan hdnh phdp ban hanh cd ddu hidu trdi lugt, trai hien phap thi cd quyen kien nghj. Thyc tien xdt xft cfta tod dn ciing gdp nhidu khd khdn. khi phat hipn vdn bdn quy phgm cfta ca quan hanh phdp bat hgp phdp hay bdt hgp hiin ddng thdi
thiiu CO che di xft li. Vi vdy, de dam bdo yeu cau giam sdt doi vdi nhanh hdnh phap thi td chftc, hogt dOng cfta tod hdnh chinh phdi cd nhiing budc tien mdi. Trade het, can md rOng tham quyen xdt xft cfta toa hanh chinh theo hudng trao cho toa cd tham quydn xem xet tinh hgp hien, hgp phdp cfta cac vdn bdn ciia co quan hanh chinh nhd nude khi chua cd thiet che TAHP. Ve Iau dai, sau khi thanh lap TAHP thi vipc xem xet tinh hgp hien eac vdn ban quy pham cfta co quan hdnh phap sd dugc chuyen cho TAHP, cdn tod dn thudng sS phan xet ve tinh hgp phdp trong vdn bdn quy phgm phap ludt cua co quan hdnh phap. 6 nude ta, sy tdn tgi cfta toa hanh chinh la co sd quan trpng cho vide thiet lap che do giam sat tu phap doi vdi cdc hogt dgng hdnh chinh. Tod hanh chinh trong he thong tod dn nhdn ddn ed thd ddm duong dugc nhipm vy tdi phdn vd tinh hgp hiin, hgp phdp cdc vdn ban quy pham phap lugt cua CO quan hanh chinh nha nude. Bdi le hipn nay tod dn da cd quydn kiin nghj ddi vdi van ban quy pham trai Hien phap, trai ludt va trai vdi van ban cfta ca quan cap trdn.
Vi vay, trong tuong lai, can md rOng tham quyen cfta toa hanh chinh theo hudng khdng chi cd quyen xet xft cae quyet djnh hdnh chinh cd bipt vd cac hanh vi hdnh chinh ma cdn cd quyen xem xdt quydt dinh quy phgm cfta eac co quan hanh chinh khi cd dau hipu bat hgp hidn vd bat hgp phdp.
Theo dd, toa hdnh chinh thuOc toa an nhan dan cdp tinh va tod hdnh chinh thuOc Tod an nhan dan toi cao cd thi dam nhdn thdm quyen nay. Toa hanh chinh thugc tod
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 11 /2019
NGHIENCUV' TRAOBdl
an nhdn dan cap tinh can cd them thdm quyin tdi phdn ve tinh hgp hien, hgp phdp cfta cac vdn ban do uy ban nhdn dan cac cap ban hdnh (quyit dinh, chi thj). Toa an nhan ddn tdi cao cdn cd quydn tai phan v i tinh hgp hidn, hgp phap ciia cac van ban do bd tradng, thu tradng ca quan ngang bg ban hdnh (thdng tu) vd cd vdn bdn do Chinh phft, Thft tudng Chinh phft ban hdnh (nghj dinh, quyet djnh). MOt sd y kien cho rdng ndn thijra nhdn quyin gidm sat trim tugng Idn gidm sat cy thd cfta tod hdnh chinh. Tuy nhien, vdi td chftc, hoat dOng ciing nhu chat lugng thdm phan, y thftc cfta ngudi ddn hiOn nay thi chi ndn quy dinh hinh thftc giam sdt cu the.*''*'' Cy thd Id trong vy vipc lien quan den co quan hdnh chinh, ndu nhdn thdy van bdn ma CO quan hanh chinh dy dinh dp dung ddi vdi minh cd dau hieu bat hgp hien, bat hgp phap thi ngudi dan cd quyen ydu cdu hodn dp dyng vdn ban dd va yeu cau toa hanh chinh kidm tra tinh hgp hien, hgp phdp cfta vdn bdn. Trong tradng hgp ndy, ngudi khdi kipn phdi chftng minh dugc vipc ap dyng vdn ban quy phgm cfta co quan hdnh phdp tryc tiip xdm phgm den quyin va Igi ich cfta hg lam CO sd de toa dn thy li.
D i thyc hiOn dugc nhftng dieu ndi tren, cdn sfta ddi H i i n phdp theo hudng trao cho tod an quyen giai thich Hien phdp vd luat thay vi Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hOi; sua ddi
(40). Nguyin Thj Phupng, "Ddi mdi co chi kilm tra tfnh hpp hiin, hpp phdp cde vftn bdn quy ph^m phdp lu^t eiia bp trudng, thii trudng co quan ngang bO", Tgp chi nhd nude vd phdp ludt, sd 7(192), thdng 4/2011, tr. 25.
cdc quy djnh lidn quan d i n viOc gidm sdt vdn ban cfta u;^ ban nhdn ddn, bg, ca quan ngang bO- Theo do, can bd sung quyin xem xet, gidm sat van ban ciia uy ban nhan dan cap tinh cho tod hdnh chinh thudc toa an nhan dan cap tinh; quyen giam sdt vdn ban ciia bg frudng, thft tradng c a quan ngang bO cho Tod dn nhdn dan tdi cao.
Day Id gidi phap hgp li d i gidi quyit tinh trgng sd lugng van bdn quy phgm cfta CO quan hanh chinh bat hgp hien, bat hgp phap ngay cdng gia tdng, trong khi co che phat hipn, xft li cac van ban trdi ludt hipn cdn tdn tgi n h i i u vdn de lidn quan d i n tinh khdeh quan va hieu qua. Tuy nhidn, dd bdo dam cho tod an cd kha nang thyc hipn dugc nhipm vu nay thi vide nang cao trinh dp, chdt lugng dgi ngu thdm phan la cdng vide tidn quyet.
3.4. Tdng cu&ng bien phdp ddm bdo thi hdnh dn hdnh chinh
TTii hanh dn hanh ehinh Id khau cuoi cftng giftp dam bao sy gidm sdt cfta tod gn ddi vdi CO quan hdnh phdp cd hipu qud. De gidi quyit tinh trang thi hdnh an Id khau yeu nhdt trong giai quyet tranh chdp hdnh chinh, nen bd sung che tdi phgt tiin Id mOt trong cac bien phdp xft li trach nhiOm trong thi hdnh dn hanh chinh. Ve phuong thftc phgt tiin khi cham thi hanh dn, cd the tham khdo kinh nghidm cfta Dftc. Theo dd, khi chft thd cd nghia vy vi phgm cac quy djnh v i thi hdnh dn hanh chinh se phai chju phgt mOt khodn tiin phgt ddi vdi hdnh vi ndy. Phuang thftc ndy cd y nghia vd bdn chat khac vdi cac hinh thftc phat tiin trong xft phgt vi phgm
54 TAP CHi LUAT HQC S 6 11/2019
NGHIEN CUV 'TRAOBOI hanh chinh hay phgt tiin trong trach nhipm
hinh sy.**"' Cach thftc dp dyng phuong thftc nay d cdc nude do Id cu moi ngay hodc moi tuan khdng thi hdnh dn, ngudi phai thi hdnh dn se phdi trd mOt khoan tien phgt. Sd tien ndy dugc tich luy theo thdi gian khien cho ngudi phdi thi hdnh an chiu ganh n§ng vd m^t tai chinh, tft dd tac dgng vdo ^ thftc thi hdnh an cfta hg./.
TAI LIBU THAM KHAO 1. Burt Franklin, Comparative Administrative
iow, New York, 1970.
2. Nguyen Dang Dung, Tod dn Viet Nam trong bdi cdnh xdy dung nhd nu&c phdp quyin, Nxb. Dai hgc qudc gia Ha NOi, 2012.
3. Hans G. Rupp, "Judicial Review in the Federal Republic of Germany". The American Journal of Comparative Law, 233 No.l, 1960.
4. Kommers, D. P, MiUer, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany: Revised and Expanded, Duke University Press, 2012.
5. Mauro Cappelletti, "Judicial Review in comparative", California Law Review, 1970, No.5.
6. Nguyen Nhu Phdt (chft bien), Tdi phdn hiin phdp - Mgt sd vdn di li lugn ca bdn, kinh nghiem quoc ti vd khd nang dp dung cho Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hgc x§ hOi, Ha NOi, 2011.
(4I).Xem thdm; Nguyin Thanh Thu, Xir li trdch nhi^m trong thi hdnh dn hdnh chinh a Viet Nam, Khod lu|n tdt nghiap, Trudng d?i hpc ludt Thdnh phd Hd Chf Minh, 2017, tr. 62.
7. Nguyen Thj Phugng, "Doi mdi co chd kiem tra tinh hgp hien, hgp phap cdc van ban quy phgm phdp ludt cfta bO tradng, thft tradng co quan ngang bO", Tgp chi nhd nu&c vd phdp lugt, sd 7(192), thang 4/2011.
8. Roland Fritz, "Hd thdng xet xft hanh chinh cfta Cgng hod Lien bang Dftc", Tgp chi ludt hgc, Ddc san tim hieu hp thong phap lu^t Cdng hoa Lidn bang Dftc, 9/2011.
9. Sft-oink & E.Van der Linden (eds).
Judicial Lawmaking And Administrative iaw,Nxb. Oxford, 2005.
10. Bfti Tuan Thdnh, "Kinh nghipm thi hdnh dn hdnh chinh ciia mOt sd nude trdn the gidi", Tgp chi ddn chd vd phdp lugt, sd 6(267), 2014.
11. Le Thj Thu Thdo, "Khdi nipm va sy can thiet kiem soat cfta Tda dn ddi vdi quydn hdnh phdp", Tgp chi khoa hgc phdp li, sd 06/2018.
12. Le Thi Thu Thao, "Gidm sdt tu phdp ddi vdi quyen hanh phdp d Phdp va mgt sd kinh nghipm cho Viet Nam", Tgp chi nhd nude vdphdp ludt, sd 4(372)/2019.
13. Nguyen Thanh Thu, Xic li trdch nhiem trong thi hdnh dn hdnh chinh & Viet Nam, Khoa lugn tdt nghipp, Tradng dai hgc lugt Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2017.
14. Phgm Tri Thftc, Nguyen Thdnh, "Vai trd cua Toa dn hidn phdp Lidn bang Dftc trong giai quyet cdc vu kipn Chinh phft", Tgp chi nghiin ciru lap phdp, sd 20/2017.
15. Tom Ginsburg, Judicial Review in New Democracies Constitution Courts in Asian Cases, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 11/2019 55
