Doi mofi giang day Triet hpc trong cac nha triTcfng hien nay

IB M. s67-g01. J O g l f e J f e

Doi mofi giang day Triet hpc trong cac nha triTcfng hien nay

THIEU TA PHAM VAN TRl/OfNG

Hoe vien eao hoe. Hoc vien Chfnh tri

quan va eon ngfldi trong tUdng lai; ve nhflng djnh hfldng dflng dan eho mdt dang cam quyen..Triet hpe Mdc Id mot he thdng triet hpc md, do vay sfle sdng cua nd la sfl gan bd, sU van dung vdo thfle tiln, ddng thdi qua thfle tiln ma hoan thien, bd sung cde nguyen ly triet hpc. Do vay day nhflng bp mdn khoa hpc Mdc- Lenin la mdn trang bj the gidi quan va phfldng phdp ludn gap khd khan khdng nhd.

II. N H Q N G V A N D E M A N G T I ' N H C H U QUAN

Dpi ngu giang day vd hpe triet hpc ehfla ddt dung vj tri eua nd. Vdi ngudi day dang gap nhflng van de khd khdn nhu ehe dp chfnh sdeh dai ngd, phfldng tien, dieu kien lam viec, sfl Ifla chpn tai ndng, dao tao eon ngfldi. Tfl duy ciia ngUdi viet la loai tu duy duy cam cua PhUdng Ddng cd ddc diem nhdn thfle sfl vat cam nhan, chflng nghiem cua be day eude sdng va khdng qua coi trpng sfl mach lae mang kieu tfl duy phfldng Tay. Ngfldi giang vien dflng trflde yeu cau thdeh thfle mdi nvpt mat phai dflng vflng tren lap trfldng chfnh trj

CAcFLiNHONG^lN'oi MANGTfNH

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phai bat nhip dfldc hdi thd eupe song, vdi nhflng bien dpng Chflng ta dang sdng trong dieu kien cd nhieu edi rat

khde so vdi thdi ma V. I. Lenin, vd nha't Id C.Mdc va Ph.

Anghen, da sdng vd sdng tao. Khoa hpc edng nhe ed nhflng bflde tien nhay vpt gdp phan tao ra mdt Ifle Ifldng san xua't ma xfla nay nhdn loai ehfla tflng dfldc chflng kien. Tri thfle trd thanh Ifle Iflpng san xua't true tiep nhu C.Mdc dU bdo, ndng sud't lao ddng nhd dd ma tang len nhanh chdng vd d mfle rat eao. Qua trinh qud'e td hda cudn hut td't ea ede qud'e gia vdo quy dao cua minh. Nhdn loai cung dang phai ddi mat vdi nhflng hau qua ndng ne cua sfl huy hoai mdi trfldng sdng. Ben canh dd, sfl tri tre ddn den khung hoang rdi syp dd gan nhfl ddng thdi cua ehu nghTa xa hdi d Lien Xd vd ta't ea cde nflde Ddng Au. Ndi tdm lai, ea trong xa hdi loai ngfldi Idn trong gidi tfl nhien, tinh hinh qudc te va trong nflde da dang ed nhflng bien ddng vd cung sau sac ddi hdi ehung ta phai nhan thfle l^i tron^ nghien cflu va gjang day triet hoe.

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TRIET HOC VGll

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Triet hpc Id mdn khoa hpc gidp ranh gifla khoa hpc tfl nhien, khoa hpe xa hdi va khoa hpc nhan van. Do dd, ede nhd triet hpe trong Ijch sfl ed kim Ddng Tdy thfldng la nhflng nha "Bdch khoa todn thfl" Triet hpe la mdn hpc ve the gidi quan. Do dd nd eung cap cho con ngfldi mot bfle tranh chan thfle ve the gidi vdi tfnh da dang phfle tap va day bf an. Mat khde, Triet hpc Id mdn khoa hpe ve phfldng phdp luan. Do dd mdi nguyen ly triet hpe vfla Id mdt nguyen ly ly ludn vfla la mdt phfldng phdp. Ddng thdi, nd ddng vai trd Id mot he thdng ly ludn ve phfldng phdp, la ed sd ly luan de xac djnh cde loai phfldng phap. Triet hpe la mdn hpe ed tfnh trflu tupng "binh phUdng" Do dd, neu dem so vdi todn hpe, eung la mdn khoa hpe trflu tfldng, thi todn hpe cdn ed ky hieu hda, md hinh hda dflpe. Nhflng vdi triet hpc chf cd each duy nhat la diln giai bang each Idgie thuan tuy, ky hieu, edn md hinh hda, ky hieu hda se lam mde md, khue xa cde nguyen ly. Triet hpc Id mdn khoa hpc cd kha nang tiep can vd xfl ly thdng tin da dang nhieu chieu. Do dd nd ed the lam chfle nang dfl bao ve sU van ddng, phdt trien eua the gidi khdeh

cua Ijch sfl. Do vay viec doi mdi ndi dung vd phUdng phap giang day phai dUdc coi la viec lam thudng xuyen ddi vdi mdt giang vien thupc bat ky ITnh vUe nao, nha't la cac mdn khoa hpe Mae- Lenin.

Dpi ngu giang vien trong ede nhd trfldng khdng nam ngoai van de thfle t i l n phong phu ddt ra hien nay.

Ddi mdi ndi dung phUdng phap giang day triet hpe Mac- lenin theo chuhg tdi can chu y may van de cd ban sau ddy:

1. Mot vai quan niem lam viec

Nam vflng tutudng cd ban cua cde nha kinh dien, quan diem ddi mdi ly luan cua Dang, ddng thdi cd each tiep can mdi vdi thdi dai, ed nhflng npi dung thfch hdp de hpc vien ede trudng trong qudn dpi cd the nhdn thfle dfldc nhflng van de ly luan can truyen dat, tfl dd ly giai nhflng van de ciia thfle tiln eude sdng ddt ra. Nhfl chung ta deu biet, sfl sang tao ra chu nghTa duy vat bien chflng vd ehu nghTa duy v^t Ijch sfl Id eude cdeh mang to Idn nha't trong triet hpc, la d i l m xuat phdt cua thdi dai Ijeh sfl mdi trong tien trinh phdt trien cua Ijch sfl tfl tfldng nhan logi.

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Viec sang tao ra ehu nghTa duy vat bien chflng vdi tfl each Id hinh thfle eao nha't eija ehu nghTa duy vat Id ddng gdp het sfle to Idn eua C. Mde vd Anghen trong ITnh vfle khoa hpe.

Nhd cd sU ra ddi eua chu nghTa duy vat bien chflng trong Ijeh sfl phdt trien cua triet hpe trude ddy da dUpc khac phye. Chij nghTa duy vat bien chflng ra ddi la ket qua hdp vdi quy luat cua eude da'u tranh lau ddi gifla chu nghTa duy vat vd chu nghTa duy tdm, gifla phfldng phdp bien chflng va phfldng phap sieu hinh. Theo hpc thuyet eua C.Mdc, trpng tdm cua he thdng triet hpe trUde day khdng phai Id thue tiin, khdng phai la heat ddng each mang thfle te cua con ngudi, ma ehu yeu la hoat dpng tinh than. Id su quan sdt va giai thfch the gidi. Dieu ndy, cung cd nghTa Id, cde nhd triet hpe trude day, trong khi giai thfch the gidi, da khdng tao ra ly luan cai tao the gidi; hp dd khdng chf ra dUde quy luat bien ddi, phat trien eua ddi sdng xa hdi. Triet hpc Mdc coi day Id khuyet diem ehu yeu cua todn bd chu nghTa duy vat trude day. Vi vay, trong qua trinh giang day, ddi mdi can lam sang td ban chat each mang va khoia hpe cua chu nghTa Mde vd triet hpc Mdc.

2. Trong dieu kien phat trien het sfle nhanh chong cua khoa hoc, cdng ngh$, nhufng thanh tflu mdi nha't cua khoa hpc hi^n dai da dat ra nhieu van de co y nghTa the gidi quan va phfldng phap lu|in, triet hoc can hi#n dai hoa kien thufc bang nhufng cai mdi, khdng de no lac hau so vdi thdi dai

TrUde day, Anghen, dd nhan manh, moi khi khoa hpe tu nhien cd nhflng phat minh vach thdi dai thi chu nghTa duy vat khdng the thay ddi hinh thfle cija nd. Cung vdi nhflng dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi, nhflng phdt minh Idn trong khoa hpe tfl nhien da dan den sfl ra ddi eua triet hpc Mdc. Sfl phdt trien eua triet hpe Mdc len mdt trinh dd mdi ve chd't do Lenio thfle hien eung da diln ra trong hodn canh Ijeh sfl nhfl vay. Ngdy nay, triet hpe Mde- Lenin cung phai cd nhflng bflde phdt trien mdi ve chat, neu khdng nd se khdng edn ed vai trd cdeh mang vd sdng tao cua minh dieu kien phdt trien nhfl vu bdo cua cdeh mang khoa hpe vd cdng nghd. Day Id mdt viec Idn lao, ddi hdi sfl dau tu tri tue eua nhilu ngudi va chf ed the thue hi$n vdi sfl hpp tdc ve chuyen mdn gifla khoa hpc Mae- Lenin vdi cde khoa hpe tfl nhien, dac bidt la vdi sfl trang bj kien thfle, hieu biet eua cde gido vien ve thdnh tflu khoa hpc ty nhien vd cdng nghe mdi. Cdng nghe hat nhdn, cdng nghiep dien tfl, cdng nghe sinh hpc, edng nghe vat lieu mdi vd nhien lieu mdi, cdng nghiep vu try, cdng trinh hai dfldng, edng nghe thdng tin cdp quang ,van de nhan thfle the gidi vi md va vTmd; van de bien ddi khf hdu; van de mdi trUdng sinh thdi; van de nhdn ban vd tfnh, van de giai ma bd gen ngUdi...vd ddc biet sfl phdt trien cao dp cua ky thuat tin hpe. Cuoc cdeh mang dd cd anh hudng sdu sac den ket cau kinh td, ket cau xa hpi eho den ddi sdng xa hdi va nhu cau van hda cua con ngudi.

3. Gl^ng day triet hpc can gan vdi thi,rc tiln dac thii cua tflng trfldng, tflhg chuyen liganh nha't la dac thu chuyen nganh cua tflng trfldng

Cung vdi viec trang bi cho sinh vien nhflng kien thfle, tinh cam, ly tfldng ... qua trinh giang day trong cde nhd trfldng, triet hpc cdn cd nhiem vu phdt trien nhflng pham chat tri tue eho sinh vien. Day la qua trinh ren luyen tu duy cho hpe vien ndng Ifle tuduy chinh xde vd pham chat tu duy bi^n chflng. Do vay, khi giang day triet hpe cho hpc vien cde giang vien can t$p trung cho hp cd dflpe: Kha ndng djnh hfldng, ndm bdt ban

chat ddi tfldng mdt cdeh chuan xde trong hoat ddng trf tue.

Linh hoat, cd kha ndng nam bat tri thfle mdt each nhay ben, cd each thfle hoat ddng trf tue trflde nhflng tinh hudng thfle tiin khde nhau. Giup cho ngfldi hpc hinh thanh dfldc tfl duy doe lap van dung ly luan trong hoat dpng thfle tiln de giai quyet nhflng van de ma thfle tiln eude sdng phong phu ddt ra cho ngudi giup hp cdng hien va sdng tao trong hoat ddng thUe tiin. Ddng thdi giup hpe sinh cd kha ndng tu phe phdn;

phan tfch danh gia cde quan diem ly thuyet hay phUdng phdp cua ngudi khac de tiep thu edi hay, edi tdt, khde phye edi lac hdu, lech lac.

4. Ngfldi giang day phdi lam tang dp hap dan cua bai giang triet hpc Mac- lenin, ngfldi thay ph^i co hflng phan sfl tfl tin chu dpng cua thay

Day la yeu td quan trpng nhat cua sfl sdng tao. Bai giang chf cd tinh chat sang tao khi nhflng kien thfle ta thu nhdn dflpe eua nhan loai bien thanh cua ta, thanh trf tue vd niem tin eua ta. Ta lam ehu nd, sai khien nd theo mye dich cua ta.

Tfl dd bien thdnh nghe thudt dieu kien tri thfle, Idm eho nhflng nguyen ly, ly^luan, nhflng sd lieu thdng ke, nhflng vi dy minh hpa vdn khd cflng do thdi gian vd khdng gian trd nen sinh ddng. Nghe thuat dd edn lam thay chu ddng ca trong phong cdeh, trong xfl ly ngdn ngfl, cfldng dp, tdc dp dm thanh. Ngfldi thay phai biet sfl ly thdng tin, va'n de sfl dyng ngdn ngfl, dm thanh va phong each.

Trong giang day triet hpc ngfldi day can lam tang tinh hap dan eua bai giang bang cde khoa hpe eu the

Vf dy: Khi giang mye: " Vat chat va cde hinh thfle van ddng cua vat cha't" de Idm sinh ddng ta can minh hpa bang cdng thfle trong vat ly hpe de chflng minh nguyen ly cho rang vat chat ludn vdn dpng, van ddng la van dpng cfla'vdt cha't, van ddng cua vat chat Id tU than van ddng, vat chat tdn tai thdng qua van ddng, khdng ed vat chat ndo khdng van dpng, khdng cd van ddng ndo la khdng phai cua vat chat. Van dpng cua vat chat Id vd dieu kien, la vTnh viln. Dflng im la mdt trong nhflng trang thdi (hinh thfle) cua van ddng - van dpng trong the can bang. Neu ehung ta dUa ra so sanh vdi cdng thUc tfnh ndng lupng cua ed hpe cd dien.

Trong ca hpc cd diSn: nSng luong van dpng cua vtt M.V2

chit duac tinh: E = —

2

Trong do E la nang lugiig cua vat thi, V : van toe v§n ddng cua vat t h i Vi vay khi sir vat dflng im V = 0. Co hpc cd diSn klidng chung minh dung im \i mdt trang thdi cua van dpng. Vin dung thuySt tuang doi dk chflng minh

Theo A. Einsten thi: E = ^— MCo

Trong dd E la ndng lUpng tda ra trong qua trinh van ddng, M la khdi lupng vat the, C la van tdc dnh sdng, V la van tde eua vat the van ddng.

Trong trudng hdp vat the dflng im, tfle V= 0 thi E= m.c^

> 0 ndng Iflpng tda ra tfle Id ed van ddng. Nhfl vay dflng im Id mdt trang thdi cua van ddng eua vat chat.

Vi dy 2: Khi giang nguyen ly ve mdi lien he phd bien.

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Nguyen ly nay ndi rdng mpi sfl vat hien tfldng deu tdc ddng va anh hfldng lan nhau ca trong thdi gian vd khdng gian.

Mdi lien he dd mang tinh phd bien, tfle la trong mpi dieu kien, trong mpi trang thai, mpi sfl vat, hien tfldng d i u cd mdi lien he. l l n nhau va ehung ta dUa ra ddn chflng de minh hpa. Theo ehung tdi, chf ed md ta eae bleu hien, be ngoai eae sU vat hien tupng, d nguyen ly nay, ehung ta van dyng djnh luat Van vat hap dan ciJa Newton de chflng minh thi sdu sac hdn nhieu.

Dinh ludt dd phdt bieu rang, mpi vat the deu cd sfle hap d i n nhau mdt ty le thuan vdi khdi Ifldng eua eae vat the va ty le nghieh vdi binh phfldng khoang each gifla cde vat the tde dyng, nd dflpe the hien bang edng thfle:

E = K '1'"2

Trong dd F la the hien Iflc tde ddng; m,, m^ la khdi Iflpng eua vat the 1 va vat the 2; R la khoang edeh gifla 2 vat the tae dung: K la he so hap ddn, nd ed the dm hoac dfldng, khdng ed trj sd bang khdng, khi trj sd K > 0 thi vat the hut nhau, khi tri sd K < 0 cde vat day nhau. Hut hay day trong triet hpc deu la sfl tdc ddng va anh hudng lan nhau.

Cang ngay khoa hpe cdng phdt trien thi nhflng nguyen ly cCia phep bien bien cang dung dan mdt edeh den bat ngd. Cd the ndi rang cac nguyen ly cua Triet hpe Mdc- LenVi deu cd the van dyng ede khoa hpe khac de chflng minh. Khi giang day chung ta ed gang tim tdi van dung se ndng cao chat Ifldng cija bdi giang ndi rieng va nguyen ly ndi ehung.

5. Ddi mdi phUdng phap giang day triet hpc lay ngUdi hpe lam trung tdm. Lfng dyng ede thanh tflu cua edng nghe thdng tin trong giang day

Hau het eae trudng dai hpc deu phd bien phUdng phdp thuyet trinh d i l n giang Id chu ydu. Phfldng phdp nay ed flu diem Id giang vien truyen thy dfldc khdi Ifldng Idn ed he thdng cde tri thfle cho hpc vien. 6 phfldng phdp nay thay ddng vai trd truyen dat, dieu khien qua trinh (Tnh hpi tri thfle eua hpe vien. Vi vay, hpe vien ft cd thdi gian ddng naOi suy nghT, do dd khdng phdt huy dfldc tfnh ddc lap cija minh trong viec tiep thu tri thfle lam han ehe chat Iflpng bai giang. Trong qua trinh ddi mdi mot sd trfldng hdp qud lam dyng trinh chieu cdng nghe thdng tin, hoac mdt sd vdn bao thu khdng mudn ddi ma ehu yeu thuyet trinh mdt chieu thay dpc trd nghi ea hai xu hUdng ndy deu khdng dung. Ma phai tao ra sU kdt hpp hai phUdng phap dd mdt each thuan thye va nhuan nhuyin thi mdi dat hieu qua nha't djnh.

Trong dd phai lay ngudi hpe lam trung tam, khdi day tiem ndng tinh sang tao va sU thdng hoa trong thu nhan tri thUe eua thay ddi vdi ngUdi hpe.

Tdm lai, ddi mdi phUdng phap giang day triet hpe trong he thdng nha trUdng la ta't yeu khdeh quan nham khdng ngflng nang cao tinh chu ddng doe lap trong tfl duy eho ngfldi hpe. Song viec van dyng phfldng phdp nao ddi hdi

"mdi chu the ma trflde het la dpi ngu giang day phai het sfle men deo, bdi vi khdng ed phfldng phdp ndo la van nang eho mpi bai giang. Viec ddi mdi giang day cdn Id tdng hpp nhieu yeu td khac trong qud trinh giang day nhu ehUdng trinh, mye tieu yeu cau ddo tao mdi trUdng vat chat tdi lieu va chat lUdng dau vao can phai cd nhieu giai phdp ddng bd vd hieu qua.

Cungcd...

(Tiep theo trang 17)

vien tfl xa ndy phai thi tdt nghidp chung vdi sinh vien chi'nh quy, md khdng dfldc chieu ed cham ehflde gi het. Da td chfle dao tao dflpe 7 khod, vdi 7 lan thi tdt nghiep chung nhfl vay. Ket qua, sinh vien tfl xa khdng kem gl sinh vien chfnh quy, mac dfl khi mdi vao hpc, hp dfldc tuyen tfl nhflng ngfldi da thi hdng vdo dai hpe nhflng dat diem san. Cd cau ehuydn sau day da xay ra d Khoa Ngfl van TrUdng D^i hpc Su pham Ha Ndi. Khi bat dau ed he tfl xa, ede thdy d trong khoa eung khdng thdng nha't y kien ve chat lUdng ddo tao.

Khoa ben cd chu trUdng ra bai tap nhU nhau cho ca hai loai sinh vien ehinh quy vd tfl xa, la'y sinh vien chfnh quy Idm ddi chflng. Chu trUdng dUde tien hdnh lien trong 3 nam, vd qua viec so sanh cac bai lam thi phai di den ket ludn rang, sinh vien tfl xa khdng kem gi sinh vien chfnh quy. Hdi ddng khoa hpc cua khoa hpp lai va cudi cung deu nha't tri vdi nhau nhu sau: sinh vien chfnh quy hang ngdy dUde gan cac thay, nen cd tfl tfldng y lai, thi'eh nghe cde thay len Idp giang, nhat la nhflng thay dfldc tieng Id day gidi. Cdn sinh vien tfl xa do phai xa thay nen each hpe eua hp la ddc lap lam viec vdi tai lieu vd sdeh vd. Chi'nh cai sfl doe lap lam viec vdi sdeh vd nay, da lam nen chat Ifldng d hp. Cdn nay d chd, trong nhflng nam xd thay, hp ve eae trfldng phd thdng tap lam giao vien, cho nen hinh thfle ddo tao nay edn gpi la hinh thfle vfla hpe vfla Idm gido vien. Nhfl vay, hp cdn dfldc ren luyen ve mat lam nghe day hpe hdn Id sinh vien chfnh quy, va dieu dd cdng the hien rd khi hp da ra trfldng Idm thay.

Cho den nay da hdn 20 ndm trdi qua, vfla rdi ed tin rang:

Anh, My, Ue cung ea ngdi hinh thfle vfla hpe vfla Idm la hinh thfle hay nha't trong viec ddo tao thay gido va thay thuoc.

Ndi nhfl tren thi phai tha'y i^ang, hinh thfle chfnh quy cung c6 mat tich cfle cua nd, d i quan If theo nhflng chuan mfle nhat djnh, bdi vay phai biet ket hdp kheo leo ca hai hinh thufc ehinh quy va tfl xa thi mdi thdnh edng. Trong 11 ndm lam thfl viec dao tao nay d Viet Nam, tfl 1977 -1988 da dao tao dflpe 2000 gido vien cd chat Ifldng, ddp flng dflpe sfl thidu gido vien phd thdng trung hpe khi da't nude vfla mdi thdng nha't. Nhfl vay, rd rang quy ludt chat Ifldng, la sfl phat huy npi Ifle d ngfldi hpc. Sau khi da giai quyet dupe van de nhan thfle, se md dfldng eho mdt loat chu trUdng khde.

ThU nhat, nen xod bd ngay nhflng ehinh sach coi thudng, coi khinh nhflng bang khdng chinh quy, ma nen td chile nhflng ki thi ehung gifla sinh vien chfnh quy va khdng chfnh quy, rdi cung cap mdt loai bang, khdng phdn biet.

ThU hai, phai ren luyen thdi quen tfl hpc ngay tfl bae hpc phd thdng, khdi phuc ".vdn hod dpc" d hpc sinh.

Thif ba, phai eho ngfldi di nghien cflu ve khoa hpc sil pham tfl xa, dung edng nghe thdng tin va nha't Id v f tinh de cd the truyen viec day hpc di xa den nfla vdng qua dat, hdn nfla cung de quan Ii hpe vien.

ThU tu, phai sdm hinh thanh mdt trung tdm qudc gia vl giao dye tfl xa, thi mdi du sfle chf dao thfle hien dU(?c nhflng dieu ndi tren day.

ThU nam, pt\k\ phdn tang chat Ifldng gido due dai hpc de hd trd eho chfl trUdng phdt trien gido dye tfl xa.