A'-'-.-'iyh
iT I iifi I . . . I I . I . . I I I '\iiiiCn>i4 Pi SO 3-2012
LkMvoHQc
— — . .JNCAYNAY
,/V I »^\.
Giao nhiem vp ve nha - giai doan the hien ro net tmh tmh cidc trong day hpc hien nay
(Vi dij cho d^y hqc truy$n ngin hi$n d^i Vi$t Nam d THPT)
BUI TUV PHUONG
Ldp CH 16-LL vd PPGD NgO vdn - Dpi hpc C i n Thd
I. DAT V A N DE
M6t gid day (gid lin Idp) duge chia lim bin giai doan:
1. Giai doan md diu tiit hge; 2. Giai doan nghiin cdu tii lieu mdi; 3. Giai doan cung ci kiin thdc vi 4. Giai doan giao nhiem vu ve nhi [4]. Vdy xdt v l mat ly ludn day hpc giai dopn giao nhiem v l nhd Id mdt khdu khdng the thieu cho mdt tiet hpc, Quan trpng hdn, nd edn dQpc coi Id khdu chf dpo md gido vien (GV) hQdng den cdc hopt ddng hpc ngodi trQdng cua hpc sinh (HS),
ThQc te, giai doan Giao nhiem vu vi nhi cho HS,cdn nhieu van d l can phai ban thao, Khao sat qua thiit ki boat dgng day - hgcva dugid d mdn NgO vdn bdc THPT ndi chung, chung tdi nhdn thay phan Idn GV ft chu '^ den c h i l u sau cua boat ddng ndy, Cud'i t i l t dpy GV thQdng
"dan dd" HS mdt cdch ngdn gpn: Ve xem lai bii, chuin bj soan bii hgc tiip theo, _Tren thiit ki boat dgng day - hgc giai doan ndy thQdng dQpc ghi b i n g cym tQ "d^n dd"
vd the hien bang mdt ddng n g i n ngui: Vi nhi hge bii vi scan bii tiip theo. Hpc bdi nhQ the ndo, can Idm gi thdm ngodi vi^e tra Idi nhOng cdu hdi khd khan phfa sau bdi hpc, soan bdi mdi c i n chQ y nhOng gl, dpc thdm cdi gi, lien hp thyc te ra sao.,,diu khdng dQpc gido vidn hQdng dan,
TQ dd, dan den hi^n tQpng HS v l nhd khdng b i l t hpc bdi, chuan bj bdi theo loi mdn xQa nay, Vi^c sao chdp tQ sach gido khoa (SGK), sdeh giai bdi tdp, t$p cu (cua HS nhOng ndm trQdc dd) Id d i l u khdng t h i trdnh khdi. Vd nhQ t h i , thdi gian ty hpc cua HS khdng cd gl khde "xQa"
Ndi theo If ludn dpy hpc, hau nhQ khdng cd sQ chf dpo cua thay doi vdi viec hpc ngodi trQdng cCia HS.
Cho den nay, hau nhQ da s l GV van chQa ddnh gid dQpc tam quan trpng cQa giai doan ty hpc d nhd cua HS trong qua trinh day hpc (QTDH) cho nen hp phdn b l thdi gian khdng hpp ly giOa cdc giai dopn mdt tiet hpc. Cung cd the, giai doan ndy n i m d cuoi t i l t nen cd GV vd HS d i u mdi met, ..,dan den viec GV thQc hien cho "cd" Thdi IQpng GV ddnh cho hoat ddng ay cung rat ft.
Van d l dat ra Id ngQdi GV can hieu rd vai trd cua minh trong viec djnh hQdng cho HS tQ hpc, mdt nhi^m vy can thiet vd ca'p bach trong viec thay ddi phQdng phap
dpy hpc (PPDH) hi$n nay.
II. Y NGHIA v i LY LUAN DAY HQC QUA GIAI DOAN
"GIAO NHIEM v y VE NHA "
Ai cung bilt, HS di hpc thi phai tQ hpc d nhd. Song, ty hpc d nhd nhQ t h i ndo thi khdng phai ai cung biet. Loi mdn XQa nay, hpc d nhd Id tra Idi nhQng cdu hdi ciia SGK, Idm mpt s l bdi tdp, hpc thudc Idng, Ldm may cdng vi^c dd xong, dQa tre coi nhQ "hodn thdnh nhipm vy", dope phdp di chdi, NhOng HS gidi thi thQc hien nhi^m vg rat nhanh cdn nhOng HS kdm thi n g i i mai md khdng Idm dope gl, chf "ngheu ngao hpc thudc long" cung khdng xong! NhQng "mpnh Ipnh" nhp nhdng nhQ tren, cd the noi khdng c i n GV n h i c nhd HS cung b i l t lam gl 6 nhd vl do Id "truyin t h i n g " V l thdi gian, GV khdng can ddnh rieng cho giai dopn ndy md chf can cd hi$u Ipnh gidi lao, noi v^i vdi cdu cung xong!
Cd t h i n h i c Ipi hai y nghTa LLDH chlnh cua vipc ti/
hpc d nhd nhQ sau:
M^t li, v l k i l n thQc vd kT ndng: HS tQ dn tdp. ty luypn t$p nhOng gl da dQpc hpc 6 bdi trQdc, cd k i t n l i vdi hd thd'ng k i l n thQc mdn hpc, Idm c l u n l i de chuoi cdc ddn vj k i l n thQc (cae bdi hpc) dQpc lidn tyc.
Hal li, v l thdi d$: Trong dpy hpc doi mdi. thdi gian tii hpc d nhd cdn Id cd h | i t h i hi^n sQ chl dpo cQa GV doi vdi HS, d$c bi$t Id cd h | i d l phdt huy tfnh ty lye, sQ tim tdi, tQ md r|ng k i l n thQc va thdch thQc tfnh nang dpng cua HS md trong gid hpc chQa phat huy dope h i t .
Trong dpy hpc tfch cQc, ngQdi ta r l t coi trpng cac hopt dpng hpc cua HS n h l m tdng cQdng tfnh nang dpng ciJa cdc em vdi phQdng chdm "hpc thdng qua hdnh d|ng°.
Trong Idp, HS dQpc hopt ddng r l t hpn che do thdi gian t i l t hpc cd hpn, VI v^y cdc hopt dpng hpc tfch c\fc ddnh cho HS khi tQ hpc 6 nhd. Tuy nhien, mud'n hopt dpng dQpc, HS can cd sQ hQdng dan cua GV d cuoi t i l t hpc - giai dopn "giao nhi$m vy v l nhd" Ngoai nhOng nhiem vy
"truyin thdng", cd t h i ke ra mpt s l cdng vide cd t h i giao cho HS hpc d nha nhQ sau:
Tim vd dpc tdi li^u (cd chf djnh ciia GV) d l md rOng bdi cu hope chuan bj cho bdi mdi
TQ Idm d l dQng d?y hpc ddn gian (ve tranh, l|p
.JN( 'AHQC
s63-2o^2
NGAY NAY • • " - - ' - - ' 1
41
bang, Idm thf nghiem, md hlnh..)
Tim hieu thQc te (sQu tap, tim cdc Qng dyng, hien tQdng xa hdi, tQ nhien lien quan tdi bdi hpc vd giai thfch hoac gidi thieu...)
Bdi tap, cau hdi kham pha, nhiem vu trao dd'i nhdm...cho them
(Cdc k i t qua deu phai ghi chep de kiem tra trong gid hpc sau.)
Trong mdt vdi phut cho giai doan giao nhidm vy v l nhd GV edn cd the hQdng d i n cdch hpc nhQng van d l khd, dfnh chfnh nhOng chd chQa chfnh xde hope "dja phQdng hda" mdt so bdi tap, cau hdi trong SGK cho phQ hpp v..v..
Cy the mdt so cdng vipc cho cdc gid dpy hpc NgO Vdn cd t h i Id:
- Dpc them v l tdc gia, van hpe sQ, thdm chf dpc lai tdi lieu Ijch sQ, van hda cd lien quan d l phdt trien tu duy thdng qua md rdng kien thQc [ 4 Dinh hQdng 3 cua Marzano],
Ve bang tong hpp giai doan van hpc, so sdnh nhdn vdt, tdc gia...
SQu tap ca dao, ngan ngO, _
- Sdng tdc, thay doi ket luan mdt cdu chuyen, Idm thd khao dj
SQU tap hlnh anh theo chu d l hodc ve chdn dung cac nhdn vat chinh trong tdc pham dang hpc.
- Ldm them cdc nhiem vy: trao dd'i nhdm, lap philu..
do GV ydu cau cQng nhQ chuan bj bdi mdi cd hQdng dan... Da so GV khdng n h i c nhd d i n viec hpc cung nhu cdch hpc cua tQng loai HS, D i l u ndy ddc biet can thie't cho cdc trudng vung sdu bdi vi sQ chdnh lech ve hpc iQc cung nhQ v l phQdng phap hpc cua cdc em trong Idp khd cao, HS ddn tpc, HS y l u kem chie'm tf le cao rat can sQ hQdng d i n cy the cua GV,
Bay nhidu cdng vide (vd khdng chf t h i ) , ddi hdi ngQdi GV phdi cd "vdn" ddng thdi phdi dpc them, trao ddi them vdi ddng nghipp rd't nhieu mdi ddp Qng dQpc cho mpt vdi phut (giao nhi^m vu v l nhd" Tat nhidn khdng phai bdi hpc ndo cung cd cdc nhipm vu tren, Ldm gl, chuan bj gi,,, cdn tuy ndi dung bdi da hpc vd bdi sdp hpc, do GV tu chpn, tQ sang tao, Cd le day Id nguyen nhan chfnh de giai doan "giao nhipm vy ve nhd" khdng dQpc sQ dyng tript de d nhieu GV chdng?
III. MQT SO VI DU CHO VIEC Tl^ HQC 6 NHA CUA HS (trong day - hpc tac pha'm van hpc)
Cd the can cQ vdo cdc bdc ddnh gia cua Bloom ve tri thQc vd thdi dp hpc tap thdng qua nhOng cdng viec d nhd nhQ cdc vf du dQdi day cho cdc t i l t day-hpe tdc pham,
1. Cac dang npi dung phieu hpc tap
- Phiiu /,Tlm hieu cudc ddi vd sQ nghiep van hpe eua tdc gia (bie't - hieu)
- Phieu 1: Tim hieu cuoc dai va sy nghiep van hoc cua tac gia (biSt - hieu)
_( Tieu su va Cddi ^..^^
(^^"^ Sir nghiep VH
< Danh gia vj tri ^ ^ ciia TG trong nen VH J
^ PCNThoacQNNT " ^
^ ^ s / ^ Ddng gop cho VH ^
- ' ' 7 / 7
Phieu 2: Tom tat tac pham (biet - hieu) Tdc pham:
Ten HS (hodc nhdm):
Nhiem vu: Hdy tdm tdt tdc pham vd Hit ki nhiing su kiin md em cho la quan trgng trong tdc pham ndy.
Tom tat:....
Nhitng s{e kien quan trpng:
Wu'rW^^^^'^^m^m^m s63-2012 DauvdHoc
Phidu 3:T6m Ifit cot liriycn Ihco so do (mot vi du)- (ivcl, hieu) Ten HS:
Ten tiic phAni TJIC gia
Noi vci thai gian xay ra cliiiycn Cac nhan v^l chinh
Sukien ma dau
Cdc sir kifn va nhdn vgt
Nhan vai 1 T^Jlian vai 2
Nhan vat 1 Niiiin vnl 2 Nhan vat 1
Nhan vat 2 Nhan vat 1 Nhan vat 2
-Suy nghT: ,, -(ji;ii quyet:
-Suy nghT: ,.
-Giai quyet:
-Suy nghT: . -Giai quyet:
-Suy nghT: ,.
-Giai quyet:
-Suy nghT: ..
-Giai qu\ct:
Ket cue cau chuyen:
Phieu 4: Phan tich tac pham (phdn tich. tong hap) Tdc pham:
Ten HS (hodc nhdm):
Nhiem vu: Ldm theo nhirng yiu cdu phia dual
Dieu tam dac nhat cua em trong cau chuydn (ngi dung, nghe thudO
Dat cdu hoi: Hdy dat it nhat 2 cau hoi ve nhitng sir ki^n xdy ra, ve nhdn vgt..
Nhan xet ngdn ggn ve vdn phong ciia tdc gid:
Tdc pham:
Ten HS (hoac nhdm):
Nhiem vu: Tim mot so tit md em cho Id dgc biet, ddnh ddu vd ghi ngdn gon vdo bdng du&i
t
STT 1 2
Tit Trang,
doan Mai
Quan trong trong TP
BPTT* Kho hieu
NghTa ciia tir theo
cdch ("dich nghia") ciia em
DaUvaHOC SO 3-2012 L I W l l
»/NGAY NAY — . « » , « « « _ . 'i.::^^^i>';;.i:Y'^^^i^f§
43
*BPTT: bien phap tu tu-
Phieu 6: Lien he, danh gia (van dung) Tdc pham:
Ten HS (hoac nhdm):
Nhiem vu: Hdy ddnh gid tdc pham theo hirang ddn dudi day
1. Ghi it nhdt 2 suldcn thur nu'i cm biet thuoc hoi canli, llioi gian ciia can chuyin:
J. Ghi it nhdt 2 sir l^ien thuc iii^ay nay md cm hict tirong lif iroiii^ ldc pham:
3. Ghi it nluit 2 tdc pham (hdt ki) co ngi dung tu tirang tuang tie lac pham ndy.
- Phieu 7: Lap so" do tinh each nhan vat (phdn tich, tong hffp) Tdcphdm:
Ten HS (hoac nhdm):
Nhiem vn: Hdy viet cdc tir hodc cum vao cdc 6 hieu dien tinh cdch nhdn vdt
Ngoai hinh nhan vat:
Cuoc song: ...
2. Mpt so hoat dong bo trd cho bai da hoc hoac bai sap hoc
Ve tranh theo tUOng tUdng ve nhin vat trong tie pham (Phan tich, tong hap)
Dd'i vdi cdc dang ndy, GV cho HS hoat dpng theo nhdm md «hat nhdn» Id mdt HS cd kha nang ve (khdng nhat thilt phai dep). HS «hat nhdn se ve theo tri tQdng tQdng cd nhdn vd sQ gdp y cua nhdm. Sau dd «hat nhdn» se trinh bdy trQdc nhdm bQc hpa cua minh trQdc nhdm, tu chfnh theo gdp y de chuan bj «trien lam» trong gid hpc tdi. Hoat ddng nay chic chin se rat thu vj vd day y nghTa gido dye ca v l tri thQc, sQ cam nhan Ian tham mT cua HS.
- SQu tap tranh anh vdi chu d l cua tac pham (van dyng) - SQU tap truyen (hoac sdch) cd ehu de tQdng ty tdc pham dang hpc (van dyng)
3. LUUy
Thdng thQdng, vi nhilu li do, trong dd cd If do thdi quen hpc bdi theo kieu cu, HS rat ngai lam nhQng dilu mdi me nhu cdc vf dy tren. Cd the luc dau, cdc em se rat khd hodn thdnh nhiem vu d nhd vdi nhilu hoat dpng cd sac thdi khde nhau nhu vpy. Vi vdy, hai van de can dat ra cho cdc nhiem vu d nhd giao cho HS Id:
- Can cdn nhac tfnh vQa sQc ca v l ndi dung ldn khoi IQpng cdng viec ddi vdi HS.
- Can thQdng xuyen kilm tra nhiem vy d nhd (trong cdc tilt hpe sau) nham the hien tfnh k i t ndi giOa nhipm vy HS da Idm vdi eae bdi hpc vQa id bien phdp de «budc» HS phai Idm viec, hodn thdnh nhipm vu d nhd. Nhieu trudng hpp, ta chf can bilt cdc em cd hopt ddng d nhd md khdng iQu tdm
nhilu d i n k i t qua.
IV. KET LUAN
Viec thQc hien day du cdc giai doan cua mpt tilt hpc khdng phai Id mpt bat bupc cQng nhac, hlnh thQc (nhQ 5 bQdc len Idp trQdc kia). Trong mpt gid len Idp giai doan ndo cung cd nhOng myc dfch, chQc nang LLDH rieng cua nd. Giai doan ndo can thuc hien nhQ the ndo cdn la mpt sQ sdng tao eua GV, mdt khi da suy xet kTmdi quan he LLDH giQa npi dung bdi hpc vd viec thyc hien cdc PPDH tfch cQc, hay cd the gpi la: md'i quan he giOa tri thQc, kTndng vd cdc hopt dpng hpc tap. Khi thilt ke gido dn, G V phai chu y phdn bd thdi gian sao cho hpp If giQa cdc giai doan, thiet ke ca ede nhipm vy v l nhd cy the d giai doan «giao nhiem vy ve nhd» d l khdng quen (ke ca nhQng cdng viec khde nhQ d myc 2 da neu),
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Francis P. Hunkins: Teaching Thinking Through Effective Questioning
Christopher-GordanPublisshers, IncNonwood, MA. 1995 2. Robert J. Marzano- Debra J. Pickering - Jane E. Pollock:
Cic phuang phap day hgc hieu qua (ngudi dich Hong Lpc), NXB Giao dye, H. 2005,
3. Le PhQdc Lpc: Ljfluan dayhgcDai hoc Can Tho, 2004.
4. Le PhQcic Lpc: Ly lu$n day hgc Dai hgc (bii giang bang PowerPoint cho eae Idp Cao hge - Dai hge Cin Tha)
5. Nguyin Thj Hong Nam: Cau hoi hudng dan HSdgchleu van dan Tpp chf Khoa hoc hoc va Cong nghe, Dai hoc Thai Nguyen, tap 73, so 11,2010,
6. Tran Dinh S0(t6ng chQ bien): Ngdvan 12, tap2 Nxb Giao due, H,2008.
7. Nguyin Thanh Thi (chu bien), Ti/hgc va ti/klim tra Ngdvan 12 (tap 2) Nxb Dai hoc sUphamTp Ho Chf Minh, 2011,
