TAPCIICiKTiHNfi
NEN TANG LY THUYET XAC DINH CAC NHAN TO CA NHAN
VA MOI TRUCJNG A N H Hl/dNG TOfI DQNG H^C KINH DOANH
• vu QUANG HUNG
TOMTVT:
Y dinh kinh doanh (VttKDi \a d("»ni: life kinh doanh (DLKD) cd hdm y tifdng iif nhau, cdng Id hdnh \i cd kc hoach de hifdng den ket qud tao Idp \a dieu hdnh mpt doanh nghiep (DN). Dodd. ly thuyet Hdnh vi dif dinh Id ly thuyei nen tang xdc dinh cdc nhan td'cd nhan vd mdi tnfdng dnh hifdng tdi DLKD.
Bdi vie'i tap trung nghien cdu \ e nen tangly ihuyd't xdc dinh cdc nhan td'cd nhan vd mdi tnfdng anh hu'dng tdi dnni: life kmh doanh.
Ttf khda: L\ thuyet TPB. ly ihuyel TRA. dpng life kinh doanh.
I. ^gudn gd'c I.V thuye'l Hanh \i dif dinh khdng chi ddn gidn la cam gidc cua cd nhan (ldi Ly Ihuyel Hdnh \i dif dinh dupc phdi tnen tir thich, nd Idm cho ldi cdm thd'y difdc, on thda) ma l\ thu>ei Hanh ddng hdp 1> (Fishbein and Ajzen. nd cdn bao ham ca viec cdn nhd'c. ddnh gia gid 1973) TRA (Theory of Rea^oned .Action) dtfdc tri cua viec bdi dau vd dieu hdnh mpl DN (nd cd
\cm la hpc thuyet tien phong trong linh vu'c kha ndng dem lai ldi nhuan, cd nhieu ifu diem nghien cdu lam IV \a hoi TRAcho thay. hanh vi hdn) va "Tdi cd mudn lam viec do khdng'.'"
du'dc quvet dinh bdi y dinh thifc hien hanh \i dd. (Ajzen. 199!).
M(">i quan he gida >' dinh va hanh \i du'dc du'a ra Khai niem ndy difdc danh gia gan vdi cam
\a kicm chdng ihifc nghiem trong rat nhieu nhdn vc mong mud'n bdt dau mpt DN trong md nghien cdu thudc nhieu ITnh vifc. hinh SEE cua Shapero and Sokol. Chuan mifc chii Hai nhan td chinh anh hifdng den \ dinh Id quan do lifdng cdc dp life cua xd hpi ma mpt cd thdi dd cd nhan \ i chuan mu'c chii quan. Trong nhan tiT cam nhan difdc \ e viec lien hdnh hodc dd. thai dp cua mdt ca nhan ddi vdi hanh \i ihe khdng tie'n hanh cdc hdnh \i bdi dau va dieu hanh hien mdc dd danh gid lieu cifc hodc lich cifc cua mdt DN. Cu ihc. dd Id dif cdm ciia mdt cd nhan Cd nhan ddi \di hdnh \i dif dinh ihUc hien. nhif ve vide nhdng ngifdi xung quanh cd ung hp quyet ddng life dc bdi dau vd dieu hdnh mpl I)N Dd djnh bdt dau \d dieu hdnh mdt D \ Ui-\ khdng.
300 So 11 - Thdng 5/2020
KIHH DOANI
hay chfnh la tra Idi cau hdi: "Nhdng ngifdi khac cd mudn tdi Idm viec dd khdng?" (Ajzen. I99I).
The hicn sif lien quan den nhan dinh cua ngu'di khdc tgia dinh. ban bd. ddng nghiep, doanh nhan khdc.,..) nhif the' ndo khi mot cd nhan lien quan Ihifc hidn hdnh vi dd, gpi Id y kie'n ciia nhdng ngifdi xung quanh. hay rpng hdn, dd cung chinh la anh htfdng xa hdi, nhiing dp life cua xd hdi len cd nhan Nhffng dp li/c la quan trpng vdi mong mud'n cd nhdn luan thii cdc quy tdc da dinh. cd the dinh hinh dpng life de bdt dau vd dieu hanh mdt DN cuaca nhdn (Malebana. 2014).
Theo Ajzen (1991). ly thuyet Hanh vi du'dinh TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior), hdnh vi cua con ngu'di Id kei qua cua dif dinh thifc hien hdnh vi va khd ndng ki^m soat ciia ho hay mot hanh vi CO thd' du'dc dif bdo hoilc giai thich bdi cdc xu hifdng hdnh vi de thu'c hien nd, xud't phdt tdgidi han ciia hinh vi md con ngu'di cd it sir kie'm sodl.
Nhdn id thd ba. theo Ajzen. cd dnh hifdng den >' dinh cda con ngifdi Id ye'u id' nhdn thrfc kiem sodt hanh vi.
Cdm nhdn ve khd nang kiem sodt hdnh \i difdc dmh nghia la quan mem cua cd nhdn ve dd khd hay de trong vice thrfc hien hdnh \ i bdt ddu va dieu hanh mdt DN (Tdi tha'y Id tdi cd khd ndng lam vd dii ngudn Irfc de Idm viec dd khdng?).
Day Id dmh nghia rat gan vdi khdi niem \ e ndng lUc ban than cua Bandura (1997) \d cflng trfdng lfng vdi khdi niem cam nhan ve tinh kha ihi (srf trf lin) trong md hinh SEE Bdi vi. chiing deu de cap idi kha ndng ciia mdt c;i nhan trong viec hoan ihanh cdc hdnh \ i bat dau va dieu hdnh mot DN.
(Hinh 1)
Hinh 1: Ly thuyet hanh vi dif dinh TPB cua Ajzen (1991)
Thfii dd vdi hanh vi
k
^ ' ^
i^/
Cam nh^n ve kha nSng k i ^ soat hanh vi
Ydinh kinh doanh
1 Vi;»
Hanh vi doanh
-.n Ajzen. 1991)
2. Ly thuvet Hanh >i dd djnh trdn thrfc nghidm
L> Ihuye't ve hanh vi du'dinh difa ircn iicn dc.
nhieu hdnh vi cua con ngrfdi drfdc drf dinh va \i the y dinh cd tru'dc hanh vi dd ihishbcin and Ajzen. 1975). Dieu ndy khdng dinh. y dinh Id mpl drf dodn chinh xaccOa hdnh vi cd ke hoach, hdnh \i kinh doanh the' hien nhrfng dilc diem nay.
Cdc lap luan tren ty giai lai sao mot sd' nghien cdu thifc nghiem dien hinh ve cdc nhan id' anh hrfdng de'n DLKD da sd dung ly thuydi Hdnh ddng hdp l\' vd l\ thuye'l Hdnh vi drf djnh nhrf Malebana (20I4I. Taormina and Lao (2007).
Yushuai va cdng srf (2014). Cheng and Soo (2015). Fereidouni vd cdng srf (2010) ldm ly lhu\ci nen tang trong nghicii crfu ciia minh.
7"/ii^ nhd't. DLKD va YDKD cd hdm v lUdng IU nhau
Theo nghien cdu Malebana (2014). DLKD la 1\ do. ddng cd hodc muc lieu de cd nhdn bdt dau vd dieu hdnh mdt DN- Y dinh khdi nghidp Id srf lien quan \ c su\ nghT cua mpl cd nhdn de bat dau \ii\ drfng mdt DN (Souilaris and cdng su'.
2007). Dieu nd\ cho iha\. hai khdi niem nay cd ham y trfdng trf nhau, drfdc the hien rd trong nghien cdu ciia Yushuai vd cdng srf "DLKD vd YDKD khac nhau dd'i vdi khoa hoc tdm ly nhrfng trong nghien cdu nay, ca hai deu difdc hieu nhif la mot khdi vpng kinh doanh. y irfdng va ddng cd" (trich trong Yushuai \a cdng srf, 2014.
p77!).
Qua Hinh 1 cho tha'y, hdnh vi kinh doanh la ke't qua. Mudn cd drfdc ke't qua ndy phdi cd kd- hoach. drf dinh trifdc dd. Hanh vi kinh doanh d
da> cung chinh Id ke't qua ciia DLKD "bat dau vd dieu hdnh mdt DN" DLKD cd the' giai thich vd drf dodn hdnh vi kinh doanh (Carsrud and Brannback. 2011). Vi
\a>- ly Ihuye't hanh vi drf djnh ly giai cho \iec mdt cd nhdn mud'n thdnh lap. duy Iri va phdt trien DN can phai len ke' hoach trf trrfdc \a dd chinh la DLKD.
S o ' n - T h a n g 5/2020 301
TAPCIICiKTmilS
Thu hai. DLKD vd YDKD deu ducfc dfnh hinh bdi cdc ye'u lo ca nhdn vd mdi trudng
^DKDcd 3 nhan td'anh hrfdng (Hinh I), trfng nhan idgiai ihich cho YDKD (DLKD) \ a ke'l qua chinh la hdnh vi bat dau kinh doanh (b^t dau va dieu hdnh mol DNi 3 nhdn id' bao gdm 3 cdu hdl. "Tni cd mud'n lam \ iec dd khdng?". "NhiJng ngrfdi khac cd mud'n tdi Idm \ icc dd khdng?" \d
"Tdi tha'y td tdi cd kha ndng Idm vd du ngudn Irfc dc Idm \iec dd khdng?". Trong trrfdng hdp na\. 3 cdu hdi chuyen thdnh; Tdi cd mudn bdt dau \a dieu hanh mdt DN ha> khdng? Ngifdi khac cd mud'n idi bill dau \a dieu hdnh mot DN hay khdng? Toi cd du khd ndng vd ngudn irfc de bdt dau \a dieu hdnh mpl DN ha\ khdng?
Nhieu nghien cdu trrfdc day da tra ldi cdc cau hdi nay trdn nhiing phrfdng dien. muc dich khdc nhau. Mol so nghien cdu nhif Cheng and Soo (2015) chi vdi cdc nhan Id' ddc diem tinh cdch:
Nhu cau thanh dai, ndng life ban thdn. chd'p nhdn riii ro, chap nhdn srf khdng chdc chan. khd ndng kiem soai- Qua dd, nham xem xdt md'i quan he gida cac nhdn td'ndy vdi ddng Irfcde' ba'idau mdt DN \a chung tra Idi cho 2 cdu hdi: Tdi cd mud'n ldm \iec dd khdng. ha\ tdi cd mudn bat dau vd dieu hdnh mdt DN khdng (4 nhdn td'dau): Tdi lha> tdi cd khd nang iam vd dii ngudn Irfcde Iam MCC dd khdng. ha\ tdi cd du kha ndng \a ngudn Irfcde bdt diiu \a dieu hdnh mdt DN khdng (nhan Id'thrf >. khd nSng kiem sodl).
Fereidouni va cdng su" (2010) lai difa ra cdc nhdn id' thudc \ e mdi irrfdng kmh id. xa hdi, chinh tri la tam quan trong ciia moi infdng kmh doanh thuan ldi, cac xung ddt ben ngodi qud'c gia
\d tinh irang xa hdi (dja \i xd hdi ciia chii DN).
cung chl ira idi 2 cau hdi nhrf trong nghien crfu Cheng and Soo. Cdc mdi irudng ndy tdc ddng de'n hoat ddng kinh doanh bdng cdch ddng gdp vdo
\iec hinh ihanh thai dd tich crfc vd tiing cifdn"
nhan thdc kiem soat hanh \i cua cd nhan De gia lang dd giai thich cbo DLKD. mot so nghien crfu khac dd cung liic tra Idi ca 3 cau hdi tren thdng qua md hinh tich hdp cac nhdn id ca nhdn \d mdi trrfdng.
\ | . u dd khdng khang dmh rdng ^'F)KD \a
DLKD Id mdt. nhrf Yushuai vd ^v-ng srf -^'l-^'- nhrfng theo Malebana: "Cd YDKD vd DLKD du'dc djnh hinh bdi cdc ye'u to ca nhan xa moi tru'dng". Dieu na_\ cung drfdc L\ thuyet ve Y trfdng kinh doanh chl ra, cac yeu id cd nhdn va mdi tru'dng cd die anh hifdng trirc tiep hodc gidn liep de'n YDKD, DLKD bdng cdch lac ddng den nicm tin vd thdi dp ve tinh than cua doanh nhdn (Lilian vd cpng srf. 2013: Boyd and Vozikis.
1994, Lilian and Chen, 2009) (trich dan trong Malebana, 2014. p 710). Trong nghien crfu ciia minh, Taormina and Lao (2007) da cd gdng kiem tra ca tinh cdch cd nhdn vd mdi trddng ben ngodi vi dnh hrfdng trfdng dd'i cua chung dd'i vdi DLKD.
Dc ddnh gid tam quan trpng trfdng dd'i nay, Taormina and Lao sd du ng ddng thdi cd ddc diem tam ly vd nhan thdc cua con ngrfdi ve mdi trrfdng kinh doanh (chrf khdng phai bSng each ddnh gid cdc ye'u td'mdi trrfdng trf xa). Cdch tie'p can ndy, drfa tren y trfdng cdc ye'u to' mdi trrfdng, chi cd the' dnh hrfdng tich crfc hodc tieu crfc de'n ddng Irfc ciia mdt ngrfdi de bdt dau mdt DN ne'u nhffng ye'u to' ndy drfdc nhdn thrfc trrfdc tien va sau dd drfdc cdc doanh nhan hodc doanh nhdn tiem ndng ddnh gid.
Cdc bie'n lam ly/hdnh vi gdm: Phd'n da'u thdnh dat, lac quan. mang Irfdi xii hpi (la bien hdnh vi ben ngodi dem lai vd cd the drfdc xem xdt nhrf mdt ye'u to' mdi irrfdng) va bie'n mdi tnfdng ben ngoai {la mdt lap hdp cdc ye'u id' thudc mdi trrfdng kinh doanh). Trfdng trf, theo Yushuai vd cdng-sif (2014), DLKD la mdt hien trfdng tam ly ra't rpng vd phrfc tap bi lac ddng bdi cdc ye'u td'cd nhan {nang Irfc ban thdn, xu hrfdng rui ro) vd mdi trrfdng (bau khdng khi kinh doanh/y kie'n ngrfdi xung quanh, huy ddng tdi nguyen/kha ndng huy dong vdn, chinh sdch kmh doanh),
Ly Ihuye't ve Hdnh vi du' dinh tie'p tuc drfdc Malebana (2014) sd dung de kham pha anh hurdng ciia cdc ye'u idquyet djnh VDKD{thaidd, y kie'n ngifdi xung quanh, nhan thrf^ kiem sodt hanh vi) va YDKD vdi DLKD. \<:.MI O DLKD ciing cd the difdc dinh hinh bdni^ ',JL khia canh mdi trifdng nha't djnh bao gdm. \ii._ ij,-'p xuc vdi cdc hinh mau chu DN. vi tri xa hi<\ ^ j;j , | • .-,^..
302 S d l l -Thdng 5/2020
KINH DOANI
ve hd ird kicn thffc kinh doanh sdn cd; cac rao cin cua viec bdt dau vd dieu hdnh mdt DN
3. K e ' t M n
L\ thuye't Hdnh vi drf dinh TPB dd giai thich cho ban thdn khdi nidm DLKD. Cu the, ke't qua cud'i ciing ciia DLKD Id viec bdi dau va dieu hanh mdt DN,da\ la hanh vi cd drf dinh. Ca nhan cd DLKD khi ngrfdi dd quye't dinh lim kie'm. danh gia vd khai thac cdc cd hdi kinh doanh trong qua Irinh thanh lap, duy tri vd phdt trie'n DN. Theo Ajzen. cd 2 nhdm ye'u to anh hrfdng tdi y dinh kmh doanh: Nhdm cdc ye'u tdben trong (cd nhan) nhrf thdi dp dd'i vdi hanh vi bat dau mdt DN. niem tin ciia ban than dd'i vdi srf thdnh cdng cua hoat ddng bdt dau, dieu hdnh DN vd Nhdm cdc ye'u id bdn ngodi (mdi trrfdng) nhrfy kie'n ngrfdi xung quanh (Doan Thi Thu Trang, 2018).
Trfdng trf, nhieu nghidn cdu thrfc nghiem dd chd'ng minh YDKD vd DLKD cd ham y trfdng irf nhau vd deu la loai hdnh vi cd drf dinh. Hdn nfla, hau het cdc nghien crfu thrfc nghiem ndy tren nen liing Ly ihuye't Hdnh vi drf dinh da chi ra cdc nhdn id cd nhan vd mdi trrfdng deu giup gidi thich vd \ac dinh DLKD. Cac nhdn id' ca nhan
gom: Nhu cdu thdnh dat. nhdn thrfc difdc cd hdi, tinh than lac quan. nang life ban thdn. ddm chap nhan rui ro, kha ndng kie'm sodt.. Ndi ham cue nhdn id' nay the hien niem tin. Ihdi dp tich crfc hodc lieu crfc hay kha nang kiem sodt ban than den hanh vi bat dau vd dieu hdnh mdt DN.
Nhffng ca nhdn \di thai do nghiem tuc bdng srf cd' gdng no Irfc; \di unh than, niC'ni nn lac quan tran da\ hy vpng hay trf lin vao ndng Irfc cua ban than, drfdng dau \di nhffng thdch thdc, riii ro se thueda'y ddng Irfc thrfc hien hdnh vi bdi dau vd dieu hdnh mdt DN. Tuy nhien, cdc ca nhdn nd\ khdng ihrfc hien hdnh vi bdt dau \d dieu hdnh DN mdt cdch ddc lap ma ton lai trong mdi tru'dng da\ bie'n ddng. Ne'u hp tin vdo mang Irfdi xd hdi thudn ldi hay quan sat thd'y cdc hinh mdu doanh nhdn cd the' hpc hdi. bdt chrfdc cung nhtf srf ddnh gia, nhin nhdn cua nhffng ngrfdi xung quanh, cdng ddng, xa hpi ve gid trj ciia chu DN hay hp de ddng kie'm sodt drfdc viec lid'p can vd'n se kich thich hanh vi bat dau va dieu hdnh DN cua hp. Cdn ne'u. hp nhdn thdc drfdc cdng nhieu rdo can Ihi ddng Irfcde' bdt dau vd dieu hanh mdt DN se cang giam xud'ng •
TAI LipU THAM KHAO:
1 Ajzen, 1. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizaliomd Behavior and Hunuin Decision Processes. 50(2).
179-211.
2. Bandura. A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York. VSA • Freeman.
3.Canin]d. A. and Brannback. M. (201 i). Entrepreneurial Molivalions. Whal Do We Still Need lo Know'' Journal of Small Business Managemeni. 49{ 1), 9-26.
4. Cheng. L T and Soo. H. N. (2015). Molivalion lo start a small business: a smdy among generation Y in Taiwan.
Problems and Perspectives in Management. /-?(2), 320-.'^29.
5. E)oiln Thi Thu Trang (2018). Ddnh gia nhdng ye'u to'dnh bUdng ldi y dinh khai nghiep cua sinh vien Viet Nam:
Ngbien cdu truitng hgp sinh vien khdi nganh ky ibudt. Luan an nen sT Da i hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi, 6. Fereidouni. H. G., Masron, T A., Nikbin. D and Amin. R. E. (2010). Consequences of external environmenl on enirepreneurial nioinanon in Iran. Asian Academy of Managemeni Joumai. 75(2). 175-196
7. Fishbein. \\ and Ajzen, 1. (1975), Bilief atutude. intention and behavior: An iniroduclion to theory- and research.
Reading.M A. LS.A Addison-Wesley.
8. Malebana. M J. (2014). EnO^preneunal Inientions and Enirepreneurial Mou\auon of South African Rural Uni\ ersii\ Students. Joumai of Economics and Behavioral Studies. 6(9). 709-726
So 11 - Thang 5/2020 303
u r Cli c i m 11(11119
9 Souilaris, V . Zctbinali. S. and Al-Laham. A i2007l. Do entrepreneurship programmes nii-i ^^^^^ , inieniion of wjience and engmeenng sludenls.' The effect of leammg, inspiration and R-MH. ' "
Btistness Vetltlinim. 22{At. 566-591,
10 Taormina, R. J. and Uo, S. K. (2007, Mej.unnc Chinese entrcpreneunal motivation |H ; "'"' ""
environmental intluence. ;m<'nioli<);ra(y()u™o;o/&im7>r™™no(fle/iov;ouriRo«m7i.«(4), 2011 ; ; i 11 'lushuai. W.. Na. Y. and Changping. W 120141. \a Analysis of Factors Which Intluence tnireprcneunal .\lom,,ii,m Focused on Entrepreneurs in Jiang Xl Province inChiiia.J()iu™(<j//lpp(if<( Si i,«. IV 14iM. 76/-//3.
NKi.i nhSn bai: 17/4/2020
Sgav phan bifn danh gia va sii'a chfla: 28/4/2020 Njia\ chap nh^n dang bai: 8/5/2020 Tlidns titt Idc i^id •
ThS, V li QUANG H L N C
Giang vien Khoa Kinh tc • TrUftng Bai hoc TSy BSc
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENT FACTORS AFFECTING
THE DRIVING FORCES OF A BUSINESS
• Master. VU QUANG HUNG Faculty of Economics, Toy Bac University ABSTR \CT:
The business intention and driving forces of a business share same implications and they are planned behaviors towards the goal of establishing and operating an enterprise.
Therefore, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is the fundamental theory that identifies individual and environmental factors affecting the business motivation. This research studies the theoretical foundation to identify individual and environment factors affecting the driving forces of a business.
Key>*ords: TPB theor\. TRA theory. driving forces of a business.
304 So 11 - Ttidng 5/2020
