Tam nhln moi ve cau true khong gian do thi cho TP Ho Chl Minh do! phb vbi
bien ddi khi hau giai doan den nam 2030
If
TS. KTS Nguyen Tien Thanh
g ^ \j:.
Cac khu vifc TPHCM se chju dnh hudng ngdp lul cue dd vdo nam 2050
LTS: TS.KTS Nguyin Tiin Thanh (Nguyen Trudng khoa Kiin tmc Bai hgc ThO Diu Mot) la mot irong hai ngtrtjj Viet Nam dupe chon va Di CCF "Giai thudng Chuyen gia Bo thj Qudc ti 2014" do Dai hoc Erasmus.
Vien Nghiin c&u phat tnin Do thi va Nha d Ha Lan (Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies - I.H.S) va l^ang ludi cmi hQC viin Quoc te cua Hoc vien I.H.S Ha Lan to chirc (cung vdi TS Nguyin Quang, UN- Habitat nhan"Giai thudng Chuyen gia Do thi Quoc te"). Le trao giai duoc to chdc tai Dien din Bd thi Thi gidi lin (hd 7 d thanh pho l^edellin, Colombia (Worid Urban Fomm 7 in l^edellin, Comlombia) ngay 9/4/2014 vCra qua.
Bai viit "Tim nhin mdi vi ciu true khdng gian do thi cho TP HCM ddi pho vdi bien doi khi hau giai do^n din nam 2030"trich dang mot phan trong nghien cdu cija TS.KTS Nguyen Tiin Thanh, da duac bao cio thanh cong tai Bai hoi KTS chau A lin thu 15 -Arcasia 15 tai Bali, Indonesia Trin trpng gidi thieu cOng ban doc.
Nhiem vy quy hogch ciia Do dn Quy hoach Tong mdt bdng TP HCM dd dupe Chinh phii Vidt Nam phe duydt vdo ngdy 06/01/2010. Do an Quy hoach Tong mdt bang ndy da duae Vign Quy hoach TP HCM vd Tu van Nikken Sekkei, Nhgt Ban thyc hign. Vdi tdm nhin d i n nam 2020 v l bien d i i khi hdu, va nhung thong tin mdi khde, tde gia eua bai viet mong muon d l xuit nhung ^ tudng mdi cho gidi phap to chue khflng gian TP HCM trong giai doan bien doi khi hgu • dam bdo cac tieu ehi phdt trien ben vung dfl thj. Nhung y i u to nay rat quan trpng va huu ich cho cflng tac quy hogch thdnh pho trong tuang lai, dong thdi ciing la ca sd khoa hoc - ky thudt lien quan den nhO'ng giai doan nghien cuu sap tdi.
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Dac diem do thj cua TP HCM
Qua trinh do thi hda cua TP Sii Gon - Diiu kien hi$n tr^ng.
Ten cu cua TP HCM Id Sdi Gon Mpt thdnh pho tre dupe thdnh lgp vao nam 1698 Td khdi dau, ting mat bang thanh p h i da duac quy hoach thilt k l qua nhilu lan nhu sau:
D^c tnjng do thj cua TP HCM
- Thdi ky thuflc dia (1698-1953): Bon dy an quan trpng dupe thyc hign vao cdc ndm: 1867 - Phuang an Coffyn cho 500.000 dan; ndm 1890 - Phuang dn cua Betraux {vdi 113.000 ngudi); nam 1939 - Phuang dn Cerruti; ndm 1943 - Phuang dn Purnaire (vdi ed Sdi Gon - Chp Ldn eho 1,2 tngu ngudi).
- Giai doan 1954-1975: Tdm quy hoach long the da duac nghidn cdu vd thilt ke bdi nhieu KTS - nhd quy hoach dfl thj noi tieng, 3 do dn quy hogch vdo nam 1972; 5 do dn quy hogch khde vao nam 1974 Trong dfl, noi tieng nhat Id eiia KTS Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis - vdi ly Ihuylt Quy hogch Dpng - Ekisties.
- Trong giai doan 1975-1998, nhung d y d n quan trpng g I m : Bdo edo TP HCM - Hom nay vd ngdy mai (UN-ESCAP - 1989); nam 1993. quy hogch ting mat bdng d i u lien dupe thyc hien bdi Vign Quy hogch Xay dyng thdnh pho; Cae quy hoach khde bdi Chuang trinh Vie 95/051- cCia UNDP nam 1995; Cae Do an quy hoach khde nhu Sdi Gon Mdi (New Saigon 1996); vd bdi Houslrans - JICA, Nhdt Bdn vdo nam 2002...
Bac trung do thi cOa TP HCM
Sai Gon - TP HCM co nhieu ddc tnjng: Tu nam 1915. Sal Gon Id thdnh pho dgp nhit vd thjnh vupng d vDng Vidn Dflng eiia chau A vd dupe Igng my danh Id' Hon ngpc Vien Dong - "The Peari of the Far Easf. TP HCM se id mflt TP Cue Idn dfle nhat (Unique Megacity) ciia Viet Nam trudc nam 2020; Id mpt TP epc Idn trd nhat ciia Dflng Nam A. Thanh pho se hpc duac rat nhidu bdi hpc quy td nhung TP eye Idn khac nhu. Jakarta - Indonesia, Metro Manila - Philippines, Bangkok - Thai Lan... hogc bdi hpc l u mpt so thdnh pho ven biln dae biet (vi du nhu: Thdnh phfl Semarang d trung tdm Java, Indonesia)...
Mflt van de quan trpng trong ITnh vyc quy hogch do thj la "Mfl hinh phdt triln cin phii hpp vdi ciu tnic khflng gian dfl thj". Mfl hinh cau tnic Ngfli sao hign nay (Star hoac Astensk) ciia TP HCM da tgo ra mpt cau tnic dan trung tdm. Mo hinh ndy cung Id nguydn nhan gdy un tde giao Vndng nghiem tnpng trong qua khd vd eung la nguyen nhan hap thu ngudi nhdp cu tu cdc tfnh khde vdo viing ngogi vi cCia thdnh phfl cung nhu vdo tmng tam thanh pho tgo nhieu khfl khan cho phdt triln kinh te xa hfli Thdnh pho...
Bien ddi khi hiu d TP HCM vi mo hinh cau true do thi Bien doi khi hgu da vd dang tac dflng xau ngdy cang ro rdng ldi TP HCM vdi nhung bilu hidn cy I h l nhu thdi l i l t b i t Ihudng, luang mua va dinh trieu luon lufln tgo ndn nhung ky lye mdi. Nguyen nhan khflng ehi do nhung lac dpng tidu cyc cCia b i l n doi khi hgu md cfln la hgu qua cOa cflng lac quan ly do thj ehua hoan hao Chinh phu Viet Nam da phd duydt Dilu chinh Chien luac quoc gia dng phfl vdi biln doi khi hgu vdo ngdy 05/12/2011, cflng bfl vdo ngdy 07/03/2012, trong dfl Nhigm vy chiln luac thu ba thuflc ve ITnh vyc dfl thj: "Nhdng hanh dgng thich hgp chu dgng ung phd vdi nwdc biin ding (g; cac khu vuc di bj ton thuxyng gdm:
- Nghien cuu, dinh gii va diibao muc dg, tac dgng va tinh de bj tin thuvng do nude biin dang ten cac Hnh vyc, khu vuc vi cong dong;
' Xay dung ke ho^ch tong thi phat trien kinh ti xa hgi phu hpp vdi biin doi khi hiu....
Khoang ca&- UI trung tam moi 2en trurg tan T'.anh pS3
Quan diem quy hoQch - Tp HCM da trung tdm
- Bio v$ vd phit trien cac vung hai dao dng phd vdi biin ddi khi h$u, d^c biet li nude biin ding;
- Phat triin co sd /jg ting vi quy hoach cic khu dan cw dng phd vdi biin doi khi hau; cung co, nang cap cdc cfogn cfe bien, de sdng xung yeu...;
- Rd sod(, diiu chinh va phat trien sinh ke va qui trinh sin xuit phu hi?p vdi diiu ki§n biin doi khi h$u va nude biin dang..."
Mfl hlnh c i u triic khong gian dfl thi ciia TP HCM Id "Mfl hinh Ngfli Sao" - (Star) vdi 9 tryc hudng tdm (exit) vd 2 dudng vdnh dai (ring road); trong dfl dudng vdnh dai thd hai hien dang thiet ke vd xdy dyng chua hodn chinh.
Thdnh p h i hign van bj dch tae giao thflng nghiem trpng trong thdi gian cao diem. Thdnh pho dd chuan bj 4 trung tdm thuang mai khu vyc (OBD) theo 4 hudng chinh eua thdnh pho:
Phia Bde tar qudn 12; Nam tgi qudn 7; Dong d qudn 9 vd Tdy d qudn Binh Tdn Nhung cho d i n nay, quy d i l cfln Igi rat kho khan d l thue hign eho myc lidu nay. Thdnh pho hidn cfl 24 qudn, huydn (5 huygn ngogi thanh), tgi 5 huygn ngogi thdnh, cdc khu chdc nang dfl thj phdi doi pho vdi nhilu nguy ca nude biln ddng han nhung khu vyc npi thdnh vi chiing cfl vi tri d khu vyc d i t thip trong giai dogn biln d i i khf hdu.
Npi dung nghien edu quy hoach tong mgt bang TP HCM
Bdn Quy hogch long mgi bdng mdi cho TP HCM do Vign Quy hogch xdy dung TP (UPI) va Tu van Nikken Sekkei (NS), Nhdt Ban thye hign. Nghien cdu da duac hoan thdnh vao nam 2011 va trinh len chinh phu Viet Nam phd duydt- Cdc hgng mue cflng vide dupe thuc hien bdi UPI va NS bao gflm: Nghidn cdu cdc y i u to lien quan den qua Irinh dfl Ihi hfla nhu:
D i l u kifln ty nhien, bdn do dia hinh, gid dat, ca sd hg t i n g , co sd hg tang ky thudt, cdc truy egp den Irung tdm thanh pho, xu hudng dfl thj hfla, thu thdp y kiln cflng chiing, ... Quy hoach ndy dupe ddnh gid Id mpt trong nhung do dn lot nhal cho thdnh pho vi chat lupng ciia no: Nhieu ly thuylt vd nghien cuu mdi phal hign dd dupe dp dyng; nhilu van de ciia thdnh pho da dupe quan lam vd gidi quyet mflt cdch hieu qua...
Ca s d khoa hpc va thyc te mdi cho nghidn ciru
Cac vin de lien quan den ciu true khdng gian dd thj:
Nhom nghien cuu do an quy hoach long mgt bdng TP HCM dd dat k i t qua t i t , nhung
cfl the tflt han neu dupe thay d i i hogc ^ l u chfnh mpt so d i l u . V i n d l mfl hinh eau true khflng gian dfl Ihj phii hpp cho thdnh p h i cfl ve chua dupe quan tdm diing myc. Mo hinh
"Xuyen tam - Vanh dai" dupe chpn Idm bfl khung giao thong eho TP HCM vdl rat it gidi thich.. Id chua thyc sy thuyet phyc. Mfl hinh ndy theo dgng dan tdm, d l gdy ra un t i e giao thflng vd nhilu van ngn do thj khde cho TP HCM. 0 cdc nude phdt triln nhu Nhgt Ban, mo hinh ndy da lam tot vai trfl eua nfl d i i vdi Tokyo vi he thflng giao thflng rat lot d khu trung lam. TP Bac Kinh, Trung QuIc cung cfl cau true do thi tuang l u , ndn mgc du chfnh quyIn thanh pho da xay dyng hodn chfnh d i n tuyen dudng vdnh dai thu 6, nhung thdnh pho van phai doi mat vdi van de iin tac giao thflng.
R l l c i n nghien cdu d l x u i t cdc giai phap khde phyc nhung ton tgi neu tren
Giai phap ciu true khong gian liin quan din biin ddi khi hau
Mo hinh k i t hap co su tham gia phat tnln cdc dfl thj vg tinh (hogc Garden City vd thdnh pho ve tinh) cfl t h i se thich hpp ban doi vdi TPHCM. Tuy nhien, d i l dai d l xdy dyng cdc thanh pho vd linh mdi la rat khfl khdn bdi vi thdnh pho hien khflng con dat (Thdnh pho hien dang xay dung 03 vg linh trong ranh gidi hdnh chfnh d Cu Chi, Can Thgnh va Phudc HIdp nhung khfl thyc hidn dupe). Vi vgy neu muon chpn dat d l xay dyng dfl thj vg tmh eua TPHCM can phai chpn ede dja dilm xdy dyng d ben ngodi dia gidi hanh ehinh cua TP.
Tflt mufln so sdnh cdc quy hogch l i n g t h i dupe thilt k l bdi UPI - NS vd ban do ngdp lyt t i l da cua thanh pho d i n ndm 2050; chiing ta se thay van d l tren ddy ro rdng han. Mflt s i khu dan cu quy hogch dd dupe xdc djnh ndm Irong khu vyc ngdp lut eua biln doi khi hdu vao nam 2050.
NhOng ^ tudng mdi vi md hinh do thj khong gian cho TP HCM
2 4 Tgpchj KI^HTRUC
Chu thich Phan loai dUcrtig
- - Bi/OYiq q j o t lo ( i J y mol) Ouonq lien uijng Ihien hSu) 'DJong lien nimq (lay mol) Ei/ong (ao tot Jo thi ( i J y mol)
••'• Diiong cao tot Jo thi (Josn de lu Diictng uenh del do thi (hien hJu) DirJnq venh dai do ihi ( l a y mdO S a i l o D o n ^ T a v (dang I h n i t i ^
y hogch h§ thdng giao ihdng do thj TPHCM
Tfli nghT rdng mfl hinh mdi Id "Dieu chinh xuydn tdm - vanh dai" eo the CO tac dyng tot Chiing ta khflng nhdt thilt xdy dung hodn ehfnh tuyin dudng vanh dai ma ehf c i n xdy dyng mpt phan tuyen vdnh dai va ket hop vdi giai phap dfl thj vd tinh. Tfli ung hp nhung y tudng dd dupe d l xuat tu nam 2003 vd cung de nghj thdnh pho ndn nhanh chflng xdy dyng mflt s6 tnjng tdm dfl thi khu vyc (Out-lying Business District - OBD) d viing ngogi vi tiianh p h i . Cau triic khflng gian tren dap ung dupe 03 tidu chi: Phi tgp tnjng (Decentralization); C i u tnic da taing tdm (Multi-center Stnjcture hoac Polyeentnc Stnieture); vd Hgn che lac nghdn giao thflng khu trung ldm (Descongestion). Dilu quan trpng nua Id can hgn c h l phdt tnln cae khu ddn cu d vCing d i t thap phia Nam cua thanh pho. Mfl hinh khflng gian dfl thj phu hpp cung se phai gidi quylt nhilu van d l quan trpng khde nhu van de "Von con ngudi", cdc xu hudng mdi vd nhung thanh tuu khoa hoe mdi (Tele city - thanh p h i thdi lin hoe), ede xu hudng xa h0i mdi (mfl hinh gia dinh 1 ngudi dang lang...), kit qud cac nghien edu gidi quylt van d l quy hogch chong nggp, trilu cudng vd kilm soat 10..
K i t ludn
Quy hogch tong mdt bdng cua TP HCM da dupe Nhom nghidn cuu UPI vd NS thue hien thdnh cflng. Tfli nghT rdng quy hogch da dupe phe duygt ndy se rat hiru ich cho TP HCM trong cflng tac qudn ly do thj d tuang lai gan. Tuy nhidn, TP HCM can het sdc quan tam d i n vige d p phep xay dyng nhd d tgi viing dat thip; tiep tuc nghien cuu mfl hinh eau tnic khflng gian khac ddp dng tot han va phii hpp vdi xu hudng mdi phdt triln bin vung, dfl thi ldnh manh, thdnh p h i sinh thai xanh b i n vtrng...
Nhung y tudng neu trdn vdi mong muon gflp y cho do dn quy hoach tong mgt bang TP HCM hien thyc han, hiflu qud ban vd efl gid Iri ddng tin egy trudc nhung thdch thdc biln doi khf hau.O
• Nguyen ban tieng Anh "New Vision for Hochiminh City Spatial Structure Model in Times of Climate Change to 2030"
